Biochemistry
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acid: substance that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved
in water; an acidic solution has a pH less than 7
activation energy: minimum amount of energy needed for
reactants to form products in a chemical reaction
active site: specific place where a substrate binds on an enzyme
amino acid: carbon compound joined by peptide bonds;
building block of proteins
atom: building block of matter; contains subatomic particles neutrons, protons, and electrons
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base: substance that release hydroxide ion (OH-) when
dissolved in water; a basic solution has a pH greater than 7
buffer: mixture that can react with an acid or a base to maintain
the pH within a specific range
carbohydrate: organic compound containing carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two
hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom
catalyst: substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by
reducing the activation energy
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chemical reaction: energy-requiring process by which atoms
or groups of atoms in substances are changed into different
substances
compound: pure substance with unique properties; formed
when two or more different elements combine
covalent bond: type of chemical bond formed when atoms
share electrons
electron: negatively charged particle that occupies space
around an atom's nucleus
element: pure substance composed of only one type of atom;
cannot be broken down into another substance by physical or
chemical means
enzyme: protein that speeds up a biological reaction by
lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction
hydrogen bond: weak electrostatic bond formed by the
attraction of opposite charges between a hydrogen atom and
an oxygen , fluorine, or nitrogen atom
ion: atom that is negatively or positively charged because it has
lost or gained one or more electrons
ionic bond: electrical attraction between two oppositely
charged atoms or groups of atoms
isotope: two or more atoms of the same element having
different numbers of neutrons
lipid: hydrophobic biological molecule composed mostly of
carbon and hydrogen; fats, oils, and waxes are lipids
macromolecule: large molecule formed by joining smaller
organic molecules together
mixture: combination of two or more different substances in
which each substance keeps its individual characteristics; can
have a uniform composition (homogeneous) or have distinct
areas of substances (heterogeneous).
molecule: compound whose atoms are held together by
covalent bonds
neutron: particle without a charge in an atom's nucleus
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nucleic acid: complex macromolecule that stores and
communicates genetic information
nucleotide: complex macromolecule that stores and
communicates genetic information
nucleus: center of an atom; contains neutrons and protons
pH: measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a
solution
polar molecule: molecule with oppositely charged regions
polymer: large molecule formed from smaller repeating units of
identical, or nearly identical, compounds linked by covalent
bonds
product: substance formed by a chemical reaction; located on
the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation
protein: organic compound made of amino acids joined by
peptide bonds; primary building block of organisms
proton: positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus
reactant: substance that exists before a chemical reaction
starts; located on the left side of the arrow in a chemical
equation
solute: substance dissolved in a solvent
solution: homogeneous mixture formed when a substance
(the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent)
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solvent: substance in which another substance is dissolved
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substrate: reactant to which an enzyme binds
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van der Waals force: attractive forces between molecules