1800 earthquake in California est. at 6.5, Volta of Italy invents electric cell, industrial
revolution in England, Act of Union between Britain and Ireland, Tuberculosis
outbreak in England, Tsunami in Indonesia, French retakes papal states,
Population of Paris reaches 650,000, death of Italian composer Nicola Piccini,
death of English poet William Cowper, death of French general Jean Baptiste
Kleber, Napoleon establishes himself as first Consul in the Tuileries – French
army defeats Turks at Heliopolis and advances on Cairo – defeats Austrians at
Biberach Hochstadt and Hohenlinden advances on Vienna, Napoleon’s army
crosses Great St. Bernard Pass – defeats Austrians at Marengo and conquers Italy,
British capture Malta, US federal offices moved from Philadelphia to Washington
DS with free inhabitants of 2464 and 623 slaves, Jefferson wins presidential
election, Plot to assassinate Napoleon discovered in Paris, Maria Edgeworth
writes gothic novel, Thomas Morton writes comedy where character Mrs. Grundy
first mentioned, Jean Paul writes German novel, Schiller writes, Mme de Stael
writes, Napoleon appoints committee of jurists to write up Civil Code, Cardinal
Barnaba Chiaramonti elected Pope Pius VII, Fitche writes, Arnold Heeren writes
about Europe’s political systems, Schelling writes about idealism, Church of
United Bretheren in Christ founded in US, David paints “Mme. Recamier”
portrait, Goya paints “Portrait of a Woman”, Boieldieu writes opera, Cherubini
writes opera in Paris, Humphrey Davy writes about nitrous oxide, German
physician F.J. Gall founds practice of phrenology, William Herschel discovers
existence of infrared solar rays, Royal College of Surgeons in London founded,
Richard Trevithick constructs light-pressure steam engine, Alessandro Volta
produces electricity from cell – first battery of zinc and copper plates, Eli Whitney
makes muskets with interchangeable parts, Grossglockner in the Austrian Alps
first scaled, letter post introduced in Berlin, Ottawa founded, Robert Owen takes
over New Lanark mills and starts social reforms, Populations Paris 550,000 New
York 60,000 Bill Richmond a former slave becomes popular boxer, 1 million
African-Americans, Former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture establishes Haiti – first
independent Latin American state, Napoleon establishes Society to Encourage
French inventors, Alessandro Volta develops electric battery, D.C. becomes U.S.
Capitol, Erasmus Darwin publishes on plant physiology, Lamarck proposes
evolution and coins “biology”, France forces Spain to return Louisiana, Volta
invents electric battery, Russia annexes Georgia, Battles of Marengo and
Hohenlinden – French defeat Austrians, Pope Pius VII to 1823,
1801 Central Assembly of St. Dominique (Haiti) appoints Toussaint L’Ouverture
governor, First rail locomotive, end of era of William Pitt the Younger as British
Prime Minister, beginning of reign of Czar Alexander I of Russia, Matthew
Flinders begins to circumnavigate Australia , Thomas Jefferson delivers inaugural
address, death of German painter Daniel Chodowiecki, death of Italian composer
Domenico Cimarosa, death of American painter Ralph Earle, death of Hungarian
poet Sandor Kisfaludi, death of German poet Novalis, death of Paul I of Russia,
Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland comes into force, Peace of Luneville
between Austria and France marks the actual end of the HRE, Thomas Jefferson
inauguration, Czar Paul I assassinated and succeeded by Alexander I, Nelson
defeats Danes off Copenhagen, Prussians march into Hanover, English enter
Cairo – French troops leave Egypt which the Turks recover, Chateaubriand writes
novel, Kotzebue writes comedy, Schiller writes, Robert Southey writes poem, K.F.
Gauss writes regarding math, Hegel and Schelling write philosophy, David paints
“Napoleon au Grand Saint-bernard”, Goya paints “The Two Majas”, Beethoven
writes ballet, Haydn’s “The Seasons” oratorio completed, M.F.X. Bichat writes
book of general anatomy, American civil engineer Robert Fulton produces first
submarine “The Nautilis”, J.J. Lalande catalogues over 47,000 stars, Bank of
France founded, European populations: Italy 17.2 million, Britain 10.4 million
Spain 10.5 million, London 864 k, Paris 574k Vienna 231 K Berlin 183 k, First
iron trolley tracks in Croydon-Wandsworth ENG, Union Jack becomes official
flag of UK, Victoria Regia (Queen of the Night) discovered in Amazon Territory,
France invades Austria, Alexander I becomes Tsar of Russia, Toussaint
L’Ouverture rules Haiti, Act of Union joins Ireland and Britain making UK,
Islamic kingdom of Sokoto founded in West Africa, Treaty of Luneville between
France and Austria leads to break-up of HRE, France gains left bank of Rhine and
keeps most of Italy, Concordat between Bonaparte and Pius VII, Alexander Tsar
of Russia to 1825
1802 Emperor Gia-Long begins reign in Vietnam, Worlds first steam ship <i>Charlotte
Dundas</i> built in Scotland, death of German philosopher Franz Aepinus, death
of Erasmus Darwin the English scientist and poet, death of English painter
George Romney, death of American jurist John Lowell, Napoleon becomes
president of Italian Republic (formerly Cisalpine) – creates order of Legion of
Honor – becomes first Consul for Life – annexes Piedmont Parma and Piacenza,
Peace of Amiens between Britain and France, France suppresses Negro rebellion
in Santo Domingo led by Toussaint-L’Ouverture, Sir Walter Scott writes, Mme.
De Stael writes novel, Jeremy Bentham writes about legislation, G.F. Grotefend
deciphers Babylonian cuneiform, Schelling writes, Daniel Webster writes about
neutral nations in war, Canova sculpts Napoleon Bonaparte, Period of Classical
Empire style, Gerars paints “Madame Recamier”, Beethoven composes, J.N.
Forkel writes about life of J.S. Bach, John Dalton introduces atomic theory into
chemistry, death of Erasmus Darwin the English scientist, William Herschel
discovers binary stars, German naturalist Gottfried Treviranus coins term
“biology”, Englishmen John Truter and William Somerville explore in
Bechuanaland, “Peerage” published in London, Duke of Richmond introduces
horse racing in Goodwood, “Health and Morals of Apprentices” act in Britain,
Alexander von Humboldt almost climbs Mount Chimborao in Ecuador, West
India Docks in London built, Victor Hugo born, storm in Norway kills 26, Treaty
of Amiens creates temporary peace in Europe, Watchmaker argument for creation
proposed, Thomas Paine returns to the US from adventures in Europe, End of
second coalition wars against France, Napoleon re-enslaves black Hatians,
Napoleon’s troops in West decimated by malaria – 29,000/33,000 die, First child
labor laws in Britain – unenforced, Napoleon created First Consul, Portuguese
explorers cross Africa from West to East, Matthew Flinders circumnavigates
Australia to 1803, Treaty of Amiens between Britain and France, Bonaparte made
Consul for Life,
1803 Second Maratha war disrupts India 2 years, circumnavigation of Australia by
Matthew Flinders complete – he names it, Napoleonic War between Britain and
France until 1815, end of Italian Este line (from 1135), death of German poet
Johann Wilhelm Gleim, death of American Revolutionary Statesman Samuel
Adams, death of German poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, death of Pierre A.F.
Choderlos de Lachos the French novelist, death of German author Johann
Gottfried von Herder, death of Italian dramatist Vittorio Alfieri, Swiss cantons
regain independence (Act of Mediation), Ohio becomes state, US buys Louisiana
Putchase, Renewal of war between France and Britain, French complete
occupation of Hanover, Robert Emmet leader of Irish July rebellion executed,
Second Mahratta War against Sindhia of Gwalior who submits to the British, Jane
Porter writes historical novel, Schiller writes tragedy, Greek patriot Adamantois
Coraes publishes about modern Greece, death of German philosopher Herder,
Joseph Lancaster writes about education, Henry Raeburn paints “The Macnab”
portrait, Turner’s “Calais Pier” exhibited, Benjamin West paints “Christ Healing
the Sick”, Beethoven composes sonata, death of Franz Xavier Sussmayer the
Austrian composer who completed Mozart’s Requiem, Claude Berthollet writes
about chemistry, J.J. Berzelius discovers cerium, Lazare Carnot writes about the
physics of movement, Robert Fulton powers boat by steam, Lamarck writes about
the physical body, Henry Shrapnel invents explosive shell, Building of
Calcedonian Canal begins, Technical college in Prague founded, SC reopens ports
to African slave trade, using W Indies and Latin American blacks, British win
final Maratha War in Central India, Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Purhase, Ohio
beomes 17th North Amerian state, Settlers begin to arrive in Tasmania, War
between Britain and France,
1804 NJ passes emancipation law, Haiti becomes independent under Jean-Jacques
Dessalines, Lemuel Haynes receives honorary master’s degree from Middlebury
College VT, Fulani begins jihad in N Nigeria, Russian envoy visits Nagasaki
Japan and tries to negotiate treaty – fails, First oil lamps made in England
(designed by French), Napoleon becomes emperor of French at Notre Dame,
Lewis and Clark begin expedition – Prince George becomes obsessed with outshowing Napoleon, death of Immanuel Kant German philosopher, death of
Jacques Necker the Swiss economist, Alexander Hamilton killed in duel by Aaron
Burr, death of English painter George Morland, end of suspension of Habeas
Corpus Act in Britain, The Duc d’Enghien executed for a plot against Napoleon,
Napoleon proclaimed emperor by Senate and Tribunate and in crowned in
presence of Pope Pius VII in Paris, War breaks out between East India Company
and Holkar of Indore – ends with defeat of Holkar’s army, Francis II assumes title
of Emperor of Austria as Francis I, 12 Amendment added to US constitution,
Spain declares war on Britain, Napoleonic general Jean Bernadotte becomes
Marshal of France, Schiller writes “Wilhelm Tell” in Weimar, British and Foreign
Bible Society founded in London, Code Napoleon promulgated, Thomas Brown
writes about cause and effect, death of Immanuel Kant, death of English painter
George Morland, English Water Colour Society founded, Beethoven composes,
Thomas Bewick completes “History of British Birds”, death of English chemist
Joseph Priestly, English scientist W.H. Wollaston finds palladium in platinum,
first dahlias in England, Hobart Tasmania founded, Lewis and Clark expedition
starts, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue independent and restores
the original name of Haiti, Napoleon crowned Emperor, Haitian independence,
Lewis and Clark begin expedition, Napoleonic legal code, Fossils now considered
to be older than humans, Battle of Sitka as Russians defeat Tlingit in Alaska, Full
Haitian independence, Third coalition against France made to subdue Napoleon,
End of First Republic of France Bonaparte crowns self Emperor, Serbian
nationalists revolt in Turkey to 1815, Meriwether Lewis and William lark explore
north-western US, Empire in France to 1814, Persia and Russia at war over
annexation of Georgia, Serbian nationalists revolt against Turks in modern
Yugoslavia – suppressed 1813, English inventor Richard Trevithick builds first
successful steam locomotive, Third Coalition formed by Britain, Russia, Austria
and Sweden against France
1805 Mungo Park explores Niger river W Africa, Mohammed Ali rules Egypt and
Egypt breaks away from Ottoman empire, end of second Maratha War in India,
Battles of Trafalgar (British victory) and Austerlitz (French), death of French
painter Jean Baptiste Greuze, death of English sculptor Thomas Banks, death of
Italian composer Luigi Boccherini, death of British admiral Horatio Nelson, death
of German actor A.W. Iffland, Jan - 24 inches of snow falls in a two day storm in
NY, Arthur Wellesley later Duke of Wellington resigns in India, Start of
Jefferson’s second term, Treaty of St. Petersburg by Britain and Russia against
France joined by Austria, Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan Cathedral,
Battle of Austerlitz – Napoleonic victory over Austro-Russian forces, Peace of
Pressburg between Austria and France – Austria gives up the Tirol and all her
Italian possessions – Bavaria and Wurttemberg become kingdoms – Baden
becomes a grand duchy, Establishment of modern Egypt – Mehmet Ali
proclaimed Pasha, Break between Britain and US over trade with West Indies,
Chateaubriand writes romantic novel, writer Schiller dies, Walter Scott writes,
Robert Southey writes, Hosea Ballou writes about the Atonement, Lord Liverpool
writes about British coins, Goya paints “Dona Isabel CObos de Procal”, Philipp
Otto Runge paints “The Morning”, Beethoven writes opera in Vienna, death of
Italian composer Luigi Boccerini, Paganini begins to tour Europe as violin
virtuoso, Rockets reintroduced as weapons into the British army, Mungo Park
undertakes second expedition up Niger River, F.W.A. Sarturner isolates morphine,
Napoleon abandons French revolutionary calendar, Pestalozzi school at Yverdun
Switzerland Total state expenditure of Great Britain listed as 62.8 million pounds,
Third Coalition battles napoleon, Ali becomes Pasha of Egypt, Treaty with
Chickasaw tribe, England under Horatio Nelson destroys French and Spanish fleet
at Trafalgar – Napoleon wins Battle of Austerlitz defeating Austria, Third
coalition against France, Christian literature forbidden in China, Mohammed Ali
appointed pasha of Egypt, Mungo Park explores Niger River, Battle of Ulm – F
rench defeats Austrians, Mohammed Ali appointed pasha of Egypt by Selim III
Sultan of Turkey, Unitarian takeover of Harvard
1806 Goldau Valley Landslide, Mungo Park explores Niger River, W Africa, Napoleon
brings HRE to an end, End of Lewis and Clark expedition, Imam Sayyid Said
begins to rule Oman, Cyclone hits Dominica, Yellow Fever hits Martinique,
Landslide in Switzerland, death of English painter George Stubbs, death of
American Revolutionary general Horatio Gates, death of French painter Jean
Honore Fragonard, death of US statesman Robert Morris, death of Charles
Augustin de Coulomb French philosopher, death of English architect Henry
Holland, death of Henry Knox the American Revolutionary leader, death of
English cabinetmaker Thomas Sheraton, death of Japanese painter Kitagawa
Utamaro, death of Spanish composer Vincente Martin y Soler the Spanish
composer, death of British statesman William Pitt the Younger, death of Emperor
Francis II, British occupy Cape of Good Hope, death of William Pitt the Younger,
death of Charles James Fox British foreign secretary, Joseph Bonaparte named
King of Naples, Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland, Britain blockades
French coast, Prussia declares war on France, Following victories at Jena and
Auerstadt Napoleon enters Berlin Napoleon’s Berlin Decree begins “Continental
System” closing Continental ports to British vessels, French army under Murat
enters Warsaw, Confederation of Rhine founded, official end of the HRE, Peace
of Posen – Saxony made a kingdom, Burr plot in the US, Arnim and Brentano
collects German folk songs, Goethe marries Christiane Vulpis, Kleist writes
village comedy, Jane and Ann Taylor write nursery rhymes, J.C. Adelung writes
“Mithridates a History of Languages and Dialects”, Fichte writes, Institut de
France created by combining academies, James Madison writes about British
trade, Napoleon establishes organization for Jews in France, Population of
Germany reaches 27 million, Brera Gallery in Milan opens, Claude Clodion
begins Arc de Triomphe in Paris, death of Fragonard, Thorvaldsen sculpts “Hebe”,
death of Japanese portrait painter Kitagawa Utamaro, David Wilke paints
“Village Politicians”, Beethoven composes, Rossini’s first opera produced in
Rome, Humphrey Davy discovers electrolytic method for preparing potassium
and soda, P.A. Latrelle writes about insects and crustaceans, Sir Francis Beaufort
composes scale (0-12) to indicate wind strength, British cotton industry employs
90,000 factory workers and 184,000 weavers, Beginning of building of Dartmoor
Prison in England, First Gentlemen v. Players cricket match, Napoleon dissolves
Holy Roman Empire, End of Lewis and Clark expedition, death of Japanese
painter Kitagawa Utamaro, Napoleon I abolishes Holy Roman Empire –
Confederation of the Rhine replaces, Emperor Francis II becomes Francis I of
Austria to 1835, Battles of Jena and Auerstadt – Prussia defeated by French – led
to change of education of soldiers in Prussia, Berlin Decreed by Napoleon to
attempt economic blockaid of Britain, Turkey at war with Russia and Britain,
Wars of Independence begin in South America, Britain takes over Cape Colony in
South Africa, Louis Bonaparte (brother) becomes King of Holland, First
Lancaster school opened in New York City
1807 Asante invade Fante confederacy in Africa, British abolish slave trade, though
slavery continues until 1833, Portugal’s John VI flees to Brazil, death of English
novelist Clara Reve, death of Swiss painter Angelica Kauffmann, death of U.S.
jurist Oliver Ellsworth, death of Sultan of Turkey Selim III, Indecisive battle of
Eylau between French and Russo-Prussian armies, French victory at Friedland,
Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon the Czar and King of Prussia, Jerome
Bonaparte becomes King of Westphalia, Napoleon endures dictatorship by
suppressing Tribunate, Sultan Selim III of Turkey deposed and succeeded by
Mustafa IV, The Chesapeake Incident between US and Britain, US Embargo Act
against Britain and France, Baron vom Stein becomes Prussian Prime Minister
and emancipates serfs, France invades Portugal and dethrones Portuguese royal
family which flees to Brazil, Mme. De Stael writes, Lord Bacon writes “Hours of
Idleness”, Ugo Foscolo writes, Charles and Mary Lamb writes tales from
Shakespeare, Wordsworth writes ode, US Evangelical association holds first
convention, Commercial Law Code introduced in France, Hegel writes, Gottlieb
Hufeland writes about economy, Canove sculpts “Paolina Bonaparte as Reclining
Venus”, David paints “Coronation of Napoleon”, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
begins painting “LaSource”, death of Swiss painter Angelica Kauffmann, Death
of English painter John Opie, Turner paints “Sun Rising in a Mist”, Beethoven
composes, Etienne Nicolas Menul composes “Joseph” opera, Spontini composes
opera, Thomas Moore’s music composed, Charles Bell writes about comparative
surgery, Robert Fulton’s paddle steamer “Clermont” navigates Hudson,
Alexander von Humboldt and Bonpland writes about voyages in Spanish
Americas, Horse racing – first Ascot Gold Cup, England prohibits slave trade,
Sierra Leone and Gambia become British crown colonies, Street lighting by gas in
London, England bans importation of slaves, First commercial steamboat run by
Fulton in US, Slave trade abolished in British Empire, Battle of Friedland –
Russian defeat, Treaties of Tilsit between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and
Napoleon, French invade Portugal and capture Lisbon
1808 Federal law bans importation of African slaves (though a quarter million are
imported illegally before slavery ends), Fulani invade Bornu near Lake Chad,
Peninsular War in Spain begins until 1814, Rebellions against Spain begin in
South America, death of Goethe’s mother Katharina Elisabeth Textor, death of
Russian nobleman Count Alexei Grigorievich, US prohibits importation of slaves
from Africa, French army occupies Rome – invades Spain and takes Barcelona
and Madrid – Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Spain – Joachim Murat
becomes king of Naples in his stead, Erfurt Congress, Rebellion in Madrid – King
Joseph flees and Napoleon takes the city, Municipal Councils introduced in
Prussia, Chateaubriand writes, Goethe writes “Faust” part 1, Kleist writes,
Oehlenschlager writes Danish tragedy, Theatre St. Philippe in New Orleans
opened, Walter Scott writes story in verse, John Dalton writes about chemical
philosophy, K.F. Eichhorn writes, J.F. Fries writes new critique of reason,
Napoleon abolishes Inquisition in Spain and Italy, Schlegel writes, Kaspar
Friedrich paints “The Cross on the Mountains”, Goya paints “Execution of the
Citizens of Madrid”, Ingres paints “La Grande Baigneuse”, Beethoven composes,
Ships iron anchor chains patented by Cptn. S. Brown, J.L. Gay-Lussac writes
about the combination of gasses, source of the Ganges River discovered,
Disappearance of fashion of pigtails in men’s hair, Goethe and Napoleon meet at
Erfurt, Extensive excavations begin at Pompeii, Henry Crabb Robinson becomes
first war correspondent – sent by “Times of London” to Spain to report on
Peninsular war, Napoleon abolishes inquisition in France and Spain, U.S. bans
importation of slaves, Goethe publishes "Faust" Beethoven's 5th Symphony,
Mexican independence campaign started, Peninsular War in Europe to 1814,
French occupy Spain – Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Spain, France opposed
by British forces and Spainish and Portuguese, Battle of Vimeiro – British victory,
Russia and Sweden at war
1809 Charles Darwin born, Death of Rama I of Thailand, death of Augustin Pajou
French sculptor, death of Franz Joseph Hayden the Austrian composer, death of
Thomas Paine American author and patriot, death of King of Sweden Gustavus
IV, Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and Turkey, War between France and
Austria, French army takes Vienna – is defeated as Aspern and defeats Austrians
at Wagram, Peace of Schonbrunn, Austria joins continental system, James
Madison becomes 4th president, King Gustavus IV of Sweden deposed –
succeeded by Charles XIII, Marshal Jean Bernadotte elected Crown Prince of
Sweden, Treaty of friendship between Britain and the Sikhs at Amritsar, Arthut
Wellesley defeats French at Oporto and Talavera and is created Duke of
Wellington – his brother Marquis Wellesley appointed Foreign secretary,
Napoleon annexes Papal States, Pope Pius VII taken prisoner, Metternich named
chief minister of Austria, Napoleon divorces Josephine, French lose Martinique
and Cayenne to British, Birth of Abraham Lincoln, Ecuador gains independence
from Spain, Thomas Campbell writes, Chateaubriand writes, Goethe writes novel,
Washington Irving writes “Rip Van Winkle”, Ivan Kriloff writes, Hannah More
writes novel, birth of Edgar Allen Poe, Schlegel writes about Art and Literature,
death of Thomas Paine, David Ricardo writes about depreciation of bank notes,
All property of Teutonic Order confiscated, Constable paints “Malvern Hill”,
Kaspar Friedrich paints “Monch am Meer”, Raeburn paints “Mrs. Spiers”,
Beethoven composes, death of Haydn, Spontini composes opera, Friedrich
Wilhelm U in Berlin founded, K.F. Gauss writes about science, Lamarck writes
about animals, William Maclure writes about U.S. Geology, S.T. von Sommering
the German physiologist invents water voltameter telegraph, Construction of
Bristol Harbor, Two Thousand Guineas established at Newmarket Races,
Elizabeth Seton founds Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in US, Darwin and
Lincoln born on the same day, Louis Braille invents reading for the blind,
France's Lamarck formulates evolutionary theories, Feb 12 birth of Darwin and
Lincoln, Lamarck publishes on characteristic acquisition, death of Thomas Paine,
Battle of Corunna is British defeat, Afghanistan’s first agreement with Britain,
Death of British Sir John Moore
1810 Tom Molineaux (former slave) becomes internationally famous boxer, Hidalgo
begins revolts against Spain in Mexico, King Kamehameha becomes king of
Hawaii, King George III of Britain has golden jubilee – starts descent into
insanity, death of German-English painter Johann Zoffany, death of Jean-Jacques
de Boissieu the French painter, death of English painter John Hoppner, death of
popular Tirolean hero in Napoleonic Wars Andreas Hofer, death of U.S. writer
(first professional) Charles Brockden Brown, death of Queen Louise of Prussia,
death of German painter Philipp Otto Runge, Year of Napoleon’s zenith –
marries Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria – by decree of Rambouillet orders
sale of seized US ships – annexes Holland – issues Decree of Fontainebleau
(confiscation of British goods) and annexes Hanover Bremen Hamburg
Lauenburg and Lubeck, Venezuela breaks away from Spain, Simon Bolicar
emerges as major figure in S American politics, Revolts in New Granada – Rio de
la Plata and Mexico, British sieze Guadaloupe – last French colony in W Indies,
death of Queen Louise of Prussia, Andreas Hofer the Austrian freedom fighter
against Napoleon executed at Mantua, Scott writes “The Lady of the Lake”, Mme.
De Stael writes, Lazare Carnot writes about defending forts, Cumberland
Presbytery of Kentucky excluded from Presbyterian church, Protestant revivalists
in Geneva form Societe des Amis, Joseph de Maistre writes about political
constitutions, death of French painter J.J. de Boissieu, Goya engraves “Los
Desastres de la Guerra”, death of English painter John Hoppner, “The Nazarenes”
founded to revive German religious art, Beethoven composes music to Goethe’s
“Egmont”, Rossini writes opera San Carlo Opera House in Naples built, Gall and
Spurzheim write about the nervous system, Samuel Hahnemann founds
homeopathy with “Oragnon of Theraprutics”, François Appert develops
techniques for canning food, death of English scientist Henry Cavendish, First
public billiards rooms in England at the Piazza in Covent Garden in London,
Durham miners’ strike, The Krupp works open at Essen Germany, Sale of tobacco
in France is made a government monopoly, U.S. population reaches 7.2 million,
Polish Chopin born, a Zulu named Chaka starts training an army, Argentina
independent, Louis King of Holland abdicates – France annexes Holland, British
troops in Portugal hold lines of Torres Vedras against French
1811 New Madrid MO quake estimated at 8.1, beginning of regency furniture period,
Mohammed Ali of Egypt overruns Arabian peninsula through 1818 – end of first
Saudi empire, Tornado kills 500 in Charleston SC, death of German author
Christopher Friedrich Nicolai, death of American jurist Francis Dana, death of
German poet Heinrich von Kleist, Napoleon annexes Oldenburg, George III of
England goes insane again – Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent, Russians
seize Belgrade, Austria bankrupt, Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cairo, Duke of
Wellington’s victories at Fuented de Onoro and Albuera, Paraguay independent of
Spain, British occupy Java, William Henry Harrison defeats Indians under
Tecumseh at Tippecanoe IN, Jane Austen writes “Sense and Sensibility”,
Friedrich de la Motte-Fouque writes, Goethe writes, K.A. Bottiger writes about
mythology or something, Civil Code introduced into Austria, “Great Schism” of
Welsh Protestants as 2/3 leave Anglican Church, Barthold G. Niebuhr writes
Roman history, J.P.A. Recusat writes about literature, U of Christiana in Oslo
formed, National U of Nicaragua founded, Ingres paints “Jupiter and Thetes”,
Thomas Lawrence paints portrait of Benjamin West, John Nash begins design of
Regent Street in London, John Rennie begins building Waterloo Bridge in
London, Thorvaldsen sculpts “Procession of Alexander the Great”, Prague
Conservatoire opened, C.M. ovn Weber composes opera in Munich, Amadeo
Avogadro the Italian chemist composers molecular composition of gasses, Sir
Charles Bell writes about the anatomy of the brain, S.O. Poisson writes about
mechanical traits, Ludwig Berblinger a tailor of Ulm Germany fails in his
attempts to fly, French Press Agency (later Agence Havas) founded, Hampden
Clubs for extending the franchise formed in England, “Luddites” destroy
industrial machines in North England, Johann Rudolf Meyer a Swiss mountaineer
climbs the Jungfrau, Ludites in Britain destroy machinery, Tecumseh’s War,
Typhoid outbreak in NENG kills 6000 in upper CT valley, Joseph Smith Sr.
