Nesbitt School of Pharmacy
Vancouver Referencing Style Guide
Introduction
There are many widely accepted styles of referencing. Two popular styles in medical writing are those of
the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to
Biomedical Journals.” (The “Uniform Requirements” style is nicknamed the “Vancouver style” because it
was developed by a group of journal editors who were meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia.) Both of
these are very similar and are based on a standard from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Publishers that follow the Vancouver referencing format do vary somewhat in the numbering style of intext citations, in the font used, in some punctuation practices, etc. They are, however, consistent in their
own practices. In the Nesbitt School of Pharmacy we ask that you this Vancouver Referencing Style
Guide. Pay close attention to “our” punctuation and order of details.
One example of individual differences among “Vancouver” followers is that some journals list all authors
when there are six or fewer. Many other journals only list the first three. At Wilkes we follow the latter
practice; that is, if there are four or more authors, list only the first three, followed by “et al.”
The following pages show some of the more common types of references you may encounter. The guide is
by no means exhaustive. If you find documents and sources that do not neatly match the examples
provided, use them as guidance, matching the elements and the standard formats as best as you can. For
additional examples and/or less common types or resources, see Citing Medicine
(http://wilkes.edu/pages/2349.asp).
Definitions of all non-legal citation elements, even though they are not in quotation marks, are taken
directly from Citing Medicine.
Please note that if you use reference software tools (e.g. EndNote or Reference Manager), they do not
always match our style and you may need to manually edit your references. Likewise, the “Vancouver”
formatting in EbscoHost may need to be modified to match our style.
Remember:
 Keep a careful note of all resources you use
 Record all the details (e.g., volume/issue#) you need on any photocopies you make
 Remember to print the details (e.g., URL) of any Web site and record the date when you
accessed it
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Table of Contents
Print Resources
Books ........................................................................................................................... 4-5
Parts of a book by same author ........................................................................................5
Book Contribution (by different author) ..........................................................................5
Conferences and Meetings ........................................................................................... 6-7
Serials ............................................................................................................................... 7-8
Journal article ................................................................................................................. 7-8
Newspaper article...............................................................................................................8
Legal Materials
Statutes (enacted laws) .....................................................................................................9
Federal statutes............................................................................................................9
Slip laws ..................................................................................................................9
Statutes at Large ......................................................................................................9
US Code ..................................................................................................................9
Pennsylvania statutes .................................................................................................10
Unconsolidated statutes .........................................................................................10
Consolidated statutes .............................................................................................10
Rules and Regulations (of executive branch and agencies)
Federal regulations .............................................................................................. 10-11
Federal Register ...................................................................................................10
Code of Federal Regulations ................................................................................11
Pennsylvania regulations ...........................................................................................11
Pennsylvania Bulletin ..........................................................................................11
Pennsylvania Code ...............................................................................................11
Legislative materials
Federal legislative materials ............................................................................... 11-12
House or senate bills .............................................................................................11
House or senate hearing or report .........................................................................11
Pennsylvania legislative materials ............................................................................12
PA house or senate bills .......................................................................................12
PA house or senate hearing or report ...................................................................12
Non-Print Resources ..........................................................................................................14
Audiovisuals .................................................................................................................14
Videocassettes ..........................................................................................................14
Slides ........................................................................................................................14
Electronic Sources ............................................................................................................15
CD-ROMs .....................................................................................................................15
Databases ......................................................................................................................15
Contribution to a database ............................................................................................15
Internet Sources ........................................................................................................... 16-23
Book online ...................................................................................................................19
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Contribution to a book online .......................................................................................20
Databases / Retrieval Systems ......................................................................................21
Contribution to a Database / Retrieval System ..................................................... ..21-22
Serials (Journals/Newspapers) Online (incl. journal databases/aggregators)………...24
Homepage / Web site ....................................................................................................24
Part of a homepage / Web site ......................................................................................25
Appendix A (Principles for Constructing Journal Title Abbreviations) ............................26
Appendix B (Commonly Abbreviated English Words Used in Journal Titles).................28
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Print Resources
Books
Author: If no person or organization with responsibility for a publication can be determined, omit this
element; do not use “anonymous.” The author’s last name is listed first, followed by up to 2 initials, with
no periods. If there are editors, the last named editor is followed by a comma and the words “ed(s).” Place
family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation and convert Roman numerals to Arabic
ordinals; e.g., DeVita VT Jr, Jones JG 2nd. If there four or more authors, list only the first three followed by
“et al.” Organizations may also serve as authors. If a division or other part of the organization appears, it
is listed with the organization in hierarchical order from highest to lowest, as “National Library of
Medicine (US), Public Services Division.”
Title: Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized in book titles. Use a colon followed by a space
to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an
exclamation point) is already present
Edition: Convert edition number to Arabic numbers, e.g., “Second Edition” to “2 nd ed.” Words may also
be used to express edition, as “New rev. ed.” or “American ed.”
Place of Publication: Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation (in parentheses) for
the state or province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations
have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL); is it not necessary to give the state
or province when it is obvious, e.g, Washington, Montreal, Philadelphia. Follow cities in other countries
with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code ; e.g., Nairobi (KE),
Berne (Switzerland). Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Munich for Munchen. If more
than one location appears, use the more prominent or the first appearing. If no place is found in the book
but can be reasonable inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place of publication of a book produced by the
American Medical Association), place the name in brackets. If no place can be determined, put “place
unknown” in brackets.
Publisher: The publisher is the firm or organization responsible for issuing the publication. If a division or
other part of the organization appears, it is listed with the organization in hierarchical order from highest to
lowest, e.g., “University of Pennsylvania, Institute of Health Economics.” A publisher’s name may be
given in a shortened form, as “Wiley” for “John Wiley & Sons.” Common words such as Company and
University may be abbreviated. If the organization is both author and publisher, the name used for the
publisher may be abbreviated; e.g., “The University” or “The Association.” If no publisher can be
identified, put “publisher unknown” in brackets.
Year of publication: If no year of publication is found in the book but it can be determined from some
other source, place brackets around it, e.g., [1988]. If no date can be determined, put “date unknown” in
brackets.
Standard Format:
Author(s) of book. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.
Examples:
Book – personal author(s)
Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference
guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;1998.
Book – editor/compiler as author
Barone MA, ed. The Harriet Lane handbook: a manual for pediatric house officers.
14th ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1996.
(Note only the first word and/or proper names are capitalized in the title.)
4
Federal Government Publications with agency or Congress as author
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics. Disability
Among Older Persons: United States and Canada. Washington: Government Printing Office;
1995.
Package insert (treat as a book)
Zofran package insert. Research Triangle Park (NC): Glaxo Wellcome; 1996.
Parts of a book (by book author)
This is a separately identified part of a book, such as a chapter or section, which has been written by the
author(s)/editor(s) of the book itself. For parts which have been contributed by others, see Book
Contribution, below.
Numeration of part: If the part being referenced is one volume of a multivolume book, its number is given
in Arabic, as “Vol.2.” Volume numbers follow immediately after the book title and edition. If the part
being referenced is a chapter, section, appendix, figure, etc., it is identified as such with any accompanying
number (given in Arabic) or letter, as “Chapter 2,” “Appendix B,” or “Figure 10.” Capitalize only the first
word and proper nouns. Chapter, section, appendices, figures, etc. numeration follows immediately after
the publication information.
Title of part: If the part has a title, it follows the numeration, as “Vol.2, Immunology” or “Chapter 4,
History.”
Pagination: Inclusive pages of the chapter or part, with numbers not repeated, as “p.123-4” for pages 123
to 124. Roman numerals used as page numbers are retained, as “p. xxvi-xxvii.” If an entire volume is
being referenced, pagination is omitted.
Standard format:
Author(s) of book. Title of book. Edition. Volume number, Volume title. Place of
publication: Publisher; Date of publication. Part number, Part title, inclusive
pagination.
Examples:
Volume of a book in which the volume has no separate title:
Harley R, ed. Pediatric ophthalmology. 2 nd ed. Vol.1. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1983.
Volume which has a separate title.
Rombeau JL, Caldwell MD, eds. Parenteral nutrition. Vol. 2, Clinical nutrition. Philadelphia:
Saunders; 1986.
Chapter which has a separate title.
Beers MH, Berkow R., eds. The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 17th ed. Whitehouse
Station (NJ): Merck & Col, Inc., 1999. Chapter 129, Transfusion medicine, p. 885-95.
Book contribution
These are parts/chapters by writers other than the authors(s)/editor(s) of the book.
Standard Format:
Author(s) of chapter. Title of chapter. In: Ed(s) name, ed(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Page numbers.
Example:
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Book contribution
Example of a book chapter:
Jackson EK. Diuretics. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, eds. Goodman and
Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;
1996. p. 685-713.
Conferences and Meetings
Editor: Editor(s) of the conference proceedings; last name first, followed by up to two initials. Place family
designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation and convert Roman numerals to Arabic ordinals;
e.g., DeVita VT Jr, Jones JG 2nd.
Title: Title of a book as it appears in the original document. Only the first word and proper nouns are
capitalized in book titles.
Title of Conference: Name of the conference, including number, if present, e.g., “3rd Symposium on
Human Nutrition.” All numbers are converted to Arabic, e.g., convert “Second” to “2nd” or “III” to “3rd.”
Capitalize all significant words.
