Semiconductor Industry: Analysis & Investment Opportunities Department of Investment Services, Ministry of Economic Affairs Table of Contents I. Global Trends in Semiconductor Industry Development ............ 1 (I) “Vertical Specialization” ................................................................ 1 (II) Growth for the Semiconductor Industry in 2008 ........................... 1 (III) Taiwan IC Industry Outperforms the Global Average ................... 2 II. The Status of the Semiconductor Industry in Taiwan ........... 4 (I) Supply & Demand .......................................................................... 4 (II) Analysis of a Gap in the Industry Supply Chain, Investment Niches, and Prospective Foreign Investors ................................... 5 (III) Major Suppliers in Taiwan ............................................................. 9 III. Optimum Investment Items for Foreign Investors ............ 12 (I) Taiwan's Geographic Advantages ................................................ 12 (II) Investment Niches and Suitable Investment Categories .............. 13 IV. Successful Examples of Cross-Border Strategic Alliances and Foreign Investment in Taiwan ......................................... 15 (I) Elpida Memory, Inc. ..................................................................... 15 (II) Synopsys Taiwan Limited ............................................................ 16 V. Industry Investment Incentives ............................................. 18 VI. Industry-Academia Collaboration in Taiwan ...................... 21 I. Global Trends in Semiconductor Industry Development (I) “Vertical Specialization” In recent years, the semiconductor industry has experienced rapid transformation in the complexity of product functions,precision in the fabrication process and rising costs for production. Not coincidentally, many international Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs) are increasing their outsourcing as the logical alternative. Based on the analysis of the Industrial Economics and Knowledge Center (IEK), ITRI, packaging & testing companies will subcontract half of their production volume in 2009.This dramatic change has initiated the adaptation of IDM models to have specialized “Fabless” and "IDM-light" models. Such a trend will have a positive impact on Taiwan’s semiconductor industry, with its comprehensive industry clusters and vertical specialization, making it a key player in the global semiconductor industry supply chain. (II) Growth for the Semiconductor Industry in 2008 With the impacts of over-estimated demand for Windows Vista and excess inventory, the 2007 global semiconductor industry growth rate only reached an unimpressive 2.87% . However, there is high expectation that the upcoming 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will bring increased sales and demand for consumer electronics and communication terminal products such as digital TVs, digital cameras, MP3 players, and 3G mobile phones, which will translate into tremendous business opportunities for the semiconductor industry. Based on projections from the Topology Research Institute, the global semiconductor output value will reach US$ 275.2 billion with a growth rate of 8%, which easily outstripping the 2007 figure. 1 Annual Forecast of Global Semiconductor Revenue from 2003 to 2010 (億美元) US$100 million US$100 million 3500 30% 2008 3000 25% 2500 20% 2000 15% 1500 10% 1000 5% 500 0 Revenues 半導體銷售額預估 Growth Rate 年成長率 0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007(E) 2008(F) 2009(F) 2010(F) 1664 2130 2275 2477 2548 2752 2814 3033 18.30% 28% 6.80% 8.88% 2.87% 8.00% 2.25% 7.78% Source: Consolidated by this study, 2008/01 (III) Taiwan IC Industry Outperforms the Global Average ITRI analysis shows that the steady increase is due to demand for semiconductor wafers in 2008. Taiwan’s strong consumer electronics industry, making laptop computers, 3G mobile phones, PNDs, digital cameras, and LCD TVs, as well as the growing market for gigabite ethernet, set-top-boxes, and digital frames. The industry combined revenue is project to be US52.95 billion, with an annual growth rate of 18.9%, which surpasses the global rate of 8.27%. In terms of output value, Taiwan’s IC industries assumes nearly one-fourth of the global market share from 20.9% in 2007 to 23% in 2008. In other words, one out of every four IC products in the world is made in Taiwan. 