dreams of tree of life and religious topics, Venezuela liberated by Simon Bolivar,
Luddite riots in England, Stamford Raffles administers Batavia and Java to 1816,
Mamelukes massacred in Cairo by Mohammed Ali, Paraguay and Venezuela
independent, French driven out of Portugal, Luddite riots in England against
mechanization of textile industry – repressive legislation introduced, George III of
England declared insane and Prince of Wales rules as regent,
1812 LA disenfranchises blacks, New Madrid MO quake est. at 7.8, First tin cans
produced in England for preserving food, Napoleon reaches Moscow, burns it and
retreats to France, Volcano on St. Vincent Island in West Indies, Earthquake in
Venezuela, death of US poet and diplomat Joel Barlow, death of Bohemian
composer Johann Ludwig Dussek, Prussia agrees to allow French troops free
passage in case of war with Russia, Generals Gheisenau and Scharnhorst resign,
Napoleon crosses Niemen River and enters Russia – crosses Viliya River and
defeats Russians at Smolensk and Borodino and enters Moscow – fall retreat
across the Berezina- leaves Joachim Murat in command and returns to Paris…
army of 550,000 reduces to 20,000, Conspiracy of General Claude François Malet
against Napoleon during emperor’s absence in Russia – attempt to end war and
install Louis XVIII fails – mallet executed, Louisiana becomes state, British
Prime Minister Spencer Perceval assassinated in House of Commons, US declares
war on Britain, Duke of Wellington enters Madrid, US presidential election James
Madison defeats De Witt Clinton, Brothers Grimm writes “Fairy Tales”, Lord
Byron writes, Present Drury Lane Theater in London erected, John Nichols writes,
Baptist Union of Great Britain formed, H.F. Genesius writes “Hebrew and
Chaldaic Dictionary”, Hegel writes, Jews in Prussia emancipated, W.M. Leake
writes “Greece”, Hamilton College in Clinton NY founded, Elgin Marbles
brought to Englsnd, Goya paints “Portrait of the Duke of Wellington”, Beethoven
composes, Beethoven and Goethe meet at Teplitz, Founding of Gesellschaft der
Musikfreunde in Vienna, The steamship “Comet” operates on Clyde River in
Scotland under Henry Bell, Swiss explorer JL Burckhardt discovers great temple
of Abu Simbel, Georges Cuvier writes about quadruped fossils, Humphry Davy
writes about chemical philosophy, Philippe Girard invents machine for spinning
flax, Laplace writes “Theorie analytique”, Red River Settlement in Manitoba
founded, Royal Yacht Squadron formed, Gas Light and Coke Company founded
in London by F.A. Winsor, CA quakes each estimated at 7 leave 42 dead,
Napoleon invades Russia, loses army in winter retreat, U.S. wars with British,
Charles Dickens born, Cuvier identifies pterosaurs, Fort Dearborn (Chicago)
Massacre as 26 soldiers plus at least 28 others killed, Joseph Smith contracts
typhoid, Joseph Marie Jacquard given medal for automatic loom that worked on
punch cards, Napoleon’s Russian campaign – Battle of Borodino – 5/6th of army
dies, Britain and US war, Battle of Salamanca – British victory in Spain, Treaty of
St. Petersburg between Sweden and Russia, Mine explosion kills 92 boys and
leads to development of safety lamp made by Sir Humphrey Davy
1813 Napoleon defeated at “Battle of Nations” in Leipzig, death if German author
Christoph Martin Wieland, death of French mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange,
death of German portrait painter Anton Graff, death of French composer Andre
Gretry, death of Benjamin Rush the US Physician, death of Benjamin Stoddert the
first US Secretary of the Navy, death of US Statesman Edmund Randolph, death
of Prussian General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, death of German poet Theodor
Korner, Prussia declares war on France – combines Russo-Prussian forces enter
Dresden – Napoleon’s victory at Lutzen, Austria declares war on France, French
defeated by Blucher at Wahlstatt on the Katzbach – defeated the allied army at
Dresden, “Battle of Nations” at Leipzig – Napoleon defeated, French expelled
from Holland – return of William of Orange, Prussian army under Blucher crosses
the Rhine, Americans capture York (Toronto) and Fort St. George, HMS Shannon
captures US frigate Chesapeake, Detroit reoccupied by US, US forces defeated at
Chrysler’s Farm near Montreal – burn Newark (Niagara on the Lake) – British
forces take Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo, Wellington defeats French at Vitoria –
seizes San Sebastian and enters France, Simon Bolivar becomes dictator of
Venezuela, Mexico declares self independent, Jane Austen writes “Pride and
Prejudice”, Byron writes “The Giaour”, Adelbert von Chamisso writes, death of
German poet Theodor Korner, Manzoni writes, Shelley writes “Queen Mab”,
Robert Southey writes “Life of Nelson”, death of German author C.M. Wieland,
J.F. Herbert writes introduction to philosophy, Methodist Missionary Society
founded, Robert Owen writes “New View of Society”, Schopenhauer writes thesis,
Colby College in Maine founded, David Cox writes treatise on landscape painting,
death of German portrait painter Anton Graff, Turner paints “Frosty Morning”,
London Philharmonic Society founded, Rossini writes opera in Venice, death of
French mathematician Joseph Legrange, Founding of McGill U in Montreal,
Grand Freemason Lodge founded, Last gold guinea coins issued in England,
Indian trade monopoly of East India Company abolished, Yorkshireman Thomas
Lord moves White Conduit Club to St. John’s Wood in London, Waltz conquers
European ballrooms, French defeat at the battle of Leipzig, Sören Kierkegaard
born, Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" , River Raisin Massacre – 30 to 60 Kentucky
militia killed after surrendering, Fort Mims Massacre as Red Stick kill 400 in AL
– Creek War ensues until 1814, Michelangelo’s David has finger broken on right
hand and is fixed, Joseph Smith leg operation, start of three successive years of
crop failures in VT, Battle of Sacket’s Harbor, Mobile steam engine first made,
Battle of Leipzig (Battle of the Nations) – French defeated by combined forces,
War of Liberation from France in Prussia led by King Frederick William III,
Treaty of Kalisch between Russia and Prussia against France – joined by Britain
Austria and Sweden, Battle of Dresden – French victory, Battle of Vittoria –
French driven out of Spain by Wellington, Allies invade France
1814 End of Peninsular war in Spain, Cape Colony South Africa ceded to Britain, End
of war of 1812, Eruption in Philippines, Inquisition returns to Spain and Italy after
Napoleonic era – Spain hunts supporters of France, Rome demands return of
stolen documents, fall of Napoleonic system, British claim British Guiana, repeal
of English Parliament acts for relief of the poor and regulating apprentices, death
of English music historian Charles Burney, death of Joseph Guillotin the French
physician and creator of the guillotine, death of French sculptor Claude Michel
(Clodion), death of U.S. Statesman Elbridge Gerry, death of English singer and
composer Charles Dibdin, death of English engineer Joseph Bramah, death of
German music teacher Georg “Abbe” Vogler, death of physicist and adventurer
Benjamin Thompson Count Rumford, death of German philosopher Johann
Gottlieb Fichte, Murat deserts Napoleon and joins Allies, Allied armies defeat
French at La Rothiere Bar-sur-Aube and Laon and enter Paris, Napoleon
abdicates and is banished to Elba, Louis XVIII enters Paris and takes up throne as
hereditary right, Congress of Vienna opens, Christian Frederick of Denmark
elected King of Norway, US forces defeat British at Chippewa, British forces
burns Washington DC, British flotilla captured on Lake Champlain, Treaty of
Ghent ends war of 1812 (British-American War), December 24th, Cape Province
becomes British colony, Hanover proclaimed a kingdom, Lord Hastings
Governor-General of India declares war on the Ghurkas of Nepal, Jane Austen
Writes “Mansfield Park”, Byron writes “The Corsair”, E.T. A. Hoffmann writes,
A.W. Iffland the German actor and dramatist dies, Edmund Kean’s debut (as
Shylock) at Drury Lane Theater in Russia, Scott writes, Wordsworth writes, First
Anglican bishop in India at Calcutta, Chateaubriand writes about Buonapartes and
Bourbons, Pope Pius VII returns to Rome and restores the Inquisition, Savigny
writes, Dulwich gallery in London opens, Goya paints “The Second of May” and
“The Third of May”, Ingres paints “L’Odalisque”, Thomas Lawrence paints “The
Congress of Vienna”, Beethoven composes “Fidelio”, John Field composes, J.N.
Maelzel invents metronome in Vienna, Schubert great lied production begins,
Francis Scott Key writes “Defense of Fort McHenry” later to become “The StarSpangled Banner”, Berzelius writes theories of chemicals, MJB Orfila writes
“Toxicologie generale”, George Stephenson constructs first practical steam
locomotive in Britain, London “Times” printed on stram-operated press, MCC
London move to Lord’s Cricket Ground, English statute of Apprentices repealed
from 1563, St. Margaret’s win Westminster becomes first district illuminated by
gas, London Beer Flood destroys two homes 9 die – 8 from drowning 1 from
alcohol poisoning, Napoleon exiled, Treaty of Paris, First steam locomotive in
Britain, Inquisition returns to Spain and Italy after Napoleonic era – Spain hunts
supporters of France, Rome demands return of stolen documents, Napoleon
abdicates and is exiled to Elba – Louis XVIII bro of Louis XVI becomes King of
France to 1824 – treaty of Paris ends Napoleonic Wars, Congress of Vienna heads of state discuss post-war Eurpoe divisions, Treaty of Kiel – Sweden gains
Norway, Treaty of Ghent ends Anglo-American War (of 1812), Kurozumi sect
founded in Japan (modern Shintoism), India and Nepal fight over borders to 1816,
1815 Tambora Indonesia eruption – deadliest kills 92,000, Java restored to Dutch by
British, Battle of Waterloo and Congress of Vienna follows defeat of Napoleon –
map of Europe decided – Duke of Wellington Wellsley (sp) defeats Napoleon,
Russia tries to make landings in Hawaiian islands, Paris taken from French troops
– Napoleon pleads to Prince Regent Charles (IV) of England, John Nash paid to
develop property in London & Britain to outdo Paris, death of Austrian physician
Franz Anton Mesmer, death of U.S. Postmaster General Joseph Habersham, Sep Oliver Wendell Holmes (Age 6) writes "The September Gale" about this storm,
death of Italian artist Francesco Bertolozzi, death of English actress Frances
Abington, death of American-British painter John Singleton Copely, death of
English caricaturist James Gillray, death of French general and brother-in-law of
Napoleon Joachim Murat, French marshal Michel Ney executed for treason,
Americans defeat British at Battle of New Orleans before news of Treaty of
Ghent arrives in America, Napoleon leaves Elba and lands in France – Louis
XVIII flees and “The Hundred Days” begins, Austria Britain Prussia and Russia
form new alliance and Napoleon issues liberal constitution Le Champ de Mai,
Congress of Vienna closes, Wellington and Blucher defeat Napoleon at Waterloo,
Napoleon’s second abdication – Louis XVIII returns to Paris – Napoleon
banished to St. Helena – second Peace of Paris, Michel Ney executed for aiding
Napoleon at Waterloo, Corn Law passed in Britain, Swiss Federal Pact ratified –
Confederation now consists of 22 cantons, Joachim Murat King of Naples
executed after attempt to regain Naples, Brazil declares self as independent
empire, Pierre Beranger writes, Byron writes “Hebrew Melodies” death of
Matthias Claudius the German poet, ETA Hoffmann writes, JS Knowles writes
tragedy, Scott writes, Wordsworth writes, Protestant Baseler Missionsgesellschafs
founded, TR Malthus writes, David Ricarado writes about economics, Savigny
writes about Roman Law, Dugald Stewart writes about philosophy, The
BIedermeier style arrives, Canova sculpts “The Three Graces”, death of American
painter John Singleton Copley, Goya etches, Nash rebuilds Brughton Pavilion in
pseudooriental style, Turner paints “Crossing the Brook”, Humphry Davy invents
miner’s safety lamp, Augustin Fresnel researches the diffraction of light, Lamarck
writes about natural history of animals, death of Franz Mesmer the Viennese
physician, LJ Prout writes hypothesis between specific gravity and atomic weight,
Apothecaries Act forbids unqualified doctors to practice in Britain, British income
tax ended, Economic postwar crisis in England, British road surveyor John
Macadam constructs roads of crushed stone, Eruption of Sumbawa Volcano in
Indonesia – over 50,000 dead, Technological College in Vienna founded, First
steam warship USS Fulton, Black merchant Paul Cuffe starts campaign to resettle
former slaves in Africa – ships 38 back to Sierra Leone, French abolish slave
trade, napoleon defeated at Waterloo after "Hundred Days" return - Congress of
Vienna, Spring eruption of Mt. Tambora alters weather patterns, “Mohawk
Turnpike” completed across Appalachians and emerges around Buffalo NY,
Napoleon returns from Elba to France - Hundred Days and Battle of Waterloo,
France prohibits slave trade, Final Act of Congress of Vienna – Austria and
Prussian monarchies restored, German Confederation replaces Confederation of
the Rhine – Kingdom of Netherlands unites Belgium and Holland, Holy Alliance
of Russia Austria and Prussia, Second Treaty of Paris – France’s borders restored
to 1790 . Quadruple Alliance of Britain Austria Prussia and Russia maintain
Congress System, English Corn Laws restrict corn imports – potatoes become
increasingly important, Serbs revolt against Turkey in Balkans – Serb leader
Milosh Obrenovich recognized by Turks as Prince of Serbia, eruption of Tambora
in Indonesia
1816 IA disenfranchises blacks, AME church formally started in PA, Tambora eruption
aftermath – world temperatures lower approximately 4 degrees. Crops fail, frost
in every month, starvation ensues, IN becomes a state as more people move west,
Shelley writes “Frankenstein” Byron writes “Darkness” Cholera and typhus
sweep through Europe, Start of career of Zulu ruler Shaka in S Africa, Bolivar
defeats Spanish in Venezuela, stethoscope invented, death of Italian composer
Giovanni Paisiello, death of Irish dramatist Richard Brinsley Sheridan, death of
US Secretary of War James McHenry, death of US lawyer Samuel Dexter,
publishing of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”, Dom John rules Brazil as
emperor, death of Maria I Queen of Portugal – son Dom Juan rules, Grand Duke
of Saxe-Weimar grants first German constitution, Argentina declared independent,
Prince Metternich opens Diet of Germany, Indiana becomes US state, Java
restored to the Netherlands, Jane Austen writes “Emma” Byron writes, Leopardi
writes, Shelley writes, death of Irish dramatist Sheridan, American Bible Society
founded, Nikolai Karamzin writes History of Russian Empire, Elgin Marbles
brought to the British Museum in London, Goya paints “Duke of Osuna”, Leo
von Klenze builds Munich Glypothek, death of Viscount Fitzwilliam – leaves the
Fitzwilliam Virginal Book of 17th Centur Music to Cambridge, Rossini composes
in Rome, Spohr writes “Faust “ opera, Sir David Brewster invents kaleidoscope,
R.T. Laennec invents stethoscope, Blackwood’s Magazine founded in Edinburgh,
William Cobbett’s Political Register becomes first cheap periodical, English
economic crisis causes more emigration to Canada and the US, German educator
Friedrich Frobel moves first educational community from Griesheim to Keilhau
Thuringia, Protective tariff in the US, Treaty with Chickasaw tribe, Smith family
moves to Palmyra “1800 and froze to death”
1817 Disease ravages Europe, crops fail in NE US, Last Maratha War begins in India,
San Martin defeats Spanish army at Chacabuco in Chile, Pest and blight in
Ireland’s crops, Cholera outbreak in Calcutta, death of U.S. educator Timothy
Dwight, death of French marshal Andre Massena, death of French composer
Etienne Mehul, death of English novelist Jane Austen, Attempt on the life of
Prince Regent after opening of Parliament, James Monroe inaugurated as fifth
president, “March of the Blanketeers” from Manchester to London halted at
Stockport, Wartburg Festival of revolutionary German Students, Simon Bolivar
establishes independent government of Venezuela, Partial autonomy granted to
Serbs by Turkish government, Mississippi becomes US state, death of Jane
Austen in England, Byron writes, Franz Grillparzer writes tragedy, William
Hazlitt writes “Characters in Shakespeare’s Plays”, Thomas Moore writes, Mme.
De Stael French novelist dies, Sugust Bockh writes about the economy of Athens,
William Cobbett writes about the Bank of England, Lutheran and Reformed
Churches in Prussia form Evangelical Union, Hegel writes encyclopedia of
philosophical sciences, HFR de Lamennais writes about religion, Juan Llorente
writes about the history of the Spanish inquisition, Joseph de Maistre writes “Du
Pape”, David Ricardo writes about taxation, Constable paints “Flatford Mill”,
Braccia Nuova begins building Vatican museum in Rome, Clementi composes for
piano, Rossini composes in Rome, Berzelius discovers selenium and lithium, Karl
Ritter writes about nature and geography, Riots in Derbyshire against low wages,
US begins construction of Erie canal between Buffalo and Albany, Opening of
Waterloo Bridge in London, FL, MS disenfranchise blacks, Formal establishment
of New York Stock and Exchange Board (later NYSE), First Seminole War
begins until 1818
1818 IL CT New England disenfranchise blacks, Mohammed Ali of Egypt has overrun
all Arabian peninsula, Chilean independence, death of Warren Hastings the
English Governor-General of India, death of Paul Revere American patriot, death
of Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee the American Revolutionary soldier and
statesman, death of Charles XIII of Sweden, Dominions of the Holkar of Indore –
Rajput States and Poona come under British control, Act suspending Habeas
Corpus is repealed, Charles XIII of Sweden dies – succeeded by Jean Bernadotte
as Charles XIV, Chile proclaims its independence, Bavarian constitution
proclaimed followed by constitution in Baden, Internal customs in Prussia
abolished, Allies evacuate their troops from France, Border between Canada and
US set at 49th parallel, Illinois becomes US state, Jane Austen’s works published
posthumously, Byron writes “Don Juan”, Grillparzer writes “Sappho” drama,
Hazlitt writes about English poets, Keats writes “Endymion”, T.L. Peacock writes,
Walter Scott writes, Marry Wollstonecraft Shelley writes “Frankenstein”, Bonn U
founded, Josef Dobrovsky writes History of the Czech Language, Henry Hallam
writes about Europe in the Middle Ages, Hegel succeeds Fichte as professor of
philosophy at Berlin, birth of Karl Marx, Schlegel appointed professor of Indian
languages at Bonn, Edwin Landseer paints “Fighting Dogs”, Prado Museum in
Madrid founded, Donizetti composes in Venice, Franz Xavier Huber and
Austrian schoolteacher writes “Stille Nacht heilige Nacht”, Rossini writes opera
in Naples, F.W. Bessel catalogs 3,222 stars, Berzelius publishes molecular
weights of 2000 chemical compounds, Jeremiah Chubb invents detector lock, JF
Encke discovers orbit of Encke’s comet, Cadmium discovered by Stromeyer and
Hermann, Brit order of St. Michael and St. George instituted by the Prince Regent,
First professional horse racing in US, “Savannah” becomes first steamship to
cross the Atlantic (26 days), France joins Holy Alliance, Shelley's "Frankenstein",
Henry Sands Brooks starts Brooks Brothers clothing in Manhattan, Wells
hypothesizes about human evolution, In First Seminole War US troops attack
non-hostile village killing 10-50, treaties with Chickasaw tribe, Joseph Smith Jr.
begins to be concerned about religious matters, Chaka and the Zulus form an
empire in South Africa uniting tribes, Jose de San Martin liberates Chile,
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle – France joins with four Great Powers to form
Quintuple Alliance, Border between Canada and US fixed along 49th parallel –
bouth countries occupy Oregon,
1819 End of last Maratha War in India – British rule India except Punjab, Sind and
Kashmir, Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles, Pomare II establishes Society
Island’s legal code, Death of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii and Kamehameha II
abolishes system of gender separation, Mobile Alabama cyclone kills over 200,
death of English author John Wolcot (Peter Pindar), death of Prussian general
Gebhard von Blucher, death of Queen of Spain Maria Luisa Teresa, Bay St.
Louis Hurricane kills 175 in AL July, death of Scottish inventor James Watt,
death of US Naval hero Oliver Hazard Perry, Methodist revival (camp meeting) in
Phelps NY – near Palmyra, Rev. George Lane leads, British settlement
established in Singapore by East India company, Florida purchased by US from
Spain, “Peterloo” Massacre in Manchester, Constitutions for Wurttemberg and
Hanover, Alabama becomes a US state, Byron writes, Goethe writes, Victor Hugo
writes “Odes”, Keats “Hyperion” written, August Friedrich Ferdinand von
Kotzebue the German playwright assassinated as Russian agent at Mannheim, KF
Schinkel builds the Schauspielhaus in Berlin, Shelley writes, Jakob Grimm writes
“German Grammar”, Georg Hermes writes about theology, Schopenhauer writes,
Jean Sismondi writes about economics, Horace Wilson publishes Sanskrit-English
dictionary, Theodore Gericault paints “The Raft of Medusa”, Thorvaldsen sculpts
“Christ and the Twelve Apostles”, Turner paints “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”,
Beethoven loses his hearing, Mitscherlich discovers isomorphism, David Napler
constructs the flat-bed cylinder press for printing, Danish physicist Hans C.
Oersted discovers electromagnetism, death of Scottish inventor James Watt,
Opening of Burlington Arcade in Picasilly London, Mehmet Ali presents
Cleopatra’s Needle to Britain (see 1475 BC and 1878), Freedom of the Press in
France, Maximum of 12-hour workday for juveniles in England, tsunami hits
India, English man executed for stealing letters, AL disenfranchises blacks, Rise
of Zulus in S Africa under Shaka - Mfecane Wars begin, Spain sells Florida to
U.S. in Adams-Onis Treaty, Simón Bolivar liberates Colombia, Venezuela and
Ecuador, first sighting of Champ the moster of Lake Champlain on NY-VT
border, <i>Zolverein</i> (customs union) begins in Germany, Spain cedes
Florida to US, Simon Bolivar secures independene of Greater Colombia, Peterloo
Massacre – soldiers fire agains political meeting in Manchester – several killed
ENG, Carlsbad Decrees in Germany suppress political activities, Kashmir
conquered by Sikh leader Ranjit Singh, Singapore founded by British
administrator Sir Stamford Raffles
1820 American Colonization Society charters ship to resettle blacks in Liberia – sends
86, Drought in S AFR, end of regency furniture period, end of reign of Gia-Long
in Vietnam – unified Vietnam, Fulani emirate founded in Adamawa W Africa,
Fulani in Mali W Africa found the Hamdallahi caliphate, Peace treaty ends piracy
and leads to 150 years of British rule in Persian Gulf, Minh Mang becomes
emperor of Vietnam and reverses Gia-Long’s policies and expels Christians,
Development of N Pacific whaling industry in Japan, Missouri Compromise,
Death of George III of England (long bout of insanity) – reign of son George IV
next year, New Orleans becomes major international port, death of American
painter Benjamin West, death of French Minister of Police Joseph Fouche, death
of US naval hero Stephen Decatur who said “My country, right or wrong”,
Revolution in Spain – King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812,
King George III of England dies – Prince Regent George IV crowned, Caroline
wife of George IV demands recognition as queen but king wishes to dissolve
marriage – too popular with subjects for divorce, Cato Street murder conspiracy
against British cabinet ministers discovered – leaders executed, Missouri
Compromise – Maine enters Union as free state with Missouri as slave state, US
Land Law fixes land price at minimum of $1.25 per acre, Final Act of Vienna
Congress passed, Revolution in Portugal 0 demand for constitution, Conference at
Troppau (Silesia) to discourage revolutionary tendencies in Europe adjourned –
later opened at Laibach 1821, Washington Irving writes, Edmund Kean appears as
Richard III in New York, Keats writes “Ode to a Nightingale”, Alphonse de
Lamartine writes, Pushkin writes poem, Scott writes “Ivanhoe”, Shelley writes
“Prometheus Unbound”, Thomas Brown writes about philosophy and psychology,
Thomas Erskine writes about religion, JJ von Gorres writes about Germany and
the revolution, TR Malthus writes about political economy, William Blake creates
illustrations to the Book of Job, Constable paints “Harwich Lighthouse”,
Thorvaldsen sculpts “The Lion of Lucerne”, Discovery of the Venus de Milo,
Andre Ampre writes Laws of Electrodynamic Action, “Ballown” soccer played
for first time in US, British emigration to Cape Colony, death of Joseph Fouche
the Fench Minister of Police, Rich deposits of platinum are discovered in the
Russian Urals, Regent’s Canal created in London, Washington Colonization
Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negroes, Hans Oersted discovers
electromagnetism, fossilized palm found in England, Neapolitan revolutionm,
Missouri Compromise admits MO as slave state, American missionaries reach
Hawaii, Cato Street conspiracy in England to assassinate cabinet members – fails,
Liberal revolutions in Spain Portugal and Italy, George IV rules Britain to 1830,
Congress of Troppau considers Naples revolt, Egyptian conquest of Sudan
1821 Greek War of Independence starts against Turks until 1829, Venezuelan
independence confirmed, San Martin wins independence for Peru, protestant
missionaries arrive in Cook islands, King George IV coronated – most expensive
in history at 500,000 pounds – England emerges as only world power, death of
Napoleon, death of English poet John Keats age 26, Congress of Laibach opens –
Austria agrees to send troops to Naples to suppress revolt, British Parliament
grants Queen Caroline an annuity of 50,000 pounds, James Monroe begins second
term as US president, Revolution in Piedmont – Victor Emmanuel abdicates 0
names his brother Charles Felix as successor – the intervening Austrian army
victorious at Novara, Reign of Terror begins between Greeks and Turks, death of
Napoleon, Simon Bolivar defeats Spanish army at Carabobo and ensures
independence of Venezuela, Coronation of George IV, Death of Queen Caroline,
Missouri becomes slave state, Peru proclaimed independent from Spain followed
by Guatemala Panama and Santo Domingo, James Feinmore Cooper writes,
Goethe writes, William Hazlitt writes, Heinrich Heine writes, death of John Keats,
death of French author Joseph de Maistre, Manzoni writes, Thomas de Quincey
writes “Confessions of and English Opium Eater”, Scott writes “Kenilworth”
Shelley writes “Adonais”, Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical
studies, Concordat between Vatican and Prussia, George Grote writes about
Parliamentary reforms, Hegel writes about philosophy, James Mill writes about
economy, Saint-Simon writes about the industrial system, Champollion deciphers
Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rodetta Stone, Constable paints “Hay Wain”, Using
model by Thorvaldsen the Swiss sculptor Lucas Ahorn finishes Lucerne Lion
Monument, Weber composes opera in Berlin, Faraday discovers fundamentals of
electromagnetic rotation, TJ Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity, Sir Charles
Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction, London Co-operative Society
founded, “Manchester Guardian” founded by JE Taylor, Populations - France
30.4 million – Great Britain 20.8 million, Italy 18 million, Austria 12 million,
Germany 26 million, US 9.6 million, MO disenfranchises blacks, MO
compromise allows ME to enter the union, prohibits slavery in former LA
purchase, Mexico, Peru and Central America gains independence, Greek War of
Independence against Turks, death of Keats, Napoleon dies at St. Helena in the
South Atlantic, Jose de San Martin of Chile invades Peru, Mexican independence
achieved, Texas under rule of Mexico, start of Greek War of Independence,
Mexico and Peru independent, Congress of Laibach authorizes Austria to put
down Neapolitan revolt, Greek War of Independence against Turkey until 1829,
Peru and Mexico proclaim independence, Persia and Turkey at war to 1823
1822 Denmark Vessey organizes slave revolt in SC, failed and hanged, Galunggung
eruption in Indonesia kills 4000, Pedro of Brazil, son of John VI of Portugal
declares Brazil independent, Liberia founded in W Africa as home for former
slaves, Earthquake in Chile, Java eruption, Charles IV visits Edinburgh, death of
English astronomer William Herschel, death of Karl August von Hardenberg the
Prussian statesman, death of Italian sculptor Antonio Canova, death of U.S.