Date of Conference: Inclusive dates on which the conference was held, in the format year, month,
beginning day, hypen, ending day. For example: “2005 Mar 20-24 or 1987 Jan 31-Feb 2.” English names
are used for months; names of months may be abbreviated to the first three letters.
Place of Conference: City and state/country in which the conference was held; English names are used for
locations, as “Rome” for “Roma.” Names of states/countries may be abbreviated according to accepted
standards.
Place of Publication: Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation (in parentheses) for
the state or province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations
have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL); is it not necessary to give the state
or province when it is obvious, e.g, Washington, Montreal, Philadelphia. Follow cities in other countries
with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code ; e.g., Nairobi (KE),
Berne (Switzerland). Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wien. If more than
one location appears, use the more prominent or the first appearing. If no place is found in the book but
can be reasonable inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place of publication of a book produced by the American
Medical Association), place the name in brackets. If no place can be determined, put “place unknown” in
brackets.
Publisher: The firm or organization responsible for issuing the publication; names appearing in non-roman
alphabets are Romanized or names may be translated, as “Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha.” The publisher is
the firm or organization responsible for issuing the publication. If a division or other part of the
organization appears, it is listed with the organization in hierarchical order from highest to lowest, e.g.,
“University of Pennsylvania, Institute of Health Economics.” A publisher’s name may be given in a
shortened form, as “Wiley” for “John Wiley & Sons.” Common words such as Company and University
may be abbreviated. If the organization is both author and publisher, the name used for the publisher may
be abbreviated; e.g., “The University” or “The Association.” If no publisher can be identified, put
“publisher unknown” in brackets.
Year of publication: The year of publication, followed by the month, if given, as “2001 Jan.” English
names are used for months; names of months may be abbreviated to the first three letters; if no date can be
found in the publication but it can be determined from some other source, brackets are placed around it, as
“[2001 Jan]”; if no dated can be determined, the words “date unknown” are placed in brackets.
6
If no year of publication is found in the book but it can be determined from some other source, place
brackets around it, e.g., [1988]. If no date can be determined, put “date unknown” in brackets.
Example of a conference proceeding
Kimura J, Shibasaki H, eds. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology.
Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology;
1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996.
(Here Kyoto is the location of the conference; Amsterdam the publication place.)
Meeting Presentations
Papers and poster sessions presented at meetings include both items that were presented but never
published and items for which any subsequent publication is unknown. If subsequent publication is known,
cite the published form rather than the meeting paper or poster session.
Use the phrases "Paper presented at:" and "Poster session presented at:" to connect author and title
information with meeting information.
Author: Author(s) of the paper; last name first, followed by up to two initials. Place family designations of
rank after the initials, without punctuation and convert Roman numerals to Arabic ordinals; e.g., DeVita
VT Jr, Jones JG 2nd.
Title: Title of the publication, if present. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized in book
titles.
Title of Conference: Name of the conference, including number, if present, e.g., "3 rd Symposium on
Human Nutrition.” All numbers are converted to Arabic, e.g., convert “Third” to “3rd.” Capitalize all
significant words.
Date of Conference: Inclusive dates on which the conference was held, as “1988 Jan 24-26” and "1987 Jan
31-Feb 2.” English names are used for months; names of months may be abbreviated to the first three
letters.
Date of Conference: Inclusive dates on which the conference was held, in the format year, month,
beginning day, hypen, ending day. For example: “2005 Mar 20-24 or 1987 Jan 31-Feb 2.” English names
are used for months; names of months may be abbreviated to the first three letters.
Place of Conference: City and state/country in which the conference was held; English names are used for
locations, as “Rome” for “Roma.” Names of states/countries may be abbreviated according to accepted
standards.
Example of a paper presented at a meeting
Saltiel E, Nishimura LY, Shane R. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of enoxaparin in
orthopedic patients. Paper presented at ASHP Annual Meeting. Reno, NV;1994 Jun 7.
Serials (Journals and Newspapers)
Cite the version of a serials you saw. For example, do not cite the print version of a journal article if you
used the Internet one.
Journal Articles
Author: The author’s last name is listed first, followed by up to 2 initials, with no periods. Place family
designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation and convert Roman numerals to Arabic ordinals;
7
e.g., DeVita VT Jr, Jones JG 2nd. If there four or more authors, list only the first three followed by “et al.”
If no person or organization with responsibility for a publication can be determined, omit this element; do
not use “anonymous.”
Article title: Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns. Use a colon followed by a space to separate
a title from a subtitle, unless some other form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an
exclamation point) is already present.
Article type: If the article is identified as an editorial, letter, news, interview, or abstract, this may follow
the title in brackets, as “[editorial].”
Serial title: All Significant words in journal titles are capitalized. Titles should be abbreviated according to
PubMed. To find the correct abbreviation for many medical journals, go to http://pubmed.gov and click on
the Journals Database link in the column at the left. Enter the journal title in the search box and use the
Title Abbreviation given. If the title does not appear in the database, either use the abbreviation from
another source (e.g., another indexing system) or construct an abbreviation using Appendix A. Do not
abbreviate journal titles consisting of a single word (e.g., Blood, Lancet, Pharmacotherapy). Note that
running headers or footers on the article page may not carry the official title of a journal.
Date of publication: The year is entered first, followed by the month/season/day. Months are abbreviated
by the first 3 digits; seasons are not abbreviated; multiple months or seasons are separated by a dash, as
“Jan-Feb” or “Fall-Winter.” Days appear after the month, as “Jan 2.” Multiple days as “Apr 11-15.” The
month and day may be omitted if the journal uses continuous pagination throughout a volume.
Volume number: Volume numbers are given in Arabic numbers only; e.g., convert LX to 60.
Issue number: Issue numbers are inserted in parentheses immediately after the volume number. They are
given in Arabic numbers only. A supplement/part/special number is indicated by “Suppl,” “Pt,” or “Spec
No.” If a number or letter is present, it is included, as “Suppl A.” Arabic numbers only are used, as “Pt 2.”
Issue numbers may be omitted if the journal uses continuous pagination throughout a volume.
Inclusive pagination: Page numbers come after the colon that immediately follows the volume (issue)
number. Page numbers are not repeated. E.g., pages 123-124 become “123-4.” If the page number is
preceded or followed by a letter (often “S” for Supplement or “A” for Abstract, the letter is included, as
S10-4; repeating numbers are retained when the letter follows the page number, as “124A-126A.”
Standard journal article format:
Author(s) of article. Title of article. Journal title abbreviated. Date of publication; volume
number(issue number):page numbers.
Examples:
Standard print scholarly journal article (continuous pagination)
Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J
Med. 2002;347:284-7.
Article from print journal paginated by issue (i.e., each issue begins with page “1.”)
Smith DL. The effect of patient noncompliance on health care costs. Med Interface.
1993;6(4):74-6,78,84.
Letter, editorial, or abstract
Stiles ML, Allen LV Jr., Prince S, Fox JL. Stability of ranitidine hydrochloride during
simulated home care use [letter]. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;51:1706-7.
Volume with supplement
Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and longterm use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl
2:S93-9.
8
Issue with supplement
Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58(12 Suppl
7):S6-12.
Issue with part
Ahrar K, Madoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace MJ, Price RE, Wright KC. Development of a large
animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-8.
NewspaperArticles
Author: The author’s last name is listed first, followed by up to 2 initials, with no periods. Place family
designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation and convert Roman numerals to Arabic ordinals;
e.g., DeVita VT Jr, Jones JG 2nd. Give all authors/editors, regardless of the number. If no person or
organization with responsibility for a publication can be determined, omit this element; do not use
“anonymous.”
Article title: Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns. Use a colon followed by a space to separate
a title from a subtitle, unless some other form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an
exclamation point) is already present.
Serial title: Newspaper titles are not abbreviated although the leading “The” may be dropped; e.g. “Wall
Street Journal.” If the location of the newspaper is not apparent from the title, it is added parenthetically to
the name, as “Bergen (NJ) County Record.” The specific edition of a newspaper is a required component
of a citation since the same article may or may not appear in different editions, and the text of an article
often varies among editions.
Date of publication: The year is entered first, followed by the month/season/day.
Volume number: Tradition omits volume and issue numbers from references to newspapers. The date
combined with the section name, number or letter substitutes for volume . Abbreviate Section to Sect.
Follow Sect. with the letter, number or name of the section. Convert Roman numerals used for section
numbers into Arabic numerals, e.g., II becomes 2. Sections many be named, as “Metro Section, “Weekend
Section,” etc. Use these names in a reference only when the section lacks a number or letter.
Pagination: Only the beginning page of an article is included.
Standard newspaper article format:
Author(s) of article. Title of article. Newspaper name. Date of publication Year Month Day:
section:location (column number).
Note: If the location of the newspaper is not apparent from the title, it is added parenthetically to the
name, as “Bergen (NJ) County Record.”
Examples of newspaper articles:
Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate.
Washington Post (Maryland Ed.). 2002 Aug 12:Sect A:2 (col. 4).
Kunkle F. Grievance panel seeks reprimand for Gansler. Washington Post (Home Ed.). 2003 Jul
3;Montgomery Extra:10 (col. 1).
Graedon J, Graedon T. Amnesia and cholesterol-lowering prescription drugs. The (Baltimore) Sun
(Weekend Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Home & Family:8N (col. 1).