2 Taiwan’s IC Production Value Accounts for One-Fourth of Global Output 單位:億美元 US$100 million 3000 30% 2500 25% 2000 20% 1500 15% 1000 10% 500 5% 0 2004 2005 2006 Global Production Value 全球IC年產值(億美元) 1800 1927 2096 2165 2335 2370 2560 Taiwan Production Value 台灣IC年產值(億美元) 343 348 435 452 538 561 628 18.1% 20.8% 20.9% 23.0% 23.7% 24.5% % from Taiwan 台灣佔全球IC年產值比重(%) 19.1% 2007(E) 2008(F) 2009(F) 2010(F) 0% Source: Consolidated by this study, 2008/01 Analysis of the big-five DRAM manufacturers shows, Samsung in 1st place with a market share of 24.8%; Qimonda and Nanya Technology Corporation rank 2nd with 23.8%, while Hynix and ProMOS Technologies rank 3rd with 18.9%. Global 5 DRAM Group Market Share Source: Consolidated by this study, 2007/12 3 II. The Status of the Semiconductor Industry in Taiwan (I) Supply & Demand Launched in 2002 the “Two Trillion and Twin Star” project chose the semiconductor and display industries as its key component industries with output values expected to break NTD 1 trillion, and the digital content and biotech industries as its emerging industries with core advantage. The government has set up Semiconductor Industry Promotion Office to increase the output value of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry, to develop Taiwan as the center of IC design, IC development, and IC manufacturing, and to increse added-value for Taiwan`s semiconductor industry. Taiwanese enterprises are delivering a great performance in the global semiconductor industry. TSMC and UMC are ranked 1 st and 2nd , respectively in the global IC manufacturing industry; Media Tek ranks 7th in the IC design industry; ASE and SPIL rank 1st and 3rd ,respectively in the IC packaging & testing industry. Research from the Topology Research Institute show, that the output value of the IC manufacturing sector will reach US$27.76 billion in 2008, growing by 22% over the same period in 2007. In addition, output values for the IC design and packaging & testing sectors will be around US$13.3 billion and US$11.89 billion, and show a 12% and 20% year-on-year growth, respectively. The nation’s IC industries will see positive growth exceeding global performance totally. On the demand side, IC market value US$18.9 billion in 2006, taking up 16.2% of global market share. 4 Taiwan’s IC Industry Value Chain Structure Source: Industry & Technology Intelligence Service, MOE, 2007/04 (II) Analysis of a Gap in the Industry Supply Chain, Investment Niches, and Prospective Foreign Investors After long development, Taiwan's semiconductor industry has distinguished itself from its complete industry clusters to incorporate from IC Design, Manufacturing to Packaging & Testing companies. The globe-leading IC Foundries and IC Packaging & Testing companies together offer the best deal of one-stop shopping model. There are 262 IC Design companies, 13 IC fabrication plants, 34 IC Packaging companies, 36 IC Testing companies in Taiwan, showing the advantages of vertical specialization of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Taiwan’s semiconductor industry companies mainly are distributed in Hsinchu and the Great Taipei. Hsinchu is the home of two thirds of companies including MediaTek, Novatek, Sunplus, Realtek, SiS, Richtek, 5 Anpec and etc. Other companies are located in Taipei area such as VIA, Ali, ULi, Prolific etc. Most of IC fabrications are scattered in Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taichung and Tainan; furthermore, the first-tier packaging & testing companies are aggregated in the central and southern parts of Taiwan . Taiwan, transforming into a “Silicon Island” Complete up-streams to down-stream clusters of Taiwan’s semiconductor Industry Source: Industrial Development Bureau, Minister of Economic Affairs (MOEA), consolidated by this study, 2007/12 6 To analyze the portential business of semiconductor industry, with a complete industry chain and strong technology, Taiwan has many powerful global clients and extensive networkings with international companies. In the upstream of IC manufacturing, among the leading five DRAM companies around the globe, Samsung has set up the procurement hub and sales point in Taiwan. Furthermore, there are some companies joint venture with other companies such as Hynix and ProMOS, Elpidia and PSC, Qimonda and Nanya Technology, Inotera Technology and Winbond. In April 2008, Nanya Technology had cooperations with Micron to establish the joint venture deal. In view of this, it is recommanded that Taiwan semiconductor industry should work on the supply chain’s gap through global cooperations, in order to prevent the happening of DRAM’s price to fall. As for the semiconductor dedicated foundry industry in the mid-stream, we can take TSMC, the global leading company, for example. There are over 50% of 20 global leading semiconductor companies which are TSMC’s clients, including Intel, the leading foreign business. Furthermore, 8 out of global 10 leading IC Design companies place orders to TSMC, showing TSMC has great significance in the global semiconductor industry. Even the other two potential foreign business with IC Design, Xilinx and Sandisk, also place their orders to IC manufacturers from Taiwan. These facts show Taiwan semiconductor industry has a widespread range of clients. 