legislator William Pinkney, death of US Postmaster General (at one time) Gideon
Granger, death of German author and composer E.T.A. Hoffmann, death of
English poet Percy Bysshe Shelly age 30, Greeks adopt liberal republican
constitution and proclaim independence, Turkish fleet captures island of Chios
and massacres inhabitants – as reprisal Greeks set fire to Turkish admiral’s vessel,
Turks invade Greece, British Foreign Secretary Lord Castlereagh commits suicide
at age 52, Brazil becomes independent of Portugal, Congress of Verona opens to
discuss European problems, Bottle riots in Dublin – viceroy attacked by
Orangemen, Grillparzer writes dramatic trilogy about “The Golden Fleece”, death
of ETA Hoffmann, Washington Irving writes, Charles Nodier writes trilogy,
Pushkin writes, death of Shelley, Stendhal writes, Alfred de Vigny writes, HT
Colebrooke founds Royal Asiastic Society for study of Eastern languages, Jean BJ
Fourierwrites scientific document about heat, JV Poncelet writes about projective
geometry, death of Italian sculptor Antonio Canova, Delacroix paints “Dante and
Virgil Crossing the Styx”, John Martin paints “Destruction of Herculaneum”,
Franz Liszt at 11 makes debut as pianist in Vienna, Royal Academy of Music in
London founded, Schubert composes, Daguerre and Bouton invent the diorama –
paintings illuminated in a dark room give illusion of reality, AJ Fresnel perfects
lenses for lighthouses, death of English astronomer Sir William Herschel, Birth of
Mendel and Pasteur, Streets of Boston MA lit by gas, “Sunday Times” of London
founded, World’s first iron railroad bridge built for Stockton-Darlington line,
Crown Prince Pedro declares Brasil independent of Portugal, d’Halloy names
Cretaceous system, Colombia and Ecuador liberated, Brazilian independence,
Egypt completes conquest of Sudan, Liberia founded, Congress of Verona –
breaks down over Britains refusal to intervene in Spain – end of Congress system,
1823 Monroe Doctrine written, death of English sculptor Joseph Nollekens, death of
Scottish painter Henry Raeburn, death of English author John Philip Kemble,
death of U.S. Legislator Return J. Meigs, death of German composer and pianist
Daniel Steibelt, death of German religious poet Zacharias Werner, death of Pope
Pius VII – Annibale de la Genga elected Pope Leo XII, Mexico becomes a
republic, Irutbide forced to abdicate, Guatemala San Salvador Nicaragua
Honduras and Costa Rica form Confederation of United Provinces of Central
America, Switzerland refuses to give asylum to political refugees, Monroe
Doctrine closes American continent to colonial settlements by European powers,
James Feinmore Cooper writes “The Pioneers” as first of the “Leather Stocking”
novels”, Lamartine writes, Oxford Union Society founded, Saint-Simpn writes
Catechisms, Louis Thiers writes history of the French Revolution, Louis Lebas
begins building of Norte Dame de la Lorette in Paris, death of French painter P P
Prudhon, death of Scottish portrait painter Sir Henry Raeburn, Sir Robert Smirke
designs British Museum in London, Ferdinand Waldmuller creates portrait of
Beethoven, Beethoven finishes opus 123, “Clari or Maid of Milan” by Henry R
Bishop contains the song “Home Sweet Home”, Sebastien Erard constructs grand
piano with doubleescapement, Schubert composes, Weber composes in Vienna,
Charles Babbage makes early attempts to create calculating machine, Faraday
succeeds in liquefying chlorine, Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric,
Mechanics Institute founded in London and Glasgow, Walter Oudney on
expedition from Tripoli discovers Lake Chad in Central Africa, British medical
journal “The Lancet” first issued, first Cologne Carnival festivities, Death penalty
for ever 100 crimes abolished in Britain, “Forget me not” the first illustrated
British annual appears, George IV presents the library of George III to British
museum, Founding of Royal Thames yacht club, Rugby Foorball originates at
Rugby School in England, Hawaiian quake (?) est at 7, Alexander Twilight
becomes first African-American college graduate, Death of Alvis Smith, at
Cumorah, Joseph sees glory of God and prince of darkness in contrast so as to not
be deceived again, Spanish Revolution crushed, Treaty of Erzerum, Monroe
Doctrine warning European powers not to interfere
1824 Black actor Ira Aldridge begins career in Europe, Canning invented, First
Burmese War with Britain begins, Kamehameha II of Hawaii visits England and
dies there, Cyclone hits St. Simmons Island GA and kills field workers, Flood at
St. Petersburg Russia, death of Italian violinist and composer Giovanni Viotti,
death of King Louis XVIII of France, death of U.S. Statesman William H
Crawford, death of English poet Lord Byron (age 36), death of French artist
Theodore Gericault, large Methodist revival in western New York, Simon Bolivar
proclaimed Emperor of Peru, First Burmese War, British take Rangoon, Frontier
treaty signed between Russia and the US, Egyptians capture Crete, Turks seize
island if Ipsara from Greeks but are defeated at Mitylene, US House of
Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as president when none of the four
wins majority in National election, death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi in TurkoGreek war, W S Landor writes, Leopardi writes, Mary Mitford writes, Scott
writes, August Bockh writes about Greece, Carlo Botta writes “History of Italy”,
Leopold von Ranke writes history of Latin and Teutonic people, Sunday School
Union formed in US, Delacroix paints “Les Massacres de Chios”, John Flaxman
sculpts “Pastoral Apollo”, National Gallery in London founded, death of French
painter Theodore Gericault, Ingres paints “Vow of Louis XIII”, JF Overbeck
paints “Christ’s entry into Jerusalem”, Beethoven composes, Portland Cement
developed by Joseph Aspdin, Erie Canal finished, Nicolas Carnot writes on
thermodynamics, JL Prevost and JB Dumas prove that sperm is essential to
fertilization, Founding of Athenaeum Club in London, Beginning of German
emigration to Brazil, Combinations Law of 1799-1800 repealed – British workers
are allowed to unionized, “Le Globe” in Paris begins publication, RSPCA
founded in London, “megalosaur” (later dinosaur) described by Buckland, Fall
Creek Massacre as Indiana colonists kill and rob 8 Seneca Indians, Cadbury opens
store – later stocked solely with chocolates in ENG, First Anglo-Burmese War to
1826, War in Gold Coast (Ghana) to 1827 between British ande Ashanti,
Combination Acts repeales in England – trade union movement begins, French
Charles X brother of previous two Louis Kings rules to 1830, Nicholas I Tsar to
1855
1825
Fire in ME and New Brunswick, death of Czar Alexander I of Russia, Egyptians
found the city of Khartoum Sudan, Persian-Russian War begins, Javanese revolt
against Dutch for five years, Bolivar founds state of Bolivia, Dutch annex Irian
Jaya, the W part of New Guinea, Hurricane in Puerto Rico, death of SwissEnglish painter Henry Fuseli,
New Brunswick CAN burned in Miramichi fire, death of French painter Jacques
Louis David, death of Italian composer Antonio Salieri, death of English
Shakespeare editor Thomas Bowdler, death of French political writer Claude
Henri de Saint-Simon, death of German author Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, death
of Daniel P. Tompkins – 2 time VP of US, death of Czar Alexander I of Russia,
completion of Erie Canal, death of Ferdinand IV of Naples – Francis I rules,
Anglo-Russian treaty over British territory in NW North America, John Quincy
Adams inaugurated as sixth president of US, French law compensates the
aristocrats for losses in Revolution, Bolivia becomes independent of Peru
Uruguay of Brazil, Portugal recognizes Brazilian independence, death of
Maximilian I King of Bavaria – succeeded by son Louis I, death of Czar
Alexander I – succeeded by Nicholas I, Decembrist revolt in Russia crushed,
William Hazlitt writes, Manzoni writes, Jean Paul German author dies, “Diaries
of Samuel Pepys” published, Pushkin writes, Esaias Tegner writes Swedish epic
poem, French law makes sacrilege a capital offense, death of French socialist
Comte de Saint-Simon, Augustin Thierry writes history of Normans in England,
Constable paints “Leaping Horse”, death of French painter Jacques Louis David,
Samuel Morese paints “Portrait of Lafayette”, John Nash creates Buckingham
Palace, Beethoven’s 9th first performed in England, Boieldieu writes opera in
Paris, death of Italian-Viennese opera composer Antonio Salieri, Faraday
succeeds in isolating benzene, Sir Goldsworthy Gurney invents oxygen-hydrogen
limelight, Hungarian Academy of Sciences founded in Budapest, Opening of
Stickton-Darlington railroad – first time to carry passengers, Baseball Club
organized at Rochester New York, Horse-drawn buses in London, Tea roses from
China introduced in Europe, Expansion of Trade Union movement in Britain,
Stockton-Darlington railway opens, French law makes sacrilege a capital offense,
British expand Colonial control in SE Asia, Nicholas I becomes Csar after failed
coup, first public railroad in Britain, Grant reclassifies sponges as animals but
supports transmutationism, Erie canal completed, Money digging craze sweeps
New England, Joseph hired by Joshua Stowell and meets Emma Hale, First
passenger railway in Britain, last castrato performance?, Egyptian forces invade
Greece under Ibrahim son of Mohammed Ali, Bolivia independent, Decembrist
uprising in Russia against Tsar, Bolivia independent
1826 Great cholera outbreak starts in India – reaches Scotland and England six years
later, End of first Burmese war with Britain, start of cholera pandemic until 1834,
Cholera outbreak in India until 1838, Thomas Jefferson dies Jul 4, John Adams
2nd President dies, death of German poet Johann Heinrich Voss, death of German
author Johann Peter Hebel, death of German composer Carl Maria von Weber,
death of Dom John VI of Portugal, Treaty of Yandabu ends Burmese war, John
VI King of Portugal dies – succeeded by Peter IV (Dom Pedro of Brazil who
promulgates liberal constitution – abdicated Portuguese throne in favor of his
daughter Maria II, Russian ultimatum to Turkey over Serbia, Pan American
Congress in Panama, Russia declares war on Persia, Commercial treaty between
Prussia and Mecklenburg-Schwerin begins the idea of the Zollverein (German
customs union), Dost Mohammed becomes Amir of Kabul, James Feinmore
Cooper writes “Last of the Mohicans”, Benjamin Disraeli writes, Heine writes,
Scott writes “Woodstock”, Alfred de Vigny writes historical novel, Nguan Nguan
edits writings of Confucius, US Academy of Design founded, Mendelssohn writes
overture to “A Misdummer Night’s Dream”, Weber writes “Oberon” opera,
Andre Ampere writes “Electrodynamics”, NJ Lobachevsky develops system of
non-Euclidean geometry, Munich U founded, Galvanometer invented by
Leopoldo Nobili, Otto Unverdorben obtains aniline from indigo, Unter den
Linden in Berlin lit by gas, Stamford Raffles founds Royal Zoological Society in
London, First railroad tunnel on Liverpool-Manchester line in England, first
Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Ebenezer Butterick (sewing patterns) born,
Desmoulins argues for 16 human species, Chickasaws and Choctaws refuse to
cede lands in MS, Russia and Persia at war to 1828, Turks capture Missolonghi
from Greeks
1827 NY abolishes slavery, first African-American paper published in NY, Frenchman
Nicephore Niepce takes first photograph, Battle of navarino Bay where British,
French and Russian navies destroy Turkish fleet, death of painter Charles Willson
Peale (painter of portrait of Washington), death of Alessandro Volta the Italian
physicist, death of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, death of English
caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson, death of English poet and artist William Blake,
death of German composer Ludwig von Beethoven, death of Italian author Ugo
Foscolo, death of German author Wilhelm Hauff, Peru secedes from Colombia,
Russia France and Britain ures Turkey to end war with Greece – note is rejected
by the sultan, Count Kapodistrias elected President of Greece, Turks enter Athens,
Treaty of London – Allies force truce on Turkish sultan, Battle of Navarino –
Turkish and Egyptian fleets destroyed, Sultan Mohammed II rejects right of Allies
to mediate in war, Russia defeats Persia and takes Erivan (Armenia), Dom Miguel
of Portugal betrothed to his niece Maria II and made regent, Heine writes “Buch
der Lieder”, Victor Hugo writes novel “Cromwell”, Leopardi writes, John Darby
founds Plymouth Brethren, Henry Hallam writes the constitutional history of
England, John Keble writes, Constable paints “The Cornfield”, Nash designs
Carlton House Terrace in Westminster, death of Beethoven, Bellini writes opera
in Milan, Schubert composes, JJ Audubon publishes “Birds of North America”,
Karl von Baer writes about Mammals, English physician Richard Bright describes
Bright’s disease (kidneys), death of Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace the French
mathematician and astronomer, Joseph Niepce produces photographs on a metal
plate, George S. Ohm formulates Ohm’s Law defining electrical current potential
and resistance, Austrian engineer Joseph Ressel invents ship’s screw propeller,
James Simpson constructs sand filter for purification of London’s water supply,
death of Alessandro Volta the Italian physicist, Friedrich Wohler obtains metallic
aluminum from clay, Karl Baedeker begins publishing travel guides, “Evening
Standard” in London appears, Sulfur friction matches introduced by John Walker,
Audubon publishes first “Birds of America”, Winnebago War, Joseph Smith
marries, receives plates, begins translation and meets Martin Harris, attacks to get
plates begin immediately, death of Beethoven, Treaty of London – Britain Russia
and France guarantee Greek Independence, Battle of Navarino – Egyptian fleet
destroyed by French Russsian and British
1828 Drought at horn of AFR, end of reigh of Zulu ruler Shaka in S Africa, Basel
mission to Ghana (Gold Coast) W Africa, Shaka the Zulu leader was assassinated
by half-brother Dingane who then rules Zulu nation, Persian-Russian War ends as
Russia captures Tabriz, Indian Hindu Raja Ram Mohan Roy founds reforming
Hindu society, Brahmo Samaj, Uruguay becomes independent, Daniel O’Connell
becomes member of parliament of Britain in spite of ban on Catholics, death of
French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon, death of Spanish painter Francisco de
Goya, death of Thomas Pinckney the U.S. diplomat, death of English printer Luke
Hansard, death of Washington portraitist Gilbert Stuart, death of Goethe’s patron
and Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar Karl August, death of Austrian composer Franz
Schubert, Duke of Wellington becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain,
Alexander Ypsilanti the Greek politician dies, Henry Peter Brougham delivers the
longest recorded speech in the House of Commons, death of US politician De
Witt Clinton, Maria II deposed and Dom Miguel proclaimed King of Portugal,
Russia declares war on Turkey, Tariff of Abominations passed by US Congress
curtailing imports, death of Karl August Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar and friend
of Goethe, Mehmet Ali agrees to Britain’s demand to quit Greece, Uruguay
becomes independent of Brazil following Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, Andrew
Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams, Liberal revolt in Mexico – Vicente Guerrero
becomes president, James Feinmore Cooper writes, Alexandre Dumas writes “Les
Trois Mousquetaires”, Washington Irving writes about Christopher Columbus,
Bulwer-Lytton writes novel, Scott writes, Thomas Arnold appointed headmaster
of Rugby school, British Test and Corporation Acts repealed – Catholics and
Nonconformists may hold public office, German scholar KO Muller publishes
treatise on Etruscan antiques, Sir WF Napier begins “History of the War in the
Peninsula”, death of Scottish philosopher Dugald Stewart, U College in London
opened, American Dictionary of the English Language written by Noah Webster,
death of Richard P Bonington the English romantic painter, Delacroix creates
“Faust” lithographs, death of Francisci Jose de Goya y Lucientes the Spanish
painter, death of French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon, death of American painter
Gilbert Stuart, Auber composes opera in Paris, Marschner composes “Der
Vampire”, Rossini composes opera, death of Austrian composer Franz Schubert,
Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel begins study of elliptic functions,
Charles Carrol of Carrollton (Richest American) inaugurates construction of the
Baltimore and Ohio – first railroad built in US for transportation of passengers
and freight, John Franklin publishes account of his Arctic explorations, death of
German physician and founder of phrenology Franz Joseph Gall, The
“Promethian match” patented by Samuel Jones of London – glass bead containing
acid, Cap and ring spinning machined invented by (respectively) Danforth and
Thorp, Friedrich Wohler’s synthesis of urea begins organic chemistry, death of
William Hyde Wollaston the English scientist who discovered palladium and
rhodium invented camera lucida and discovered Frauenhofer lines and UV rays,
London weekly “Athenaeum” issued German publisher Karl Baedeker publishes
guide to the Rhine, German youth Kaspar Hauser the central figure of a mystery
brought before authorities of Neuremberg, “The Spectator” a London weekly
periodical founded, Working Men’s Party founded in New York, first Cherokee
newspaper published, Death of Spain's Francisco Goya, Egyptian fleet destroyed
at Battle of Navarino, Webster publishes "American Dictionary of the English
language", Brongniart publishes on fossilized plants, Treaty with Potawatami
tribe, Martin Harris visits Dr. Charles Anton regarding characters on plates, Lucy
Harris shown plates in a dream but still ransacks Smith’s home and demands to
see manuscript, later loses plates in fall and receives plates and Urim and Thumim
again, Chaka the leader of Zulus murdered, Miguelite Wars in Portugal – regent
Dom Miguel overthrows government to 1834, War between Russia and Turkey
1829 Drought at horn of AFR, “The Rocket” train proves railroad travel feasible, end of
Greek War of Independence, Practice of widow burning (suttee) made illegal in
India, Robert Peel founds Metro Police Force in Britain, Catholic Emancipation
Act in Britain/Ireland, death of French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Monet de Lamarck,
death of John Jay – first US Chief Justice of the U.S., death of U.S. Statesman
Timothy Pickering, death of U.S. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, death of
French politician P.F.N. Barras, death of German scholar and poet Friedrich von
Schlegel, death of English chemist Humphry Davy, Andrew Jackson inaugurated
#7, In message to Congress President Jackson attacks Second Bank of the US
controlled by Nicholas Biddle, New Act of Parliament establishes effective police
force in London, Peace of Adrianople ends Russo-Turkish war – Turkey
acknowledges independence of Greece, Slavery abolished in Mexico, English
economist Thomas Attwood founds Birmingham Political Union to demand
parliamentary reform, President Guerrero of Mexico overthrown by General
Anastasio Bustamante, Irish political leader Daniel O’Connell commences
agitation for repeal of Act of Union, Venezuela withdraws from Gran Colombia
to begin independence, Ferdinand VII of Spain marries fourth wife Maria
Christina of Naples, Balzac writes, Bestseller – Washington Irving’s “Conquest of
Grenada”, Goethe’s novel published, Aleksandr Sergeyevigh Griboyedov the
Russian playwright dies, Victor Hugo writes, Lamartine elected to Academie
Francaise, Bulwer-Lytton writes, Poe writes poetry, death of German poet and
critic Friedrich von Schlegel, Scott writes, Tennyson writes, Catholic
Emancipation Act allows Roman Catholics in Great Britain to sit in parliament
and to hold almost any public office, death of First US chief justice John Jay,
death of Pope Leo XII – Cardinal Francisco Castiglione elected Pope Pius VIII,
Walker’s Appeal – and American pamphlet against slavery written by David
Walker, “Tivoli” by Blechen starts German landscape realism, Delacroix paints
“Sardanapalus”, death of Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein the German
romantic painter, Turner paint “Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus” in London, Bach’s
St Matthew Passion rediscovered by Mendelssohn, Bellini composes in Milan,
Chopin’s debut in Vienna, Rossini composes “Guillaume Tell” opera, Concertina
patented by Sir Charles Wheatstone, LJM Daguerre forms partnership with JN
Niepce for development of photography, death of Sir Humphry Davy the English
chemist, Delaware and Hudson’s gravity railroad opens, JW Dobereiner classifies
similar elements, death of Czech philologist Josef Dobrovsky, JN von Drayse
invents the breechloading needle gun, American physicist John Henry invents
early electromagnetic motor, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt travels
to Chinese border, Hydropathy – treating diseases by water developed by Silesian
farmer Vincenz Priessnitz, death of French naturalist Jean Baptiste Monet de
Lamarck, Franz Ressel inventor of screw propeller for steamships reaches speeds
of six knots, James Smithson the British chemist dies and leaves 100,000 pounds
to found Smithsonian in Washington DC, George Stephenson’s engine wins 500
pound prize at Rainhill trials, First cooperative stores in US at Philadelphia and
New York, omnibuses becomes part of London transportation, First OxfordCambridge boat race at Henley, French printer Claude Genoux invents papiermache matrix, Centralized Metro Police Force installed in London, Suttee –
Indian custom of burning widows with body of husband abolished in British India,
First US patent on typewriter by William B Burt, Royal Zoological Society takes
over menagerie at Tower of London – start of London Zoo at Regent’s Park,
White mobs attack African Americans in OH, 3 day race riot, 1000 blacks settle
in CAN, End of Greek War of Independence against Turks, Quaternary system
named by Desnoyers, Schmerling discovers Neanderthal fossil, stock market
reaches volume of 5000 shares a day, Oliver Cowdery begins assisting Joseph
Smith, Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods restored, printing of Book of
Mormon begins, Oliver Cowdery befriends David Whitmer, David Whitmer’s
crops planted by intervention of 3 strangers, Mary Whitmer sees messenger and
plates, 3 and 8 witnesses, $3000 paid for 5000 copy printing of Book of Mormon,
Book of Mormon copyright obtained, Shawnee and Delaware Indians settle in
Kansas, Duke of Wellington duels English Prime Minister, Catholic
Emancipation Act in Britain – Roman Catholics can hold office, Russo-Turkish
Treaty of Adrianople, Greater Colombia divided to Colombia Venezuela Ecuador
and New Granada, Lancaster schools open to Texas, Workingman’s Party takes
political control of Philadelphia
1830 First National Negro Convention – PA, Drought in S AFR, French invade Algeria,
end of Javanese revolt against Dutch, Russians repress Polish revolt, Revolution
in France, Kingdom of Belgium founded, Tahitian Protestant missionaries arrive
in Fiji, Malietoa Vaiinupo of Savai’I becomes king of Samoa, Death of George IV
of England by over-consumption of everything - brother William IV reigns – with
odd pineapple-shaped head – with restraint of finances – William allows Charles
X of France to stay in Edinburgh – Tory government falls and Whigs gain power,
death of French mathematician and physicist Jean Baptiste Fourier, death of
English painter Thomas Lawrence, death of English author William Hazlitt, death
of Simon Bolivar the Latin-American soldier and statesman, death of George IV
of England, In debate with Robert Y Hayne Daniel Webster negates States’
Rights doctrine, death of S. American liberator Antonio Jose de Sucre, France
captures Algeria, Revolution in Paris, William IV third son of George III becomes
King of Great Britain and Ireland, Charles X King of France abdicates – Louis
Philippe King of the French named “The Citizen King”, Distrubances in Brussels
after a performance of Auber’s “La MUtte de Portici”, Talleyrand becomes Louis
Philippe’s ambassador to London, Eduador secedes from Gran Colombia and
becomes independent republic, Honore de Balzac states intention to group novels
together, GPR James’ “Richelieu” becomes bestseller, death of French writer
Comtesse de Genlis, death of English writer William Hazlitt, Victor Hugo writes,
Lamartine writes, Jeremy Bentham writes Constitution Code for All Nations,
William Cobbett writes about rural areas, Jean Baptiste, Camille Corot paints
“Chartres Cathedral”, Honore Daumier the artist begins association with Charles
Philson and his journals, Delacroix paints “Liberty Guiding the People”, death of
Sir Thomas Lawrence the English painter, Auber composes comic opera in Paris,
Bellini composes in Venice, Donizetti composes in Milan, “Jim Crow” popular
early American song sung by Thomas “Daddy” Rice, Scottich botanist Robert
Brown discovers cell nucleus in plants, Exportation of nitrates begins from Chile,
Discussion between two French naturalists Georges Cuiver and E Gouvion Saint
Hilaire on the latter’s theory of unity of plan in organic composition, death of
French mathematician and physicist Jean Baptiste Fourier, German botanist
Johann Friedrich Hessel proves crystals have 37 types of symmetry, LiverpoolManchester railroad opened, Scottish geologist Charles Lyell divides geological
system into three groups – Eocene Miocene and Pliocene, James Perry obtains a
patent for steel slit pen, German naturalist and industrialist Karl von Reichenbach
discovers paraffin, Founding of Royal Geographic Society in London, Carriage
road across St. Gotthard (Switzerland) finished, Ladies’ skirts shorten and sleeves
poof – hats increase and are ornamented, Stiff collars become part of men’s dress,
26 steam cars drive the streets of London, Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg –
Prussian general during Napoleonic Wars dies, Peter II lasst of the Vladikas
dynasty and statesman warrior and poet ascends the throne of Montenegro,
Charles the 2nd Earl Gray becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain, Military
insurrection in Warsaw against Russian rule, Serbia becomes fully autonomous
states with Milos Obrenovic as “Supreme Chief”, death of Simon Bolivar the
Latin American leader, Mysore added to Britain’s possessions in India, Red
Jacket the American Indian leader dies, fictional letters of Major Jack Downing
by the American humorist Seba Smith begin to appear, Stendhal writes “Le
Rouge et le Noir”, Tennyson writes poems, death of Pope Pius VIII, End of
Nazarene Brotherhood – antiacademic society of German painters in Rome, death
of German anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sommering, French tailor Barthelemy
Thimmonier devises a machine for utilitarian stitching – eventually sewing
machine forerunner, Belgium wins independence, Parliament member William
Huskisson becomes early train fatality, Lyell publishes <i>Principles of
Geology</i> which is used by Darwin, treaty with Chickasaw unratified, Sidney
Rigdon receives BOM from Parley P. Pratt, Church membership approximately
70 by end of the year, Abner Cole begins printing pages of the Book of Mormon
stolen from the printer and told to desist, Grandin temporarily stops BOM printing
when he hears of boycott, Samuel Smith sent on mission, Parley P. Pratt baptized,
devil cast out of Newel Knight Sr., Bible translation begins, Joseph Smith arrested
for disorderly conduct, revelation on the sacrament in August, Thomas Marsh
called on mission, Young, Kimball, Greene families baptized, Oliver Cowdery
seeks to correct Joseph Smith and repents, Isaac Hale becomes anti, Hiram Page
receives “seer stone” revelations and later recants, missions to OH and the
Lamanites, Book of Enoch, US Indian Removal Act signed, Parley P Pratt visits
Sidney Rigdon and Campbellite “seekers” 127 baptized including Isaac Morley,
Levi Hancock, Lyman Wight and John Murdock, Winter of 30-31 called “Winter
of Deep Snow” in Midwest – missionaries trudge to Independence MO, railway
companies develop in US and ENG, Texas conflicts with Mexico begin, Charles
Babbage designs analytical engine this decade, July Revolution in Paris – Charles
X overthrown, William IV King of Britain to 1837, passenger steam railways
opened, Louis Philippe “The Citizen King” of France to 1847, Greece declared
independent, Revolution in Poland crushed by Russia
1831 Mohammed Ali of Egypt seizes Syria and rules it until 1840, Charles Darwin sets
sail, Cyclone hits Barbados, death of French manufacturer of pianos Sebastien
Erard, death of English tragic actress Sarah Kemble (Mrs. Siddons), death of
French-Austrian composer and piano maker Ignaz Pleyel, death of James Monroe
– #5, death of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, End of
Mexican president Vicente Guerrero, Polish diet declares independence of Poland
– Russians defeat Polish forces at Ostroleka – revolt collapses, Charles Albert
becomes King of Sardinia-Piedmont ‘till abdication in 1849, Prince Leopold of
Saxe-Coburg elected Leopold I King of Belgians, Separation of Belgium from the
Netherlands, death of German statesman Baron HFK vom and zum Stein,
Southampton insurrection – Birginia slave revolt led by Nat Turner – 55 whites
die, death of August Neithardt von Gneisenau the Prussian Field Marshal during
Napoleonic Wars, death of Ioannes A Kapodistrias the Greek statesman, death of
Prussian general and military historian Karl von Clausewitz, Former president
John Quincy Adams becomes US rep from Massachusetts, Syria (part of Ottoman
empire since 1516) conquered by Egyptians, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
divided into two parts and larger goes to Belgium, Wreched conditions of the
working classes in Lyons France leads to uprisings, Balzac writes, Sidraeli writes
second novel, Victor Hugo writes “Notre Dame de Paris”, death of Friedrich
Maximilian von Klinger author of the Sturm und Drang movement, Giacomo
Leopardi writes poems, Thomas L Peacock writes satire, Poe writes poems, John
Trumbull the American poet and lawyer dies, Cardinal Mauro Capellari elected
Pope Gregory XVI, death of German philosopher Friedrich Hegel, William Miller
leader of the Second Adventists in America begins his preaching, death of
German historian Georg Niebuhr, Delacroix paints “Le 28 Juliet 1830”, Bellini
composes, Chopin arrives in Paris, Herold composes opera,Meyerbeer composes
opera, death of French-Austrian composer and piano maker Ignaz Pleyel,
Chloroform simultaneously invented by Samuel Guthrie and Justus von Liebig,
Charles Darwin sails as naturalist on surveying expedition in HMS Beagle to S.
