Name _______________________________
Chapter 19 Reading Guide
Early Latin America
How were Russia and Latin America’s relationship with the West different?
How were the Europeans able to create unequal relationships with Latin America?
As the Spanish and Portuguese colonized Latin America, what influenced those patterns?
What is coerced labor?
SPANIARDS AND PORTUGUESE: FROM RECONQUEST TO CONQUEST
What was the result of Spain and Portugal being on the cultural frontier of the Mediterranean
world?
IBERIAN SOCIETY AND TRADITION
Explain the relationship between Europeans and Indians.
What is an encomienda?
What trade route did the trans-Atlantic slave trade link with?
Describe the Iberian government. Whose does it compare to? Role of church?
Spain’s empire was in the Americas. Describe the characteristic of Portugal’s.
THE CHRONOLOGY OF CONQUEST
List the years and basic characteristics of the 3 phases.
What were the 2 main centers of European civilization in the Americas?
THE CARIBBEAN CRUCIBLE
What was the focus of the Caribbean?
Look at the pictures on pg 426 and describe what a Spanish city in America looked like (read
opposite it) and how is it different from cities in Spain?
What did the Spanish use to control and govern their colonies?
THE PATHS OF CONQUEST
What aided Hernan Cortes defeat the Aztecs?
What helped Pizzaro conquer the Incas?
CONQUERORS
How were the conquerors compensated for their work?
Describe all the factors that allowed a few Spanish to conquer many Indians. (It should sound
familiar—like the fall of Empires.)
CONQUEST AND MORALITY
What did the Europeans tell themselves to make them feel better about conquering?
Who was the main opposition to Spanish treatment of Indians?
THE DESTRUCTION AND TRANSMORATION OF INDIAN SOCIETIES
Why did the European diseases affect the Indians so much?
EXPLOITATION OF THE INDIANS
What aspects of Indian life were left intact and why?
Describe mita labor. Who had a similar type of work force (from memory)?
IN DEPTH—THE GREAT EXCHANGE
To what extent was the demographic shift?
Which had the bigger impact, Old World or New World, on the other? Explain.
COLONIAL ECONOMIES AND GOVERNMENTS
THE SILVER HEART OF THE EMPIRE
Where were the largest mines located?
Who held the legal rights to these mines?
INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
What did the Americas depend on from Europe?
What did the Spanish devise in order to protect their treasure ships from pirates?
What was the state of Spain’s economy?
RULING AN EMPIRE: STATE AND CHURCH
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
How was the power from Spain distributed to the colonies?
What influenced cultural and intellectual life in the colonies?
BRAZIL: THE FIRST PLANTATION COLONY
SUGAR AND SLAVERY
Describe the hierarchy.
How was the intellectual life different than in the Spanish colonies?
BRAZIL’S AGE OF GOLD
What replaced Brazil’s declining sugar trade?
MULTIRACIAL SOCIETIES
THE SOCIETY OF CASTAS
What is miscegenation?
This resulted in a mixed class called?
Who was at the top of the social classes?
What is the difference between a peninsulares and a creole?
What is the potential conflict between these two groups?
THE 18TH CENTURY REFORMS
THE SHIFTING BALANCE OF POLITICS AND TRADE
List the symptoms of decline of the Spanish empire. (Recall the fall of empires)
THE BOURBON REFORMS
What were some of the attempts by the new Spanish dynasty?
Did it do what they wanted in the end?
REFORMS, REACTIONS, AND REVOLTS
What were the reasons for revolt in the late 1700s? (realize we are getting ready for
independence movements)