9
Legal Materials
The legal profession has for many years employed a unique system of citation unlike that
customarily used in standard bibliographic references. Because this legal standard is so well
established, it is used for this type of material instead of the traditional format. See the boxed
standard formats below for bibliographic adaptations of these legal citations. For online legal
materials, follow the appropriate format and use the accession location (url) and date you accessed
the material online.
Statutes (enacted laws)
Usually immediately after its passage, a legislative enactment is published individually in a form known as
a “slip law.” At the end of a legislative session, these Slip Laws are combined into bound volumes called
Session Laws in order of their passage.
Federal and state statutes have similar “life cycle.” Once a piece of legislation has been enacted by the
Congress or state legislature and signed by the President or Governor, it is printed as an individual
document called a Slip Law. At the end of a legislative session, the Slip Laws are combined into bound
volumes called Session Laws in the order in which they were passed. Lastly, statutes are organized by
subject and published in Codes. If possible, cite statutes in force to the current official code. Cite to the
session laws or slip laws if no citation to the code is possible.
Federal Statutes
United States Statues Published as Slip Laws
Standard format:
Official or popular name of the statute, if the law has one (if not named, “Act of [full date]), P.L.
No.XXX-YYY [Xs represent the Congress in which the law was enacted and the Ys represent
the number of the statute], volume symbol, volume number, abbreviated name of the session
laws title [i.e., “Stat.”], page number, (year of statute, if not in its name)
Examples:
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, P.L. No.101-336, § 2 104 Stat. 328.
Preventive Health Amendments of 1993, P.L. No. 103-183, §107 Stat. 2226.
Employee Retirement Income Act, P.L. No.93-406, §99 Stat. 829 (1974).
United States Statutes at Large (the official federal “session” laws passed by the U.S. Congress
and signed into law during an annual session. They are bound chronologically, in the order
enacted.)
Standard format:
Title of the Law, Act, or Statute. Abbreviated name for United States Statues at Large, (Year):
page numbers.
Example:
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. U.S. Statutes at Large 102 (1989): 4181-545.
United States Code (a compilation and codification of all general and permanent federal laws.
The Code collates the original law with subsequent amendments and deletes language that has
been repealed or superseded, so they present the laws as they are currently in force. They are
organized under 50 subject titles which are divided into chapters and sections. The code is revised
about every six years, with supplements between updates.)
Standard format:
Title, Title number, abbreviation for U.S. Code, section symbol, section number (year).
Example:
State Plans for Medical Assistance 42 U.S.C. § 41936a (2004)
10
Pennsylvania Statutes
In Pennsylvania the Session Laws/ “Laws of Pennsylvania” have long been called Pamphlet Laws.
Pennsylvania has only codified about two-thirds of its Statutes.
Unconsolidated Pennsylvania Statutes (These may not be the current law. Court decisions may
have overturned them or later statutes amended them.):
Standard format:
Official or popular name of the statute, if the law has one (if not named, “Act of”), date of the
enactment of the original Act of the General Assembly, abbreviation for the Pamphlet Laws, the
page reference in that year’s publication of the Pamphlet Laws, the act number (possibly). (An
Act number may be referenced; these are assigned consecutively to bills passed in each
legislative session; for example, No 64.)
Examples:
Pharmacy Act, Act of September 27, 1961, P.L. 1700.
Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, Act of April 14, 1972, P.L.233, No.64
Act of April 28, 1999, P.L. 24, No.3.
Consolidated Pennsylvania Statutes (the official statutes in force. They are organized under
79 subject titles and are updated annually with revised supplements.)
Standard format:
Title, title number, Pa.C.S. (or P.S.), section symbol, section number. Pa.C.S. identifies statutes
not yet officially consolidated by the legislature; P.S. identifies those officially enacted in
consolidated form.
Example:
Blood Donation Age of Consent 35 Pa.C.S. § 10011.
(You may sometimes see consolidated statutes referred to with an enactment citation. For
example, Pharmacy Act, Act of September 27, 1961, P.L. 1700, (63 Pa.C.S. § 390-1 et seq. In this
example, the Pharmacy Practice Act was enacted as the Act of September 27, 1961, P.L. 1700. It
has also been codified in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statues and may be cited as 63 P.S. §
390-1 et seq. Either citation is correct, although when using the enactment citation, it is customary
to include the consolidated statute information in parentheses.)
Rules and Regulations of the Executive Branch and Agencies
Federal Rules and Regulations
Federal Register (a daily publication containing most routine publications and public notices of
US executive departments and agencies and documents required to be published by act of
Congress. It provides notice to the public of a federal government agency's proposed new rules, or
changes to existing rules. The relationship between the Federal Register and the Code of Federal
Regulations is analogous to that between session laws and a codification. The Register is a current
chronological record; the Code is a subject arrangement.)
Standard format:
Title annual volume number, abbreviation of Federal Register name, page of cited material
(year).
Example:
Medicare Program; requirements for providers and supplier to establish and maintain Medicare
enrollment; final rule. 71 Fed. Reg. 20753 (2006)
11
Code of Federal Regulations (codification of all rules of the executive departments and agencies
of the federal government. The CFR is divided into 50 subject titles.)
Standard format:
Title, if the regulation has one, title number, abbreviation for Code of Federal Regulations
section symbol, section number, (year).
Example:
Informed Consent, 42 C.F.R. § 441 (1995).
Pennsylvania Rules and Regulations
Pennsylvania Bulletin (a publication containing the proposed and final regulations of the
various state departments and agencies, notices of meetings, state and local court rules, and state
contract information. The Bulletin is a weekly publication and is organized as a current
chronological record.) It is comparable to the Federal Register.)
Standard format:
Volume, abbreviation for Pennsylvania Bulletin, page number, title.
Example:
27 Pa.B. 6218 Approval of Plans: Pharmacy Alterations.
Pennsylvania Code (the official publication of current rules and regulations in force for the state.
The Pennsylvania Code is similar in function to the Code of Federal Regulations. It is organized
under a subject arrangement of 55 titles and is updated irregularly. It is comparable to the Code of
Federal Regulations.)
Standard format:
Title number, abbreviation for Pennsylvania Code, chapter symbol, chapter number (year).
Example:
49 Pa.Code, § 27 (2001).
Legislative Materials (un-enacted bills, committee reports, hearings)
Federal Legislative Materials
House or Senate Bill
Standard format:
Title of bill, S. or H.R., depending on the chamber, bill number, Congress and session number,
(year). If a specific section is cited, put the section number before the year. Note: Bills that
have been passed (have become law) should be cited to the Statutes at Large.
Examples:
Conservation and Reinvestment Act of 1999, S. 25, 106th Cong. (1999).
Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, H.R., 1563, 103rd Cong. (1993).
House or Senate Hearing or Report
Standard format:
Title of hearing or report, number of Congress, number of session (year).
Example:
Toxic Substances Control Act: hearing on S.776 before the Subcomm. on the Environment of the
Senate Comm. on Commerce, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. (1975)
12
State Legislative Materials
House or Senate Bill
In Pennsylvania bills are numbered sequentially through the two-year term. Each bill may have three
different sets of numbers assigned to it: bill number, printer’s number and, if an act becomes law, an Act
Number. Bills are numbered in the order in which they are introduced into the respective legislative
chamber. Printer’s numbers (which appear at the upper right of the first page) enable you to keep track of
the different versions of a bill as it works through the legislative process. The highest printer’s number will
be the most current version of a bill. Acts are numbered chronologically in the order in which they are
passed.
Standard format:
Title of bill, S. or H.B., depending on the chamber, bill number, printer’s number, session.
Example:
An Act prohibiting the use of illegal immigrant labor on projects; imposing powers and duties on executive
agencies of the Commonwealth; and providing for remedies. HB 2319 Pr. No 4043 The General Assembly
of Pennsylvania Session of 2006, Regular Session.
House or Senate Hearing or Report
Standard
format:
House
or Senate
Hearing or Report
Title of hearing or report, session, printer’s number.
Examples:
Report of the Committee of Conference on House Bill No. 1168, entitled: an act to consolidate, editorially
revised, and codify the public welfare laws of the Commonwealth. General Assembly of Pennsylvania,
Session of 2005. Printer’s No. 2560.
Long-term care for the elderly in Pennsylvania, conducted pursuant to House Resolution 618 of 2004,
Report from the Legislative Budget and Finance Committee. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania
Session of 2005. Available at:
http://lbfc.legis.state.pa.us/factsheets/2005/368%20Long%20Term%20Care.pdf [Cited 2006 Aug 15].
13
Non-Print Resources (Audiovisuals)
Title: Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns.
Author: The surname is given first, followed by up to two initials. Give all authors/editors, regardless of
the number. Organizations may also serve as authors. If a division or other part of the organization
appears, it is listed with the organization in hierarchical order from highest to lowest, as “National Library
of Medicine (US), Public Services Division.” If an organization serves as both author and publisher, the
name generally is omitted her as author. If no person or organization with responsibility for the publication
can be determined, this element is omitted; do not use “anonymous.”
Format: The format of the audiovisual, identified according to established practice, as “audiocassette,”
“slides,” “videocassette,” etc., is placed in brackets after the title.
Edition: Convert edition number to Arabic numbers, as Second Edition to “2 nd ed.” Words may also be
used to express edition, as “New rev. ed.” or “American ed.”
Place of publication: The city where published; followed by the state or country if needed for clarification,
as “Rome, NY.” Names of States/countries may be abbreviated according to accepted standards. If more
than one location appears, the more prominent or the first appearing is used. If no place is found in the
book but can be reasonable inferred (e.g., Cambridge, MA as the place of publication of an item produced
by Harvard University), place the name in brackets. If no place can be determined, the words “place
unknown” are given in brackets.