America New Zealand and Australia until 1836, Michael Faraday carries out
experiments on electromagnetic induction, Sir James Clark Ross determines
position of magnetic north, Charles Sauria of France develops easy-light matches,
Great Cholera Pandemic reaches central Europe, German emigration to North
America reaches 15,000, William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing abolitionist
periodical “The Liberator” in Boston, Legion Etrangere formed to help French
colonial possessions in Africa (Foreign Legion), London Bridge opened, First
horse-drawn busses in New York, Population of Great Britain reaches 13.9
million with 12.8 million in America, Lord John Russell introduces Reform Bill
that abolishes all “nomination” boroughs, Mass demonstrations in Swiss cities
lead to introduction of more liberal legislation – expansion of franchise and the
principle of popular sovereignty, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates and is
succeeded by Pedro II his son, death of English historian William Roscoe, death
of Isaiah Thomas the American Bible printer, US copyright law amended – 28
years and renewable for 14 years, Samuel Francis Smith writes words to “My
Country ‘Tis of Thee”, Great Reform Bill riot in Bristol results in 250 wounded or
killed, Nat Turner slave revolt in VA, book published about him, Belgium gains
independence under Leopold I, Darwin sails on the Beagle for five years, Nat
Turner’s Rebellion, Martin Harris’ farm sold to pay for BOM printing, Oliver
Cowdery writes to William Clark (Lewis and) for permission to teach Indians,
Joseph Smith arrives in OH, NY Converts start migrating to OH, Ice miracle
involving Lucy Mack Smith, Revelation on false spirits after saints exhibit crazy
behaviors, Ezra Booth’s wife Alice’s arm healed, John Johnson converted, Peking
China earthquake predicted 6 weeks earlier by Mormon girl, Smiths adopt
Murdock twins, jboth good and evil spirits exhibited at June Conference, Temple
site dedicated in Independence, Morning and Evening Star first printed, Ezra
Booth resents preaching then criticizes leadership and is excommunicated. He
starts publishing against the Church and those printings become part of early anti
movement, Jesse Gause of first presidency falls away, Nat Turner slave rebellion
in VA increases fear in slaveholders, Leopold I becomes King of Belgians,
Gregory SVI Pope to 1846, Uprising in Modena Parma and Papal States put doen
by Austria, Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini forms <i>Young Italy</i>
movement, Britain and France guarantee Belgian independence – Leopold of
Saxe-Coburg becomes Leopold I King of Belgians to 1865,
1832 William Lloyd garrison and abolitionists form New England Anti-Slavery Society
in MA, Cholera outbreak in London and Scotland, Abd-al-Kadir leads Arab
resistance to France in Algeria until 1847, First Great Reform Bill in Britain gives
more men the vote * Saints strongly support Jacksonian democracy as Whigs
have proven corrupt, In Britain bills submitted to Parliament for reform as
politicians also corrupt – PM Earl Grey resigns – King supports Parliament and
mass demonstrations and strikes – William IV compromises with citizens –
Reform Act passed without King William’s assent, death of Charles Carroll a rich
American politician, death of German writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe, death of
Italian composer Muzio Clementi, death of Philip Freneau the “poet of the
American Revolution”, death of English poet George Crabbe, death of French
poet Philibert Louis Debucourt, death of German composer and friend of Goethe -
Karl Friedrich Zelter, death of French biologist and geologist G.L. Cuvier, death
of Italian music scholar and composer Bonifacio Asioli, death of Scottish novelist
Walter Scott, death of German actor Ludwig Devrient, death of Napoleon’s son
and Duke of Reichstadt Napoleon François-Joseph Charles the King of Rome,
Mehemet Ali Viceory of Egypt defeats the Turks in Syria, Mass demonstrations at
Hambach Germany in favor of the liberal and national causem First Reform Act
to enfranchise the upper-middle classes passed by House of Lords – voters
increase from half to one million, death of Austrian statesman and political writer
Friedrich von Gentz, Andrew Jackson reelected over Henry Clay, WE Gladstone
enters English politics as conservative for Newark, John Caldwell Calhoun the VP
under Jackson resigns, Giuseppe Mazzini the Italian patriot found “Giovine Italia”
(Italian Youth) with aim for achieving independence, the word “socialism” comes
into use in England and France, Britain occupies Falkland Islands, Balzac writes,
Bulwer-Lytton writes, death of English poet George Crabbe, Casimir Delavigne
writes drama, death of German actor Ludwig Devrient, Disraeli writes
autobiographical novel, Goethe’s Faust II published posthumously, death of
Philip Freneau “Poet of the American Revolution”, death of Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe – greatest German poet, Leigh Hunt writes, Washington Irving writes,
John P. Kennedy writes about Southern plantation life, Nikolaus Lenau writes,
Silvio Pellico writes, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin writes, death of Scottish
poet and novelist Sir Walter Scott, Tennyson writes “Lady of Shalott”, death of
Jeremy Bentham the English philosopher and economist – requests his corpse be
stuffed and presented at the college where he donated his money and that his body
be allowed to attend yearly meetings – done to this day, death of Jean
Champollion French architect and discoverer of the Rosetta Stone, death of Karl
CF Krause the German philosopher that tried to unify pantheism and monotheism,
Final volume of BG Niebuhr’s history of Rome, Zurich U founded, death of
Danish philologist and founder of linguistics, Constable paints “Waterloo Bridge
from Whitehall Stairs” in London, death of French painter and cartoonist PL
Debucourt, Ando Hiroshige publishes his Japanese color prints, Berlioz composes
“Symphonie Fantastique”, death of Italian composer and pianist Muzio Clementi,
Donizetti composes in Milan, death of Spanish tenor and composer Manuel
Garcia, Ferdinand Herold composes in Paris, death of Karl Friedrich Zelter
German composer and conductor, death of Nicolas Carnot the French physicist
and creator of second law of thermodynamics, death of Baron Georges Cuvier
French naturalist and founder of comparative anatomy, Faraday proposes pictorial
representation of electric and magnetic force lines, First French railroad line from
St. Etienne to Andrezieux to carry passengers, Manufacture of friction matches
widespread in Europe, Hungarian mathematician Janos Bolyai publishes work on
non-Euclidian geometry, Reichenbach discovers creosote in wood tar, death of
Italian anatomist Antonio Scarpa, death of JK Spurzheim the German physician
and founder of phrenology, New England Anti-Slavery Society founded in Boston,
death of last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence Charles Carrol
of Carrollton, First horse-drawn trolleys in New York, Benoit Fourneyron
develops water turbine, Reform Act extends vote in England, Potawatomi natives
kill 15 and kidnap 2 at Indian Creek, 150 Indians killed in WI by General Henry
Atkinson, Black Hawk War, treaty with Potawatami tribe, Brigham Young
baptized, first tar and feathering of Joseph Smith, revelation on degrees of Glory,
Brigham Young speaks in tongues after meeting Joseph Smith, Blackhawk war,
War between Egypt and Turkey to 1833, Reform Act passed in Britain – vote to
middle class, Battle of Koniah – Turks defeated
1833 British abandon slavery, Drought and famine in India, death of English
philanthropist William Wilberforce, death of U.S. Secretary of Treasury Oliver
Wolcott, death of German jurist Anselm Feuerbach, death of Irish actor Edmund
Kean, Prince Otto second son of King Louis I of Bavaria arrives in Nauplia to
occupy throne of Greece as King Otto, death of John Randolph of Roanoke VA
the orator and politician, William IV grants Hanover a new liberal constitution,
Isabella II proclaimed Queen of Spain (age 3) with mother Maria Christina as
regent, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes president of Mexico –
country threatened by Civil War, Beginning of Whig party in America, Mehemet
Ali given Egypt and Syria – founds 120 year dynasty, President Jackson
withdraws all government deposits out of Bank of US – essentially collapsing
bank, All German states join the Zollverein (customs union), Balzac writes, Davy
Crockett’s autobiography becomes bestseller, Robert Browning writes, Charles
Dickens writes, Joseph von Eichendorff writes, death of English actor Edmund
Kean, Lamb writes, Longfellow writes, Johann Nestroy writes farce, George Sand
writes, German Shakespeare translation completed, Franz Bopp writes grammar
book, death of German jurist and law reformer Anselm Feuerbach, death of
French mathematician Adrien Legendre, death of English religious writer Hannah
More, Edward Bouverie Pusey begins association with Oxford Movement
(Anglicans), death of Italian engraver Raffaello Morghen, First Venetian pictures
by Turner at Royal Academy London, Chopin composes, Heinrich Marschner
writes romantic opera, Mendelssohn composes, KF Gauss and WE Weber devise
electromagnetic telegraph, “Handbook of Human Physiology” completed, death
of English engineer and inventor that invented first steam-powered vehicle
Richard Trevithick, Wheatstone bridge for the comparison of electric resistance
devised by SH Christie (first used by Wheatstone in 1847), British Factory Act
provides system for factory inspections, Scottish explorer Alexander Burnes
crosses Hindu Kush mountain range in Central Asia, Charity bazaars become
popular in England, German economist Friedrich List advocates extension of
German railroads, “New York Sun” becomes first “penny paper”, Olympic Club
of Philadelphia organizes two “Town Ball” teams, Sir John Ross returns from his
second Arctic expedition (discovery of magnetic north), Canadian S.S. Royal
William crosses Atlantic in 25 days, Abolition of slavery in British empire,
General Trades Union in New York, Sumatra quake est. at 8.7, 9 year old Briton
executed for stealing paint, American Anti-Slavery Society formed, John Lane
develops steel plow, Ando Hiroshige's "53 stages of the Tokaido" Brahms born,
Mission to Canada, MO river floods and changes course away from Independence,
Bible translation complete, Book of Commandments preserved by Rollins sisters,
armed conflict begins in MO – saints booted from Jackson County, Abolition of
slavery in Cape Colony South Africa, Slavery abolished in British colonies,
Factory Act in England forbids employment of children under nine in factories,
Convention of Kutahia – Mohammed Ali gains Syria, Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
between Russia and Turkey, Munchengratz Agreement between Russia and
Austria
1834 David Ruggles opens first black bookstore and publishing company in New York,
French Catholic Missionaries arrive in Mangareva in Tuamotu Islands in South
Pacific, end of world cholera pandemic, Cyclone hits Dominican Republic *
Saints appeal to president Jackson, no response – shows sympathy for “the
persecuted people” but refuses to send help, Jul - Alligator falls from sky near
Charlestown, SC, Parliamentary houses and many political building of Britain
burned (Westminster), death of French politician Lafayette, death of English
political economist Thomas R. Malthus, death of German theologian Friedrich
Schleiermacher, death of English poet and philosopher Samuel Taylor Colerige,
death of US Attorney General William Wirt, death of French opera composer
François-Adrien Boieldieu, death of English essayist Charles Lamb, German
customs union (Zollverein) begins to operate, death of British statesman Lord
Grenville, Grand National Consolidated Trades Union formed by Robert Owen
but collapses before end of year, Lord Palmerston the British Foreign Secretary
contrives quadruple alliance with France Spain and Portugal, death of General
Lafayette of France and hero of American revolution, Spanish Inquisition finally
suppressed, Viscount Melbourne becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain
followed by Sir Robert Peel in December, South Australia Act allows
establishment of colony there, Maria II ascends throne of Portugal, William IV
dismisses ministry in England following Melbourne’s Irish church policy,
Monopoly of the China trade by East India Company abolished – friction between
China and Britain, Sixth Kaffir War for a year – severe clashes between Bantu
people and white settlers on eastern frontier of Cape Colony, Dutch farmers of the
Cape Colony begin to settle in country north of Orange River, Daniel O’Connell’s
motion to repeal Union with Great Britain defeated 523 to 38, Carlist Wars begin
in Spain, President Jackson censured by Senate for removing funding from Bank
of the US, Abraham Lincoln (age 25) enters politics as assemblyman in IL
legislature, Balzac writes, George Bancroft writes history of the US, Victor Hugo
writes “The Hunchback of Notre Dame” which becomes bestseller, death of
English writer William Blackwood, Edward Bulwer-Lytton writes “Last Days of
Pompeii”, death of English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Disraeli writes, Leigh
Hunt writes, death of English essayist Charles Lamb, Frederick Marryat writes,
Last of Thomas Moore’s “Irish Melodies” appears, Alfred de Musset writes,
Pushkin writes, Leopold von Ranke writes about the Roman Popes, death of
German theologian and philosopher Friedrich DE Schleiermacher, death of
William Wirt the American jurist and Attorney-General, death of English
economist Thomas Robert Malthus, death of Anglo-German lithographer Rudolph
Ackermann, The Munich Glyptothek (sculpture gallery) designed, Ingres paints
“Martyrdom of Saint Symphorian”, death of German inventor of lithography
Aloys Senefelder, death of English illustrator and painter Thomas Stothard,
English architect William Wilkins begins National Gallery in London, Adolphe
Adam composes in Paris, John Barnett composes in London, Berlioz composes in
Paris, death of French opera composer Francois-Adrien Boieldieu, Fanny Elssler
the Austrian ballerina makes her debut at Paris Opera, Konradin Kreutzer
composes in Vienna, Francois Arago writes about popular astronomy, English
mathematician Charles Babbage invents “analytical engine” (proto-computer),
Christian Leopold von Buch publishes “Theory of Volcanism”, Faraday publishes
“Law of Electrolysis”, American inventor Cyrus Hall McCormick patents reaping
machine, German chemist FF Runge discovers phenol (carbolic acid), Swiss
mathematician Jakob Steiner appointed professor at Berlin U – founder of
synthetic geometry, Sir Charles Wheatstone uses revolving mirror to measure
speed of electric discharge in a conductor, Castle Garden Boat Club Association
organized in New York, Robin Carver’s “Book of Sports” first mentions baseball,
Disastrous fire in British Houses of Parliament, Bavarian civil servant Franz
Xaver Gabelsberger publishes system of German shorthand, Two-wheeled onehorse hansom cabs designed by JA Hansom introduced in London, Walter Hunt
of New York constructs one of the first sewing machines, Lloyd’s Register of
Shipping placed under control of Lloyd’s Register Society, Poor Law Amendment
Act decrees that no able-bodied man in Great Britain shall receive assistance
unless he ethers a workhouse, U of Brussels founded, Horse-drawn
harvester/reaper in US. Colt invents the revolver, Whewell coins term “scientist”,
Alberti names Triassic period, Government ignores Saints petition in MO, Zions
Camp, School of the Elders organized, Oliver Cowdery becomes assistant
president, “Tolpuddle Martyrs” in England – six Dorset laboursers transported for
trying to form union, Carlist Wars in Spain to 1839, South Australia and Victoria
settled, Pretender Don Carlos attempts to gain Spainish throne, Quadruple
Alliance by Britain France Spain and Portugal to safeguard governments on
Iberian peninsula,
1835 Quake and tsunami in Talcahuano, Dost Mohammed begins rule in Afghanistan
until 1863, Cyclone hits Florida Keys, Volcano in Nicaragua, Earthquake and
tsunami in Chile, Start of freeze in Finland until 1850 – kills 137,000
Dec - Hundreds of blocks of NYC burn - also fire hydrants frozen, death of
English architect John Nash, death of Chief Justice John Marshall, death of
English reformer and journalist William Cobbett, death of German humanist
Wilhelm von Humboldt, death of German poet August von Platen, death of Italian
opera composer Vincenzo Bellini, death of Francis I of Austria, Francis II made
last HRE as Francis I dies, Ferdinand I the eldest son of HRE Francis II made
Emperor of Austria, death of Prussian statesman Christian Gunther von Bernstorff,
Municipal Corporation Act revolutionizes English borough government, Second
Seminole War begins, Texas declares right to secede from Mexico, Hans Christian
Andersen first publishes, William Wordsworth’s poems become bestseller, Robert
Browning publishes “Paracelsus”, Bulwer-Lytton publishes, death of English man
of letters William Cobbett, death of English poet Mrs. Felicia Hemans, death of
Scottish poet James Hogg, death of William Henry Ireland forger of
Shakespearean plays, JP Kennedy writes novel of Revolutionary war, death of
English comedian Charles Mathews, William Gilmore Simms writes novel of the
Indians, Edict of German Federal Diet bans books of “Young Germany” writers
including Heine Borne and Gutzkow, FG Dahlmann German historian publishes
histories of politics, Charles G Finney the American evangelist publishes about
revivals, death of American Supreme Court Justice John Marshall, David
Friedrich Strause publishes Life of Jesus in Germany, The expression “Art for
Art’s sake” coined by French philosopher Victor Cousin, Constable paints “The
Valley Farm”, Corot paints “Hagar in the Desert”, death of French historical
painter Baron A.J. Gros, Donizetti composes opera in Naples, Halley’s Comet
reappears, First efforts to propel railroad vehicles by electric batteries and electric
traction, US showman Phineas Taylor Barnum begins career with black woman
who is alleged to be 160 years old and George Washington’s nurse, James Gordon
Bennet publishes penny paper “NY Herald”, Charles Chubb patents burglar-proof
safe, Samuel Colt takes out English patent for single-barreled pistol and rifle, First
German railroad line opens between Nuremberg and Furth, Melbourne Australia
founded, over 1000 miles of railroads in America, Earliest negative photograph
taken in England by William Henry Fox Talbot – of Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire,
Free African Americans create committee to help former slaves, Oberlin college in
OH votes to admit African-American students, Russian writer Aleksandr Pushkin
killed in a duel, de Toqueville's "Democracy in America" Mark Twain born,
Sedgwick names Cambrian system and Murchison names Silurian system, Dade
Massacre as Seminole kill 108 in Central Florida – start Second Seminole War
until 1842, start of the bloodless “Toledo War”, Texas Revolution begins, 12 and
70 organized, Mummies purchased from Chandler, Boers trek to Natal begins,
Africa - Great Trek to 1837 – found Transvaal, Ferdinand I Emperor of Austria to
1848,
1836 Black Alexander Twilight wins seat on VT legislature – first elected in US,
Disenfranchisement of blacks in AR, Great Trek of Boers begins in Africa, Siege
of the Alamo, Texan independence * Saints support Van Buren against Harrison,
death of James Madison #4, death of Austrian composer Johann Schenk, death of
Aaron Burr US Statesman and adventurer, death of French poet Claude Joseph
Rouget de Lisle, death of U.S. statesman Edward Livingston, death of Andre
Ampere the French physicist, death of German dramatist C.D. Crabbe, end of the
voyage of the HMS Beagle, The Alamo – Davy Crockett killed, Texas wins
independence from Mexico and becomes republic with General Sam Houston as
first president, People’s Charter initiated working-class movement in Britain –
Chartism demands universal suffrage and vote by ballot, Arkansas admitted to
union, Bestseller – Frederick Marryat writs “Mr. Midshipman Easy”, Carlyle
writes, Dickens writes “Pickwick Papers”, German writer J.P. Eckermann writes
about Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “Nature” published, German Catholic
writer Joseph von Gorres publishes “Christian Mysticism”, death of James Mill
Scottish historian and philosopher, Schopenhauer writes about the will of nature,
Corot paints “Diana surprised by Actaeon”, Adolphe Adam composes comic opera
in Paris, Glinka composes first Russian opera, death of French-Spanish soprano
Maria Malibran, Mendelssohn composes oratorio, death of French physicist A.M.
Ampere, John Frederic Daniell develops voltaic cell which prevents polarization,
Edmond Davey discovers and identifies acetylene, Swedish-American inventor
John Ericsson patents screw propeller, Adelaide S Australia founded, first cricket
match in London, “The Lancers” becomes fashionable dance throughout Europe,
American patent for manufacture of white phosphorus matches granted to AD
Phillips, death of Betsy Ross the reputed maker of the American flag, death of
James Madison #4, death of American vice president Aaron Burr, Charles Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte tries to bring about a revolt and is banished to America, Boer
farmers launch “Great Trek” across Orange Riber and founds Natal Transvaal and
Orange Free State in Africa, death of English novelist and philosopher William
Godwin, Golgol writes comedy, Alfred de Musset writes autobiographical novel,
Fritz Reuter the novelist condemned to death for high treason but commuted to 30
years imprisonment, death of French poet and soldier CJ Rouget de Lisle who
write music and lyrics to “La Marseillaise”, Roger B Taney becomes fifth Chief
Justice in US, death of French painter Carle Vernet, Meyerbeer composes opera in
Paris, Richard Wagner the composer marries Minna Planer in Magdeburg, Asa
Gray publishes first botanical textbook, Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of
Paterson NY formed, death of British engineer J.L. McAdam that originated
crushed-stone (macadam) roads, pepsin recognized by German physiologist
Theodor Schwann, German botanist KF Schimper begins research into Pleistocene
epoch, California SF quake est. at 6.5, early recorded case of progeria in England
– Charles Charlesworth, Mexicans vs. Texas at Alamo, Ralph Waldo Emerson
invents transcendentalists movement, End of Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle,
Thecodonts named and discovered, NYSE bars members from conducting
business in the streets, 7 killed by Comanches in TX at Fort Parker Massacre, end
of Texas Revolution – Battle of the Alamo and battle of San Jacinto, attempted
assassination attempt on President Jackson fails due to two misfires, “Pentecostal”
events at Kirtland temple, Kirtland Safety Society organized, Settlement of Far
West MO begins, Caldwell Co. MO created as proposed by Doniphan – counties
created to separate Mormons from other settlers, Oliver Cowdery David Whitmer
and Lyman Johnson excommunicated, John Taylor John E Page, Wilford
Woodruff and Willard Richards called to the 12, Lorenzo Snow baptized, Texas
declares independence from Mexico, Chartist movement in Britain – demands
votes for all adult males – violence,
1837 Continuation of Great Trek of Boers, Shogunate of Tokugawa Ieyoshi begins in
Japan until 1853, Frenchman Jules Dumont d’Urville attempts to chart coast of
Antarctica until 1840, Death of William IV of England, reign of niece Victoria
begins age 18, Cyclone in St. Thomas, Lord Melbourne the PM of Britain and
Queen Victoria have mutual fondness and she favors him politically, death of
French painter François Gerard, Mar - 10 inches of snow fall in Savannah GA,
death of English painter John Constable, death of English composer John Field,
death of German author Ludwig Borne, death of Italian author Giacomo Leopardi,
Death of Russian poet Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin due to duel, death of
German dramatist Georg Buchner, William IV of Great Britain dies – end of
union between Britain and Hanover, Michigan becomes state, Mazzini arrives in
London as exile, Martin Van Buren inaugurated #8, Benjamin Disraeli delivers
maiden speech before House of Commons, USS Caroline set on fire and sunk by
Canadians across the Niagara, Ernst Augustus of Hanover cancels constitution of
1833 and dismiss professors who protested him, Constitution revolts in lower and
upper Canada, Balzac publishes, Hawthorne writes bestseller, death of German
political writer and satirist Ludwig Borne, Lamartine writes epic poem, death of
Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi, William H Prescott writes about Isabella and
Ferdinand, founding of U of Athens, Bernhard Bolzano writes about the
philosophy of logic, Thomas Carlyle writes about French revolution, death of
English Sanskrit scholar Henry T. Colebrooke, first kindergarten opens by
Friedrich Frobel in Blankenburg Thuringia, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
opens with Mary Mason Lyon as founder, Horace Mann begins educational
reforms in MA, American Presbyterians split into old and new schools, death of
English landscape painter John Constable, death of French portrait painter Baron
Francois Gerard, Auber writes opera in Paris, Berlioz writes opus in Paris, death
of English pianist and composer John Field, death of Austro-Hungarian composer
and Johann Nepomuk Hummel, death of French composer JF Lesueur, Lortzing
composes “Zar und Zimmerman” (Czar and Carpenter) in Leipzig, death of Italian
composer Nicola Zingarelli, Garman industrialist August Borsig opens iron
foundry and engine-building factory in Berlin, Wheatstone and Cooke patent
electric telegraph, Samuel Morse exhibits electric telegraph at College of the City
of New York, French mathematician Simeon D. Poisson publishes about
probability, First boat race sponsored by Castle Garden Boat Club Association in
Poughkeepsie NY, First Canadian railroad, England introduces birth registration,
death of morganatic Wife of King George IV Mrs. Hitzherbert, Gag Law which
suppresses slavery debate passed by US Congress, EP Lovejoy editor of
abolitionist paper murdered by mob in IL, Financial and economic panic in
America due to inflated land values and speculation, English teacher Isaac
Putman publishes manual of “Stenographic soundhand”, Records of 11-mile 220
yard Crick Run Race at Rugby School in Warwickshire England begun, littleknown scientist Andrew Crosse “created life” while trying to create crystals –
disputed but supposedly repeated, Disenfranchisement of blacks in MI, first AntiSlavery Convention of American Women in NY, Cheney State Training School in
PA is first major black college, first enrollment (three females) of black students
in Oberlin College OH, Reign of Queen Victoria begins in England, steel plow
invented, electric telegraph invented in Britain by Wheatstone and Cooke,
Agassiz presents ice age theory and Swiss scientists react with hostility, ,
Tiedemann publishes that brain sizes and intelligence between the races has no
differences, Darwin formulates natural selection but delays publishing, NYSE
begins paying salary for present, Kirtland Safety society officially opens and
closes months later, Panic of 1837 – Several Elders denounce Joseph, Heber C
Kimball travels to Preston ENG, “Great Apostasy” within church, “Church of
Christ” (Old Standard) made by 30 plus saints and they declare Joseph fallen, then
rejects BOM and tries to take over temple. 10-15 percent of the church leaves
200-300 people, the three witnesses, a member of first presidency, 4 of 12
apostles and several 70s leave, assassination plot against Joseph Smith discovered.
Joseph and loyal saints leave for MO for final time, Preston England becomes cch
headquarters in Britain, Lorenzo Snow serves mission in OH, final Boer treks to
natal, Victoria Queen of Britain after death of William IV, Candlemaker William
Procter and cousin and soapmaker James Gamble merge businesses
1838 Disenfranchisement of blacks in PA, David Ruggles publishes first AfricanAmerican periodical in NY, Boers found Republic of Natal, Nakayama Miki
founds faith healing Tenri sect in Japan, Trail of Tears, Lt. Charles Wilkes leads
US expedition to Antarctica, People’s Charter in Britain allows for political
reform, Cholera outbreak in India ends after 12 years, death of French statesman
Talleyrand, death of French architect Charles Percier, Sep - NJ largest forest fire
doused by hurricane rains, death of English composer and organist Thomas
Attwood, death of German poet Adelbert von Chamisso, death of Osceola the
Indian leader in second Seminole War, Queen Victoria’s coronation, Battle of
Blood River in Natal (Boer war) where Boers defeat Zulus, first British Afghan
war, Anti-Corn Law League established in Manchester, death of John Rodgers the
ranking American naval officer in War of 1812, Elizabeth Barrett Browning
writes, Bulwer-Lytton writes, Dickens writes bestsellers “Oliver Twist” and
“Nicholas Nickleby”, Victor Hugo writes, J P Kennedy writes novel of colonial
Maryland, Rachel’s debut at Theatre Français in Paris, German writer and
philosopher Gustav Schwab publishes, death of English diarist Thomas Creevey,
death of Nathaniel Bowditch the American mathematician and astronomer,
French philosopher Auguste Comte gives sociology its name, death of J A Mohler
the German historian of religion, London National Gallery opens, death of French
architect under Napoleon and creator of Empire style Charles Percier, Bertel
Thorvaldsen completes painting “Christ and the Twelve Apostles” in Copenhagen,
Berlioz composes opera in Paris, Chopin’s liaison with George Sand (female)
begins, Jenny Lind makes musical debut in Stockholm, Fourth and last volume of
Audubon’s “Birds of America” published, German astronomer Bessel makes
definite measurements of a fixed star, death of American explorer William Clark,
French economist AA Cournot publishes theory of wealth, Daguerre-Niepce
photography presented to Academy of Science and Arts in Paris, death of French
chemist and physicist Pierre Dulong, death of American inventor and pioneer of
steam navigation John Stevens, 703 ton steamer “Sirius” sails from London to
New York as 1440 ton steamer “Great Western” also travels to Britain, Navy
statistics – Great Britain has 90 ships Russia 50 France 49 and US 15, New York
Herald employs European correspondents, First traveling post office between
Birmingham and Liverpool, SF CA quake est 6.8, John Ericsson develops screw
propeller, Samuel Morse demonstrates telegraph , Killough Massacre as natives
kill 18 at one home, Missouri War, Start of Aroostook War until 1839, Saints
officially leave Kirtland OH, Adam Ondi Ahman founded, Tithing and
replacement apostles taught as doctrine, Sidney Rigdon gives “Salt Sermon” and
Independence Day speeches inflaming neighbors, Danites form, Election Day
battle in Gallatin MO, Hauns Mill, battle of Dewitt, Battle of Crooked River –
Elder David Patten Dies, Siege of Far West, Quorum of 12 Thomas Marsh and
Orson Hyde apostatize – Marsh is excommunicated until 1857 and Hyde
suspended and restored shortly after. Joseph Smith rebukes jailors at Richmond
Jail, Boers defeat Zulus in Natal Battle of Blood River, first steamship crosses
Atlantic
1839 Ottoman sultan Abdul Majid starts the “Tanzimat” program for modernization
and rules Turkey, First Afghan War with British starts until 1842, Start of Opium
War in China until 1842 * Saints meet with Van Buren – says he cannot help
them, legislator Lincoln writes about “strange new sect” possible meeting
between Lincoln and Smith in Springfield Illinois, British begin war with China
due to trade restrictions, Albert arrives in England – Victoria finds him beautiful,
death of German painter Joseph Anton Koch, Uruguay declares war against
Argentina, Treaty of London settles the dispute between the Dutch and former
Belgian subjects, outbreak of First Opium War between Britain and China, death
of Frederick IV King of Denmark – nephew Christian VIII rules, Independent
republic of Natal founded by the Boers, death of Indian ruler Ranjit Singh founder
of Sikh kingdom, death of American politician Stephen Van Rensselaer, Jared
Sparks writes bestseller “Life of Washington”, death of Scottish novelist John
Galt, Longfellow writes, Poe writes “The Fall of the House of Usher”, death of
English poet WM Praed, death of author James Smith, Stendhal writes, German
philologist Franz Bopp identifies Celtic as part of Indo-European language family,
death of French cardinal and half uncle of Napoleon Joseph Fesch, death of
English geologist William Smith, American traveler John Lloyd Stephens
examines antiquities of the ancient Maya culture with Frederick Catherwood,
death of English portrait painter Sir William Beechey, death of German landscape
painter Joseph Anton Koch, Karl Spitzweg paints “The Poor Poet”, Mendelssohn
conducts Schubert’s symphony, Two British ships “Erebus” and “Terror” set out
on cross-Antarctic voyage, Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization of rubber,
Moritz Jacobi of Russia announces process of electrotyping and makes duplicate
