Rachel Kreger ED 498 Evidence of the repetition of history In the article, Provoking War: an American Repetition Compulsion, By Robert B. McFarland, various wars from the years 1775-2003 are discussed. The author purposes that American provokes and repeats the trend of wars in the United States. McFarland discusses several different wars including; WWI and WWII, The War of 1812, The American Civil War, Vietnam, and 9/11. McFarland gives brief reasons for the start of each war and his opinion of if the war was necessary. He also makes reference to other authors who have the similar views he has about war in the United States. McFarland feels that more wars will be started, because the world population is growing rapidly and “we will be, or already are, running out of water, food, timber, oil, and many hard to replace resources” (McFarland 180). McFarland believes that, “if we take the needed steps, this could become the most important movement towards peace and prosperity in world history” (180). First, McFarland mentions many different wars that the United States participated in or provoked. McFarland gives the reason why the United States went into the wars. The Americans were told that WWI was started because “the Germans’ sinking of the British ship, Lusitania, with 1,198 passengers, including 128 Americans” (176). The American Revolution was supposedly started, because the “colonials disguised as Indians dumped English tea in Boston Rachel Kreger ED 498 Harbor as a protest against taxation without representation” (176). McFarland also states, the War of 1812 “had no apparent reason for starting” (176). Throughout the article, McFarland mentions several other wars and the reasons Americans were told for the unnecessary bloodshed. However, McFarland has given different opinions of why he felt some wars occurred. Next, McFarland gives various opinions on why he felt certain wars were actually started. He believes that America’s involvement in WWI was a setup, because according to British Commander Joseph Kenworth in 1928 “ the Lusitania was deliberately sent at a considerably reduced speed into an area where a U-boat was known to be waiting with her escort ships withdrawn” (176). Also, McFarland claimed that the American Revolution was started, because George Washington’s promise to the Delaware Indians. Washington promised the Indians “if they helped fight in the Revolution, they would be awarded a state for their assistance; however after the war he forgot his promise” (176). The only mention of a war being started for the reason told to the Americans was the Civil War. McFarland said that after Lincoln’s 1861 election, “southerners knew he would free the slaves, and there were hostile actions by both sides, and some states began to secede” (177). These are just a few examples of the responses McFarland gave through the article. Lastly, the authors’ intentions for this article is to inform readers that history can and will repeat it. The examples he uses are the various wars the United States participated in. McFarland believes that the “United States are the leaders of war and have participated in so many, because it is profitable” (175). Rachel Kreger ED 498 McFarland uses an excerpt from Judith Herman, MD’s thesis to justify his explanations. McFarland mentions the four main ideas that Herman writes about in her book, but only one strongly agrees with his ideas. Herman says that “trauma demands repetition” (175). This relates to McFarland’s ideas, because these wars all have two common factors. The two common factors are money and power. McFarland is trying to alert his audience to these two facts and that they will never stop until we make changes. He feels that communities could start programs to help prevent war and such programs could be effective and beneficial. Rachel Kreger ED 498 Works Cited McFarland, R. (2007, Fall2007). Provoking War: An American Repetition Compulsion. Journal of Psychohistory, 35(2), 176-181. Retrieved September 27, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database.