7 Partnership with TSMC Marvell Intel Altera OV AMD (ATi) Sony Qualcomm Sharp Broadcom LSI nVidia MTK Agere ADI ISSI Zoran Intersil NS TI NXP Freescale Source: Individual company and consolidated by this study, 2007/12 Taiwan semiconductor industry is short of the related assistances and unsufficient components. Thus, Taiwan semiconductor industry is facing a strong pressure from cost competitiveness. If the foreign investors could bridge the gap, the supply chain could be more complete to make more profits and benefits. Besides, the key component facilities such as photo resist spinner, lithography facility, rely on imports. Though there are some foreign companies in the upstream, they only provide technical services. The recommanded way to cooperate is to invest in R&D on key components and to introduce key technology such as gas control system, wafer transfer machanism, processing reaction, and vacuum system technique. As for the gap of the supply chain, the recommanded foreign businesses are facility manufacturers, like Applied Materials, Tokyo Electron, ASML, KLA-Tencor, Lam Research, Advantest, Nikon, Novellus Systems, Canon; IC design companies, like Qualcomm, Broadcom, Nvidia, SanDisk, ATI, Xilinx, Marvell, Altera, Conexant, QLigic, CSR, Silicon Lab, SST, Solomon System; IC manufacturers, like Intel, Samsung, TI, Toshiba, STM, Renesas, 8 Hynix, NXP、Freescale, NEC, Micron, AMD, Infineon, Qimonda, Elpida; IC packaging and testing companies, like Amkor, STATS-ChipPAC, UTAC, Carsem, Shinko, ASAT. (III) Major Suppliers in Taiwan The output value of Taiwan`s semiconductor industry had reached the goal of NTD 1 trillion in 2005, and the output value is estimated to hit NTD 2 trillion by 2010. Under the cooperation between government and industry, Taiwan can reinforce the networking within the industry through integrating the related resources of RoC to form a SoC industry cluster, to make Taiwan the global R&D center. The vision is to make Taiwan the center of global SoC design and manufacturing in order to build up SoC technology ourself. . Taiwan’s Semiconductor Industry Supply-Demand Chain Structure Source: Consolidated by this study, 2007/12 9 Taiwan is the second largest IC design center, only behind the United States. Most noted firms include MediaTek, Novatek Microelectronics, PixArt Technologies, Elan Microelectronics and Phison Electronics. MediaTek, an IC design company ranked seventh place in the world, has been a leading provider of total solutions for consumer electronics and communication products. This company is the global top supplier of DVD IC, holding 40% shares of mobile phone IC market in China. The most recent development for MediaTek is aiming at the emerging market of digital TV IC application. Phison Electronics has maintained the top three positions in USB and NAND flash applications by providing advanced technology. PixArt Technologies, possessing strategic relationship with Nintendo Co., Ltd., provides image sensor and object tracking technology for Nintendo’s new-generation game, the Wii. The PixArt’s IC controller could enable Nintendo to present innovative interaction game Wii which has been the hottest product in the global market in recent years. Taiwan’s IC fabrication continues to grow rapidly with its outstanding performance in profitability and production capability. The silicon foundry service pioneer model Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) provides fifty percent of global market demand with the 65 nanometer (nm) process, and advances to the cutting-edge 45 nm and 32 nm process technology. Other than TSMC, United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) is the second major foundry player in the market, and Powerchip Semiconductor Corp (PSC), ProMOS Technologies Corp. and Nanya Technology Corp. are engaged in DRAM manufacturing production. In recent years, Taiwan semiconductor industry intend to drop OEM mode because it is more difficult to build up international brands with low-end products. Some successful companies like HMI and AIBT which cut in the fields of defeat measurement and ion implantation, launches new brands. The products are not only sold to TSMC, UMS, ProMOS, but also to the North 10 America and Singapore; however, the amount and quantity are still far below the global level. In line with its very strong IC foundry industry, Taiwan has also developed into a leading position in the world's IC packaging & assembly arena. ASE (Advanced Semiconductor Engineering Inc.) Group, the world's largest provider of semiconductor packaging & assembly services, develops and offers a wide portfolio of technology and solutions including BGA, Flip Chip to wafer level package. In addition, Siliconware Precision Industries Co, (SPIL) also holds the third position worldwide in semiconductor packaging and assembly business. The main clients include ATI, Qualcomm International, FreeScale. In IC Design, Media Tek did a great job in China; furthermroe, Media Tek is expected to replace Trident to be a leading IC manufacturer in North America. Their clients include Samsung, LG, and Philips. In conjunction with design and fabrication segments, up-stream silicon-proven IPs service and EDA tool technology are also emerging into Taiwan’s semiconductor supply chain. Global Unichip Corp.