UNIT 22 STUDY GUIDE
American & European Art 1900-1945
German Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism, and American Art until WWII
(AP Art History)
Book
Chapter 33—The Development of Modernist Art:
The Early 20th Century,
Pages 960-1029
Terms
be able to identify these by sight, explain these in relation to art, and know an example of each in relation to a work of art
German Expressionism
Suprematism
Die Brücke (“The Bridge”––founded in 1905 in Dresden,
Malevich: “...the supremacy of pure feeling in creative
1911-1913 in Berlin)
art...”Constructivism
European interest in African and Oceanic sculpture
the Great War (World War I–1914-1918)
Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider”––founded in 1911 in
Dada = babytalk (German)
Munich)
hobbyhorse (French)
Concerning the Spiritual in Art by Kandinsky (written
yes, yes (Russian)
1911,
no, no (Romanian)
published 1912)
some major Dada centers: Zurich, Berlin, New York, Paris
Neue Sachlichkeit (“New Objectivity”)
chance
Exhibition of “Degenerate Art” (Entartete Kunst
photomontage
exhibition,
readymade
1937)
Surrealism
Fauvism = “wild beasts” (Louis Vauxcelles: “Donatello
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
amid the fauves!”)
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
3rd Salon d’Automne (1905)
the subconscious
Cubism (invented by Picasso and Braque)
surrealist games= automatism, free association, frottage
Analytic Cubism (about 1911-1912)
Hudson River School
Synthetic Cubism (originates about 1912)
Manifest Destiny
papier collé (collage)
American artist’s colony at Giverny, France
assemblage
the Great Depression (1929-WWII)
Orphism
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Futurism (1st Futurist Manifesto published February 20,
The Mexican muralists
1909 in the Parisian newspaper Le Figaro)
mobile (Alexander Calder)
the Armory Show (1913)
Art Works Purism
know these works
sight,
title, date, medium,
scale,
and location (original location also if moved) and be able to explain and
De Stijlby
(“The
Style”––founded
in 1917
in Holland)
analyze these in relation to any concept, term, element, or principle
The American landscape
− Thomas Cole, Niagara Falls, 1830, oil on panel [AIC]
− George Caleb Bingham, Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, c.1845, oil on canvas
Realism in American painting
− Winslow Homer, Veteran in a New Field, 1865. Oil on canvas, 2’ 1/8” x 3’ 2 1/8”.
− Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1875, oil on canvas
− Henry Ossawa Tanner, The Thankful Poor, 1894. Oil on canvas, 2’ 11 1/2” x 3’ 8 1/4”.
American expatriates working in Europe
− John Singer Sargent, The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882, oil on canvas
− James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Black and Grey: The Artist’s Mother, 1871
− James Abbott McNeill Whistler, various Nocturne paintings, oils on canvas
German Expressionism: Die Brücke
− Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden, 1908 (dated 1907). Oil on canvas, 4’ 11 1/4” x 6’ 6 7/8”.
− Emil Nolde, The Last Supper, 1909, oil on canvas
German Expressionism: Der Blaue Reiter
− Franz Marc, Fate of the Animals, 1913, oil on canvas
− Vassily Kandinsky, various abstract works of his mature style (Improvisations)
German Expressionism: The independents
− Max Beckmann, Departure, 1932-1935, oil on canvas
− Käthe Kollwitz, Outbreak (Losbruch), from the Peasant’s War (Bauernkrieg) series, 1903, etching
− Käthe Kollwitz, Memorial to Karl Liebknecht, 1919-1920, woodcut
− Käthe Kollwitz, Death Seizes a Woman, from the Death series, 1934, lithograph
− Kathe Kollwitz, Woman with Dead Child, 1903. Etching
Fauvism
− André Derain, The Dance, 1906. Oil on canvas, 6’ 7/8” x 6’ 10 1/4”.