plates for relief printing, Metallic element lanthanum discovered by Carl Gustav
Mosander, German-Swiss chemist Christian F Schonbein discovers and names
ozone, Theodor Schwann promotes cell-growth theory, Swiss physicist Carl
August Steinheil builds first electric clock, American army officer Abner
Doubleday lays out first baseball field and conducts first game, First bicycle
constructed by Scottish inventor Kirkpatrick Macmillan, French political leader
Louis Blanc publishes essay which included “to each according to his needs, from
each according to his abilities”, Detroit Boat Club formed, Samuel Cunard starts
British and North-American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, First Grand
National run at Aintree England, Prussia restricts juvenile labor to a maximum of
10 hours per day, Lowell institute in Boston founded to provide free lectures by
scholars, death of Lady Hester Stanhope the English eccentric who settled among
the Druses of Lebanon, WH Fox Talbot claims invention of photography before
Daguerre and submits evidence to Royal Society, George D Weed publishes
antislavery pamphlet, Cyclone hits India killing over 300000 – 5th worst disaster
ever, Liberty (Anti-slavery) Party established in NY, Charles Goodyear discovers
vulcanization, End of Sikhs uprising under Ranjit Singh of N India,
Daguerreotype in France, Paul Cézanne born, Murchison and Sedgwick name
Devonian System, Bloodless Honey War, Committee on Removal (from MO)
organized by Brigham Young to migrate to IL, Joseph Smith arrives in IL,
Healings from ague (malaria) in Nauvoo and Montrose, Joseph Smith meets
President Ban Buren, Nauvoo Charter granted, 12 assemble at Far West for
mission, first Scottish missionaries, Anti-corn Law League protest high wheat
prices due to tariffs, “War of Pork and Beans” between ME and New Brunswick –
bloodless, Goodyear accidentally discovers vulcanized rubber, Rebellions in
Upper and Lower Canada, British occupy Aden, Commissioner Lin destroys
foreign Opium – Opium war between Britain and China to 1842, Anti-Corn Law
League formed in Britain, Turks invade Syria, Battle of Nesib – Turks defeated,
Britain and Afghanistan at war
1840 Census reveals African-American population at 2.87 million, Bad year for
tornadoes in US, Mohammed Ali of Egypt stops ruling Syria, Imam Sayyid Said
ruler of Oman makes Zanzibar his capital, Penny postage stamp introduced in
Britain, postage stamps reform postal systems, Upper and Lower Canada unites,
End of attempt to chart coast of Antarctica, British and Maoris in New Zealand
sign Treaty of Waitangi, Kamehameha III begins constitutional monarchy in
Hawaii and first written constitution, Tornado hits Natchez MS killing 300, major
disease outbreaks in New Zealand 20 years * Saints meet with Van Buren again –
he comments that if he helps them,. He’ll lost the Missouri vote, saints throw
support behind Whig Harrison, Lincoln writes to friend about Smith, Saints split
vote to support Democrats, Lincoln helps Saints in getting Nauvoo Charter,
Victoria marries Albert in England and conceives within days – industrial
revolution starts amping up creating middle class – morality appeals to middle
class and hence the Victorian ideals, death of English novelist Fanny Burney
(Mme. D’Arblay), death of American philosopher Thomas Cooper, death of
German landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich, death of Lucien Bonaparte
future prince of Canino and most gifted Bonaparte, death of Nicolo Paganini the
Italian composer and violinist, death of German author Karl Immermann, First
postage stamp issued in Britain, death of Frederick William III King of Prussia
and Frederick William IV succeeds to the throne, London Conference on TurkoEgyptian conflict signs Protocol des Droits – straits closed to warships of all
powers – Black Sea to Russian warships, Lower and Upper Canada united by act
of parliament, New Conspiracy of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte followerd by
imprisonment at fortress of Ham, death of Jose Francia dictator of Paraguay,
death of Napoleonic marshal Alexandre Macdonand the Duc de Taranto, William
II ascends throne of Netherlands after abdication of father William I, Afghan
forces surrender to British Army – end of Afghan war, ashes of Napoleon I
deposited at Invalides in Paris, death of first Governor General of Canada Lord
Durham, death of English admiral in Napoleonic wars Sir WS Smith, James
Feinmore Cooper publishes bestseller “The Pathfinder”, Robert Browning writes,
death of English novelist Fanny Burney, Friedrich Hebbel Writes tragedy in
Berlin, death of French dramatist LLJ Lemerdier, Lermontov writes poetry,
Manzoni republishes romantic novel, Prosper Merimee writes Corsican short
story, Fritz Reuter the German poet and political prisoner set free by general
amnesty, death of German botanist and originator of physical anthropology JF
Blumenbach, London Library opened, death of German astronomer HWM Olbers,
French socialist writer Pierre Joseph Proudhom proposes idea that property is
theft, Sir Charles Barry begins the building of Houses of Parliament in London,
Delacroix paints “Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople”, death of German
romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich, death of Scottish landscape painter
Alexander Nasmyth, Nelson’s Column erected in Trafalgar Swuare in London,
French instrument maker AF Debain constructs the harmonium, Donizetti
composes in Paris, Fanny Elssler the Viennese dancer tours the US until 1842,
death of Italian violinist and composer Nicolo Paganini, Robert Schumann the
musician marries Clara Wieck, The Swabian merchant Max Schneckenburger
writes poem later set to music “Watch on the Rhine”, Swiss naturalist Louis
Agassiz publishes about glaciers, German physician Karl A von Basedow
describers goiters associated with Graves Disease, Liebig discovers fundamentals
of artificial fertilizer, death of Beau Brummell the English man of fashion and wit,
Blue Riband (ribbon) for fastest crossing of Atlantic awarded to SS Britannia,
Botanical Gardens at Kew London opened, Transportation of criminals from
England to New South Wales comes to end, Game of ninepins reaches peak of
favor in America, Penny postage established in Great Britain, over 2800 miles of
railroad in operation in US and over 1300 in England, Washington Temperance
Society founded, Great Swell (tsunami) hits Delaware River, Manifest Destiny,
Unification of upper and Lower Canada, Goodyear vulcanizes rubber, British
novelist Thomas hardy born, Chromosomes seen under microscope but aren’t
recognized for importance, Indian Key massacre in Florida, Isle of Man dedicated,
Baptism for the dead preached, 240 emigrate from Britain as members, Morse
code patented, Juliet Watts of South TX was saved when her corset stops an
arrow, possible date of first flush toilet in America, Upper and Lower Canada
united, Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand – becomes British Crown Colony,
Treaty of London – Britain Russia Prussia and Austria agree to limit Egyptian
expansion, British navy bombards Beirut, Penny post introduced in Britain,
Mercein v. People rules that children owe allegiance to government at birth,
1841 Frederick Douglass delivers anti-slavery speech, End of reign of Minh Mang of
Vietnam, Nationalist leader Lajos Kossuth founds Hungarian liberal reform
newspaper, St. Jo Florida cyclone, Earthquake in Puerto Rico, Cyclone in Hong
Kong * Joseph Smith receives section 124 – asking leaders to assist Saints,
President Harrison dies of pneumonia – Tyler president and lists anti-Mormons as
some asking for his attention, death of German sculptor J.H. von Dannecker,
death of #9 William Henry Harrison, death of US Secretary of State to Jackson
and Van Buren John Forsyth, death of German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel,
death of Scottish painter David Wilkie, death of Russian poet Mikhail Yurievich
Lermontov, Populations – Great Britain 18.5 million, America 17 million, Ireland
8 million, New York Tribune appears, First university degrees granted to women
in America, Swiss embryologist Rudolf Albert von Kolliker describes sperm and
contributes evidence about neuron doctrine, German economist Friedrich List
writes about economics, Viennese mathematician Joseph Petzval produces higherspeed photo lens, English mechanical engineer Sir Joseph Whitworth proposes
standardized screw threads, Barnum opens “American Museum” with exhibition
of freaks and curios in New York, First issue of George Bradshaw’s railway guide,
English travel agent Thomas Cook arranges first excursion to a temperance
meeting, death of English surgeon Sir Astley Cooper who treated aneurisms,
American boxer Tom Hyer becomes first recognized champion, CJ Fritzsche
shows how to get oil from indigo by using potassium hydroxide, Carlyle writes
about history, Emerson writes essays, Ludwig Feuerbach writes about Christianity,
death of German philosopher and educator Johann Friedrich Herbart, death of
German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, death of Scottish genre painter Sir
David Wilkie, death of English prolific musician TJ Dibdin, Rossini composes in
Paris, Adolphe Sax invents the saxophone in Belgium, Schumann writes
symphony in Leipzig, Bessel deduces the ellipticity of earth, Scottish surgeon
James Braid discovers hypnosis, death of Swiss botanist Austin de Candolle,
death of French revolutionary leader Bertrand Barere de Vieuzac, Britain claims
sovereignty over Hong Kong, John Tyler becomes president #10, General
Baldomero Espartero becomes Regent of Spain, USS Creole carrying slaves from
Virginia to Louisiana seized by slaves and sails into Nassau where they become
free, New Zealand becomes British colony, Tyler’s cabinet resigns but Daniel
Webster remains as Secretary of State, Lord Melbourne (Whig) resigns as British
Prime Minister – Sir Robert Peel (Tory) leads, Lajos Kossuth becomes Hungarian
nationalist leader, Turkey’s sovereignty guaranteed by five Great Powers, Robert
Browning writes, James Feinmore Cooper writes “The Deerslayer”, Dickens
writes bestseller “The Old Curiosity Shop”, Jeremias Gotthelf writes Swiss folk
tale, death of British humorist Theodore Hock, Victor Hugo elected to Academie
Francaise, James Russell Lowell writes, Frederick Marryat writes adventure novel,
Poe writes “Murders in the Rue Morgue”, London humorous periodical “Punch”
debuts, Charles Sealsfield the Austrian writer publishes novel about Texas, death
of British poet and theologian Joseph Blanco White, EA Poe publishes first
detective story “Murders in the Rue Morgue”, Governorship of Egypt made
hereditary in Mohammed Ali's line, Murchison names Permian System, John
Phillips proposes geologic eras as Paleozoic Mesozoic and Cainozoic (Cenozoic),
Door War until 1842, Nauvoo election, 12 in conference in Manchester ENG,
Orson Hyde dedicates Jerusalem, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert given Book of
Mormon by Lorenzo Snow, Nauvoo baptismal font dedicated, 1135 emigrate
from Britain to join Saints, Call to gather saints to America, Nauvoo Temple
cornerstone laid, Nauvoo Mayor John C. Bennett proposes “Spiritual wifery” and
plots to assassinate Joseph Smith. Excommunicated and by 1842 becomes anti,
Democratic Judge Stephen A Douglas dismisses case against the Saints,
Convention of Alexandria – Mohammed Ali to be hereditary ruler of Egypt,
Straits Convention among Britain Austria Russia Prussia and France –
Dardanelles and Bosporus to be closed to foreign ships in peacetime
1842 End of First Afghan War – a British army annihilated, End of Opium War in
China, France annexes Marquesas Islands and makes Tahiti a protectorate *
Lincolns dine with Willard Richards and other Saints, death of U.S. Statesman
Robert Smith,
Skirmish between China and Britain ends and ports reopen to Britain, death of
Italian composer Luigi Cherubini, death of US Statesman James Barbour, death of
German poet Clemens Brentano, death of French novelist Stendhal, death of US
Secretary of Navy Samuel L Southard, death of English educator Thomas Arnold,
Glinka composes in St. Petersburg, death of American lawyer who wrote “Hail
Columbia” Joseph Hopkinson, Lortzing composes in Leipzig, Meyerbeer named
general director of Royal Opera House in Berlin. New York Philharmonic Society
founded by Ureli C Hill and other musicians, Wagner composes in Dresden, death
of Scottish anatomist Sir Charles Bell, Austrian physicist CJ Doppler publishes
regarding Doppler effect regarding binary stars, Joseph Henry discovers
oscillating electric discharge, American physician Crawford W Long uses ether to
produce anesthesia, American naval officer Matthew F Maury begins research in
oceanography, German physicist Julius Robert von Mayer publishes paper
starting thermodynamics, death of French chemist and codiscoverer of strychnine
and quinine Pierre Joseph Pelletier, death of English heroine and savior of nine in
shipwreck Grace Darling, Czech dance – the polka – comes into fashion, Boston
and Albany connected by rail, Queen Victoria makes her first rail journey, Death
of Corsican-born Russian diplomat Count CA Pozzo di Borgo, death of
Napoleon’s companion on St. Helena Count EAD de Las Cases, WebsterAshburton Treaty defined Canadian border, Riots and strikes in industrial areas in
N England, Treaty of Nanking ends Opium War between Britain and China and
confirms cession of Hong Kong to Britain, death of British statesman and
governor of India Marquis Wellesley, death of liberator of Chile Bernando
O’Higgins, Orange Free State set up by the Boers, death of Irish writer John
Banim, Publication of Balzac’s works begins, Bestseller is Eugene Sue’s “The
Mysteries of Paris”, Bulwer-Lytton writes, Fanny Burney’s diary published
posthumously, death of Lady Callcott the British author, death of Allan
Cunningham Scottish poet, Charles Dickens writes “American Notes”, death of
Spanish poet Jose de Espronceda, First part of Gogol;s novel “Dead Souls”
published, George Washinton Harris (forefunner of Twain) begins publishing,
American author Washington Irving named ambassador to Spain, Longfellow
writes, Samuel Lover writes, death of Irish man of letters William Maginn,
Viennese farce performed later made into Thornton Wilder play, Poe writes
“Masque of the Red Death”, Eugene Scribe writes, death of Stendhal the French
novelist, death of American author Samuel Woodworth, death of English educator
and headmaster of Rugby Thomas Arnold, Macaulay writes about ancient Rome,
Martin Tupper writes about philosophy, death of Swiss historian Jean Simonde de
Sismondi, death of English painter John S Cotman, death of French portrait
painter Marie Anne Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, China - Treaty of Nanking ends
Opium war - British gain Hong Kong, Owen proposes term “dinosaurian”,
Maclaren publishes ice age theory based on Agassiz theory, Barnum lures people
to see Feejee mermaid, end of Second Seminole War, 1614 emigrate from Britain
to join Saints – max for years, Relief Society organized, endowment first
administered, Wentworth letter written, Book of Abraham facsimilies published,
murder attempt of MO Governor Boggs – wounded and Bennett claims it was
Orrin Porter Rockwell, Elections in IL go for Democrats and both sides believe
Saints voted as a block, Mexicans dig up Santa Anna’s severed leg and
desecrated it in effigy, Hong Kong ceded to Britain, Brits defeat Boers, WebsterAshburton Treaty settles US Canada boundary dispute, Britain withdraws from
Kabul Afghanistan, Treaty of Nanking between Britain and China
1843 Sojourner Truth begins abolitionist work, National Negro Convention in NY
results in “Call to Rebellion” speech, Idea for fax machine conceived by Bain in
Scotland, Britain takes over Natal from Boers and adopts it as British colony,
Great Disruption in Scotland results in Evangelicals forming Free Church of
Scotland * Joseph Smith polls candidates on their attitude toward the Saints – also
writes to Van Buren and is ignored, Joseph Smith receives fake letter supposedly
from President Tyler accusing him of high treason, Joseph Smith asks for
protection to the Saints as they go west to Oregon, Mary Todd Lincoln attends
Joseph Smith’s extradition hearing, American lexicographer Noah Webster dies,
Mar - "The Great Snowstorm" hits from Maine to Gulf of Mexico, death of U.S.
jurist Smith Thompson, death of German poet Friedrich Holderlin, death of
English author Robert Southey, death of German romantic poet Friedrich de la
Motte-Fouque, death of Viennese waltz composer Joseph Lanner, Military revolt
in Spain drives General Espartero from power and Isabella II (age 13) declared
Queen of Spain, Maori revolts against Britain in New Zealand, Serbian Skupstina
summons Prince Alexander Karageorgevich to the throne, Daniel Webster retires
as Secretary of State, Andrew Johnson elected to congress, Jefferson Davis enters
politics as delegate of Atlanta to Democratic State Convention, WH Ainsworth
writes novel, Robert Browning writes, Bulwer-Lytton writes, death of Casimir
Delavigne the French poet and dramatist, Dickens writes – including “A
Christmas Carol”, DD Emmett produces first minstrel show, death of German
romantic author Friedrich de la Motte-Fouque, death of German poet Friedrich
Holderlin, Thomas Hood creates “Song of the Shirt” in “Punch”, RH Horne writes,
William H Prescott writes, death of English poet laureate Robert Southey,
Tennyson writes including “Morte d’Arthur”, William Wordsworth appointed
English poet laureate, George Borrow writes about the Bible in Spain, death of
English reformer Richard Carlile, Thomas Carlyle writes, Liddell and Scott writes
Greek-English lexicon, John Stuart Mill writes “Logic”, death of American
lexicographer Noah Webster, death of US painter and writer Washington Allston,
John Ruskin collects “Modern Painters”, death of US painter John Trumbull, MW
Balfe composes “The Bohemian Girl”, Donizetti composes, Mendelssohn
composes to “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, Schumann composes secular
oratorio, Wagner composes “The Flying Dutchman”, British Archaeological
Association and Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
founded, John C Fremont crosses Rocky Mountains to California, death of
Samuel CS Hahnemann founder of homeopathy, Oliver Wendell Holmes writes
about contagiousness of “Puerperal Fever”, Alexander von Humboldt writes about
central Asia, English physicist James Prescott Joule determines how much work is
required to produce unit of heat, Metallic element erbium discovered by CG
Mosander, Thames Tunnel between Rotherhithe and Wapping London built,
Slave population of Cuba estimated at 436000, American social reformer Dorthea
Six reveals in a report to the MA legislature the conditions in prisons and asylums,
London weekly financial paper “The Economist” founded, Guy’s Hospital
Football Club founded in London, S.S. Great Britain crosses Atlantic as first
propeller-driven ship, Congress grants SFB Morse money to build first telegraph
between Washington and Baltimore, World’s first nightclub opens in Paris, death
of Sequoya the Cherokee Indian leader and alphabet creator, Conjoined (Siamese)
twins Chang and Eng Bunker marry Sarah and Adelaide Yates, Beginning of
skiing as sport in Norway, Arkansas quake est. 6.3, British conquer Natal, defeat
Boers, Michelangelo’s David’s toe is broken after rough cleaning with
hydrochloric acid, 789 emigrate from Britain to join saints, mission to Tahiti,
Apostates form church, British annex Natal in South Africa forcing further Boer
migration, Natal becomes British colony, First Maori War to 1848,
1844 Cambodia becomes Thai protectorate, First effective Factory Act in Britain,
Cyclone in Mexico * Saints call on former President John Quincy Adams, he
refers to them as a new fanatical religious sect, but listens kindly, Missouri
senator Thomas H Benton makes a deal with Van Buren that if he is reelected, he
would wipe out the Mormons and abolitionists, Joseph Smith decides to run,
Democratic party rejects Van Buren, Joseph Smith denounces Tyler in political
papers – Smith prophesies that Tyler would not win the next election – Tyler
denied Whig nomination, but he is made a third-party candidate, Joseph Smith
pleads for help in escaping mobs in Nauvoo – Calhoun persuades the saints not to
– it’s useless – LDS support for Polk is great, Lincoln writes briefly about strife in
Nauvoo – Lincoln wants to be kept abreast of the Mormon situation, death of
Charles XIV of Sweden – originally Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, death of John
Dalton founder of chemical atom theory, death of Danish sculptor Bertel
Thorvaldsen, death of U.S. political and military leader Peter B. Porter, death of
US financier Nicholas Biddle, death of Napoleon’s jailer at St. Helena Sir Hudson
Lowe, death of French marshal and hero of war in Algiers JB Drouet d’Erlon,
death of Charles XIV King of Swedin and Norway – son succeeds to the throne as
Oscar I, death of French financier and statesman Jacques Laffitte, death of Joseph
Bonaparte brother of Napoleon, Dumas writes “Le Comte de Monte Cristo”,
Elizabeth Barrett Browning writes, death of British poet Thomas Campbell, death
of English translator of Dante Henry Francis Cary, Dickens writes, Disraeli writes,
Friedrich Hebbel writes, Heinrich Heine writes, Emerson writes, Bishop Nikolai
F.S. Grundtvig the Danish poet and educator founds first institute for adult
education, J.S. Mill writes about economy, death of Charles Bulfinch the US
architect, Berlioz composes, death of French composer HM Berton, Flotow
composes in Hamburg, Mendelssohn composes, Herman Gunther Grassmann
creates calculus of extension, death of English astronomer Francis Baily, death of
English chemist and physicist John Dalton, First public bath and wash houses
open in Liverpool, death of English eccentric William Beckford, Rochdale
Society of Equitable Pioneers founded (start of modern cooperative movement),
German humorous weekly paper started in Munich, Wood pulp paper invented
by Friedrich Gottlob Keller, Treaty of Tangier ends French war in Morocco,
james Knox Polk elected #11, Military revolts in Mexico – Jose Joaquin de
Herrera head of military, Karl Marx meets Friedrich Engels in Paris, Revolts of
the weavers in Silesia, China and US sign first treaty of peace and commerce,
Texas annexation plan rejected by US senate, Saniel O’Connell found guilty of
political conspiracy against British rule of Ireland, Attempt on the life of
Frederick William IV King of Prussia, death of Ivan Andreyevich Krylov the
writer, Charles Lever writed, James Russell Lowell writes, Coventry Patmore
writes, death of British poet John Sterling, WM Thackeray writes, death of
Edmund Rich the Irish founder of Christian Brothers, AP Stanley writes, death of
Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen the Danish sculptor, Turner paints “Rain Steam and
Speed”, Verdi composes, death of German naturalist KF Kielmeyer, AW
Kinglake writes, SFB Morse’ telegraph first used, Fustaf Pasch of Sweden
proposes safer matches by moving some chemicals to the striking surface, British
railroad mileage reaches over 2200 miles, French missionaries Huc and Gabet
journey from China to Tibet, YMCA founded in England by George Williams,
Morse patents telegraph in US, Chambers publishes on evolution but remains
anonymous for 27 years, Samuel F. B. Morse transmits telegraph message – stock
market soon adopts it. 623 emigrate from Britain to join Saints, King Follett
discourse, Joseph Smith runs for president, Nauvoo under martial law, Nauvoo
expositor printed and destroyed, Sidney Rigdon arrives from Pittsburg as guardian,
Brigham Young transfigured, Strang publishes alleged letter by Joseph Smith,
Accidental balloon flight over Atlantic story published – hoax by Edgar Allen Poe,
1845 Eruption and mudflow at Nevado del Ruiz, Earthquake and tsunami in south Peru,
Sikh wars with Britain begin until 1849, The Great Hunger in Ireland (potato
famine) until 1847/8 * Saints call upon future president Buchanan for help – no
response, they call on Polk for help – no response, death of German author
August Wilhelm von Schlegel, death of #7 Andrew Jackson, death of English
author Sydney Smith, Disenfranchisement of blacks in TX, Macon Allen – first
African lawyer in MA, Frederick Douglass publishes first autobiography, Henry
David Thoreau begins journal at Walden Pond, TX and FL become states, James
K Polk inaugurated I11, New Spanish constitution, Maori rising against British
rule in New Zealand, death of Andrew Jackson #7, Anglo-Sikh War begins, Swiss
Sonderbund for protection of Catholic Cantons formed, Balzac writes, Disraeli
writes, Dumas writes sequel to “The Three Musketeers”, Hertz writes romantic
play, Prosper Merimee writes “Carmen” Poe publishe “The Raven and Other
Poems”, death of Norwegian author Henrik Wergeland, Thomas Carlyle writes
Cromwells letters and speeches, Friedrich Engels writes about the working class
in England, Sir Austen H Layard begins excavations in Nineveh, John Henry
Newman becomes a Catholic, Max Stirner writes about philosophy and anarchy,
First artistic photo portraits by David Octavius Hill, JT Huve completes Madeline
Church in Paris, Ingres paints portrait of Countess Haussonville, Portland Vase –
famous Greecian urn that was maliciously destroyed is restored, American opera
by WH Fry “Leonora” produced at Philadelphia, Lortzing’s opera “Undine”
performed, Wagner composes Tannhauser, Sir William G Armstrong patent
hydraulic crane, American inventor EB Bigelow constructs power loom for
creating carpets, Arthur Cayley writes about theory of linear transformations, First
submarine cable laid across English Channel, French inventor Joshua Heilman
patents machine for combing cotton and wool, Humboldt writes “Cosmos”,
German chemist Adolf Kolbe synthesizes acetic acid, Brittish engineer William
M’Naught develops compound steam engine, Knickerbocker Baseball Club
codifies rules of baseball, US Naval Academy in Annapolis MD opened, OxfordCambridge boat race transferred from Henly-on-Thames to Putney, Irish potato
famine, Poe's "The Raven" published, Milwaukee Bridge War, 302 Emigrate from
Britain to join Saints, Nauvoo Charter revoked, Plans to migrate announced,
Endowment given in December, Murder trial for Smith’s assassins results in all
acquitted, Texas Saints refuse to return to Nauvoo and leader Lyman Wight
excommunicated, Texas joins the United States, First year of potato blight in
Ireland – start of mass migrations to US over next 15 years – over next two about
a million die of famine, Anglo-Sikh Wars in India to 1848 – Punjab annexed,
1846 Mexican-American War begins, Irish Potato famine * Polk calls on Saints to form
Mormon Battalion, Saints meet with Secretary-of-State Buchanan, “Buffalo”
William F. Cody born in Kansas, death of English antislavery agitator Thomas
Clarkson, death of English painter B.R. Haydon, death of German political
economist Friedrich List, “The Raven” written by Poe, Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow and John Greenleaf Witter publish poetry, Henry David Thoreau lives
at “Walden Pond”, PT Barnum stages shows, “Jim Crack Corn” sung as new
American folk song, Elias Howe demonstrates new sewing machine, telegraph
lines being strung between Washington and Baltimore, ether used in operations,
“Lightning press” patented in New York City running ten thousand sheets per
hour, portable ice cream freezer invented in New Jersey, Saxophone patented by
Adolphe Sax, Disenfranchisement of blacks in IA, East India Company defeats
Sikhs at Aliwal and Sobraon, Treaty of Lahore ends First Sikh War, Revolts in
Poland, Austrian and Russian troops enter Krakow Austria annexes Krakow,
Negotiations between US and Mexico fail – troops move in and US formally
declares war, Louis Napoleon escapes from fortress of Ham to London, Iowa
becomes state, Hans Christian Andersen writes autobiography, Balzac writes,
Dostoevsky writes “Poor Folk”, Jokai writes, Keller writes, Edward Lear writes
“Book of Nonsense”, Longfellow writes, Herman Melville writes, George Sand
writes, Ebangelical Alliance founded in London, death of Pope Gregory XVI –
succeeded by Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti as Pope Pius IX, Friedrich T VIscher
writes, Theodor Waitz writes about psychology, William Whewell writes about
morality, saints leave Nauvoo IL, Propylaea in Munich built by Franz Klenze,
Millet paints “Oedipus Unbound”, GF Watts paints Paolo and Francesca, Berlioz
composes “Damnation de Faust” cantata, Electric arc lighting at Paris opera,
Lortzing composes, Mendelssohn composes, death of German astronomer FW
Bessel, American inventor John Deere constructs plow with steel moldboard, FGJ
Henle writes about pathology, Sewing Machine patented by Howe, death of
German economist Friedrich List, German botanist H von Mohl identifies
protoplasm, American dentist WT Morton uses ether as anesthetic, Italian chemist
Ascanio Sobrero prepares nitroglycerine, English newspaper “Daily News”
appears with Charles Dickens as editor, First painted Christmas card designed by
John C Horseley, Famine in Ireland causes by failure of potato crop, Smithsonian
Institution in Washington founded, Optical factory of Carl Zeiss founded in Jena,
British Corn Laws repealed, Lt. Harry Lumsden dies cotton pajamas tannish and
Khaki (Hindi word for cotton) born, Leidy identifies parasite that causes
trichinosis, USS Shark deployed and sinks – settling border disputes with Canada
around Oregon, Start of Mexican-American War, only 50 members emigrate from
Britain this year, first group of Saints crosses MS river, Miracle of the quail,
Saints leave aboard Brooklyn, Mormon Battalion organized, Mormon Battalion
fights wild bulls near Tucson, second year of potato crop failures in Ireland, Corn
laws repealed in ENG, Illinois Volunteers capture Santa Anna’s wooden leg in
Mexican-American War, Zulu reserves set up in Natal, Oregon boundary treaty,
Pius IX Pope to 1878, War between Kaffirs (Bantu) and British in South Africa –
Bantu defeated, first act of segregation in South Africa with Zulu reserves, growth
of anti-British movement in Ireland
1847 End of Algerian resistance to France lead by Abd-al-Kadir, Civil war in
Switzerland, Antiseptics used in surgery by Semmelweiss, Anesthetic properties
of chloroform discovered, Irish Potato famine last year * Dolley Madison attends
charity dinner for beleaguered Latter-day Saints held by Sarah Polk, saints meet
with Secretary Buchanan who gives ten dollars to the saints, death of John
Franklin the English naturalist and navigator, Professor Marla Mitchell discovers
telescopic comet, death of German composer Felix Mendelssohn, Japan quake
kills 8300 est 7.4, tsunami hits India, Disenfranchisement of blacks in NJ, Antislavery Newspaper “North Star” published, Liberia proclaimed independent
republic, US forces capture Mexico City, Sonderbund War in Switzerland –
Catholic cantons refuse to dissolve union, The Bronte sisters writes Jane Eyre
(Charlotte) and Wuthering Heights (Emily), Heinrich Hoffmann publishes,,
Marryat writes, WH Prescott writes about Peru, George Sand writes, Thackeray
writes “Vanity Fair”, American preacher Henry Ward Beecher named minister at
Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, Karl Marx attacks Proudhon’s
philosophy of poverty, Salt Lake City founded, Leopold von Ranke writes,
Friedrich von Flotow composes, death of Mendelssohn, Verdi composes
“Macbeth” opera, George Boole writes about math, Evaporated milk first made,
first Swiss railroad between Zurich and Baden, Helmholtz writes about energy
conservation, IT Semmelweis of Hungary discovers connection between childbed
fever and puerperal infection, Juston von Liebig produces meat extract, British
Factory Act restricts working day for women and children to 10 hours, First
Roman Catholic working men’s club in Cologne Germany, Gold discovered in
CA, founding of Hamberg-America line, founding of electrical firm of Siemens
and Halske, births of both Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, Brontë
sisters publish in Britain, Elias Howe sells sewing machine manufacturing rights
to England, Schleiden and Schwann announce cell theory, Whitman Massacre in
Walla Walla – killing of 14 missionaries – triggers Cayuse War, Odometer
invented, Brigham Young returns to Winter Quarters in fall, First presidency
organized, 12 companies of Saints totaling 2095 enter Utah by end of year,
1848 Disenfranchisement of blacks in WI, Free Soil Party organized to stop spread of
slavery, End of reign of Mohammed Ali in Egypt, Accession of Nasir ud-din
ablest of the Kajar dynasty of Persia, Switzerland becomes a federal state,
Publication of <i>Communist Manifesto</i>, Year of revolutions throughout
Europe, end of Mexican-American War as California and New Mexico ceded to
US, Meeting in Seneca Falls New York calls for Women’s rights, Hawaiian king
Kamehameha III gives peoples shares in the islands, Begin reign of Nasir-ud-Din
of Persia * Polk picks out own people for governing Deseret – Brigham Young
condemns him for this, Saints throw support behind Z. Taylor – he offers them a
printing press, but LDS will support “press or no press”, death of #6 John Quincy
Adams, death of French author François de Chateaubriand, death of Juile Mme.