(GUC), which has close investment partnership with TSMC, Faraday Technology Corp., a member of UMC Group, SpringSoft Corp. and Integrated Service Technology Inc. are companies in lieu of advanced technology development. Regarding masking and IC substrate business, Taiwan Mask Corp., Nanya Technology Corp. and Phoenix Precision Technology Corp. are carrying out business with outstanding performances. 11 III. Optimum Investment Items for Foreign Investors (I) Taiwan's Geographic Advantages Taiwan’s semiconductor industry chain structure, including up-stream IC design, middle-stream IC fabrication and down-stream IC packaging & testing, has been maturely established with technology and mass-production capabilities, providing a matchless one-stop service solution. The vertical specialization model is the sole Taiwan original mode displayed by the clustering and peripheral supporting effect of IC industry in Hsinchu Science Park and Tainan Science Park. It is fully demonstrated the extraordinary advantages of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry in global society. On the other hand, new relationships among Taiwan, US Silicon Valley and China have been thriving to form a new model. The PO is issued from United States to Taiwan, and then Taiwan is responsible for product development and fabrication. The final packaging & testing process is complete in China which is also the major market for service and business. IC industry in Taiwan will play a role for talent recruitment, capital and technology connection in this new “Silicon Triangle”. Silicon Triangle Relationship: Taiwan - Silicon Valley – China Connection Thriving Silicon Triangle Relationship among Taiwan, Silicon Valley and China Source: Synopsys and Consolidated by this study, 2007/12 12 (II) Investment niches and Suitable Investment Categories 1. Semiconductor Facilities Semiconductor industry is one of the “Two Trillion” industries. Manufacturing and Testing & Packaging rank 1 st in the globe, while the IC design ranks 2nd, taking up a significant position. Taiwan has a complete structure of semiconductor industry; however, for the percentage of self-manufacturing on facilities and components, the industry mainly relies on foreign companies. This fact leads to distance between components and services. Besides, Taiwan’s semiconductor industry focuses on the expansion of 12-inch wafer fabs. Each of them costs about NTD100 billion, 90% of the cost on facilities. Take the 12-inch wafer fabs in Taiwan for example. The expenses on facilities reach NTD1 trillion, taking up the annual output value of semiconductor industry. Therefore, the semiconductor industry in Taiwan confronts the presssure on cost competitiveness. If foreign investors could successfully fill up the gap of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry, it will generate great benefits and profits for both sides. Foreign businesses could cooperate with Taiwan companies through OEM/ODM so as to get more access to components and services and make a win-win situation. 2. Communication IC Information Technology (IT) industry in Taiwan has played as an important role to take the lead on the development of semiconductor and consumer electronic industry. Communication ICs have been prevailing over the world because of the world trend of internet communication on wireless network 1G, 2G to 3G. Since Taiwan’s communication IC industries have not been very strong in the past, future investment in the field of communication IC will be treated as a niche investment for foreign investors. 