Publisher: The firm or organization responsible for issuing the publication. If a division or other part of
the organization appears, it is listed with the organization in hierarchical order from highest to lowest, as
“University of Pennsylvania, Institute of Health Economics.” A publisher’s name may be given in a
shortened form, as “Wiley” for “John Wiley & Sons.” Common words such as Company and University
may be abbreviated. If the organizations is both author and publisher, the name used for the publisher may
be abbreviated; e.g., “The University” or “The Association.” If no publisher can be identified, the words
“publisher unknown” are placed in brackets.
Physical description: Information about the number and type of physical items may be included: e.g., the
run time (i.e., total time in minutes) for videocassettes and motion pictures, if sound is present, whether
produced in black and white or color, and other items of physical description.
Series: The series name appears surrounded by parentheses. The name is followed by the volume and/or
number if present, given in Arabic numbers. Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns, as “Clinical
topics in dermatology; no.5.)
Accompanying material: Information about any items accompanying the audiovisual, such as printed
guides, may be included. These are preceded by the words, “Accompanied by:” as “Accompanied by: 1
guide, 6 p.”
Standard format:
Title [format]. Author. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication.
Physical description. (series). Accompanying material.
Example:
Videocassette
Techniques in couples group psychotherapy [videocassette]. Coche J. New York: Brunner/Mazel;
1990. 1 videocassette: 49 min., sound, color, ½ in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
American Geriatrics Society. Examining the older adult [videocassette]. New York: The Society;
1995.
14
Slides
Pediatric surgery [slides]. Anderson, KD. Chicago: American College of
Surgeons; 1989. 177 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. (Postgraduate course; 9)
Accompanied by: 1 guide.
Electronic Sources (Digital Information Format)
Title: Names of programs that have been trademarked or copyrighted are reproduced as they appear on the
opening screen or title page of the documentation of the program, as “Pro-Cite, Micromedex®, or
A.D.A.M;” otherwise, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns.
Type of medium: The type of medium (e.g., computer program, serial on CD-ROM, etc.) is placed in
brackets after the title
Author: The individual(s) responsible for writing/designing/compiling the work are listed, surname first,
followed by up to two initials. Give all authors/editors, regardless of the number. Organizations may also
serve as authors. If a division or other part of the organization appears, it is listed with the organization in
hierarchical order from highest to lowest, as “National Library of Medicine (US), Public Services
Division.” If an organization serves as both author and publisher, the name generally is omitted here as
author. If no person or organization with responsibility for a publication can be determined, omit this
element; do not use “anonymous.”
Edition: A statement relating to an edition that contains differences from other editions; such words as
“edition,” “issue,” “version,” “release,” “level,” “update” are used, as “Version 5.1” or “Level 3.4.” More
traditional words such as “Revised Edition” or “Third Update” may also appear and may be abbreviated, as
“Rev. Ed.” And “3rd Update.”
Place of publication: The city where published; followed by the state or country if needed for clarification,
as “Rome, NY.” Names of States/countries may be abbreviated according to accepted standards. If more
than one location appears, the more prominent or the first appearing is used. If no place is found in the
book but can be reasonable inferred (e.g., Cambridge, MA as the place of publication of an item produced
by Harvard University), place the name in brackets. If no place can be determined, the words “place
unknown” are given in brackets.
Publisher: The firm or organization responsible for issuing the work. If a division of other part of the
organization appears, it is listed with the organization in hierarchical order from highest to lowest, as
“International Business Machines Corporation, personal Computer Division.” Common words as
“Corporation” may be abbreviated. If no publisher can be identified, the words “publisher unknown” are
placed in brackets.
Date of publication: The year of publication, followed by the month, if given, as “1998 Jan.” Names of
months may be abbreviated to the first 3 letters. If no date is found on the work or in an accompanying
manual but it can be determined from some other source, brackets are placed around it, ‘as [1998 Jan].” If
no date can be determined, the words “date unknown” are placed in brackets. If the work is an open
database, i.e., records are still being added, the beginning date is given followed by a dash, as “1966-.” If it
is a closed database, i.e., records are no longer being added, the beginning and ending dates are given, as
“1976 – 1985.”
Date of revision: Electronic sources are frequently updated or revised between editions or versions. This
date should be given following the date of the original, surrounded by brackets, as “[updated 1999 Jan]” or
“[rev. 1999 Mar 1].” This date is particularly important for online databases; even if a database is closed in
terms of the addition of new records, it may still be updated for error correction or other file maintenance.
15
Frequency: If the source is a database is still being updated, the frequency with which it is updated is given
here, as “Updated monthly.”
Availability: If the work is not commercially available or may be acquired from others than the publisher,
information on the location of the source may be provided, as “Available from: DIAGOG Information
Services, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.”
Notes: Information concerning system requirements may be given; there is no specific wording prescribed.
“System Requirements” may precede information supplied with the database documentation such as the
name of the operating system and its version, the kind and characteristics of any required peripherals, etc.
Standard format:
Author. Title [medium]. Place of publication: Publisher: Date of publication.
Frequency. Availability. Notes.
Availability.
Examples:
CD-ROM
Anderson, SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
Database
1990 national health interview survey [database on CD- ROM]. National Center for Health
Statistics. CD-ROM Series 10, No. 4. SETS version 1.21. Updated annually. Washington, DC.
U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993.
Pharmaceuticals package library [database on disk]. Philadelphia: Bio-Rad Laboratories,
Sadtler Division; 1989- . Updated periodically. 3 ½ in. computer disks. System
Requirements: IBM PC, PS/2, or compatible; floppy drive; 1MG memory. Microsoft Windows
2000.
Contribution to a database
Contributions are separately identified sections or portions of databases that are provided by individuals or
organizations other than the database builders and thus have distinct authorship.
Example:
Kuayam-Bashi F, McGrath SM. HIV target cell interaction. In: Compact library: AIDS [database on CDROM]. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society, 1980-90 [updated 1990 Oct]. [328 lines]
Internet Sources
The basic rules of citing do not differ markedly for Internet items than for print. There is still an author or
organization with responsibility for the item, a title, a place of “publication,” a publisher, a date of
publication, and the extent of the item (i.e., number of pages or the equivalent). Anyone preparing a citation
to an Internet document should attempt to locate all of these elements.
It is true, however, that some elements are more difficult to locate when citing Internet items rather than
print. For example, a number of poorly constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or publishing
responsibility may be unclear or absent. You must deal with the information provided. Square brackets are
a convention used to indicate missing data or for information added for clarification. (See the sections
below dealing with the specific parts of a citation.)
16
Some elements require expansion for Internet citation in order to provide useful information to the user. For
example, the date of publication is a required element in any citation, but many Internet items are updated
or otherwise modified several times after the date of publication. Any date of update/revision should
therefore be included in a citation along with the date cited, i.e., the date when you saw the item. This is
necessary in the volatile electronic environment when changes can be easily made and an item seen one day
may not be the same in crucial ways when viewed the next day. For this reason, it is strongly recommended
that you produce a print or other copy when possible for future reference.
Guidelines for Specific Parts of a Citation
Overall guidelines are presented here. The individual sections for the specific formats, e.g., books, serials,
etc., should also be consulted for further details of citation.
Author: While there are books and journal articles on the Internet which clearly state the names of the
authors, most sites -- particularly homepages -- do not. Do not assume that an individual named as
Webmaster or contact person is the author; he/she most probably is not, especially for homepages produced
by large organizations. Some sites will give a name in association with a copyright statement, such as
“copyright 1997 by John A. Smith.” It is not safe to assume that this individual is the author, either. If the
only personal name given in a site is associated with a copyright statement, use that individual’s name as
the publisher. Most sites will display an organization’s name rather than a person’s name. In such cases
when the organization appears to be serving as both author and publisher, place the organization in the
publisher position. (See this section below.) Regardless, do not use the word “anonymous” in a citation if
an author cannot be determined. If a personal author is present, use the last name followed by up to two
initials, such as “Smith JA.”
Title: Books on the Internet will usually display clearly identifiable titles, and serials (journals,
newspapers, etc.) will have both the title of the article and the title of the journal. Homepages, on the other
hand, may display only the name of the organization responsible for the site. If so, this name becomes the
title. Some basic rules to follow for identifying wording as a title are: (1) look for what is the most
prominent (usually the largest) wording on the screen (2) look for wording followed by a copyright or
registered trademark symbol ( © or ™ ) (3) look at the title bar of the Web browser (generally in the top
left corner) (4) look for the title in the source code of the document If a title cannot be determined,
construct a title by using the first series of words on the screen as a title. Once you have determined the
title, its format is dependent on the type of document. For book and serial titles, follow the rules for print
publications, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns. However, an exception is made when
special characters or non-standard typographic features are present, in which case the title should
approximate the way it appears on the screen; for example “Amazon.com.” Journal titles are generally
abbreviated in the same manner that they would be for print resources, e.g., Online Journal of Current
Clinical Trials becomes Online J Curr Clin Trials. As with print sources, do not abbreviate journal titles
consisting of a single word (e.g., Blood, Lancet). See Appendix B for a list of abbreviations for common
English words used in journal titles. For all other types of Internet material, such as homepages and
databases, reproduce the title for citation purposes as closely as possible to the wording which appears on
the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation. This may include all capital letters or all
lower case letters, capital letters within words, and run-together words. Some examples are: netLibrary and
medicinebydesign.