Recamier Chateaubriand’s friend and Napoleon’s opponent, death of Swedish
chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius, death of English inventor George Stephenson,
death of Austrian mathematician Bernhard Bolzano, death of English novelist
Frederick Marryat, death of Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti, death of German
novelist Annette von Droste-Hulshoff, death of Bavarian sculptor Ludwig von
Schwanthaler, end of Biedermeier art style, serfdom abolished in Austria,
Martinique abolishes slavery, Revolutions in France, Germany, Austria and Italy,
US wins war against Mexico, treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, California gold
discovered, Marx and Engels "The Communist Manifesto", King Christian VIII of
Denmark dies and Frederick III rules, Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago ends
Mexican-American war, Revolt in Paris – Louis Philippe abdicates worker
uprising in Paris and Louis Napoleon elected President of French republic,
Rebolution in Vienna – Metternich resigns, Revolution in Venice Berlin Milan
and Parma, Second Sikh War begins, Sardinia declares war on Austria and wins
battles of Goito and Pastrengo – Austrians victorious at Vicenza and Custozza –
Armistice signed and Sardinia troops forced to leave Venice, Second rising in
Bienna – Emperor Ferdinand I fleed to Innsbruck, Pan-Slav congress in Prague
leads to Czech revolts – suppressed by Austrians, Lajos Kossuth proclaimed
president of Committee for National Defence of Hungary, Third revolution in
Vienna – emperor abdicates in favor of nephew who becomes Emperor Francis
Joseph I, Nasr-ed-Din becomes Shah of Persia, Switzerland becomes federal
union under new constitution, Ibraham Viceroy of Egypt dies and Abbas rules,
Revolt in Rome – Count Rossi the papal premier assassinated – Pius IX flees to
Gaeta, Wisconsin becomes state, Emile Augier writes, Chateaubriand writes,
Annette von Droste-Hulshoff the German poet dies, Dumas writes, Elizabeth
Gaskell writes, Lowell writes, death of English novelist Frederick Marryat, Henri
Murger writes, Jakob Grimm writes history of the German Language, Macaulay
writes history of England, Communist Manifesto issued by Marx and Engels, JS
Mill writes about political economy, spiritualism becomes popular in US, Millais
paints “Ophelia”, Millet paints “The Winnower”, Holman Hunt Millais and
Rossetti found Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, death of Donizetti, death of Swedish
chemist John Jakob Berzelius, Bottger creates first safety matches, First
appendectomy by Hancock, Serfdom abolished in Austria, Bismarck founds the
“Neue Treussische Zeitung”, First public health act in Britain, First settlers arrive
in New Zealand, NY News Agency founded (after 1856 the Associated Press),
Sebastian Kneipp introduces cold-water cures at Worrishofen GER, Khaki
uniforms issued to British troops in India, American Association for
Advancement of Science established, Owen describes homologies in wings hands
and flippers, Cayuse War until 1855, Nauvoo temple burned, Church members
discover gold at Sutter’s Mill in CA, Miracle of Seagulls and Crickets, treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican War, Oliver Cowdery rebaptized, Communist
Manifesto written by Marx and Engels, Year of Revolutions with fighting in
France (Louis Philippe abdicates allowing second Republic with Louis Napoleon
president), Austria, Hungary, Milan, Naples, Venice, Rome, Berlin, Prague,
Budapest riots in Germany, Prince Metternich resigns and Emperor Ferdinand
abdicates, Franz Josef I – Emperor of Austria to 1916, Frankfurt National
Assembly meets to 1849 to discuss German unification, Uprising in Wallachia
Romania suppressed by Russia, Insurrection in Tipperary IRE put down,
Switzerland introduces federal constitution,demonstrations in Britain, new
constitution in Denmark and conflict in Balkans, Year of revolutions in Europe,
California gold rush, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalga gains CA NM, Communist
Manifesto,
1849 End of Sikh wars in India results with Britain annexing Punjab, California gold
rush * Taylor proposes allowing Deseret into the Union to offset Texas, VP
Fillmore allows LDS to speak to the senate, death of Japanese painter Katsushika
Hokusai,
Astor Place Riot marks class division in entertainment between low and high
entertainment, death of US statesman and diplomat Albert Gallatin, death of
Johann Strauss the Viennese waltz composer, death of Edgar Allen Poe, death of
German composer Otto Nicolai, death of Polish composer Frederic Chopin, death
of Hungarian poet Alexander Petofi, abdication of King of Sardinia-Piedmont
Charles Albert, Heavy storms in Norway kill 500, Due to inauguration day falling
on Sunday and Zachary Taylor refusing to take office that day, Senate president
pro tem David Rice Atchison is president for one day, most of which he slept
through, Harriet Tubman escapes slavery, helps with Underground Railroad,
Elizabeth Blackwell becomes first woman doctor in W Hemisphere, Rome
declared republic under Guiseppe Mazzini, Disraeli becomes leader of
Conservative party, Austrian victory at Novara – Vienna submits, Charles Albert
of Sardinia abdicated in favor of son Victor Emmanuel II, Peace of Milan ends
war, Zachary Taylor inaugurated #12, German National Assembly passes
constitution and makes Frederick William IV of Prussia “Emperor of the
Germans”, Britain annexes Punjab by treaty with the Maharajah of Lahore,
Hungarian Diet proclaims independence – Kossuth governs, Revolts in Dresden
and Baden, French enter Rome and restore Pope Pius IX, Hungary capitulates to
Austria at Vilagos, Matthew Arnold writes, Dickens writes “David Copperfield”
Dostoevsky sentenced to death but commuted to servitude in Siberia, Charles
Kingsley writes, death of Edgar Allen Poe age 40, Scribe writes drama, Kemble
writes History of the Saxons in England, “Who’s Who” begins publication,
Courbet paints, Delacroix paints ceiling of Salon d’Apollon at Louvre, John
Ruskin paints “The Seven Lamps of Architecture”, death of Chopin, Liszt
composes, Meyerbeer composes, Otto Nicolai composes “The Merry Wives of
Windsor”, Schumann composes, death of Johann Strauss I, Richard Wagner takes
part in Dresden revolt and flees to Zurich, French physician Armand Fizeau
measures speed of light, English chemist Edward Frankland isolates amyl, David
Livingstone crosses Kalahari Desert and discovers Lake Ngami, Bedford College
for Women founded in London, Amelia Bloomer begins women’s dress reform,
Cape Colony forbids landing of convicts, Petropavlosk founded in Siberia, death
of Julie “Madame” Recamier, Revolutions in Hungary and Italy crushed, Chopin
dies, Safety pins manufactured by Walter Hunt who sells rights for $100, Mar 4
David Rice Atchison serves one day as president – never took Oath of Office,
slept the entire day due to overexerting at inaugural party the night before. Gospel
preached in DEN, Perpetual Emigration Fund established, State of Deseret
established, mission in FRA opened, Battle of Fort Utah in Provo sees settlers
fighting with Native Americans until 1850, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell becomes first
woman doctor, Revolutions in Italy and Hungary crushsed, Frankfurt Parliament
collapses
1850 Early anesthetics invented, Taipeng rebellion in China begins and goes for 14
years, jeans invented in California, Compromise in US fails to ease slavery
tensions, Begin 39 year era of progress in Brazil under Pedro II, Britain transfers
some powers to four major Australian colonies, end of “Little Ice Age” * Taylor
hears of reports of polygamy and refuses to allow Mormons into union, Saints
meet with President, both unimpressed, Fillmore allows money for library in
Deseret, Fillmore allows for Utah Territory existence and appoints Brigham
Young as governor, death of Adalbert Gyrowetz the Bohemian composer, death
of German sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow, U.S. and Britain draw up plans for
canal between Atlantic and Pacific (not considered too strongly until after Spanish
American War), world population estimated at 1.1 billion, death of French Marie
“Madame” Tussaud, death of English poet William Wordsworth, death of Danish
poet Adam Gottlieb Ochlenschlager, death of US proslavery statesman John C.
Calhoun, death of French novelist Honore de Balzac, death of Austrian poet
Nikolaus Lenau, William Burgess’ child found buried in mineshaft…. After
glowing light led investigators to the body, start of third plague pandemic killing
300 million by 1950, start of worldwide measles pandemic killing over 200
million by current times, Compromise of 1850 toughens Fugitive Slave Act, Lucy
Stanton Sessions becomes first African-American woman to graduate from
college, Henry Clay’s compromise slavery resolutions laid before US Senate,
Liberal constitution in Prussia, Outbreak of Anglo-Kaffir War, Prussia and
Denmark sign Peace of Berlin on Schleswig-Holstein, death of Zachary Taylor –
Millard Fillmore becomes #13, California becomes US state, death of Louis
Philippe King of France, Camillo Cavour becomes minister in Piedmont, Taiping
rebellion in China – Hung Hiu-tsuen proclaims self emperor and attacks Peking
and takes Nanking and Shanghai, Austro-Hungarian customs union formed, EB
Browning writes, Emerson writes, Hawthorne writes “The Scarlet Letter”,
Alexander Herzen writes, Ibsen writes, death of Austrian poet Nikolaus Lenau,
Otto Ludwig writes, Turgenev writes, death of William Wordsworth – succeeded
as poet laureate by Alfred Lord Tennyson, church council manages Protestant
churches in Prussia, Public Libraries Act in Britain, Schopenhauer writes, Herbert
Spencer writes about sociology, Corot paints, Courbet paints “The Stone
Breakers”, Goya’s engravings publicized posthumously, Menzel paints, Millais
paints, Millet paints “The Sower”, Era of the Neo-Gothic architectural style,
Joseph Paxton builds Crystal Palace in London, Foundation of Bach-Gesellschaft
to publish complete works of JS Bach, George F Bristow composes “Rip Van
Winkle” opera, Jenny Lind the “Swedish Nightingale” tours America under
management of PT Barnum, Schumann composes, Wagner composes, Claude
Bernard demonstrates glycogenic function of the liver, RW Bunsen produces gas
burner, German physicist Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of
thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases, Hermann von Helmholtz establishes
speed of nervous impulses, Stephenson’s cast-iron railroad bridge at Newcastle
England opened, Pafnuti L Chebyshev writes about primary numbers, old-age
insurance in France, Population of US is 23 million with 3.2 million slaves,
School of Mines in London established – later College of Science and Technology,
U of Sydney in Australia established, French de Balzac dies, Hawthorne's "The
Scarlet Letter", first sighting of Ogopogo the snakelike beast of Lake Okanagan in
CAN, Bloody Island Massacre as US Army kills 60-100 Pomo people in
California – start of general mass killing of natives in N CA, tornado demolishes
remains of Nauvoo Temple leaving only one wall, US Congress establishes
Territory of UT, St. George settlement created, Oliver Cowdery dies, missions
open in GER, ITA, Malta, IND, DEN, SWI, NOR. SWE, Deseret News printed,
start of Taiping rebellion to 1864, Don Pacifico Affair – British foreign secretary
Lord Palmerston defends the rights of British citizens abroad, Treaty of Olmutz –
German Confederation restored under Austrian leadership, T’ai P’ing rebellion –
revolt against Manchu Dynasty until 1864, first argument in US that schools need
to take the place of apathetic parents
1851 King Rama IV begins to rule Thailand, Great Exhibition in England, gold found
in SE Australia, 15 year flood in Shanghai China * Fillmore is concerned about
Young as Governor, but is appeased by Kane – New capital in Utah named
Fillmore, county Millard, great exhibition in Britain – crystal palace created,
death of French marshal Nicholas Soult the Duke of Dalmatia, death of English
painter J.M.W. Turner, death of US diplomat Joel R Poinsett (poinsettias named
after him), death of French pioneer of photography Louis Daguerre, death of
American author James Feinmore Cooper, death of US statesman and jurist Levi
Woodbury, death of German opera composer Albert Lortzing, death of German
painter F.A. Tichbein, death of Peter II last of the Vladikas dynasty of
Montenegro, Sicily Tornado kills 500, Brazil outlaws slave trade, Dr. Samual A
Cartwright describes “drapetomania” in slaves, Prussia recognizes German
Confederation and concludes commercial treaty with Hanover, Cuba declares its
independence, Victoria Australia declared a separate colony, Beginning of Basuto
War, Coup d’etat of Louis Napoleon – plebiscite in France favors new
constitution, Danilo II converts Montenegro into secular principality, death of
James Fenimore Cooper the American novelist, Hawthorne writes “The House of
Seven Gables”, Heinrich Heine writes, Gottfried Keller writes, Longfellow writes,
Herman Melville writes “Moby Dick”, Ruskin writes, Vincenzo Gioberti writes
about Italy, Cornot paints “La Danse des Nymphes”, William Cubitt builds
King’s Cross Station in London, Tenniel’s cartoons appear in “Punch”, death of
English painter JMW Turner, Thomas Walter appointed architect of US Capitol,
Gounod composes “Sappho” opera in Paris, death of German composer Albert
Lortzing, Verdi composes “Rigoletto”, Cast-iron frame building constructed by
American James Bogardus, death of Louis Daguerre, Helmholtz opthalmoscope
invented, Franz Neumann creates law of electromagnetic induction, HD
Ruhmkorff invents high tension induction coil, Isaac Singer devises the
continuous stitch sewing machine, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) begins papers
on laws of conservation and dissipation of energy, The schooner “America” wins
race around Isle of Wight and brings America’s Cup to the US, Mary Carpenter
creates reformatory schools for juvenile offenders, First double-decker bus, Gold
found in Victoria NewSouthWales Australia, Knickerbocker Baseball Team beats
Washington at Red House Grounds in New York, “New York Times” appears,
Maine and IL begin to enforce prohibition, Populations in millions China 430
Germany 34 France 33 Great Britain 20.8 US 23, Great exhibition in London,
Melville's "Moby Dick", death of Mary W Shelly (Frankenstein), Pearl of Great
Price printed, Church in Chile but revolution halts efforts, San Bernadino CA
founded, mission work halted in China due to Taiping rebellion, Gold rush in
Australia, “Great Exhibition” held in London
1852 Tukolor leader al-Hajj ‘Umar launches jihad along Senegal and upper Niger rivers
to establish Islamic state in Africa, in South Africa, Britain recognizes
Transvaal’s independence, Nasid-ud-Din takes personal power in Persia and
promotes major reforms, Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III * Saints
meet with President Fillmore, new Westminster created in old gothic style after
burned in 1834 – hated and described as too “Tory”, death of Xavier de Maistre
the French author, Jan - Ice so thick on Susquehanna River, MD that cars could be
hauled across ice, death of Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley, death of Irish
lyric poet Thomas Moore, death of German pedagogue Friedrich Frobel, death of
Louis Braille the French inventor of writing for the blind, death of Russian author
Nikolai Gogol, Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin, America imports swallows
from Germany as defense against caterpillars, Louis Napoleon becomes emperor
Napoleon III, South African Republic (Transvaal) established, New French
constitution gives president monarchical powers – Louis Napoleon has Orleans
family banished from France – plebes in support of revival of empire – president
proclaims self Emperor Napoleon III – start of second empire, Outbreak of
Second Burmese War – British forces annex Pegu, New constitution for New
Zealand, death of Duke of Wellington, Franklin Pierce elected #14, Sir Edward
Creasy writs about world’s battles, Charles Dickens writes “Bleak House”,
Dumas writes, Theophile Gautier writes, death of author Gogol, Hebbel writes
German play, Charles Reade writes, Harriet Beecher Stowe writes “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin”, Thackeray writes, Turgenev writes, Convocation of Church of England
revived, Leopold Delisle begins study of modern paleography, Kuno Fischer
writes about philosophy, First Plenary Council of American Roman Catholics
held in Baltimore, Ranke writes history of France, FM Brown paints “Christ
Washing Peter’s Feet”, William Holman Hunt paints “The Light of the
World”John E Millais paints “Ophelia”, Paddington Station in London designed
by Brunel and Wyatt, Robert Schumann’s “Manfred” first performed, CF
Gerhardt writes “New Theory of Organic Compounds”, David Livingstone
explores Zambezi, Dutch army surgeon Mathysen combines bandages with plaster,
Herbert Spencer first uses the term “evolution”, James Sylvester writes “Calculus
of Forms”, US imports sparrows from Germany as defense against caterpillars,
First Congress of Co-operative Societies meets in London, Niagara Falls
suspension bridge created, Saltwater aquarium in London, Formation of United
All-English Cricket Eleven, Wells Fargo and Co. founded, Treaty with Apache
tribe, Polygamy goes public with announcement, Second Burmese War to 1853,
Sand River Convention – Britain recognizes independence of Transvaal, End of
Second Republic as Louis Napoleon sets up Second Empire as Napoleon III to
1870, Sand River Convention – Britain recognizes independence of the Transvaal,
Second Burmese War to 1853 – British victory, mandatory education in
Massachusetts
1853 End of shogunate of Tokugawa Ieyoshi in Japan, Dr. David Livingstone crosses
Africa following the Zambezi River and reaches Victoria Falls 1856, Fall of
Nanking China, Able king Mindon Min reigns in Burma, Crimean War begins
with Russia fighting Turkey, Britain, France and Sardinia, France annexes New
Calcedonia, Cholera outbreak in London for 10 years * Young oppresses
optimism at appointment of President Pierce, death of French sculptor Pierre
Fontaine,
End of Japan's isolation with arrival of Commodore Perry, death of U.S. legislator
and Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson, death of German poet Ludwig
Tieck, end of Anglo-Kaffir War, Steinway's piano company founded, Napoleon
III marries Eugenie de Montijo, Franklin Pierce inaugurated #14, Oldenburg and
Hanover join Zollverein (customs union), Turks reject Russian ultimatum – Czar
Nicholas I orders occupation of Danubian principalities – they are invaced –
Austria endeavors to solve conflict – Turkey declares war on Russia – Crimean
War begins and the Russians destroy Turkish fleet of Sinope, Peace between
Britain and Burma, death of Maria II of Portugal – succeeded by son Pedro V,
Britain annexes Mahratta State of Nagpur, Matthew Arnold writes, Charlotte
Bronte writes, Gustav Freytag writes German comedy, Elizabeth Gaskell writes,
Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, Charles Kingsley writes, death of Ludwig Tieck the
German poet, CM Yonge writes, Johann Herzog writes encyclopedia of protestant
theology, Mommsen writes History of Rome, Hippolyte Taine writes, Rebuilding
of Balmoral Castle in Scotland, Georges Haussmann begins reconstruction of
Paris, Henry Steinway and sons begin manufacturing pianos, Verdi composes “Il
Trovatore” and “La Traviata”, Wagner composes, Samuel Colt revolutionizes
manufacture of small arms, Melbourne U founded, Alexander Wood uses
hypodermic syringe for subcutaneous injections, German family magazine
founded, First International Statistical Congress held in Brussels, First railroad
through the Alps, Wueen Victoria allows chloroform to be administered during
birth of seventh child – starts a trend, Telegraph system established in India,
Vaccination against smallpox made mandatory in Britain, <i>Wellingtonia
gigantean</i> largest tree discovered in California, Levi Strauss starts peddling in
CA – runs out of canvas and switches to serge de Nimes (denim), “Ox Incident”
results in death of many Indians in Tulare CA, treaty with Comanche Kiowa and
Apache tribes, Deseret Alphabet created, Russia invades Turkish territory in
Europe and Palestine – Turkey declares war, David Livingstone crosses Africa to
1856 – Victoria Falls discovered,
1854 Rev. James A Healey becomes first African American ordained Catholic priest,
later first black bishop, Cholera outbreak in London, Boers found Orange Free
State in Africa, Treaty of Kanagawa – US and Japan trade treaty, Eureka stockade
– brief miner’s revolt at Ballarat (Oceana), Major storm in Black Sea * Pierce
appoints new UT. Governor – not well received in SLC – “gentiles” petition
Pierce for help, Nov- Black Sea Storm destroys much of French fleet in Crimean
War, U.S. Japan treaty signed, death of German-Polish composer and Chopin’s
teacher Joseph Elsner, death of French author H.F.R. de Lamennais, death of
Swiss author Jeremias Gotthelf, death of Roger Charles Tichborne – true heir of
the Tichborne estates, Japanese quakes estimated at 8.4 8.4 and 7.4 also cause
tsunami, Florence Nightingale takes 38 women to Turkey to nurse wounded
soldiers in Crimean war, death of Egyptian Viceroy Abbas, Commodore Matthew
Perry forces Japan to open foreign reade, Liberal revolution in Spain, Crimean
War begins, Oscar Wilde born, Convention of Bloemfontein – British leave
territory north of Orange Riber, Britian and France conclude alliance with Turkey
and declare war on Russia – unopposed landing of the Allies in Crimea – Siege of
Sebastopol begins – Allied victories at Balaklava and Inkerman, Commodore NC
Perry negotiates first American-Japanese treaty, Francis Joseph I Emperor of
Austria marries Bavarian Princess Elizabeth, US Senate ratifies Gadsen Purchase
– MN and AZ, “War for Bleeding Kansas” between free and slave states, Elgin
treaty between Britain and US on Canadian trade, Trukey agrees to Austrian
occupation of Danubian principalities until end of war, republican party forms in
US, Abbas I Viceroy of Egypt assassinated – succeeded by Mohammed Said,
Ostend Manifesto advises US to annex Cuba, Angier and Sandeau write French
social play, death of Swiss author Jeremias Gotthelf, FD Guerazzi writes, Charles
Kingsley writes “Westward Ho!”, De Nerval writes, Coventry Patmore writes,
Joseph Viktor von Scheffel writes, Tennyson writes “Charge of the Light
Brigade” regarding Battle of Balaklava during Crimean War, Thackeray writes,
Thoreau writes “Walden, or Life in the Woods”, George Boole writes about math
and logic, Jewish seminary established at Breslau, Juvelile Offenders Act in great
Britain, Pope Pius IX declares sogma of Immaculate Conception to be an article
of faith, death of German painter Karl Begas, Courbet paints “Bonjour Monsieur
Coubet”, William Frith paints “Ramsgate Sands” Millet paints “The Reaper”,
Waldmuller paints “Vienna Woods Landscape”, Berlioz composes Christmas
oratorio, Liszt composes, Schumann the composer attempts suicide, S.S. Brandon
first ship with compound ecpansion engines, Christian Ehrenberg writes
“Microgeology”, Manuel Garcia the singing teacher invents laryngoscope,
German watchmaker Heinrich geobel invents first form of electric light bulb,
Georg Riemann writes about geometry, University College of Dublin founded,
“Le Figaro” begins publication in Paris, first street-poster pillars erected in Berlin,
Northcote-Trevelyan report leads to British Civil Service Commission, TurlinGenoa railroad opened, Working Men’s College in London founded, Massacres:
Kaibai Creek is 42 Winnemem Wintu killed by whites in CA, Grattan Massacre
sees 29 US soldiers killed by Lakota Sioux in Nebraska, Ward Massacre has 18
killed by Shoshoni on Oregon Trail in ID – led to abandonment of Ft Boise and Ft
Hall, start of period known as “Bleeding Kansas” until 1858, Gunnison’s Survey
party massacred by Natives and Mormons accused, Joseph F Smith age 15
preaches gospel in GI, US forces Japan trade treaty ending their isolation,
Crimean war starts between Russia, Turkey Britain and France around Black Sea
until 1856 – Battles of Balaclava and Inkerman – Russians defeated – Siege of
Sevastopol – Russians bedieged for nearly a year, Liberal revolution in Spain
overthrows government, US naval officer Matthew Perry forces treaty with Japan,
Orance Free State in South Africa,
1855 Alexander Parkes of GBR invents plastic, Beginning of reign of Emperor
Theodore of Ethiopia, End of St. Bartholomew’s Fair at Smithfield in London
(after running 722 years) * Saints petition Pierce for continuation of Young as
governor – Young reappointed, death of French painter Jean Baptiste Isabey,
Napoleon establishes weather observation stations, death of Karl Gauss the
German mathematician and astronomer, death of English author Mary Russel
Mitford, death of US lawyer John C Spencer, death of Spanish composer Pedro
Albeniz, death of Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, death of Danish philosopher
Soren Kierkegaard, death of English novelist Charlotte Bronte, quake and tsunami
in Japan kills over 4700, Sören Kierkegaard dies, Czar Nicholas I of Russia dies –
succeeded by Alexander II, Britain and Afghanistan join against Persia in Treaty
of Peshawar, Taiping Rebellion ends, Russians capitulate at Sebastopol – Allies
enter town, death of Charlotte Bronte, Robert Browning writes poetry, Dickens
writes, Dumas writes, Gustav Freytag writes, Longfellow writes “Song of
Hiawatha”, death of writer Adam B Mickiewicz, WH Prescott writes, Tennyson
writes “Maud” and other poems, Anthony Trollope writes, Turgenev writes, Walt
Whitman writes “Leaves of Grass”, Alexander Bain writes about senses and
intellects, Johann Droysen writes about Prussian policies, Henry Milman writes
about Latin Christianity, Pierre Le Play writes about working-class incomes,
Herbert Spencer writes about psychology, Jakob Burckhardt writes about art
history, Courbet creates “Pavillon du Realisme” at Paris World Fair, death of
French painter JB Isabey, Berlioz composes “Te Deum”, Verdi composes opera,
Wagner conducts series of concerts,, George Audemars takes out first patent for
production of rayon, Sir Richard Burton writes “Pilgrimage to Mecca” travel book,
professorship of technology created at Edinburgh, David E Hughes invents
printing telegraph, Austrian engineer Franz Killer develops tungsten steel, RS
Lawrence of Vermont constructs turret lathe, Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls
on Zambezi River, Matthew Maury writes about geography of the sea, first iron
Cunard steamer crosses Atlantic in less than 10 days, founding of “The Daily
Telegraph” in London, Ferdinand de Lesseps granted concession by France to
construct Suez Canal, Electric telegraph between London and Balaklava, London
sewers modernized after cholera outbreak, Florence Nightingale introduces
hygienic standards into military hospitals during Crimean War, Paris World Fair,
Klamath River massacres in CA as 6 whites murdered, then war of extermination
wages against Humboldt CA natives, start of Third Seminole War until 1858,
Drought and grasshoppers in UT, Perpetual Emigration Funds reduced, French
Botanist Remy visits UT, Florence Nightingale creates hospitals for Crimean War,
Alexander II Tsar of Russia to 1881
1856 Queen Victoria awards first Victoria Cross, cheap steel possible with Bessemer
process, Death of Imam Sayyid Said of Oman, Dr. Livingstone crosses Africa,
end of Crimean War in Europe and Middle East, Antislavery Republican party
formed in US, Australia achieves full self-government, Dernieres Island
Louisiana Cyclone, Major lightning storm off Rhodes Greece * Saints petition
Pierce for statehood and continuation of Young as Governor, Saints thrilled that
Buchanan wins over Fremont who protests against slavery and polygamy, death
of US editor and legislator John S. Miles, death of Russian mathematician N.I.
