Name: _________________________
AP Environmental Science
Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
31 January 2013
Chapter 12 – pp. 250-269
1. What are the three general patterns that exist in marine biodiversity?
I. ________________________________________________________________________________
II. _______________________________________________________________________________
III. _______________________________________________________________________________
_____ 2. Which of the following is a cause of the degradation or destruction of aquatic habitats?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Rising sea levels
Shrimp farming
Coastal development
Dredging and trawler fishing operations
All of the above.
3. Match the term in Column A with its description in Column B.
Column A
Column B
____ ballast water
A. Extending a long net that is up to 80 miles long and up
to 2,400 m below the ocean surface to trap large
amounts of fish.
B. Putting out line up to 130 km long hung with numerous
baited hooks.
C. Non-target species that are caught inadvertently in the
pursuit of commercially valuable species
D. Fishing method that involves dragging a funnel-shaped
net along the ocean bottom.
E. Water that is stored in tanks in cargo ships to keep them
stable, that may inadvertently transport organisms from
one part of the world to another.
F. Occurs when it is no longer profitable to continue
fishing for a specific species.
G. A resource that is not owned or managed by any
particular person, organization, or government;
therefore, it is vulnerable to overexploitation
H. Fishing method that involves extending a large circular
net beneath a surface schooling species then drawing the
top of the net to a close to trap the species.
I. Device that shrimp trawlers are required to incorporate
into their nets that allows sea turtles to escape and avoid
drowning.
____ bycatch
_____ open-access resource
_____ commercial extinction
_____ trawler fishing
_____ purse-seine fishing
_____ drift-net fishing
_____ longlining
____ turtle excluder device (TED)
4. What do you think would be the best way to institute and enforce controls over the environmentally harmful
fish harvesting methods described on pp 254-255?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Mark each statement as either TRUE or FALSE.
_____ a. The majority of water pollution comes from land based sources.
_____ b. Smaller fishes are most vulnerable to overfishing, followed by the large species that prey upon them.
_____ c. Up to 30% of the fish caught worldwide and countless birds and mammals are killed unnecessarily as
bycatch.
_____ d. Marine and freshwater fish are threatened with extinction by human activities more than any other
group of species.
_____ e. Six of the world’s seven sea turtle species are threatened or endangered.
_____ f. Since 1986, all nations have observed an International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium on
whale hunting.
6. List FOUR reasons why aquatic biodiversity is difficult to protect.
I. ________________________________________________________________________________
II. _______________________________________________________________________________
III. _______________________________________________________________________________
IV. _______________________________________________________________________________
_____ 7. Which of the following is NOT a factor that has led to the decline in the number of Florida
Manatees?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Collisions with speeding boats or propellers
Entanglement in fishing lines and nets
Degradation of underwater sea grass beds
Heated water released by industrial operations or nuclear power plants
Invasive species like water hyacinth that clog waterways impairing manatee navigation
8. Select ONE of the factors from question #7 and explain a strategy that could be used to protect the Florida
Manatee from the impact of this factor and prevent its premature extinction.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Describe TWO economic aspects and TWO biological characteristics of whales that make them vulnerable
to hunting and have led to their commercial extinction.
ECONOMIC VALUE
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1.
1.
2.
2.
10. Contrast a nation’s exclusive economic zone and the high seas.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Support the argument that the establishment of marine protected areas and marine reserves can actually
increase the profitability of local fisheries.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
12. _______________ _________________ ________________ is a community-based effort to develop and
use coastal resources more sustainably.
13. Define the following terms:
a.
Maximum sustained yield ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b. Optimum sustained yield ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c.
Multispecies management ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. Comanagement ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
e.
Mitigation banking _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
14. Hypothesize TWO reasons why most created (mitigated) wetlands fail to replace lost ones.
a.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. Read the Case Study on the Florida Everglades on pages 264-265. List THREE human practices that had
led to the degradation of South Florida’s wetlands. Summarize FIVE goals of the U.S. Army Corp of
Engineer’s Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.
Case Study of the Florida Everglades
Human Practices that Degrade Florida Wetlands
Goals of the Army Corps of Engineers
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
15. Match the term in Column A with its description in Column B.
Column A
Column B
____ wild river
A. Rivers that are relatively inaccessible, untamed, and
are not permitted to be widened, straightened,
dredged, filled, or dammed.
B. Rivers with great aesthetic value that are free of dams,
mostly undeveloped, and only accessible in a few
places.
C. Rivers that are readily accessible and may have some
dams and shoreline development.
____ scenic river
_____ recreational river
16. Complete the following table for the listed invasive species.
Invasive Species
Environmental/Commercial Impact
Solutions
(Why is this species damaging to ecosystems or
potentially costly to humans?)
(How do we reduce or eliminate the problem
caused by this species?)
Nile perch
Asian swamp eel
Purple loosestrife
Caluerpa taxifolia
Sea lamprey
Zebra mussel
Quagga mussel
In addition, the following pieces of legislation will be discussed in class. While you do not have to
research them for homework, you should note that you are responsible for learning their main provisions.
They will be discussed in class.
1979 Global Treaty on Migratory Species
U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
U.S. Whale Conservation and Protection Act of 1976
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, 1978, 1982
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965
Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982
Fur Seal Act of 1966
National Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 1980
National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968