Human Reproduction
1.
Explain what is meant by germ layers and name the germ layers that appear in early human
development.
2.
What is a placenta? From what tissues does a placenta form?
3.
What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic (body) cell of an
animal?
4.
What is a germ layer?
5.
What is fertilisation?
6.
Where precisely does fertilisation normally occur in the human female?
7.
List the three germ layers. Relate each of the germ layers that you have listed to an organ or
system in the adult body.
8.
True or false. A sperm contains the haploid number of chromosomes
9.
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
10.
Where are sperm produced?
11.
From what structures does the placenta develop?
12.
State one cause of infertility in the female and one cause of infertility in the male.
13.
What is the function of the prostate gland?
14.
State one way in which a sperm differs from an ovum (egg).
15.
Give an example of a human secondary sexual characteristic.
16.
State three functions of the placenta.
17.
What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? What is done with the products of in vitro fertilisation?
18.
What is meant by infertility? State one cause of infertility in the human male.
19.
Name three methods of contraception and, in each case, explain how the method prevents
conception.
20.
Name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta.
21.
Describe the amnion and state its role.
22.
Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male?
23.
Give an example of a surgical method of male contraception. Suggest an advantage and a
disadvantage of the method that you have named.
24.
Give a brief account of the role of testosterone.
25.
Where are sperm produced?
26.
List three methods of contraception other than surgical. In your answer you may refer to
either or both sexes.
27.
State two ways in which sperm differ from ova (eggs).
28.
Name a gland that secretes seminal fluid.
29.
State a function of seminal fluid.
30.
What is meant by contraception?
31.
What is the menstrual cycle?
32.
Give one example of vegetative propagation and state whether it involves a stem, a root, a
leaf or a bud.
33.
Write notes on menstruation and a disorder of menstruation.
34.
Write notes on biological benefits of breastfeeding.
35.
Write notes on formation and functions of the placenta.
36.
In which part of the human female reproductive system is the ovum (egg) formed?
37.
What is meant by fertilization?
38.
Write notes on survival times for sperm and ova.
39.
Give one cause of female infertility.
40.
In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization occur?
41.
Where is FSH produced?
42.
Give one function of FSH.
43.
Where is sperm stored in the human male?
44.
State two functions of testosterone.
45.
Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure.
46.
Which part of the female reproductive system is influenced by both FSH and LH?
47.
How does vegetative propagation differ from reproduction by seed?
48.
Where does fertilisation normally occur in the reproductive system of the human female?
49.
In the female reproductive system where do the following occur:
1. Meiosis,
2. Fertilisation,
3. Implantation.
50.
Give an account of the role of either oestrogen or progesterone in the menstrual cycle.
51.
Name a human female menstrual disorder.
In the case of this disorder give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A method of treatment.
52.
Give an account of the importance of the placenta during human development in the womb.
53.
From what tissues is the placenta formed?
54.
Outline how birth occurs.
55.
What is meant by in-vitro fertilisation?
56.
After implantation, the embryo first develops into a morula and then into a blastocyst. Explain
the terms in italics.
57.
Describe the process of birth.
58.
Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding.
59.
List two methods of contraception.
60.
Give two functions of the placenta.
61.
From what tissues is the placenta formed?
62.
Draw a labelled diagram of a human sperm cell.
63.
Name two male secondary sexual characteristics.
64.
Name the principal male sex hormone.
65.
What is the function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)?
66.
Name the part at which each of the following occurs:
a) Production of sperm cells.
b) Maturing of sperm cells.
c) Mixing of fluid with sperm cells.
d) Transport of semen.
67.
State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male.
68.
What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in the adult human male?
69.
Suggest a biological explanation for the following: As long as a baby feeds regularly from its
mother’s breast (or if a breast pump is regularly used) the milk will continue to flow.
70.
Indicate preciely where each of the following events takes place:
1. Ovulation
2. Fertilisation
71.
What does the term infertility mean?
72.
In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility.
What is meant by the term in vitro
in relation to fertilisation?
73.
Give one cause of infertility in women.
74.
As a result of fertility treatment, an embryo develops successfully from an in vitro fertilisation.
What is the next step for the embryo?
75.
1. Name the three germ layers in the early human embryo.
2. For each germ layer name a structure in the adult body that develops from it.
76.
From which tissues does the placenta develop?
77.
1. What is the amnion?
2. Explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus.
78.
What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm?
79.
Name the hormone responsible for sperm production.
80.
Give one cause of infertility in men.
81.
Explain the term contraception.
82.
Name two methods of contraception.
83.
In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes that distinguish the
sexes but are not essential for reproduction. To what term does the definition in italics refer?
84.
What term is used for the time in a young person’s life when such changes take place?
85.
Name the hormone that maintains such changes throughout the life of a male.
86.
In relation to the female reproductive system: Where does meiosis occur? Where does zygote
formation occur? Where does implantation occur?
87.
Describe the role of oestrogen and progesterone in the control of the events of the menstrual
cycle.
88.
By which type of cell division does the zygote divide?
89.
Further divisions result in the formation of a morula. What is the next developmental stage after
the morula?
90.
The placenta forms from tissues of the mother and the foetus. Give two roles of the placenta.
91.
Give one change experienced by the mother that indicates to her that the birth process is
starting.
92.
Give a short account of the birth process.
93.
Explain the term secondary sexual characteristics.
94.
Give two examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males.
95.
Give two functions of the placenta.
96.
Give the three stages of childbirth.
97.
Many babies are breast fed after birth. Give two biological benefits of breastfeeding.
98.
What is meant by the term infertility?
99.
In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by in vitro fertilisation?
100. What happens in the womb during menstruation (days 1 – 5)?
101. Explain the term ovulation
102. What is meant by the fertile period?
103. Where does fertilisation occur in the female body?
104. Explain the term implantation.
105. Name two female hormones that have a role in the menstrual cycle.
106. What happens to the menstrual cycle when a woman reaches the menopause?
107. State one function of the endometrium
108. Give one cause of infertility in women.
109. In cases of infertility, eggs may be fertilised outside the body. Following this procedure, into
which part of the reproductive system is the developing embryo then placed?
110. Choose a term from the list to match the statement that follows. List: Skin graft; Dermal;
Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. Statement: Cells growing in a test tube.
111. Name one male sex hormone.
112. What is the function of the prostate gland?
113. Suggest a reason why the testis must be kept below body temperature.
114. In which part of the human male reproductive system does meiosis occur?
115. What is meant by the term contraception?
116. List two methods of contraception.
117.