13 3. R & D of the NAND Flash and DRAM Technologies Taiwan is the home of ten state-of-the-art factories capable of making 12-inch (300-millimeter) chips wafers. Taiwan accounts for 33% of global DRAM shipments, ranking as world NO.2 in 2007. Moreover, among the global top ten DRAM manufacturing production site, Taiwan holds at least four positions. However, most of companies are cooperating with international first tiers to provide production capacities for technology transfer; therefore, investment on R & D ability to catch up the innovative DRAM technology will be the major focus for Taiwan DRAM markers. Digital camera, MP3 Player and mobile phone applications have been the new drive for NAND Flash memory market; nevertheless, advanced storage technology is exploiting NAND Flash memory to develop Solid State Disk (SSD) for PC and notebook computer. Such a move will propel Taiwan IC makers to exert themselves in innovative memory product development. Therefore, Taiwan’s IC industry is prepared to enter the NAND Flash business by taking the advantage of being credited for quick absortion of new production technologies. 4. High-Level Systems Integration Technology for Advanced IC Design, SoC, SiP, and MEMS High level system integration technology is the main flow for semiconductor advanced technology to achieve the goal of environmental and energy conservations. Taiwan’s IC industry will use the current model to incorporate these new technology for SoC, SiP and MEMS into nation’s semiconductor chain business. 14 IV. Successful Examples of Cross-Border Alliances and Foreign Investment in Taiwan Strategic (I) Elpida Memory, Inc. Elpida Memory Inc. is founded in Tokyo, Japan in Dec. 1999. It is the only DRAM manufacturer in Japan and has two subsidiaries in Japan. Hiroshima Elpida Memory, Inc. is the main manufacturing base. Taiwan Elpida Memory, Inc. is one of the five overseas subsidiary and is responsible for selling and providing services of its DRAM products. Rexchip Electronics Corporation was established on November 10, 2006, as a 12" DRAM manufacturing joint venture with Taiwan's Powerchip Semiconductor Corporation (PSC) and Japan's Elpida Memory, Inc. Both PSC and Elpida have provided several key management positions to support operations. Rexchip, combining Elpida's advanced R&D strength together with Taiwan's manufacturing efficiency, has specialized in the production of high density/high performance DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). Rexchip plans to construct a total four 12" DRAM fabs in Central Taiwan Science Park in the next five years, with a maximum capacity of 240,000 wafers per month and an investment of over 13.6 billion USD. This will be the largest scale foreign joint investment project in Taiwan and will lead the DRAM market in 3 years. Rexchip's first 12" fabrication facility (Fab R1) began 70nm equipment installation in May, 2007 and in the first half of 2008, its full capacity will reach 60,000 wafers per month. In the future, the company will shift its gaze less than 50nm and expand 60,000 wafers per month in the following years until the complete construction of all four fabs. 15 (II) Synopsys Taiwan Limited Synopsys, Inc. is founded in Moutain View, California, USA in 1986 and is a leading provider of electronic design automation (EDA) software and services. Its products are used by designers of integrated circuits (ICs) to develop, simulate, and test the physical design of ICs before production, and finally to test finished products. These solutions help establish the development and production of complex integrated circuits and electronic systems. Synopsys’ major customers are in the semiconductor, consumer electronics, and aerospace industries. Synopsys Taiwan Limited is established in 1991 and it is the largest solution provider in the areas of EDA tools and system-on-chip. The company has 210 employees and annual growth is more than 70%. Synopsys has invested a total of 25 million USD over the past three years (from 2004 to 2007) in Taiwan for the Synopsys VDSM EDA R&D Center Project, in a bid to develop EDA technology, which is required during the chip's production process, including LVS/DRC/LRC Engine, Parasitic Extraction, and Reliability Analysis. More than one hundred researchers are recruited from this project. Synopsys announced its plans in October 2007 to invest 1 billion NTD (30.8 million USD) over the next three years in establishing its second R&D Center in Taiwan. The research will focus on EDA solutions at the latter stages of IC design, including high-level technologies such as Analog Mixed-Signal Circuit Simulation, OPC and Physical Design Kit. Synopsys plans to expand its design engineer personnel from 100 to 170 within the next three years in the new R&D center. The company will introduce advanced 65 and 45-nanometer semiconductor design 16 software technology to help Taiwan become the world leader in both IC design and EDA software. 