Content/Medium Designators: It is standard practice in a citation to indicate to the user that a publication is
not in print format by following the title with a word describing what the specific non-print medium is, i.e.,
a medium designator. This is to alert the user that special equipment is needed to read it. The appropriate
medium designator is placed in brackets. Thus a book on microfilm would have “[microfilm]” following its
title. Similarly, “[Internet]” is a medium designator. It is an optional, but recommended, practice to
combine a content designator with a medium designator. Content designators indicate the nature of a work.
Examples of this combination are “[serial on videocassette]” and “[homepage on the Internet].”
Edition: Most electronic publications, with the exception of books and databases, will not have an edition
statement. Some with print counterparts will say “Internet edition.” Other words used to express edition in
the electronic world include “version,” “release,” “level,” and “update,” such as “version 5.1" or “third
17
update.” Regardless of the particular wording, any indication of edition should be included in a citation.
Occasionally both an edition and a version or release will be given; use both. The words for edition are
often abbreviated in a citation, as “ed.” or “vers.” Numbers should be converted to Arabic, such that “third”
becomes “3rd” and “first” becomes “1st.,” etc.
Place of Publication: This is defined as the city in which the individual or the organization issuing or
sponsoring the publication resides. In the case of the Internet, the place would be the location of the Web
site. This information is usually found at the bottom of a homepage, but may also be at the top of the first
screen or at the end of a document. If it is not in one of these locations, it may be obtained from a linkage
within the site, usually under a “contact us” or similar link. There are two options if the place cannot be
determined from the site: (1) if the city can be reasonably inferred, the city is placed in brackets (for
example, Bethesda as the place of publication of a report issued by the National Cancer Institute)
(2) if it is not possible to infer the city, the words “place unknown” are put in brackets. Follow the city by
the two-letter state abbreviation in parentheses, e.g., “Bethesda (MD)” or “[Bethesda (MD)]” if inferred.
Foreign places are cited as “Frankfurt (Germany)” or “Frankfurt (DE),” the latter using the International
Standard Organization two-character country code. State or country information is generally omitted if the
place is very well known; thus it is “New York” not “New York (NY)” and “Paris” not “Paris (FR).”
Publisher: The advent of the Internet and other online sources has stretched the definition of “publication”
and “publisher.” However, in electronic terms a publisher is defined as the individual or organization which
produces or sponsors the site. As with the place of publication, this information is usually found at the
bottom of a homepage, at the top or on a sidebar of the first screen, or the end of a document. The publisher
may also be identified by looking for the organization named after a copyright statement, e.g., copyright
1997 by the American Chemical Society. If wording such as “this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation
for ABC Organization” appears, ABC Organization is considered the publisher and XYZ the distributor.
Publisher information is required in a citation; distributor information may be included as a note.
A publisher name is generally given in a citation as it appears on the screen, with whatever capitalization
and punctuation is used. If the title of a site such as a homepage and the name of the organization which
sponsors it are the same, it is an option to give the name in an abbreviated form as publisher. For example,
if the “University of Maryland” is the title of the homepage, it may be abbreviated to “The University” as
publisher. If no publisher can be determined, the words “publisher unknown” are used in the citation, in
brackets.
Dates: Because of the volatile nature of electronic publications, there are three dates of importance in
citing them: (1) the date the publication was placed on the Internet, or alternatively, was copyrighted
(2) the latest date any update or revision occurred (3) the date the person doing the citing actually saw the
publication.
The date of publication should be included in a citation. Unfortunately, some books on the Internet do not
display a traditional title page that clearly states the date of publication. When there is no title page: Look
for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book.
Look for the date accompanying a copyright statement. For example: copyright 2006 by the American
Chemical Society, © 2006 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin. If neither
a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can be estimated because of material
in the site, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets. If
neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be reasonably estimated,
use the date of update/revision and/or the date cited.
The date of copyright should be included only if the date of publication is absent or it differs from the date
of publication, e.g., 2000, c1998. Note that a copyright date is always preceded by the letter “c.”
If a book is revised or updated between editions, you may find a date of update/revision. Begin with a left
square bracket and enter this information, using whatever word for update or revision is given; e.g.,
“updated and modified.”
18
Unfortunately, the dates of publication and the dates of any update or revision are often absent from an
electronic site, making the third date all the more important—the date you actually saw the book on the
Internet, which is called the date of citation. Error correction or other changes to electronic publications
may occur between scheduled or advertised updates or revisions and these dates of update/revision may not
be known. It is therefore required that the date the electronic publication is actually seen is included in a
citation. If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both with a right
square bracket. If no date of update/revision is given, place the citation date information in square
brackets. End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket.
Dates should be expressed in the format of “year month day.” For the date of publication, an example
would be “1995 Jan 3.” For any dates of update or revision and the date of citation, the format may be the
same, such as “[updated 1996 Feb 4; cited 1997 Nov 4].” Various words may be found on an Internet site
to express the fact that a document has been updated or revised, such as amended, modified, reviewed. Use
whatever wording is provided by the site. Note that the dates of update/revision and citation are always
placed in brackets. As mentioned above, the date of citation must always be included in a reference.
Location: Location, called pagination in the print world, indicates the exact position of a document such as
a journal article within a larger publication, i.e., the journal issue. It is also used to specify the position of a
chapter in a book or of a chart or graph which is being cited. This location is usually expressed in terms of
page numbers, as “p. 15-22.” While traditional page numbers are often found on the Internet, its nonlinear
nature has caused many Internet serial publishers to adopt a document number scheme for an article, either
in addition to a volume and/or issue number or as the only numeration. Regardless of how these document
numbers are used, they should be placed in a citation in the Location element. For example:
- with a volume and issue
Pediatrics 2000 Nov;106(5):e70. [e70 is the document number]
- without a volume or issue Online J Curr Clin Trials 1999:Doc No 134.
Use whatever wording for “document number” is supplied by the serial and abbreviate it according to
standard practice. In the first example above, the serial has supplied no wording, simply using the “e” to
indicate “electronic.” As an option, an indication of the length of the article may be included after the
document number in the Extent element (see below). If this length is not stated within the document itself,
it should be placed in brackets:
Pediatrics 2000 Nov;106(5):e70. [about 2 p.].
Online J Curr Clin Trials 1999:Doc No 134. [about 10 paragraphs].
If an Internet document displays neither page numbers nor document numbers, the extent or length of the
item (see next element below) being cited should always be included in a citation.
Extent: This is the length of the item being cited, usually expressed by the total number of pages of a print
item or the number of minutes of run time for an audiovisual. Although the extent of an item is an optional
element in any citation, the length of a document provides useful information for the user. For example, a
ten page journal article would be viewed as substantive, whereas a ten page book probably would not.
Many electronic books lack traditional page numbers and homepages are non-linear, often having
innumerable hypertext links. For publications other than homepages, extent is therefore usually shown in
terms of the number of screens, lines, paragraphs, or bytes. Alternatively, if an electronic document is
printed out, it may be expressed in the traditional number of pages. Unless the length is supplied by the
publisher, which sometimes occurs when a list of items with their size is presented to the user for assistance
with downloading or when the item being cited is a PDF document, the extent is calculated by the best
means possible and placed in brackets, such as [about 5 screens], [10 paragraphs], [about 21 p.], [332K
bytes].
Availability Statement: This is the location at which an electronic document may be found, expressed in
terms of an FTP, Telnet, or Web address. Some examples include:
Available from: Telnet to dialog.com
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/dental_caries.html
For Internet addresses, the location displayed by the Web browser is usually the one to use. Sometimes,
however, a site found by a hyperlink may not be addressable directly. It is therefore good practice to verify
the address before including it in a citation.
19
No ending period is used after a URL or other Internet address in a citation unless it concludes with a slash
(“/”). This is because the period may interfere with a hyperlink. For example:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/osteoporosis.html but http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.
Notes: The “notes” part of a citation has no specified format or punctuation and is not required. Its purpose
is to give the reader useful information not provided elsewhere in a citation. Examples of the types of
information to be included in notes are: any special viewing requirements, such as a particular Web
browser, version of a browser, or software (e.g., “Best viewed with Internet Explorer 6.x”); the name and email address of the Webmaster or other contact individual; additional information about the publisher such
as the street address; or information about the creation of a publication, such as if it were created for a
particular conference or to commemorate an event.
Book Online
Standard format:
Order of the elements of a citation, with punctuation, for Entire books:
Author(s) of book. Title [Content Designator Medium Designator]. Edition. Place of
Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation].
Location/Extent. (Series). Availability. Notes.
Example:
Book online
Foley KM, Gelband H, eds. Improving palliative care for cancer [book on the Internet]. Washington:
National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. [about 10 pages]. Available from:
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/.
Book with date estimated
Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community organizations in the New York City
area: report highlights [book on the Internet]. New York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited
2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf
Book with no estimated date/copyright, using the date of update/revision and the date cited
Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [book on the Internet]. Ottawa (OT): Government of
Canada, Human Resources and Social Development; [modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml
Book with not estimated date/copyright, not date of update revision, using only the date cited
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [book on the Internet]. Washington: George Washington
University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from:
http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
Parts of Books
These are components of a book which can be separately identified, such as one volume
within a multivolume set, a chapter, section, appendix, figure, chart, or graph, and which have not
been written by anyone other than the author(s)/editor(s) of the book itself. When citing a part, the citation
is made to the book and information about the part follows. For components of books which have been
contributed by others, see Contributions to Books below.
