Chapter 11: Hormonal Control Systems
Name several endocrine glands that secrete more than one hormone and list those hormones.
Give an example of a hormone that is secreted by three different glands.
What are the three chemical classes of hormones?
How do the classes of hormones differ with respect to their half-life in the blood, the location of their
receptors on the target cells, and the modes of synthesis and storage?
Which endocrine glands secrete amine hormones?
In which part of the thyroid glands are the thyroid hormones stored?
What do follicular cells of the thyroid gland do?
What is the relationship of thyroglobulin to the thyroid hormones?
Which of the thyroid hormones is secreted in the larger amounts from the thyroid gland? Which is the
more active of the thyroid hormones? How is this so?
What are the functions of thyroid hormones?
Which category of hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla? the adrenal cortex?
Which amine hormones are secreted from adrenal gland? From which part of the adrenal do they arise?
Which of these is secreted in the greater amounts?
How are peptide hormones synthesized? How is it that a single cell may co-secrete multiple peptides?
Which glands produce the steroid hormones?
What is the chemical precursor of all steroid hormones?
What determines the type of steroid hormone that a given cell produces since all cells have access to
cholesterol as a substrate for hormone synthesis?
How are steroid hormones stored within the endocrine glands?
What are the 5 steroid hormones secreted in physiologically significant amounts by the adrenal cortex?
What are the differences between mineralicorticoids and glucocorticoids?
Which of the adrenal cortical hormones are androgens? In which of the sexes are these adrenal
androgens more significant? Why?
Beginning with cholesterol, construct a diagram that shows the major intermediates and hormones for
the biosynthetic pathways in the adrenal cortex.
Why don't the gonads produce glucocorticoids and mineralicorticoids?
In the testes, what hormone is the precursor to testosterone?
In the ovaries, what is the immediate precursor to estradiol?
How are each of the three classes of hormones transported in the blood?
What are the potentials fates of a hormone once it has reached the plasma?
Which organs are responsible for most of the metabolism or excretion of hormones?
Give two examples of hormones that are secreted in inactive forms, and are converted to the active form
in the target tissue.
Since all hormones are delivered to all regions of the body, why doesn’t each cell respond to each and
every hormone?
What is up-regulation, and what conditions lead to this phenomenon?
What is down-regulation, and what conditions lead to this phenomenon?
What does “permissive” mean in the context of endocrinology?
In general, how do peptide and catecholamine hormones affect their target cells?
In general, how do thyroid and steroid hormones affect their target cells?
What is the desired effect of pharmacological injections of cortisol?
What are the factors that influence whether an endocrine cell secretes its hormone(s)?
What is a tropic hormone? Give an example.
Describe the anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. What are the two regions of the pituitary
gland and how is each related to the hypothalamus?
Describe the vascular system of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and what are their actions?
What class of hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary? Which are the gonadotropic hormones?
What causes hypothalamic neurons to release hypophysiotropic hormones?
What anatomical arrangement of blood vessels assures that hypophysiotropic hormones are delivered in
high concentration to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
Name the hypophysiotropic hormones. Which inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones?
By what pathway does stress stimulate the secretion of cortisol above basal values?
How is negative feedback involved in maintaining cortisol levels after destruction of on of the adrenal
glands?
What is the difference in long-loop and short-loop negative feedback? Use the TRH-TSH-TH system an
example.
Why does the thyroid gland enlarge in the condition known has iodine-deficient goiter?
What candidate hormone is associated with jet lag and seasonal affective disorder?
What are the four general categories (types) of endocrine disorders? To which type does diabetes
mellitus belong?
What is the etiology (look it up) of hyperthyroidism? Hypothyroidism? Acromegaly? Cretinism?
What are effective treatments for the endocrine disorders listed above?
What are the disturbances in the endocrine system that are responsible for menopause?
Why is renin included in list of homones? Explain how rennin doesn’t exactly fit the definition of a
hormone.
What are the three types of capillaries and how do their permeabilities differ? Which type of capillary is
most commonly found in endocrine organs.