17 V. Industry Investment Incentives In order to accelerate the growth of semiconductor industry in Taiwan, the Taiwan government has offered a number of measures to assist companies in this industry and to encourage foreign investments. These measures include tax preferences, R&D subsidies, low interest loans, personnel training, etc. Preferences to Encourage Foreign Investment in Taiwan Item Preference Contact ※Emerging important strategic industry (investment tax credit for shareholders or 5 http://www.moeaidb.gov.tw year tax free) E-mail:service@moeaidb.gov.tw ※Personnel training expenditure (business income tax credit based on 35% of the training expenditure of the same year) ※R&D expenditure (business income tax credit based on 35% of the R&D expenditure of the Tax Ministry of Economic Affairs same year) ※Accelerated depreciation of facilities (maximum depreciation period: 2 years) ※Tax credit for the purchase of facilities and technology investment ※Tax free for import facilities ※Income tax free for technology transfer or technology cooperation ※Tax preference for the establishment of operation headquarters 18 Tel:886-2-2754-1255 ※Industrial Technology Development Program Department of Industrial (ITDP) Technology, MOEA ※Small Business Innovation Research Program http://doit.moea.gov.tw/ (SBIR) Tel:886-2-2321-2200 ※Industrial Technology Development Alliance Program(ITDAP) ※Strategic Service-Oriented Industry R&D Program(SRD) R&D Subsidy ※Information Technology Applications Program (ITAP) ※Industrial Technology Innovation Center Program for Local Enterprises(MNCD) ※Industrial Technology Innovation Center Program for Foreign Enterprises(MNCF) ※Leading Innovative Product Development Program Industrial Development Bureau, MOEA ※Enterprise R&D Alliance Program http://www.moeaidb.gov.tw ※Enterprise Operation Headquarters Service E-mail:service@moeaidb.gov.tw solution@moeasmea.gov.tw Tel:886-2-2754-1255 ※Industrial R& D Loan Ministry of Economic Affairs http://www.moeaidb.gov.tw E-mail:service@moeaidb.gov.tw Tel:886-2-2754-1255 ※Low-Interest Loans for Mid- and Long-Term Council for Economic Planning Capital and Development, Executive Yuan Low-Interest http://www.cepd.gov.tw/ Loans Tel:886-2-2316-5300 ※Project Loans for Small and Medium Enterprise Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, MOEA http://www.moeasmea.gov.tw E-mail: solution@moeasmea.gov.tw Tel:886-2-2368-6858 19 ※Bank Draft and Loan Preferences for National Development Fund, Development Fund, Executive Yuan Executive Yuan http://www.df.gov.tw/ E-mail:df@df.gov.tw Tel:886-2-2389-0633 ※Low-Interest Loans for Science Parks Science Park Administration http://www.sipa.gov.tw/ Tel:886-3-577-3311 ※International Experts Recruitment HiRecruit Services http://hirecruit.nat.gov.tw/ E-mail:hirecruit@taitra.org.tw Tel:886-2-2370-9687 ※Military Training Service Application Military Training Project Office http://rondi.mnd.gov.tw Personnel E-mail:mndsys@iii.org.tw Training Tel:886-2-2736-8088#3414 ※R&D Substitute Service R & D Substitute Service Program Office, Ministry of the Interior http://rdss.nca.gov.tw E-mail:rdss@mail.nca.gov.tw Tel:886-2-2736-6066#206 Source: organized for the present study, 2008/1 20 VI. Industry-Academia Collaboration in Taiwan The Project “Two Trillions & Two Stars” launched by Taiwan government is to promote industry development, in which two stars refers to both semiconductor and display industries. In order to convert the traditional production-strength business model into advanced technology, the need of qualified talents becomes a crucial factor to keep up with the future plan. Therefore, Government, Industry, Academy & Research Institutes are cooperating to provide technology training program. One action initiated by Industrial Development Bureau, Minister of Economic Affairs (MOEA) is to establish “Semiconductor Institute” in 2003 to meet the challenge of professional and technical talents shortage issue. In addition, different kinds of organizations are working together to synergize programs for international investment and local industries. Useful Websites for Semiconductor Industry Investment Organization Website Industrial Development Bureau, MOEA www.moeaidb.gov.tw Department of Industrial Technology, MOEA www.doit.moea.gov.tw Department of Investment Service, MOEA www.dois.moea.gov.tw Semiconductor Industry Promotion Office, MOEA www.sipo.org.tw Nankang IC Design Incubation Center, MOEA www.nspark.org.tw Semiconductor Institute, Industrial Development Bureau, MOEA www.idb-si.net Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA) www.taiwantrade.com.tw Taiwan Electrical & Electronic Manufacturers Association www.teema.org.tw (TEEMA) Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association (TSIA) www.tsia.org.tw Taiwan Optoelectronics and Semiconductor Equipments www.tosea.org.tw 21 Association (TOSEA) Taipei Venture Capital Association (TVCA) www.tvca.org.tw Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) www.itri.org.tw Institute for Information Industry www.iii.org.tw Source: organized for the present study, 2008/01 22