Standard format:
Author(s) of book. Title of book [Content Designator Medium Designator]. Edition. Place
of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of
Citation]. Numeration of Part, Title of Part; Location/Extent of Part. (Series). Availability
of Part. Notes.
20
Example:
Part of book on the Internet
Berg JM, Tymoczco JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry [book on the Internet]. 5th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman
and Company; c2002. Chapter 14.2.3, Stages in the extraction of energy from foodstuffs; [cited 2006 Nov
15]; [4 paragraphs]. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=kr
ebs+AND+stryer%5Bbook%5D+AND+216023%5Buid%5D&rid=stryer.section.1954#1961
Contributions to Book Online
These are components of a book which can be separately identified, such as a volume,
chapter, section, or appendix, and which have been contributed to the books by someone
other than the author(s)/editor(s) of the book itself. A common example is a text which has
overall editors but in which each chapter has been written by a different author. When citing a
contribution, the citation is made to the contribution, followed by information about the book.
For components of books which have not been contributed by others, see Parts of
Books above.
Standard format:
Author(s) of the contribution. Title of the Contribution. In: Author(s)/Editors(s) of the
book. Title of the book [Content Designator Medium Designator]. Edition. Place of
Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation].
Location/Extent of the Contribution. (Series). Availability of the Contribution. Notes.
Examples:
Contribution to book
Marques, Paul R. Factors to consider when using hair as a cocaine-exposure measure for mothers or
newborns. In: Treatment for drug exposed women and their children [book on the Internet]. Bethesda, MD:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (US); 1996 [cited 2001 Mar 12]. p. 183-97. (NIDA research monograph;
no. 166). Available from: http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/monographs/monogeaph166/183_197.pdf
Jacobs RA, Guglielmo B. Anti-infective chemotherapeutic & antibiotic agents. In: Tierney LM, McPhee
SJ, Padadkis MA, eds. Current medical diagnosis and treatment, 44 th ed. [book on the Internet] New York:
McGraw-Hill; 2005 [cited 2005 Aug 31]. [about 22 paragraphs]. Available from: http://online.statref.com
Subscription required.
Databases/Retrieval Systems
A database is a collection of individual records that most often have been standardized as to both format
and content. The records in a database are usually related by a common denominator such as subject matter
or the source or the material included in them. Databases on the Internet may have corresponding versions
in other formats such as print and may be fixed in time or updated. Updates or other revisions are not
always apparent.
A retrieval system provides access to the contents of multiple databases or files, usually providing a
common search mechanism. Users may select an individual database or search all databases in one
operation. Updates and revisions may be labeled as new versions, releases, or editions.
21
Standard format:
Author(s). Title [Content Designator Medium Designator]. Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher. Date of publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of
Example:
citation]. Extent. (Series). Availability. Notes.
Whole Database
Clinical pharmacology [database on the Internet]. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard Multimedia, Inc. c20042005 [cited 2004 July 15]. Available from: http://cpip.gsm.com Subscription required.
Part of a Database
Standard format:
Title of the monograph. Connective phrase: Title of the Database/Retrieval System
[Content designator medium designator]. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of
publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of citation]. Availability of contribution.
Notes: .
Examples:
Micromedex documents
Acupuncture. In: Alternative Medicine [database on the Internet]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomson
Micromedex. Updated periodically. [cited 2006 Aug 16] Available from:
http://www.thomsonhc.com/home/dispatch Subscription required.
Diltiazem In: DRUGDEX® System [database on the Internet]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomson
Micromedex. Updated periodically. [cited 2006 Aug 16[. Available from:
http://www.thomsonhc.com/home/dispatch Subscription required.
Acetaminophen (systemic). In: USP DI® Volume I: Drug Information for the Health Care Professional
[database on the Internet]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomson Micromedex. Updated periodically.
[cited 2006 Aug 16]. Available from:
http://www.thomsonhc.com/home/dispatch Subscription required.
Lexi-Comp drug monograph
Omeprazole. In: Lexi-Comp Online™ [database on the Internet]. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, Inc. [cited
2004 July 15]. Available from: http://www.crlonline.com/crlonline Subscription required.
Clinical Pharmacology drug monograph
Renzapride. In: Clinical Pharmacology [database on the Internet]. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard, Inc.
[cited 2002 Sep 17]. Available from: http://cpip.gsm.com/ Subscription required.
Essential Evidence document
Ference JD, Donnelly A. Hyperlipidemia. In: Ebell MH, Ferenchick G, Smith M, et al., eds. Essential
Evidence [database on the Internet]. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley, 2009. [updated 2009 Sep 15; cited 2010
Aug 16]. Available from
http://www.essentialevidenceplus.com/content/eee/135 Subscription required.
PIER document
Marcantonio ER. Delirium. In: PIER [database on the Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of
Physicians, 2010. [updated 2010 Aug 4; cited 2010 Aug 11]. Available from:
http://piergsm.acponline.org/physicians/diseases/d169/primary.prevention/d169-s1.html Subscription
required.
22
Dynamed document
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In: Dynamed [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO
Pubishing, 2010. [updated 2010 Jul 19; cited 2010 Aug 4]. Available from:
http://dynaweb.ebscohost.com/Detail?id=AN+113627&sid=18ada065-9be4-4a11-9b3a1deeeac12380@sessionmgr10 Subscription required.
Serials (Journals, Newspapers) Articles Online
Serials on the Internet may be electronic versions of printed serials or may be created expressly for the
Internet. An Internet version may be the equivalent of a print serial or it may differ, so it is important to
cite the version you have actually viewed. If you viewed an article on the Internet, do not cite it as if it
were a print one.
Use the phrase “serial on the Internet” in square brackets as the medium designator after the journal title
and before the period. Provide the URL or other electronic address of the article. If you can find your
article in PubMed, you can use that citation.
If you are citing an article from an online database/journal aggregator such as EBSCOhost, Lexis-Nexis,
etc., follow the format under “Contribution to a database/Journal article from an online database.”
What has changed most with Internet journals, particularly those without print counterparts, is volume and
issue information. Some publishers omit volume and issue numbers, substituting an article numbering
scheme or using the date the item was placed on the Internet as an identifier. Many publishers also employ
an article numbering scheme in place of pagination. Use the wording supplied by the publisher. This may
be as simple as the letter "e" for electronic before the number. If no wording is supplied, only a number,
precede the number with the word “Article.” Follow the wording used with the number and a space.
Calculate the extent of the article by the best means possible, such as the number of screens or the number
of pages if printed out. If using an approximation, precede the number with the word "about" and place the
count total and the measure used in square brackets (e.g. [about 5p.]). End with a period placed outside the
closing bracket.
For newspaper articles, when pagination for the article is not provided, as often occurs, calculate the length
of the article using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, or paragraphs
Journals or Newspapers Online
Standard format:
Author of the article. Article title. Serial title [content designator medium designator].
Edition. Date of publication [Date of update/Revision; Date of citation]; Volume
Supplement/Part/Special Number to Volume (Issue Supplement/Part/Special Number to
issue): Location/Extent. Availability of the article. Notes: .
Examples:
Journal article online (.html from publisher’s Web site, with extent of article expressed in screens)
Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 1995
Jan-Mar [cited 1996 Jun 5];1(1);[about 24 screens]. Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol1no1/morse.htm
Journal article online with standard page numbers (.pdf from publisher’s Web site)
Raithatha N, Smith Rd. Paying for statins. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 2004 [cited 2005 Oct 11];328:4002. Available from http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/328/7436/400
23
Journal article from an online journal database/aggregator
Jones RW, McCrone P, Guilhaume C. Cost effectiveness of memantine in Alzheimer’s
disease. Drugs Aging [serial on the Internet]. 2004 [cited 2005 Aug 23];21(9):607-20. Available from:
EBSCOhost Research Databases/Academic Search Premier http://www.wilkes.edu/library/articles.asp
Subscription required.
Some Internet journal publishers use an article numbering scheme rather than pagination, or, in
some cases, in place of volume, issue, and pagination. This may be as simple as the letter "e" for
electronic before the number or the word “Article” before the number. Some of the PDFs of
these articles have numbered pages, but the numbers are not part of the citation.
(.html from publisher’s Web site; document number of location/pagination
Boutin-Foster C. In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on problematic social support
interactions. Health Qual Life Outcomes [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Sep 5 [cited 2007 Jan
5];3(1):Article 52 [about 12 screens]. Available from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52
(Article with extent expressed as an article number/e-locator)
Cunningham PJ, May JH. Medicaid patients increasingly concentrated among physicians.
Tracking Reports [serial on the Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2007 Mar 20]:Report 16 [5 p.].
Available from: http://www.hschange.com/CONTENT/866/866.pdf.
Aoki TT, Grecu EO, Arcangeli MA, Meisenheimer R. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on
abnormal circadian blood pressure pattern in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Online J Curr
Clin Trials [serials on the Internet]. 1995 Dec 15 [cited 2007 Jan 4]:Doc No 199 [about 10
screens]. Available from: http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/ Subscription required.
Ahmad F, Hogg-Johnson S, Skinner HA. Assessing patient attitudes to computerized screening in
primary care: psychometric properties of the computerized lifestyle assessment scale. J Med
Internet Res [serial on the Internet]. 2008 Apr 18 [cited 2008 Nov 17];10(2):e11 [about 14 p.].
Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2008/2/e11/
(.PDF from publisher’s Web site with article number not “prefaced”)
Williams FM, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. A common genetic factor underlies
hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. BMC Cardiovasc Disord [serial on the Internet].
2004[cited 2005 May 3]; 4: 20. Available from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2261/4/20.
(Journal article on the Internet with extent expressed as estimated number of pages)
Withers R, Casson R, Shrimplin A. Narrowcasting to faculty and students: creating an efficient
"research by subject" page. Electron J Acad Spec Librariansh [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Winter
[cited 2005 Dec 28];6(3):[about 11 p.]. Available from:
http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v06n03/withers_r01.htm .
Examples:
Newspaper article with length expressed in paragraphs
Carey B. Psychiatrists revise the book of human troubles. New York Times [newspaper of the Internet].
2008 Dec 17 [cited 2008 Dec 19];Health:[about 3 p.]. Available from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/health/18psych.html?_r=1&em
Newspaper article with length expressed in screens
Grady D. Jump in doctor visits and deaths in flu season. New York Times [newspaper on the Internet].
2008 Apr 18 [cited 2008 Dec 19];Research:[about 4 screens]. Available from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/health/research/18flu.html?scp=7&sq=flu%20season&st=cse
24
Homepage/ Web site
A homepage is the first or introductory page of a Web site and may provide a table of contents or index to
the contents of the site. Homepages are placed on the Internet by both organizations and individuals, and
they vary greatly in size and complexity. A citation to a Web site is made primarily from the information
found on a homepage. If you wish to cite only a portion of a Web site, cite the portion according to the
instructions for the particular format; e.g., cite a monograph in a Web site according to the section (above)
on Monographs; cite a serials according to the section (above) on serials; cite a database according to the
section (above) on Databases/Retrieval Systems.
Title. The title of a Web site may be difficult to discern from a collage of graphics. If you have difficulty
determining the title, look at the “tab” at the top of the screen for a hint. Reproduce the title of a homepage
as closely as possible to the wording on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, punctuation, and
special characters when possible. Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless
another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present.
For other elements (author, publisher, place of publication, date of publication), follow general guidelines
as for other types of resources. Other elements, however, may be more difficult to locate when citing
homepages. For example, some poorly constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or publishing
responsibility may be unclear or absent. For example, the date of publication is required in a citation, but
most homepages are updated or otherwise modified numerous times after the date of publication, i.e., the
date the homepage was first placed on the Internet. The latest date of update/revision, if given, should
therefore be included along with the date cited, i.e., the date the person doing the citing saw the homepage
on the Internet. This is necessary in the volatile Internet environment, where changes can be easily made
and a site seen one day may not be the same when viewed the next day. It is strongly recommended that
you keep a print or other copy of crucial pages for future reference.
Locating the date of publication
Some homepages clearly state the date that the site was placed on the Internet, using such phrases as "first
published", "created", and "began". When they do not:




Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the homepage.
Look for the date accompanying a copyright statement. For example: copyright 2006 by the
American Chemical Society, © 2006 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of
Wisconsin, c2000-2007 National Rural Health Association.
Look for a date in the text of a link labeled "About this site", "History", or similar wording.
If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, use the date of
update/revision and/or the date cited. Examples:
o The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar
16; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.
o National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm
o Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan Double; [cited
2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm
Standard format: Author. Title [Content Designator Medium Designator]. Place of
publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of citation].
Availability. Notes: .
25
Examples:
Homepage/Web site
Cancer-Pain.org: Knowledge for Action [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources,
Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.
Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995-2001 [cited
2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm
Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute [Internet]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University; © 2009 [cited
2009 Sep 23]. Available from http://malaria.jhsph.edu/
Part of a homepage/ Web site
Zand J. The natural pharmacy: herbal medicine for depression [Internet]. [place unkown]:HealthWorld
Online, Inc. c1999 [updated 2000 Dec 6; cited 2001 Aug 23]. Available from:
http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/Article.asp?PageType=Article&Id=920
Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for Chlamydomonas [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke
University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections; [modified 2006 Jan 25; cited
2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html
fruits & veggies - more matter: Ways to Get More [Internet]. [place unknown]: Produce for Better Health
Foundation; c2007 [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/?page_id=113&iCat=22
26
Appendix A:
Principles for Constructing Journal Title Abbreviations
(Remember for medical journal titles to check the Journals Database
that is part of PubMed)
The title abbreviation is constructed from the title proper of the journal. The title proper includes part
designations and section titles, if present, but does not include subtitle or parallel title (titles presented in
other languages) information.
Example:
Journal title is:
Journal of neural transmission. General section
Title abbreviation is: J Neural Transm Gen Sect
Journal title is:
Arthritis care and research : the official journal of the
Arthritis Health Professions Association
Title abbreviation is: Arthritis Care Res
When a full title and an acronym both appear on the title page or the cover, the fully spelled out form is
always considered the title proper.
Example:
On cover of journal:
Journal title is:
Title abbreviation is:
JMS Journal of mass spectrometry
Journal of mass spectrometry
J Mass Spectrom
Each word in the title proper is compared against a master list of abbreviations (see following list). If the
word or word root is found in the master list, that abbreviation is used.
If a word is not found in the list, the word appears in the title abbreviation as it appears in the title proper.
Articles, conjunctions, and prepositions are always omitted from title abbreviations.
For compound words, NLM only abbreviates the second element of such words.
Example: If the journal title contained the word: Forschungstechnologie,
it is abbreviated as Forschungstechnol, rather than Forschtechnol.
For terms containing a hyphen or a slash, each element is treated separately only if each word could stand
alone.
Example:
Journal title is: Diabetes self-management
Title abbreviation is: Diabetes Self Manag
(both Self and Management could stand alone)
The first letter of each word in the title abbreviation is capitalized.
All diacritics are removed.
All punctuation is removed, except for parentheses used when a qualifier is supplied.
Exceptions to above rules:
One word titles are never abbreviated.
At least two letters must be dropped from a word before it is abbreviated. Words from which only a single
letter would be dropped are not abbreviated.
Example: If the journal title contained the word Psychiatry, it is not abbreviated to Psychiatr, but
the word Psychiatric is abbreviated to Psychiatr.
27
If a journal emanates from a corporate body and deals with the internal policies, procedures, or resources of
the organization, the organizational name is added at the end of the title abbreviation, using the appropriate
abbreviations for any words in the organizational name.
Example Journal title is: Report of proceedings.
It is issued by the Scottish Society of the History of Medicine
Title abbreviation is: Rep Proc Scott Soc Hist Med
Use of Qualifiers
A fundamental principle of title abbreviation assignment is that each title abbreviation must be unique. If
two journals have the same title, or have titles which, when the above procedures are followed, would
result in the same title abbreviation, supply one of the following qualifying elements enclosed in
parentheses, in the following order of preference, to the title abbreviation to make it unique:
 Original city of publication, using the approved abbreviation for a place name, if one exists
 Publisher name
 Edition statement
 Date of publication
Example:
Journal title is:
Pediatrics
There are already several journals with that title in the database, so the city of
publication of the first issue, Oxford, is added to the title abbreviation.