− Henri Matisse, Portrait of Madame Matisse––The Green Line, 1905, oil on canvas
Moving beyond Fauvism
− Henri Matisse, Dance, 1909-1910, oil on canvas
− Henri Matisse, The Red Studio, 1911, oil on canvas
Earlier Picasso: The Blue Period & Wrestling with form
− Pablo Picasso, The Old Guitarist, 1903, oil on a wood panel [AIC]
− Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Gertrude Stein, 1905-1906, oil on canvas
− Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907, oil on canvas
Analytic Cubism
− Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Ambrose Vollard, 1910, oil on canvas
− Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, oil on canvas
Picasso: Synthetic Cubism
− Pablo Picasso, Still-life with Chair Caning, 1912, oil and oilcloth on canvas framed with cord
The Cubist revolution: Orphism
− Robert Delaunay, Champs de Mars or The Red Tower, 1911, oil on canvas [AIC]
Futurism
− Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912, oil on canvas
− Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, bronze (cast 1931)
Other works infatuated with the modern age
− Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, 1912, oil on canvas
− Fernand Léger, The City, 1919, oil on canvas
Works in avant-garde Russia: Suprematism and Constructivism
− Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying, 1915 (dated 1914), oil on canvas
− Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International, 1919-1920, model in wood, iron, and glass (original destroyed,
recreated in 1968)
Mondrian: A new universal art
− Piet Mondrian, various works of his mature style
− Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie Woogie, 1942-1943, oil on canvas
Later work of the Parisian “greats”
− Pablo Picasso, Guernica, May 1 to June 4, 1937, oil on canvas
Other sculptures from the first half of the 20th century
− Constantine Brancusi, Bird in Space, 1928, bronze
− Alexander Calder, various mobiles
− Henry Moore, Reclining Figure, 1939. Elm wood, 3’ 1” x 6’ 7” x 2’ 6”.
“Fantastic Art” and the artists of the imagination
− Marc Chagall, I and the Village, 1911, oil on canvas
− Paul Klee, Twittering Machine, 1922, watercolor and pen and ink on oil transfer drawing on paper, mounted on cardboard
− Giorgio de Chirico, Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914, oil on canvas
Dada
− Jean (Hans) Arp, Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance, 1916-1917, torn and pasted paper
− Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany, 1919-1920,
photomontage
− Kurt Schwitters, Merz 19, 1920, paper collage
More Marcel Duchamp
− Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel, 1913
− Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917
− Marcel Duchamp, The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass), 1915-1923
Surrealism
− Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale, 1924, oil on wood with wood construction
− Meret Oppenheim, Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure), 1936, fur-covered cup
− Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 1931, oil on canvas
− René Magritte, The Treachery (or Perfidy) of Images, 1928-1929, oil on canvas
− Joan Miró, Painting, 1933, oil on canvas
The emergence of a modern photography
− Eadweard Muybridge, various works of locomotion
− Gertrude Käsebier, Blessed Art thou Among Women, 1899, platinum print on Japanese tissue
− Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage, 1907 (print 1915), photogravure (on tissue)
Among the American avant-garde
− Marsden Hartley, Portrait of a German Officer, 1914, oil on canvas
− Georgia O’Keeffe, New York, Night, 1929. Oil on canvas, 3’ 4 1/8” x 1’ 7 1/8”.
− Georgia O’Keeffe, various flower paintings
− Joseph Stella, Brooklyn Bridge, 1917, oil on canvas
− Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, 1928
Edward Hopper: Views of a desolate America
− Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942, oil on canvas [AIC]
Regionalism: A rejection of modernism
− Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930, oil on beaverboard [AIC]
Dorothea Lange
− Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley, 1936, gelatin silver print
A Mexican renaissance in painting:
− Diego Rivera, Detroit Industry frescoes, 1932-1933
− Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939, oil on canvas
Jacob Lawrence and his images of the “Great Migration”
− Jacob Lawrence, The Migration of the Negro series, begun in 1941