Lobachevsky, death of French historian Augustin Thierry, death of German poet
Heinrich Heine, death of French composer Adolphe Adam, death of German
composer Robert Schumann, death of Lucy Mack Smith in Illinois, End of
Crimean War, Flaubert and Baudelaire publish in France, end of Livingstone’s
exploration of Zambezi, Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross, Britian
annexes Oudh India and establishes Natal as Crown Colony, Reform edict in
Turkish Empire – peace conference in Paris recognizes integrity of Turkey,
Massacre of Potawatomie Creek Kansas – slavers murdered by free-staters,
Austrian amnesty for Hungarian rebels of 1848-9, Anglo-Chinese war begins –
British fleet bombards Canton, Persia occupies Heart – outbreak of BritishPersian war, James Buchanan wins US presidential election French-Spanish
frontier defined, South African Republic (Transvaal) organized under Marthinius
Pretorius, Britain grants self-government to Tasmania, Emperor Francis Joseph
visits Lombardy and Venice and appoints brother Archduke Maximilian governor
of the provinces, Edmond Abour writes, Flaubert writes “Madame Bovary”, death
of author Heinrich Heine, Victor Hugo writes poetry, Ibsen writes, Gottfried
Keller writes, Morike writes, Charles Reade writes, JA Froude writes about
English history, Theodor Goldstucker writes Sanskrit Dictionary, Rudolf Lotze
writes, JR Motley writes about Dutch history, Hippolyte Taine writes about
classical philosophy and France, death of French historian Augustin Thierry,
Alexis de Tocquebille writes, Heinrich von Ferstel begins the Votivkirche in
Vienna, Jean AD Ingres paints “La Source”, Karl Bechstein founds piano factory,
Alexander Dargomijsky composes, Maillart composes opera, death of composer
Robert Schumann, Sir Henry Bessemer introduces new steel-making process,
Pure cocaine extract from cocoa beans, birth of Freud, Hermann von Helmholtz
writes about optics, death of Russian mathematician Nikolai I Lobachevsky,
William H Perkin prepares first aniline dye, German botanist Nathaniel
Pringsheim observes sperm in plants, Sir William Siemens makes ductile steel for
boiler plating, Baseball – Chicago Unions organized, Black forest railroad with 40
tunnels opened, First Australian interstate cricket match – Victoria bersus New
South Wales, Longest bare-knuckle boxing fight in history – James Kelly v. Jack
Smith in Australia, Neanderthal skull found in Feldhofer Cave near Dusseldorf,
Big Ben the 13.5 ton bell cast, Neanderthal fossil recognized as human when
discovered in Dusseldorf, last remaining wall of Nauvoo Temple leveled for
safety, James Strang (LDS breakoff) murdered by followers, Republican party
rallies against polygamy, Church “reformation” begins, Martin and Willie
Handcart pioneers run into trouble, Handcart rescue, Treaty of Paris ends Crimean
War, Bricks used to make railway embankment in Indus valley later shown to be
3500 years old from Harappa, US citizen William Walker named president of
Nicaragua, Anglo-Chinese War to 1860, Persia captures Heart Afghanistan – war
with Britain, Anglo-Chinese war breaks out
1857 Indian Mutiny shakes British rule, Earthquake in Italy Naples kills 11 k est 6.9,
earthquake in CA kills 1 est 7.9, Earthquake in Japan * Tyler writes to president
Buchanan that they can avoid the Negro question by making a great anti-Mormon
push, Saints fear that Pierce will appoint a new governor, but he doesn’t,
Buchanan sends 2500 troops to Utah – Utah War, In Lincoln-Douglas debates,
Lincoln accuses Douglas of supporting Mormon’s polygamy, death of Spanish
poet Manuel Jose Quintana, death of German sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch,
UT – Fancher Party killed at Mountain Meadows in UT, death of John Wilson
Croker the British Tory leader and founder of Athenaeum Club, death of US
Statesman and diplomat Louis McLane, death of German romantic poet Joseph
von Eichendorff, death of Austrian composer Carl Czerny, death of French poet
Alfred de Musset, Dred Scott v. Stanford decision in Scott v. Sanford, British
repress rebellion in India, colonies under crown rule, Peace of Paris ends AngloPersian war – Shah recognizes independence of Afghanistan, James Buchanan
inaugurated #15, Indian Mutiny against British rule – Siege of Delhi begins Delhi
captured and British enter Cawnpore, royal Navy destroys Chinese fleet – relief of
Lucknow – Britian and France take over Canton, Garibaldi forms Italian National
Association for unification of the country, Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians)
founded in New York, Czar Alexander II begins the emancipation of serfs in
Russia, George Borrow writes, Charles Baudelaire writes, Bjornstjerne Bjornston
writes, death of German poet Joseph von Eichendorff, George Eliot writes,
Thomas Hughes writes, Dinah Mulock writes, death of French poet Alfred de
Musset, Adalbert Stifter writes Austrian novel, Thackeray writes, Anthony
Trollope writes, Henry T Buckle writes history of England, death of French
philosopher Auguste Comte, Sir Charles T Newton discovers remains of the
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Ernest Renan writes about religious history, Millet
paints “The Gleaners”, National Portrait Gallery in London opened, death of
German sculptor Christian D Rauch, Victoria and Albert Museum opens in
London, (Museum of Ornamental Art until 1899), Hans von Bulow marries
Cosima Laszt, death of Russian composer Mikhail I Glinka, Charles Halle founds
concerts in Manchester, Liszt composes, Pasteur proves that fermentation is
caused by living organisms, Alpine Club in London founded, “Atlantic Monthly”
founded, Financial and economic crisis throughout Europe caused by speculation
in US railroad shares, Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain, North German Lloyd
founded (transatlantic ship company), American civil engineer EG Otis installs
first safety elevator, Science Museum in South Kensington founded, Transatlantic
cable laid, Single-thread sewing machine patented by James Gibbs in VA,
Monster of Loch Arkalg seen in Scotland (horselike), Utah War begins until 1858,
Parley P Pratt killed in Arkansas, Carson Valley NV settlement abandoned due to
conflicts with Non-members, Troops approach UT, martial law declared in UT,
Mountain Meadows Massacre, Troops ‘ wagons raided by Saints, Soldiers in
India rebel and kill British – conflict because bullets were greased with pig and
cow fats – Indian mutiny – rebellion of sepoys (nantive soldiers) in Bengal Army,
Sepoys take Cawnpore and besiege Lucknow, toilet paper invented, Treaty of
Paris between Britain and Persia
1858 Inquisition Bologna Edgardo Mortara case where child was abducted by Papal
power by Pius IX, other Italian states demand Papal reforms, Austria retreats from
supporting Pope and leaves Italy, After Indian Mutiny, East India Company
abolished, reformer Benito Juarez becomes Mexican president, Irish foundation of
Fenian movement to break from Britain, Inquisition Bologna Edgardo Mortara
case where child was abducted by Papal power by Pius IX, other Italian states
demand Papal reforms, Austria retreats from supporting Pope and leaves Italy *
Johnston’s Army enters SL valley, Garfield marries daughter of anti-Mormon,
death of Robert Owen the English social reformer, Teddy Roosevelt born, death
of Japanese painter Andro Hiroshige, death of Allan Robertson the first great
golfer, Disenfranchisement of blacks in MN, Lincoln runs for senate as antislavery candidate, Benito Juárez becomes president of Mexico, first trans-Atlantic
telegraph cable, Felice Orsini’s attempt to assassinate Napoleon III, Lord Derby
(Conservative) beomces British Prime Minister, Minnesota becomes a state,
Treaty of Tientsin ends Anglo-Chinese war, British proclaim peace in India,
Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown, Prince William of
Prussia declared regent for the insane King Frederick William IV, ALixander
Karageorgevich ddeposed by Serbian Diet – Milos Obrenovic declared king,
Wilhelm Busch writes, Octave Feuillet writes, Oliver Wendell Holmes writes,
William Morris writes poetry, reported sighting of the Blessed Virgin Mary in
Lourdes France to Bernadette Soubirous, Henry Carey writes about social science,
Thomas Carlyle writes about Frederick the Great, American Catholic priest Isaac
Hecker founds the Paulist Fathers, Lionel de Rothschild becomes the first Jewish
member of British Parliament, Philip Schaff writes history of the Christian
Church, Charles Barry designs the third Covent Garden Opera House in London,
William P Frith paints “Derby Day”, death of Japanese painter Ando Hiroshige,
Menzel paints “Bon soir Messieurs”, Rebuilding of the Ringstrasse in Vienna,
Peter von Cornelius composes, New York Symphony Orchestry gives first
concert, Offenbach composes operetta, Richard Burton and John Speke discover
Lake Tanganyika and lake Victoria Nyanza, TH Huxley writes the theory of
vertebrate skulls, Joseph Lister studies coagulation of blood, William Thomson
(Lord Kelvin) invents mirror galvanometer, First meeting of General Medical
Council in London, Suez Canal Company formed, National Association of
Baseball Players organized in America, Ottawa becomes capital of Canada, death
of English social reformer Robert Owen, South Foreland lighthouse lit by
electricity, SS Great Eastern launched (largest ship of the time), English designer
Charles Worth creates first haute couture house in Paris, Wallace describes
natural selection and paper of Wallace and Darwin read at Linnean Society, nearcomplete dinosaur found in New Jersey, Virchow finalizes cell theory founded on
Schleiden and Schwann’s works, Johnston’s Army in Salt Lake City, British
increase troops in India and peace reestablished with India Bill – British rule,
Lucknow siege relieved and British win Indian Mutiny, - India Bill – British
Crown takes over for East India Company, Italian nationalist Felice Orssini
attempts to assassinate Napoleon III, Secret alliance between Napoleon III and
Count Cavour Premier of Piedmont, Fenian Society founded in US by Irish
emigrants, Treaty of Augin – Russia gains Amur region from China, Treaties of
Tientsin open 11 Chinese ports, British explorers Sir Richard Burton and John
Speke discover Lake Tanganyika
1859 John Brown begins to start slave revolt, Earthquake in Ecuador, outbreak of
rabbits in Australia, begin of self-proclaimed reign of Emperor Norton I of the US,
dissolves congress, Jul - "Cool Summer of 1859" leaves snow in PA, death of
German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, death of Austrian statesman Prince
Klemens von Metternich, death of English historian Henry Hallam, death of US
lawyer and financier Richard Rush, death of American author Washington Irving,
death of German composer Louis Spohr, death of English author Leigh Hunt,
death of English author Thomas de Quincey, death of German author and
folklorist Wilhelm Grimm, death of Amos Kendall US politician and influential in
Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet”, death of US historian WH Prescott, death of
English historian Thomas Babington Macaulay, death of French author Alexis de
Tocqueville, death of Polish romantic author Zygmunt Krasinski, “Indian Head
Penny” (actually liberty in feather bonnet) minted, Harriet Wilson publishes first
African-American novel, Abolitionist John Brown raids ferry, hanged, Charles
Darwin;s “Origin of Species” published, French-Austrian war, Treaty of Alliance
between Sardinia and France, Oregon becomes a state, Austria sends ultimatum to
Sarsinia – starts invasion France declares war on Austria and Austrian forces
defeated at Magenta and Solferino Franco-Austrian armistice followed by peace
of Villafrance – later formalized by Treaty of Zurich, King Ferdinand of the Two
Sicilies dies – Francis II rules, Lord Derby resigns and Lord Palmerston (Liberal)
becomes British Prime Minister, death of Prince Metternich, Death of King Oscar
I of Sweden – Charles XV rules, German National Association founded aimed at
uniting Germany under Prussia, Albert von Roon Prussian War Minister reforms
army, Queensland separated from New South Wales with Brisbane as capital,
Bismarck becomes Prussian ambassador to Sat. Petersburg, Pedro Alarcon writes,
Dickens writes “A Take of Two Cities”, George Eliot writes, Edward Fitzgerald
writes, Ivan Goncharov writes, Victor Hugo writes, death of English author Leigh
Hunt, death of American author Washington Irving, death of English author
Thomas de Quincey, George Sand writes, Tennydon writes, Charles Darwin
writes “On the Origin of species by Natural Selection”, death of German
astronomer and explorer Alexander von Humboldt, Ferdinand Lassalle writes
about Prussia, death of English historian Thomas B Macaulay, Karl Marx writes,
JS Mill writes Essay on Liberty, death of American historian W H Prescott,
Ranke writes history of England, Ernest Renen writes moral essays, LFK
Tischendorf discovers Codex Sinaiticus, Pasquale Villari writes, Corot paints
“Macbeth”, Millet paints “The Angelus” Whistler paints “At the Piano”, Daniel
Decatur Emmett composes “Dixie”, Gounod composes “Faust”, Andelina Patti’s
New York debut singing, death of German composer Louis Spohr, Verdi
composes in Rome, Anthropological Society of Paris founded, Bunsen and
Kirchhoff begins experimenting with spectrum analysis, First oil well drilled at
Titusville PA, RLG Plante creates first practical storage battery, Steamroller
invented, HJS Smith writes about number theory, Baseball club of Washington
DC founded, French tightrope walker Charles Blondin crosses Niagara falls on
tightrope, Founding of Port Said in Egypt, Samuel Smiles writes “Self-Help” the
manual on how to succeed in life, Work on Suez Canal begun under the Lesseps’
direction, Origin of Species published, dinosaur eggs first described, Pig War,
Horace Greely visits UT, Conemaugh Dam built at Johnstown PA – would fail in
1889, France and Piedmont at war with Austria – battles of Magenta and
Solferino – Austria defeated – Treaty of Zurich between France and Austria and
Piedmont gains Lombardy, Lake Tanganyika discovered, Saltfleet Township –
teacher locked in the classroom by students and pelted with mud, sales of Procter
and Gamble reach $1 million
1860 Kerosene developed, British and French loot and burn in Beijing, Italian
parliament meets in Turin – Garibaldi takes southern Italy and most of Italy
unified, Burke and Wills cross Australia from S to N, Start of first Maori War in
New Zealand until 1870, Pasteur works with immunization, End of 20 years of
outbreaks in New Zealand, US Emperor Norton bans use of the term “Frisco” *
Young proclaims support for Lincoln after election day, Blackfriars Bridge in
London destroyed,
May - Oh and Ky hit by downbursts and tornadoes,
Beginning of Broadway shows- unofficially, death of German poet Ernst Moritz
Arndt, death of James Kirke Paulding US writer and secretary of the Navy, death
of German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, death of German composer
Friedrich Silcher, death of English architect Charles Barry, death of French
painter A.G. Decamps, Southern states secede SC, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, Etienne
Lenoir of Belgium invents internal combustion engine, Lincoln elected – S
Carolina secedes, British and French win second Opium war in China, French
control Vietnam, Russia expands control in Asia, forced removal of Native
Americans in America, Plebiscites in Tuscany Emilia Romagna Parma and
Modena favor union with Sardinia, Treaty of Turin cedes Nice and Savoy to
France – first Italian parliament meets, Garibaldi and his 1000 redshirts sail from
Genoa and reach Marsala – take Palermo and Naples, Victor Emmanuel II king of
Sardinia invades Papal States and defeats papal troops, Garibaldi proclaims Victor
Emmanuel II King of Italy, Second Maori War begins, founding of Vladivostok,
Anglo-French troops defeat Chinese at Pa-li-Chau – Treaty of Peking, Dion
Boucicault writes in London, Wilkie Collins writes “The Woman in White”
George Eliot writes “The Mill on the Floss”, Eugene Labiche writes, Multatuli
writes Dutch novel, Alexander Ostrovski writes Russian drama, Freidrich
Spielhagen writes German novel, AC Swinburne writes drama, “The Cornhill
Magazine” founded with WM Thackeray editor, English Church Union founded,
JS Mill writes about representative government, Charles de Montalembert writes,
JL Motley writes history, Russian Orthodox Church establishes monastery in
Jerusalem, death of Arthur Schopenhauer, Jakob Burckhardt paints “The
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy”, death of French painter AG Decamps,
Degas paints “Spartan Boys and Girls Exercising”, W Holman Hunt paints
“Finding of the Saviour in the Temple”, Manet paints “Spanish Guitar Player”,
Franz von Suppe creates Viennese operettas, Firsts modern Welsh Eisteddfod
music, Bunsen and Kirchhoff discover the elements cesium and rubidium, GT
Fechner writes “Elements of Psychophysics”, Lenoir constructs first practical
internal-combustion engine, Frederick Walton invents cork linoleum, baseball
becomes popular in New York and Boston – first recorded game in San Francisco,
“The Catholic Times’ published, In the last decade 434 k people from Britain and
914k from Ireland immigrate to US, Food and Drug Act enacted in Britain, John
C Heenan of the US and Tom Sayers (Brit) fight championship bout ended by
crown breaking into the ring, British Open Golf Championship started with W
Park the first winner, Beginning of skiing as competitive sport, Christopher L
Sholes devises primitive typewriter, First horse-drawn tram, Phillips diagrams
fossil record diversity fluctuations, Gunther Island Massacre as 188 Wiyot Indians
killed by white settlers in Humboldt Co CA, RLDS Church formed, world traveler
Richard Burton visits UT – writes generally positive account, Pony Express lasts
about 6 months, start of journeys of Livingstone and Stanley, rubber-based
contraceptives invented this decade, South Carolina secedes, Italian states Parma
Modena Tuscany and Romagna unite with Piedmont, Italian patriot Giuseppe
Garibaldi and “Thousand Redshirts” conquer Napels and Sicily, British and
French occupy Peking – End of Anglo-Chinese war
1861 Otto produces gas engine, Czar Alexander II abolishes serfdom, End of reign of
Benito Juarez of Mexico, Gold discovered in New Zealand, Collapse of Papal
States * Johnston’s army called east for Civil War – Buchanan divides Utah
territory in half, creating Nevada, Lincoln checks out Book of Mormon from
Library of Congress and in later years, several other books on Mormonism, Nov 1
- Late hurricane hits Cape Hatteras, NC scattering Union ships blockading the
port, death of German jurist Friedrich Karl von Savigny, death of John McLean
the US jurist, death of French dramatist and librettist Eugene Scribe, death of
German composer Heinrich Marschner, death of Frederick William IV of Prussia
– William I rules, death of English poetess Elizabeth Barrett Browning, death of
Italian statesman Camillo Count Cavour, death of Prince Albert of Britain, death
of Frederick William IV of Prussia, Sumataran quake est at 8.5, Civil War begins
with firing on Ft. Sumter, Broca of France studies brain damage, CSA drafts
constitution condoning slavery, William I King of Prussia, Civil War begins,
Kansas becomes state, Washington Peace Convention tries to preserve Union but
Congress of Montgomery forms CSA with SC GA AL MI FL and LA – Lincoln
inaugurated, Confederates take Ft. Sumter and Charleston – Apr 12 Civil War
official start Confederate victory at Bull Run Union takes Ft. Clark and Ft.
Hatteras, King of Naples surrenders to Garibaldi at Gaeta – Italy proclaimed a
kingdom by Parliament with Victor Emmanuel II as king, Warsaw Massacre –
troops fire at demonstrators against Russian rule, Emancipation of Russian serfs,
death of Sultan Abdul Mejid of Turkey – succeeded by brother Abdul Aziz, death
of Pedro V or Portugal – succeeded by Louis I, Dickens writes “Great
Expectations”, Dostoevsky writes “The House of the Dead”, George Eliot writes
“Silas Marner”, Oliver Wendell Holmes writes, death of French novelist Henri
Murger, Charles Reade writes, Mrs. Henry Wood writes, Vladimir Dahl writes
Russian dictionary, Ferdinand Lassalle writes about rights, Herbert Spencer writes
about education, Arthur P Stanley writes about the Eastern Church, Corot paints
“Orphee Le Repos”, Charles Garnier designs Paris Opera, Sandringham House
built in Norfolk as country residence of Queen Victoria, Royal Academy of Music
in London founder, composition of “Tannhauser” a scandal in Paris,
Archaeopteryx skeleton discovered in Germany, William Crookes discovers
thallium, TS Mort builds first machine-chilled cold storage unit, Pasteur creates
germ theory of fermentation, Semmelweis writes about “Childbed Fever”, Mrs.
Beeton writes “Book of Household Management”, Daily weather forecasts are
begun in Britain, first horse-drawn trams in London, Krupp begins arms
production in Essen GER, Queen Victoria creates Order of the Star of India, US
introduces passport system, Populations – Russia 76 million, US 32 million,
Britain 23 million, Italy 25 million, Archaeopteryx found, Horner proposes
removing 4004 BC creation date from English Bible, NYSE bans trading
Confederate securities, telegraph reaches UT, President of HI mission Gibsons
apostatizes and declares self King of HI, Church organizes “Church Trains” of ox
teams to help emigrating Saints, end of 15 years of Irish migration high with two
million migrating, Population of Shetland islands reaches 32,000 – high point,
Unification of Italy, Gold rush in New Zealand, Abraham Lincoln inaugurated,
Italy except for Rome and Venice unites under Victor Emmanuel King of
Piedmont, William I King of Prussia to 1888, CSA formed – battles at Bull Run,
Serfs freed in Russia, Prince Albert dies
1862 French begin to occupy Indo-China, Bismark begins 28 year career as chief
minister of Germany, US land given to European immigrants to farm, Last wars
against American Indians begin in US West for 28 years * Lincoln returns the
Book of Mormon, Lincoln calls on Brigham Young (though not the governor) to
raise troops to protect the telegraph, Saints lobby for statehood, Lincoln signed
Morrill Bill that declares polygamy as illegal – not enforced, Morrill Act provides
for agricultural experimentation, death of Austrian dramatist and comedian
Johann Nestroy, death of American author Henry David Thoreau, end of reign of
King Otto of Greece, First federal income tax in US to support Union’s Civil War
record, Slavery banned in Washington, D.C., and Second Confiscation Act frees
slaves of rebellious Southerners, Alice in Wonderland started by Lewis Carroll,
Gatling creates machine gun in US, Hugo publishes "Les Miserables", Debussy
born, Union forces capture Fort Henry Roanoke Island Ft. Donelson Jacksonville
and New Orleans and Union wins Bull Run and Frederickburg – Emancipation
Proclamation issued – effective 1863 – where slaves in rebel states declared free,
Monaco sells Menton and Toquebrune to France, Bismarck becomes Prussian
Prime Minister, King Otto I of Greece resigns after military revolt, Ivan Turgenev
writes, Sarah Bernhardt’s debut at Comedie Française, Flaubert writes, Artemus
Ward writes, Friedrich Hebbel writes, James Bryce writes “The Holy Roman
Empire”, George Rawlinson writes about monarchies of the ancient East, Herbert
Spencer writes, Albert Memorial in London designed by Gilbert Scott, Manet
paints “Lola de Valence” and “La Musicue aux Tuileries”, Moritz von Schwind
paints “The Honeymoon” Ingres paints “Bain Turque”, Berlioz composes, Lidwig
Kochel catalogues Mozart’s works, Lion Foucault measures speed of light, RJ
Gatling constructs 10-barrel gun bearing his name, Hemholtz writes about tones
and sensations of sound, Johann von Lamont discovers earth currents, German
botanist Julius Sachs demonstrates that starch is produced by photosynthesis,
Swiss humanist Jean Henri Dunant proposes Red Cross, English cricket team
tours Australia for first time, International Exhibition in London, death of
Austrian dramatist Johann Nestroy, death of German poet Ludwig Uhland, Verdi
composes opera in St. Petersburg, Lord Kelvin proposes cooling earth and sun, 38
Dakota Sioux hung in Mankato MN, Dakota War as 300-800 white settlers killed
in MN, Tonkawa tribe attacked by other tribes leading to only 150 remaining,
Dakota War of 1862, Morrisite war – Mormons help protect overland trail,
Accidental killing of Morrisites leads to 3 day siege, Congress passes Morril antipolygamy Act, but it is not enforced under Lincoln, first paper money in US,
Bismarck becomes Prussian Prime Minister, Cambodia becomes French
protectorate, Otto Von Bismarck becomes Prime Minister of Prussia, French
establish protectorate over Cochin-China
1863 Dost Mohammed ends rule in Afghanistan, Al-Hajj ‘Umar of Tukolor takes
Timbuktu, Poles rebel against Russian rule, French invade Mexico and set up
Austrian Archduke as emperor, end of cholera outbreak in London, Earthquake in
Philippines * Lincoln removes anti-Mormon governor from Utah and sends Doty
– who supports leaving Mormons alone, death of US Political leader John Branch,
death of German folklorist Jakob Grimm, death of US Attorney General and
legislator John J Crittenden, death of French painter Ferdinand Delacroix, death
of English novelist W.M. Thackeray, death of German dramatist Friedrich Hebbel,
death of Amir of Kabul Dost Mohammed, Emancipation Proclamation,
Wilberforce U in OH becomes first college run by African-Americans, end of
Danish King Frederick III, Battle of Gettysburg, Mill's "Utilitarianism", AZ and
ID organized as territories and WV becomes a state, Emancipation proclamation
goes into force, Confederate victories at Chancellorsville VA Chattanooga, Union
victories at Gettysburg Vicksburg – Surrender at Ft. Hudson, Chickamauga,
“Gettysburg Address delivered, death of Mohammed Said Khedive of Egypt and
Ismail rules,William Prince of Denmark becomes george I King of Greece, Civil
war in Afghanistan after the death of Dost Mohammed, Schleswig incorporated
into Denmark, Saxon and Hanoverian troops enter Holstein, Frederick VII King
of denmark dies succeeded by Christian IX, French capture Mexico City and
proclaim Archduke Maximilian of Austria emperor, gautier writes, death of Jakob
Grimm, Edward Everett Hale writes, Charles Kingsley writes, Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow writes, death of French poet Alfred de Vigny, SR Gardiner writes
History of England, T.H. Huxley writes about Man’s place in nature, Charles
Lyell writes about the antiquity of man, Ernest Renan writes about the life of
Jesus, U of MA in Amherst founded as MA Agricultural college, Gustave Dore
creates illustrations of “Don Quichotte”, Manet paints, Dante Rossetti paints, Art
center “Salon des Refuses” opens in Paris, Whistler paints, Berlioz composes
opera, Bizet writes Paris opera, Billroth writes about pathology and therapy,
Ebenezer Butterick develops first paper dress patterns, Sir Francis Galton writes
about predicting weather, Thomas Graham invents process for separating gasses,
National Academy of Sciences founded in DC, Henry Clifton Sorby discovers
microstructure of steel and starts modern metallurgy, John Speke and James Grant
descend Nile to Gondokoro where they meet Sir Samuel Whit Baker going
upriver, Open-hearth steel furnace developed by Martin brothers in France based
on Siemens process, First railroad in New Zealand opens between Christchurch
and Ferrymead, Football Association founded in London, Grand Prix de Paris
forst run, beginning of construction of London Underground railroad, French
photographer AF Nadar makes ascent in his balloon, Edwars Prince of Wales
marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark, US Congress establishes free city mail
delivery, Travelers Insurance Company founded in Hartford CT, Roller skating
introduced in US, Firsst stolen base in baseball by Eddie Buthbert of Philadelphia
Keystones against Brooklyn Atlantics, Joe Coburn wins American boxing
championship from Mike McCoole in 63 round match in MD, Pickett’s Charge at
end of Battle of Gettysburg marks turning point of Civil War, Lincoln forms
National Academy of Sciences, Huxley describes human and ape similarities,
Hunt proposes separate creation of human races, Bear River Massacre as 200
killed in ID, also 35 Tehachapi killed in Kern Co CA, Colorado War until 1865,
Battle of Bear River, Shimonoseki in China bombarded by French and American
ships, Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln proclaims abolition of slavery, Polish
insurrection fails, French occupy Mexico City, French establish protectorate in
Cambodia, Brantford Ontario teacher William Young assaulted and beaten for
teaching social identity instead of basic literacy
1864 Drought at horn of AFR for 2 years, Cyclone hits Bengal and Bangladesh, end of
the Hamdallah caliphate in Mali, W Africa, Taiping rebellion in China results in
fall of Nanking, Poles continue rebellion against Russian rule, First French
convicts sent to New Caledonia, Oceana, Cyclone hits India, Apr 1 - Tornado
deaths during Civil War in MS,
UT – Jack Slade – outlaw lynched in
Virginia City buried in Salt Lake, death of US Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger
B. Taney, death of German architect Leo von Klenze, death of German composer
Giacomo Meyerbeer, death of English poet John Clare, death of American author
Nathaniel Hawthorne, death of English caricaturist John Leech, Congress repeals
fugitive slave laws, Pope Pius IX denounces freedom of religion separation of
church and state and accuses Jews of seeking world domination, Pasteur invents
germ theory and Pasteurization – initially for wine, Austria and Prussia send
ultimatum to Denmark – troops enter Schleswig – Danish forces defeated at
Duppel and Denmark invaded – London conference troes to solve problem byt in
Peace of Vienna Denmark ceses Schleswig Holstein and Lauenburg to Austria
and Prussia, Archduke Maximilian of Austria accepts Mexican crown and he and
his wife made Emperor and Empress of Mexico, Gen Ulysses S Grant succeeds
Gen. Halleck as Union chief, Gen Sherman marches from Chattanooga through
GA and defeats Confederate army at Atlanta and occupies Savannah, Abraham
Lincoln reelected, Massacre of Cheyenne and Arapahoe at Sand Creek CO, Italy
renounces claim to Rome – Florence made capital in place of Turin, Territory of
MT organized and NV becomes a state, death of King Maximilian II of Bavaria
succeeded by Louis II, first International Workingmen’s Association founded by
Karl Mark in London and New York, Confederate agents set Barnum Museum
and Astor House afire in attempt to burn New York, Deutsche ShakespeareGesellschaft founded at Weimar, Dickens writes, Jules de Goncourt writes,
Henrik Ibsen writes, death of Walter Savage landor the English author, German
author Wilhelm Raabe writes, Tolstoi writes “War and Peace”, Anthony Torllope
writes, Cesare Lombroso writes, Cardinal Newman writes, Syllabus Errorum
issued by Pope Pius IX which condemns liberalism socialism and rationalism,
death of German architect Leo von Klenze, Bruckner composes, death of
American songwriter Stephen Foster, Offenbach composes operetta, Sir Samuel
White Baker discovers Lake Albert, Joseph Bertrand writes about differential and
integral calculus, first salmon cannery in US at Washington CA, Geneva
Convention establishes neutrality of battlefield medical facilities, Octavia Hill
begins London tenement-dwelling reforms, Knights of Pythias founded in DC,
death of German socialist leader Ferdinand Lasalle, free press founded in Vienna,
Italian archaeologist Giovanni B de Rossi publishes results of exploration of
Roman catacombs, “In god We Trust” first appears on US coins, Travers Stakes
established at first racetrack in Saratoga NY, Admiral Farragut attacks
Confederates in Mobile Bay AL with “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!”,
Sand Creek Massacre as whites kill 160 Cheyenne in CO, end of Taiping
rebellion in China, State of NV carved from UT territory, Lorenzo Snow nearly
drowns when boat capsized - other Elders spend one hour in prayer and exertions
and he lives, Box Elder renamed Brigham City, Sunday School further organized,
Ludwig II King of Bavaria becomes fan of Wagner and his music, Union army
occupies Georgia, Austria and Prussia take Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark,
Expedition of British Dutch, French and Americans – bombards Shimonoseki
Japan, Karl Marx founds <i>First International </i> in London
1865 13th Amendment, Freedmen’s Bureau provides assistance, Establishment of
Atlanta U, Shaw U, Virginia Union U for African-Americans, Wars between
Orange Free State and Moshweshwe’s Basuto people in South Africa until 1868,
King Kojong persecutes Christians in Korea, 13th US Amendment, Paraguay
attacks neighboring countries 5 years, first Chinese laborers arrive in Hawaii,
New Zealand capital moved from Auckland to Wellington, Salvation Army
created in London, Wild Bill wins first showdown, KKK forms in TN, Gregor
Mendel, * Day of mourning in Utah as Lincoln dies, Johnson ignores petition
from Utah to appoint friendly governor, Grant hears rumors that Mormons
teaming up with Indians – Grant believes Mormonism will be short-lived, Phoebe
Ann Moses (Annie Oakley) Age 6 father dies, Jun - Tornado hits WI, death of
British statesman Lord Palmerston, death of Austrian painter Ferdinand
Waldmuller, death of English architect Joseph Paxton, death of Irish
mathematician William R Hamilton, death of German dramatist Otto Ludwig, CA
quake est at 6.5, Wagner’s <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> premiers in Germany, Lee
surrenders at Appomattox ends Civil War, slavery ended, Lincoln assassinated,
Union fleet takes Charleston – Richmond durrenders to Grant, Jefferson Davis
appoints Robert E Lee as General-in Chief, CSA surrenders at Appomattox Apr 9,
Andrew Johnson #17, Jefferson Davis captured and imprisoned, last surrender in
Shreveport LA, Bismarck and Napoleon III meet in Biarritz, death of Lord
Palmerston succeeded by Lord John Russell, King Leopold I of Belgium dies and
sone Leopold II rules, Wellington becomes capital of New Zealand, Outbreak of
war between Boers of Orange Free State and basutos, Matthew Arnold writes,
Josh Billings writes, David belasco (age 12) writes, Lewis Carrol (C.L. Dodgson)
writes “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”, Mary Mapes Dodge writes “Hans
Brinker or the Silver Skates”, death of Elizabeth Gaskell the English novelist,
Cardinal Newman writes poem, Ouida writes, Adalbert Stifter writes, AC
Swinburne writes, Mark Twain writes “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County”, Paul Verlaine writes, Walt Whitman writes, Henri Baudrillart
writes about liberty, WS Jevons writes about coal, WEH Lecky writes about
rationalism in Europe, JS Mill writes, German mathematician Julius Plucker
invents line geometry, Pierre Joseph Proudhon the French political philosopher
dies, JR Seeley writes, Purdue U at Cornell U and U of Maine and U of Kentucky
founded, Dore creates illustrations to the Bible, Winslow Homer paints, George
Innes paints, death of English architect Joseph Paxton dies, Hippolyte Taine
paints, death of Ferdinand Waldmuller the Aust. Painter dies, Yale U opens first
Department of Fine Arts in US, Meyerbeer writes opera, Schubert’s unfinished
symphony performed in Vienna, Suppe composes operetta, Atlantic cable finally
completed, death of Irish mathematician William R Hamilton, John Wesley Hyatt
invents composition billard ball – replaces ivory, German chemist FA Kekule
explains aromatic compounds and benzene ring theory, Joseph Lister initiates
antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid on a compound wound, Thaddeus Lowe
invents ice machine, MIT founded, Clerk Maxwell writes about electricity and
magnetism, Gregor Mendel enunciates Law of Heredity, first oil pipeline in PA,
Pasteur succeeds in succeeds in curing silkworm disease saving French industry,
Ican M Sechenov writes about physiological basis of psychic processes, baseball
convention of 91 clubs in New York starts professional baseball, Nottingham
pawnbroker William Booth moves to London to organize the Christian Revival
Association – later renamed Salvation Army, first carpet sweeper comes into use,
Debut of WG Grace as cricketer in Gentlemen v. Players, London Metropolitan
Fire Service established, English barrister John Macgregor pioneers canoeing as
sport, James Miller McKim founds “The Nation”, first railroad cars designed by
Pullman, Queensberry Rules governing boxing outlined, “SF Examiner” and “SF
Chronicle” founded, First train robbery in North Bend OH, Union stockyards
open at Chicago, 1700 die in explosion of the “Sultana” on Mississippi River,
Edward Whymper climbs the Matterhorn, First woman professor of astronomy at
Vassar – Maria Mitchell, Yahi Massacres start until 1871, treaties with Cheyenne
and Arapaho tribes and with Apache Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, Lincoln
assassinated, Mandatory education in Washington DC
1866 Fisk U and Howard U founded for African Americans, Southern Homestead Act
allows for settlement, Civil Rights Act grants citizenship to Blacks, Ku Klux Klan
officially founded, Drought at horn of AFR ends, Prussia defeats Austria at
Sadowa in Seven Weeks War, Northern US Republicans force through radical
reforms for south for 11 years, 15 year flood in Shanghai China ends, Drought
and famine in India, Tsar Alexander III marries borther’s widow – Princess
Dagmar of Denmark – Alex mocks Slavs in favor of Prussians and supported
Berlin Treaty and Eastern Orthodoxy, persecutes Jews, Ottomans clash with
Maronite leader in Lebanon and are defeated – starts war, Jesse James first robs a
bank, Bismarck survives assassination, Austro-Prussian war begins and Prussia
begins domination of Germany, first trans-Atlantic cable laid, Metric Act
standardizes weights, dynamite invented, end of Austro-Prussian War, * Saints
visit Johnson, Future president Grant meets with Saints, “Buffalo” Bill Cody
heads west to Kansas – edge of the frontier age 20 leaving pregnant wife behind,
First Broadway spectacular - "The Black Crook", Old St. Patrick’s in New
York City partially burned, UT – Robert Leroy Parker (Butch Cassidy) born in
Beaver UT, death of English author Thomas Love Peacock, death of German
author Friedrich Ruckert, death of English poet John Keble, creation of London’s
first department store by William Whiteley, End of William I of Prussia, AustroPrussian War, Reconstruction in US, Dostoyevsky's "Crime and Punishment",
Henry Wickham an adventurer to S America gathers seeds to prodouce latex –
shipped to far East and starts latex boom, end of war between Boers and Basutos
in Orange Free State, Alexander Cuza Prince of Romania dethrones and
succeeded by Karl Prince of Hohenzollern as King Carol I, Prussian-Italian
alliance against Austria – Prussian troops annex duchy of Holstein – secret treaty
between Austria and France – end of German confederation – Prussia invades
Saxony Hanover and Hesse – ITA declares war on Austria – Italians defeated at
Custozza – Prussian victory at Langensalza against Hanover and at Sadowa
against Austria – Italian fleet destroyed by Austrians at Lissa – preliminary peace
at Nikolsburg followed by armistice and confirmed by Peace of Prague – Prussia
annexes Hanover Hesse Nassau and Frankfurt – ended by treaty of Vienna –
peace between Prussia and Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein incorporated into
Prussia, Ismail Khedive of Egypt granted rights of primogeniture by Sultan of
Turkey, 14th Amendment prohibits voting discrimination and repudiates
Confederate war debts, Revolts in Crete against Turkish rule, Charles Baudelaire
writes, Alphonse Daudet writes, Dostoevsky writes “Crime and Punishment”,
Robert Hamerling writes, Ibsen writes, Henry Irving makes London debut
(theater), Kingsley writes historical novel, death of Thomas Love Peacock
English novelist, Pierre Larousse writes a universal dictionary, Friedrich Lange
writes history of materialism, American Evangelical Alliance founded, Degas
begins to paint ballet scenes, Monet paints “Camille”, Offenbach composes
operetta, Smetana composes opera, Ambroise Thomas composes opera in Paris,
Aeronautical Society of Great Britain founded, Henst Haeckel writes fundamental
laws of biogenetice, Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, English engineer Robert
Whitehead invents underwater torpedo, Dr. TJ Barnardo opens home for destitute
children in London, “Black Friday” on London stock exchange, Tom Morris of St.