Title abbreviation is:
Pediatrics (Oxford)
[Note that as a single word title, Pediatrics is not abbreviated ]
28
Appendix B:
Commonly Abbreviated English Words Used in Journal Titles
Abdminal = Abdom
Abstracts = Abstr
Abuse = Abuse
Academic - Acad
Academy = Acad
Addiction - Addict
Administration = Adm
Administrative = Adm
Adolescence = Acoles
Adolescent(s) = Adoles
Advancement = Adv
Advances = Adv
Aerosol = Aerosol
Aerospace = Aerosp
Aesthetic = Aesthetic
Affairs = Aff
African = Afr
Agents = Agents
Aging = Aging
Alabama = Ala
Alaska = Alsk
Alert = Alert
Alimentary = Aliment
Allergy = Allergy
Ambulatory = Ambul
American = Am
Analytical = Anal
Anatomy = Anat
Anesthesia - Anesth
Animal = Anim
Annals = Ann
Annual = Annu
Antibiotic(s) = Antibiot
Anticancer = Anticancer
Antimicrobial = Antimicrob
Applied = Appl
Archives = Arch
Arizona = Ariz
Arkansas = Ark
Arthritis = Arthritis
Artificial = Artif
Assessment = Assess
Association = Assoc
Asthma = Asthma
Australia(n) = Aust
Bacteriology = Bacteriol
Behavior(al) = Behav
Best = Best
Biochemical = Biochem
Bioengineering = Bioeng
Biological = Bviol
Biology = Biol
Biomedical = Biomed
Biopharmaceutical =
Biopharm
Biophysicas = Biophys
Biotechnology = Biotechnol
Board = Board
British = Br
Bulletin = Bull
Business = bus
California = Calif
Canada = Can
Cancer = Cancer
Cardiology = Cardiol
Cardiopulmonary =
Cardiopulm
Cardiovascular =
Cardiovasc
Care = Care
Center = Cent
Chemist = Chem
Chemistry = Chem
Chemotherapy =
Chemother
Childhho = Child
Children = Child
Chromatography =
Chromatogr
Chronicles = Chron
Circulation = Circ
Childhood - Child
Children – Child
Clinical = Clin
Clinics = Clin
College = Coll
Colorado = Colo
Communication = Commun
Community = Community
Comparative = Comp
Compounding = Compound
Computing = Comput
Conference = Conf
Connecticut = Conn
Consultant = Consult
Consumer = Consum
Contact = Contact
Contemporary=Contemp
Continuing = Cont
Contamination = Contam
Contraception = Contracept
Control = Control
Cosmetic = Cosmet
Council = Counc
Counseling = Couns
Critical = Crit
Current = Curr
Cutaneous = Cutan
Daily = Dly
Decision(s) = Decis
Delaware = Del
Delivery = Deliv
Demographic(s) = Demogr
Demography = Demogr
Dermatitis = Dermatitis
Dermatology = Dermatol
Design = Des
Development(s) = Dev
Developmental = Dev
Device = Device
Diagnostic = Diagn
Dialysis = Dial
Dietetic = Diet
Dietitians(s) = Deitit
Digest = Dig
Digestive = Dig
Dimensions = Dimens
Directions = Dir
Discovery = Discov
Disease(s) = Dis
Disorder(s) = Disord
Disposition – Dispos
Druggist = Drug
Drugs = Drugs
East = East
Eastern = East
Economics = Econ
Edition = Ed
Education = Educ
Educational = Educ
Egyptian = Egypt
Embryology = Embryol
Emergency – Emerg
Endocrinology =
Endocrinol
Endodontic = Endod
Engineering = Eng
Entomology – Entomol
Environment(al) = Environ
Enzyme = Enzyme
Epidemiology = Epidemiol
29
European = Eur
Ethics = Ethics
Evaluation = Eval
Evolution = Evol
Executive = Exec
Experimental = Exp
Faculty = Fac
Family = Fam
Federal = Fed
Federation = Fed
Fertility = Fertil
Florida = Fla
Forensic = Forensic
Formulary = Formul
Forum = Forum
Foundation = Found
French = Fr
Frontiers = Front
Fundamental = Fundam
Gastroenterology =
Gastroenterol
Gazette = Gaz
Gene = Gene
General = Gen
Genetics = Genet
Georgia = Ga
Geriatrics = Geriatr
German = Ger
Gerontology = Gerontol
Gynecology = Gynecol
Hawaii = Hawaii
Health = Health
Healthcare = Healthc
Heart = Heart
Hematology = Hematol
Heredity = Hered
History = Hist
Hormone = Horm
Homeopathy = Homeopath
Hospice = Hosp
Hospital = Hosp
Human = Hum
Hygiene = Hyg
Hypertension – Hypertens
Idaho = Ida
Illinois = Ill
Imaging = Imaging
Immunity = Immun
Immunology = Immunol
Index = Index
Indiana = Indiana
Industry = Ind
Industrial = Ind
Infection = Infect
Infectious = Infect
Inflammation = Inflamm
Inflammatory - Inflamm
Information = Inf
Inorganic = Inorg
Institute = Inst
Internal = Intern
International = Int
Investigation = Invest
Iowa = Iowa
Israel = Isr
Issues = Issues
Microbiology = Microbiol
Microscopy = Microsc
Military = Mil
Minesota = Minn
Mississippi = Miss
Missouri = Mo
Modern = Mod
Molecular = Mol
Monitoring = Monit
Monograph = Monogr
Montana = Mont
Monthly = Month
Morphology = Morphol
Movement – Mov
Mutation = Mutat
Japanese = Jap
Journal = J
Nation(s) = Nation(s)
National = Nat
Nature = Nat
Nebraska = Nebr
Nephrology = Nephrol
Nervous - Nerv
Neurology = Neurol
Neurobiology = Neurobiol
Neurologic = Neurol
Neurology = Neurol
Neuropathology =
Neuropathol
Neuroscience = Neurosci
Neurosurgery = Neurosurg
Neurosurgical = Neurosurg
Nevada = Nev
New = New
New England = N Engl
New Hampshire = N H
New Jersey = N J
New Mexico = N M
New York = N Y
News = News
Newsletter = Newsl
Newspaper = Newsp
North = North
North Carolina = N C
North Dakota = N D
Northern = North
Nuclear = Nucl
Nucleic = Nucleic
Nurse = Nurse
Nursing = Nurs
Nutrition = Nutr
Kansas = Kans
Kentucky = Ky
Kinetics = Kinet
Laboratory = Lab
Laryngology = Laryngol
Law = Law
Leader = Lead
Legal = Leg
Legislation = Legis
Letter = Lett
Library = Libr
Life = Life
Lipid(s) = Lipid(s)
Literature = Lit
Louisiana = La
Magnetic = Magn
Maine = Maine
Management = Manage
Manufacturing = Manuf
Marketing = Mark
Maryland = Md
Massachusetts = Mass
Materials = Mater
Maternal – Matern
Mechanisms = Mech
Medical = Med
Medicinal = Med
Medicine = Med
Meeting = Meet
Mental = Ment
Metabolic = Metab
Metabolism = Metab
Methods = Methods
Michigan = Mich
Microbial = Microb
Obstetric = Obstet
Occasional = Occas
Occupation = Occup
Ocular = Ocular
Office = Off
30
Official = Off
Ohio = Ohio
Oklahoma = Okla
Oncology = Oncol
Operational = Oper
Operative = Oper
Ophthalmology =
Ophthalmol
Optometry = Optom
Oregon = Or
Organic = Org
Organization = Organ
Orthodontic = Orthod
Orthopedic = Orthop
Otolaryngology =
Otorhinolaryngol
Outcomes = Outcomes
Outlook = Outlook
Pacific = Pac
Packaging = Packag
Papers = Pap
Parasitology = Parasitol
Pathology = Pathol
Patient = Patient
Pediatric = Pediatr
Pennsylvania = Pa
Performance = Perform
Perinatal = Perinat
Perinatology = Perinatol
Periodentology =
Peridontol
Peritoneal = Perit
Perspectives = Perspect
Pharmaceutical = Pharm
Pharmacist = Pharm
Pharmacy = Pharm
Pharmacodynamics =
Pharmacodyn
Pharmacokinetics =
Pharmacokinet
Pharmacology = Pharmacol
Physician = Physician
Physics = Phys
Physiology = Physiol
Planned = Plan
Planning = Plan
Plastic = Plast
Policy = Policy
Pollutant = Pollut
Pollution = Pollut
Population = Popul
Postgraduate = Postgrad
Practical = Pract
Practice = Pract
Pregnancy = Pregnancy
Prevention = Prev
Preventive = Prev
Previews = Previews
Problems = Probl
Proceedings = Proc
Professional = Prof
Programs = Programs
Progress = Prog
Promotion = Promot
Protein = Protein
Psychiatric = Psychiatr
Psychiatry = Psychiatry
Psychologist = Psychol
Psychology = Psychol
Psychopharmacology =
Psychopharmacol
Public = Public
Publication = Publ
Puerto Rico = Puerto Rico
Quality = Qual
Quarterly = Q
Radiation = Radiat
Radiology = Radiol
Radiotherapy = Radiother
Record(s) = Rec
Register = Regist
Rehabilitation = Rehabil
Report(s) = Rep
Reporter = Rep
Reproduction = Reprod
Reproductive = Reprod
Research = Res
Resonance = Reson
Respiratory = Respir
Retardation = Retard
Review(s) = Rev
Rheumatic = Rheum
Rheumatism = Rheum
Rheumatology =
Rheumatol
Rhode Island = R I
Royal = R
Safety = Saf
Scandinavian = Scand
School = Sch
Science(s) = Sci
Seminar(s) = Semin
Series = Ser
Service(s) = Serv
Sex=Sex
Sexuality-Sex
Social = Soc
Society = Soc
Sociology = Social
South = South
South Carolina = S C
South Dakota = S D
Southern = South
Special = Spec
Standard(s) = Stand
Statistical = Stat
Statistics = Stat
Street = St
Studies = Stud
Study = Study
Substance = Subst
Supplement = Suppl
Surgery = Surg
Surgical = Surg
Survey = Surv
Symposium = Symp
System = Syst
Target = Target
Targets = Targets
Targeting = Target
Technical = Tech
Technique(s) = Tech
Technology = Technol
Tennessee = Tenn
Terminology = Terminol
Texas = Tex
Theorectial = Theor
Therapeutic = Ther
Thoracic = Thorac
Thrombosis = Thromb
Times = Times
Tissue = Tissue
Today = Today
Topics = Top
Toxicity = Toxic
Toxicology = Toxicol
Training = Train
Transactions = Trans
Transplant = Transpl
Transplantation =
Transplant
Treatment = Treat
Trends = Trends
Tribune = Trib
Tropical = Trop
Tuberculosis = Tuberc
Tumor = Tumor
Ultrasonic = Ultrason
Ultrasound = Ultrasound
Ultrastructure = Ultrastruct
Univertiy = Univ
31
Update = Update
Urological = Urol
Urology = Urol
Utah = Utah
Value = Value
Vascular = Vasc
Vermont = Vt
Veterinary = Vet
View(s) = View(s)
Viewpoint = Viewp
Zoology = Zool
Viral = Viral
Virus = Virus
Virginia = Va
Virology = Virol
Vision = Vis
Visual = Vis
Washington = Wash
Week = Week
Weekly = Wkly
West = West
West Virginia = W V
Western = West
Wisconsin = Wis
Workshop = Workshop
World = World
Worldwide = Worldw
Wyoming = Wyo
Yearbook = Yearb
Yearly = Yrly
August 2010
32