Andrews wins his first professional golf championship, Haeckel publishes
genealogical tree relating organisms, Mendel proposes theory of heredity –
ignored until 1900, transatlantic cable allows London and NYSE markets to
communicate, Red Cloud’s War until 1868, Local telegraphs started through UT,
Austro-Prussian War, Prussia forms alliance with Italy, Austro-Prussian war over
Schleswig-Holstein (Seven Weeks’ War), Battle of Sadowa – Prussian victory,
Battles of Custozza and Lissa – Italy defeated but gains Venice, Treaty of Prague
ends Austro-Prussian war – Austria to withdraw from German affairs
1867 Talledega College and Morgan State U founded for African Americans, Congress
passes First Reconstruction Act, Diamonds discovered in Kimberly S Africa,
Disraeli introduces Second Reform Bill in Britain, end of French interference in
Mexico with emperor Maximilian from Austria governing, Britain makes Canada
a dominion, first black votes in D.C., Benito Jua’rez becomes Mexican president
again, Maronite Catholic sect member Karam goes to Algeria – Maronites helped
the Crusaders and were protected by France since 1638, japan Shogun Yoshinobu
abdicates and Emperor Meiji rules, Suez canal opens, Lister publishes regarding
antiseptics, Canada formation more formal, Alaska purchased from Alexander II
of Russia, Singapore becomes British, <i>O Canada</i> written, Thomas Baker
eaten in Fiji, Manifest Destiny – Medicine Lodge treaty signed, Charles Dickens
in US – visits NY theater, “Grange” precursor formed, Belmont stakes first run,
Otto von Bismarck re-organizes Germany under Prussia, Yellow Fever in New
Orleans, Diamonds discovered in South Africa, reconstruction begins, U.S.
acquires Midway Island in Pacific, Juarez of Mexico destroy Maximillian's army
and execute him, UT – Calamity Jane’s father Mr. Canary dies and is buried in
Salt Lake, death of French painter J.A.D. Ingres, death of German painter Peter
von Cornelius, death of English natural philosopher and physicist Michael
Faraday, death of Russian composer M.I. Glinka, death of French landscape
painter Theodore Rousseau, death of French poet Charles Baudelaire, death of
American poet Henry Timrod, death of Scottish poet Alexander Smith, death of
American humorous writer Artemus Ward (Charles Farrar Browne), tsunami in
Virgin Islands, In Japan, last Shogun resigns, US purchases Alaska from Russia,
Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden (1866), Marx "Das Kapital," Nicaraguan poet
Rubén Dario born, Fenian outrages in Ireland and Manchester, Austro-Hungarian
dual monarchy created by “Ausgleich” (compromise) – Francis Joseph I crowned
King of Hungary at Budapest and new Austrian constitution accepts dual system,
Nebraska becomes state, Napoelon III withdraws support from Maximilian in
Mexico – French troops leave country and Maximilian executed, British North
America Act establishes Dominion of Canada, Alaska sold to US for 7.2 million,
N German Confederation founded, British Parliamentary Reform Act, Ferdinand
Bebel becomes first socialist member of N German Reighstag, Garibaldi begins
“March on Rome” and is defeated by French and papal troops and taken prisoner,
death of Charles Pierre Baudelaire – writer, Reclams Universal Bibliothek –
paperback series books – started at Leipzig, Charles de Coster writes, Oliver
Wendell Holmes writes, Writers – Ouida Trollope Turgenev Zola Ibsen Twain,
Walter Bagehot writes about the English Constitution, EA Freeman writes history
of Norman conquest of England, Marx writes “Das Kapital”, Pope Pius IX
decides to hold ecumenical council, Cezanne paints “Rape”, death of German
painter Peter von Cornelius, death of French painter Jean Dominique Ingres,
Millais paints “Boyhood of Raleigh”, Paris World’s Fair introduces Japanese art
to the West, death of French painter Theodore Rousseau, Bizet composes opera in
Paris, Gounod composes Romeo and Juliet opera, Offenbach composes in Paris,
Johann Strauss II writes the “Blue Danube” waltz, AS Sullivan writes comic
opera, Verdi composes “Don Carlos” opera, death of English chemist and
physicist Michael Faraday, Livingstone explores Congo, Pierre Michaux begins to
manufacture bicycles, Joseph F Monier patents reinforced concrete process,
Railroad completed through Brenner Pass, Discovery of S African diamond field,
British scientist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) invents syphon recorder, Prussia
buys mail service from the Thurn und Taxis family, “The Queensberry Rules” by
John Graham Chambers of the London Amateur Athletic Club, Gold discovered
in Wyoming, Stock ticker invented based on Morse code, Kidder Massacre as US
Cavalry of 11 killed in KS, Comanche War until 1875, treaty with Kiowa
Comanche and Apache tribes, Tabernacle completed, Tabernacle Choir started,
relief Society reorganized, School of Prophets and Sunday School reorganized,
End of Shogun rule in Japan, Das Kapital started, Tokyo fire kills &gt; 100,000
started with burning kimono, Dominion of Canada created, North German
Confederation formed by treaties with Prussia and other states north of the River
Main, US purchases Alaska from Russia, Second Reform Act passes in England,
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy – Franz Josef of Austria also king of Hungary,
France forced to withdraw from Mexico, Mandatory education in Vermont
1868 14th Amendment, Quake and tsunami in Africa S. America, Calilfornia quake est
at 6.8, HI tsunami, Hawaiian quake kills 77 est 7.9,v End of reign of Emperor
Theodore of Ethiopia, King Rama IV ends rule of Thailand and opens country to
foreign trade, Wars between Orange Free State and the Basuto people end, Reign
of Rama V of Thailand begins, Meiji period in Japan begins and capital moves to
Edo (Tokyo) and shogunate abolished, Gladstone becomes British prime minister
for first time until 1874, Earthquake in Ecuador, Drought and famine in India,
First Mardi Gras with floats held, first Memorial Day, WY made a territory,
Johnson pardons rebels, Indian Wars with Custer killing 103 Cheyenne, Louisiana
passes its new constitution – most liberal to minorities, Buffalo Bill Cody 22
works with Wild Bill Hickock who plays up his stories and dresses in buckskin –
Cody follows, death of Scottish statesman Henry Peter Brougham (Baron
Brougham and Vaux), Congress establishes 8 hour workday for laborers and
mechanics employed by the government, Rebellion breaks out in Cuba, UT –
Calamity Jane leaves Salt Lake City after father dies previous year, death of Louis
I King of Bavaria, death of Italian composer Rossini, death of Austrian novelist
Adalbert Stifter, death of Norwegian composer Halfdan Kjerulf, death of
American poet and actress Adah Isaacs Menken age 33, Christopher Sholes
invents the typewriter, Meiji restoration of Japan, Spain revolts against Queen
Isabella II, British armed expedition dispatched to Ethiopia – Magdala captured,
Shogun Kekei of Japan abdicated – shogunate abolished and Meiji dynasty
restored, President Johnson impeached for violating Tenure-of-Office Act –
acquitted, Disraeli becomes British Prime Minister – resigns same year, Prussia
confiscates territory of King of Hanover, Russians occupy Samarkand, King
Michael III of Serbia assassinated – Milan IV rules, Revolution in Spain –
Isabella II deposed and flees to France, Ulysses S Grant presides, William E
Gladstone becomes Brittish Prime Minister, Louisa May Alcott writes “Little
Women”, Brandes writes, Robert Browning writes, Wilkie Collins writes early
detective story, Dostoevsky writes “The Idiot”, death of Austrian novelist
Adalbert Stifter, Bakunin founds democratic alliance, Austrian schools freed from
Church control, Darwin writes about variation of domesticated species, Ernst
haeckel writes “Natural History of Creation” AH Stephens writes about the
constitutionality of Civil War, Degas paints “L’Orchestre”, development of
French impressionist style, Hans Makars paints “The Plague in Florence”, Renoir
paints “The Skaters”, George Street designs law courts in London, Brahms
composes, Moussorgsky composes, death of musician Rossini, Wagner composes,
Tchaikovsky composes, Skeleton of Cro-Magnon man from Upper Paleolithic
found in France, Meat-packing factory of PD Armour opens in Chicago,
Badminton devised at the Duke of Beaufort’s residence in England, Earliest
recorded bicycle race in Paris, Firsst professional US Baseball Club – Cincinnati
Red Stockings founded – introduce uniforms, First regular Trades Union
Congress held in England, Whitaker’s Almanack appears in England, Haeckel
asserts 12 species of humans and 22 phases… coins “missing link”, Huxley
publishes on intermediates between birds and reptiles, Cro Magnon skeletons
discovered, Fort Laramie Treaty – native and US, end of Church Trains of oxen,
Edo Japan renamed Tokyo, Emperor Muushuhito rules Japan and Westernizes it
under Meiji Period to 1912, British expedition sent to Ethiopia, Ten year war
between Cuba and Spain, Uprising in Spain and Queen Isabella II forced to
abdicate, Ten Years War in Cuba – unsuccessful revolt from Spain, British
expedition to Ethiopia forces release of British diplomats, Meiji period in Japan to
1912, Compulsory education in Hungary
1869 Suez Canal opened, Germany acquires lands in Caroline Islands, Oceana, Cyclone
hits Boston, Woman’s suffrage Association organized in NY, Capital Punishment
Act ends hangings in Britain, Emperor Norton I of the U.S. abolishes political
parties, Socialist party developed in Germany, barbed wire invented * Grant
removes only Mormon appointee in Utah Territory, Grant sends new tough
administration to Utah – both sides unimpressed, Writer “Ned Buntline” meets
with Buffalo Bill Cody and the legend begins, Nov - Winds derail train in NY,
National Woman Suffrage Association founded, Baseball's Cincinnati Red
Stockings formed, First football game between Princeton and Rutgers, UT –
Golden Spike driven at Promontory UT, death of German painter Johann
Friedrich Overbeck, death of French author Alphonse de Lamartine, death of
German composer Karl Loewe, death of French composer Hector Berlioz, death
of French critic and historian Charles Austin Sainte-Beuve, death of American
pianist and composer Louis Gottschalk, Pius IX declares infallibility of popes at
First Vatican Council, Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev completes first periodic table,
transcontinental railroad completed, Mendeleyev's periodic table, transcontinental
railroad completed in UT, Suez canal opens, Tolstoy's "War and Peace",
Following Turkish ultimatum Greece agrees to leave Crete, General Grant
Inaugurated, Parliamentary system reintrodouced in France, US National
Prohibition party formed in Chicago, Red River Rebellion in CAN, Mahatma
Gandhi born, RD Blackmore writes “Lorna Doone”, Writers Flaubert, WS Gilbert,
Ludovic Halevy, Bret harte, Victor Hugo, Mark Twain, Verlaine, Matthew
Arnold writes culture and anarchy, Walter Bagehot writes physics and politics,
WEH Lecky writes about history of morals from Augustus to Charlemagne, JS
Mill writes “On the Subjugation of Women”, Meeting of the First Vatican
Council – Cardinal Manning advocated definition of papal infallibility, Manet
paints “The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico” and “The Balcony,
death of German composer Karl Loewe, Wagner composes in Munich, Francis
Galton writes early work on eugenice, JW Hyatt invents celluloid, Gustav
Nachtigal explores Sudan and Sahara, British debtors’ prisons are abolished,
Cincinnati Red Stockings becomes first salaried baseball team, famous clipper
ship “Cutty Sark” launched, GIrton College at Cambridge founded, Firsst Nihilist
Congress meets at Basel SWI, First postcards introduced in Austria, Skoda
workes Polsen Bohemia opens, Nature magazine founded, early “Black Friday”
in the stock market as speculators try to corner gold market and panic ensues,
ZCMI organized, Godbeites or liberal apostates formed and start opposition
Liberal party, Young Women retrenchment started, Suez Canal opens, Elisha
Peck Jr. injured by teacher by whipping, Disestablishment Act passed – Irish
Church ceases to exist by 1871, Compulsory education in Austria, New England
Hurricane
1870 End of first Maori war in New Zealand, end of King Kojong in Korea and his
persecution of Christians, Franco-Prussian War begins as Napoleon II abdicates,
Paraguay almost annihilated in attacks on neighboring countries, Antonio
Guzman rules Venezuela 18 years, Gold Rush in New Caledonia, Oceana, Irish
Home Rule movement launched, Earthquake in Oaxaca MEX, Large storm off
coast of France kills 122, End of ghettoization of Jews by Papal state, Italy
relegates Papacy to Vatican, Rome retaken by secular Italy, office of inquisition
loses policing power, Franco-Prussian war begins with Napoleon III v. King
Leopold – Napoleon III imprisoned ending second French Empire, 180,000
French soldiers surrender, Italy seizes “Papal States” reunifying Italy,
Rockerfeller creates Standard Oil, Virginia readmitted to Union, Women vote in
UT, MS TX GA return to Union, first black senator, War between Prussia and
France (Franco-Prussian), Napoleon III deposed, Prime Minister of Spain
assassinated * Anti-Mormon proposes to Grant to send troops to Utah, but Grant
tries more peace, Western Union Telegraph Company's Weather Report begun,
death of French novelist Alexandre Dumas, death of French author Prosper
Merimee, death of French author Charles de Montalembert, death of English
novelist Charles Dickens, death of Australian poet Adam Lindsay Gordon, 15th
Amendment, Hiram Rhoades Revels becomes first African American elected to
the Senate, Richard Greener becomes first African American Harvard graduate,
Franco-Prussian War, Paris Commune defeated, Charles Dickens dies, end of
France’s Second Empire, end of second Maori War, end of Florence as capital of
Italy, Baden district joins N German Confederation, end of Red River Rebellion –
Manitoba becomes CAN province, Isabella of Spain abdicated in favor of Alfonso
XII, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern accepts Spanish throne but is forced to
withdraw by the hea of the House of Hohenzollern King William I – after French
protests,s Bismarck’s “Ems Telegram”, Franco-Prussian War – France declares
war on Prussia and is defeated at several battles and Napoelon III capitulates at
Sedan, Revolt in Paris and proclamation of the Third Republic – siege of paris by
Prussians begins – Metz and Strasboutg surrender, Western Australia granted
representative government, Italians enter Rome and name it their capital, Karl
Anzengruber writes Austrian peasant play, death of Charles Dickens, Disraeli
writes, death of Alexander Dumas, death of French author Jules de Goncourt,
Ivan Goncharov writes, death of French author Charles de Montlembert, Jules
Verne writes “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea”, Keble College of
Oxford founded, Heinrich Schliemann begins to excavate Troy, Firsst Vatican
Council promulgates the dogma of papal infallibility, Corot paints “La perle”,
Fanatin-Latour paints, Delibes composes ballet, Founding of National Music
Society in France, Tchaikovsky composes his “Romeo and Juliet”, Wagner
marries COsima von Bulow – daughter of Franz Liszt – composes “Die Walkure”,
TH Huxley writes “Theory of Biogenesis, Adolf Nordenskjold explores interior of
Greenland, Dictionary of American Biography first issued, WG Grace and
brothers found Gloucester Cricket Club, death of General Robert E Lee, John D
Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company, End of ghettoization of Jews by
Papal state, Italy relegates Papacy to Vatican, Rome retaken by secular Italy,
office of inquisition loses policing power, Marias Massacre as whites kill 173
Piegan Indians, Salt Lake City train line completed, start of Franco-Prussian War
– Otto von Bismarck alters a telegraph to make it appear to insult French king – to
1871, Irish Land Act provides compensation for eviction and fails to ease Irish
problem, Franco-Prussian War to 1871, French defeated at Sedan – Napoleon III
captured and Prussians besiege Paris – end of Second French Empire and start of
Third, Kingdom of Italy annexes Papal States – Rome becomes Italian capital,
start of the concept of universal education in US
1871 Chicago Fire, Peshtigo fire WI (deadliest) kills 2000, Third Republic established
in France until 1940, End of Franco Prussian War, Unification of Germany and
Prussian king William I becomes German emperor, Cakobau, leader of Bau on
Fiji establishes monarchy, Bismarck unifies Prussia and the German kingdoms
into Germany and King Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser, Treaty of Frankfurt calls for
money to be paid to Germany, France signs treaty with Germany, ending FrancoPrussian War, French attempt revolution and Paris taken but reconquered by army
with Prussian support, Stanley finds Livingstone, German empire created, France
surrenders to Germany, Chicago fire and Wisconsin fire burn with 1,200,000
acres each, NRA created, Bismarck tries to suppress Catholics politically, Boss
Tweed of Tammany Hall * Grant names chief judge who pledges to end
polygamy – Grant says he will support with force – Grant says they can believe
anything they want, but can’t practice polygamy, Yellowstone region first
surveyed and documented scientifically - photographed
Oct - 8th Great Chicago Fire helped by warm, dry winds - 250 killed, Sargent's
Great Vaudeville Company formed, First Gilbert & Sullivan musical, P.T.
Barnum creates "Greatest Show on Earth" circus, death of French composer
Daniel Auber, death of Thomas Ewing US Secretary of the Treasury and Interior,
death of German novelist Willibald Alexis, death of German painter Moritz von
Schwind, Hawaii quake est 6.8, Fisk Jubilee Singers popularize black spiritual
music, Verdi’s <i>Aida</i> premiers in Cairo, Third Republic begins in France,
William I King of Prussia proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles – Paris
capitulates – France signs armistice – French national assembly meets at
Bordeaux – preliminary peace between Germany and France followed by Peace
of Frankfurt – France cedes Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and pays indemnity of
five billion francs, The Commune in Paris rules two months, LA Thiers elected
French President, Treaty of Washington settles existing difficulties between
Britain and US, Italian Law of Guaranteed allows the pope possession of Vatican,
British Act of Parliament legalizes labor unions, British Columbia joins Dominion
of Canada, “Kulturkampf” against Catholic Church in Prussia, Basutoland
becomes part of Cape Colony – Britain annexes diamond fields of Kimberley,
death of Willibald Alexis the German novelist, Lewis Carroll wirtes “Through the
Looking Glass”, George Eliot writes, Ostrovsky writes Russian play, Zola writes
novels, First congress of old Catholics meets in Munich, Charles Darwin writes
“The Descent of Man” Jehovah’s Witnesses founded, Mommsen writes about
Roman Constitutional Law, John Ruskin writes, Asolph Wagner writes “The
Social Question”, Rossetti paints “The Dream of Dante” , death of German
painter Moritz von Schwind, Albert Hall in London opened, French workers
compose “L’Internationale”, Saint Saens composes, Verdi composes “Aida” in
Cairo, Simon INgersoll invents pneumatic rock drill, Mount Cenis Tunnel opened,
GA Hansen discovers leprosy bacillus, bank holidays introduces in England and
Wales, PT Barnum opens his circus
“The Greatest Show on Earth” in NY, F.A. Cup established, National Association
of Professional Baseball Players founded in NY (dissolved 1876), Stanley meets
Livingstone at Ujiji, Populations – Germany 41 million US 39 million France 36
million, Japan 33 million, Britain 26 million, Ireland 5.4 million, ITA 26.8 million,
S.S. Oceanic of the White Star Line launched – first of large modern luxury liners,
Great Chicago fire 300 die,, Descent of Man published by Darwin, Kelvin
proposes germs reached earth through a meteorite, Camp Grant Massacre Ruscon
vigilantes kill over 100 Apache, Wickenburg massacre of Arizona Stage Coach
and passengers, St. George Temple dedicated, end of Franco-Prussian War with
Treaty of Frankfurt and William becomes Kaiser as German Empire forms, Elisha
Peck Sr? named president of Lehi Deacon’s Quorum, Trade unions legalized in
Britain, German empire declared with William I as Kaiser, Paris surrenders after
siege, Paris Commune set up in opposition to national government and peace
terms, Alsace-Lorraine ceded to Germany anf France forced to pay heavy
endemnity, Government troops crush Paris Commune, mandatory education in
New Hampshire and Washington Territory
1872 Pickney Benton Stewart becomes first African-American Governor (LA), Cape
Colony of S Africa granted self government, First railroad in Japan opens,
Cyclone in Zanzibar (Tanzania), Brigham Young arrested, Yellowstone
established, 7.2/4 quake in LinePine CA kills 27, Civil Rights re-established for
rebels, Susan B Anthony votes, is fined $100 but never pays, Modoc Indian War
begins * Woodruff calls down wrath on Grant – has vision of tattered flag, etc.,
Saints lobby for statehood, Grant calls for end to polygamy, Garfield records that
he dines with “G.Q. Cannon – Mormon Apostle”, Garfield stops in Salt Lake and
attends meeting, meets with leadership, death of American inventor Samuel F.B.
Morse, death of Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer, death of German painter
Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, death of German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach,
death of Italian patriot and revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, death of French
author Theophile Gautier, Tsunami hits Maine, quake in Cascades WA est at 7.3,
elimination of US federal income tax, League of Three Emperors, death of King
Charles XV of Sweden, Civil war in Spain – Carlists are defeated and Don Carlos
escapes to France, TF Burgers elected President of Transvaal Republic, Ballot Act
in Britain – voting by secret ballot, Three-Emperors League established in Berlin
– alliance between Germany Russia and Austria-Hungary, Grant reelected in spite
of public scandals, Compulsory military service introduced in Japan, US General
Amnesty Act pardons most ex-confederates, death of Italian patriot and
nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini, Samuel Butler writes, Alphonse Daudet writes,
Elonora Duse’s debut at age 14 in Verona as Juliet, death of French author
Theophile Gautier, death of Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer, Thomas Hardy
writes, Turgenev writes, Jules Verne writes “Around the World in 80 Days”,
Jesuits expelled from Germany, DF Strauss writes, death of Ludwig Geuerbach
German philosopher, Bocklin paints “Battle of the Centaurs”, Cezanne and
Pissarro at Auvers-sur-Oise, Whistler paints “The Artist’s Mother”, Bizet
composes, Alexandre Lecocq composes, Billroth makes first resection of
esophagus, Edison perfects the “duplex” telegraph, Brooklyn Bridge opened,
William Thomson later Lord Kelvin invents machine for taking depth soundings
at sea, American engineer George Westinghouse perfects automatic railroad brake,
Bakunin expelled from First International at the Hague conference,
firstinternational soccer game – England v. Scotland, CP Scott becomes editor of
Manchester Guardian, start of building of St. Gotthard Tunnel, first US ski club
founded at Berlin NH, The <i>Mary Celeste</i> found abandoned in the Atlantic
– classic ghost ship, Great Boston fire 20 die – 9 firefighters, Modoc War until
1873 , United Order proposed, Women’s Exponent published, Thomas Crapper
develops new patent for flush toilet, Dr. Spooner ordained at Oxford, League of
Three Emperors – Franz Josef, William I and Tsar Alexander II, Mandatory
education in Connecticut and New Mexico Territory, Prussian education
nationalized to all Germans
1873 Colt revolver peacemaker invented, End of reign of Able King Mindon Min in
Burma, War between Asante kingdom and Britain begins in Africa, UK declares
war on Ghana for trading slaves, Indian Wars – Modoc, New Spanish republic,
Indian Wars – stronghold, Vienna stock crash results in long depression , Royal
Canadian Mounted Police created, Modoc War ends with capture of Captain Jack,
Jesse James train robbery, First clash between Custer and Sioux, Germans leave
France, US stock market crash, DDT developed, Mardi Gras evolves as Rex, King
of Carnival first named – Krewe of Comus lampoons Darwinism * Grant says
Utah must be dealt with to congress, Garfield writes about mixed feelings for
Mormons
Women's Temperance Movement begins unofficially, American Association for
the Advancement of Science demands preservation of resources, death of Italian
poet and novelist Anessandro Manzoni, death of English novelist Edward George
Bulwer-Lytton, death of John Stuart Mill, death of Napoleon III (Charles Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte) in England, death of Scottish explorer David Livingston,
death of French writer of detective fiction Emile Gaboriau, death of French
explorer in China Francois Garnier, CA/OR quake est at 7.3, Comstock Act bans
contraceptives and obscene material sent through US postal service, Levi Strauss
and Jacob Davis patent riveted pants, Republic proclaimed in Spain, Thiers falls
and MacMahon elected French president, Finandial panic in Vienna and New
York, Abolition of slave markets and exports in Zanzibar, Germans evacuate
France, Famine in Bengal, Paul Heyse writes, death of Italian writer Alessandro
Manzoni, JS Mill writes autobiography + dies, Rombaud writes, Tolstoi writes
“Anna Karenina”, Walter Peter writes about he Renaissance, Herbert Spencer
writes about sociology, Hippolyte Taine writes about contemporary France,
Cezanne paints “The Straw Hat”, Corot paints “Soucenir d’Italie”, Manet paints
“Le bon Bock”, Senaper designs new Burgtheater in Vienna, Bruckner composes
in Vienna, Carl Rosa Opera Company founded in England, Delibes composes in
Paris, Rimsky-Korsakov composes in St. Petersburg, Tchaikovsky composes in
Moscow, Jean Charcot writes about problems with the nervous system, James
Clark Maxwell writes about Electricity and magnetism, Color photographs first
developed, death of Justus von Liebig the German chemist, Austrian explorers
Payer and Weyprecht discover Franz Josef Land the islands of the Arctic Ocean,
Gunsmith form of E Remington and sons begins to produce typewriters, Wilhelm
Wundt writes about physiological psychology, American Football clubs adopt
uniform rules, The cities of Buda and Pest unite to form capital of Hungary,
Initiation of modern cricket county championship. Germany adopts mark as unit
of currency, Building of Severn Tunnel in England, Vienna World Exhibition,
Major WC Wingfield in Britain introduces moder game of lawn tennis at garden
party under the name Sphairstike, Galton publishes paper promoting eugenics,
stock market Panic of 1873 due to collapse of major investor in railroad
construction, RS told to appoint young women to study nursing and hygiene,
Palestine rededicated , Order of apostles revised to date of ordination and not age,
San Francisco cable cars born, Second Ashanti War to 1874 – Ashanti defeated by
British, First republic in Spain to 1874, Mandatory education in Nevada
1874 End of war between Asante and British in Africa (Ashanti war), end of first reign
of Gladstone as British Prime Minister, Beginnings of Mande state in old Mali
under Samori Ture, Africa, Disraeli’s second and last government of Britain
begins and lasts 6 years, Prince David Kalakaua becomes ruler of Hawaii until
1891, Baton Rouge LA Flood, Measles outbreak on Fiji, NY gets the Bronx,
Hawaii annexed by US treaty, Blue jeans created, Home rule granted in Ireland *
Saints lobby against tougher antipolygamy legislation – President signs Poland
Bill, Jul - Pittsburgh flash floods kill 134, "Evangeline" plays as
Burlesque/Vaudeville performance, Chautauqua movement (summer camps and
vacations) started, Official start of Women's Christian Temperance Movement,
Ann Moses (Annie Oakley) begins to shoot for profit around home (age 15)
– circus shooter Frank Butler meets loses to woos and later marries her, death of
German composer Peter von Cornelius, Paris opens exhibition on impressionist
painting, Robert Frost born, Riveted Levis marketed, end of William E Gladstone
as British Prime Minister, Disraeli becomes prime minister (again), Political
disturbances in AR, Swiss Constitution revised, Prince of Wales (future King
Edward VII) visits France, Britain annexes Fiji, Alfonse XII son of Queen
Isabella II proclaimed King of Spain, Alarcon writes, Flaubert writes, Thomas
Hardy writes, Victor Hugo writes, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch writes novel
(masochism), Verlaine writes, Ernst Haeckel writes, Henry Sidgwick writes, First
impressionist exhibition in Paris, Max Liebermann paints “Women Plucking
Geese”, Renoir paints “La Loge”, Brahms composes, death of German composer
Peter Cornelius, Hermann Gotz composes, Moussorgsky composes, Paris Opera
completed, Smetana composes, Johann Strauss II composes, Verdi’s Requiem
composed, Excavation of Olympia begins, Billroth discovers streptococci and
staphylococci, AT Still founds osteopathy, H Solomon introduces pressurecooking for canning, Union Generale des Postes established in Berne SWI,
Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in NY by ET Gerry, civil
marriage compulsory in Germany, Tichborne claimant Arthur Orton found guilty
of perjury, First American zoo in Philadelphia, Miss Mary E Outerbridge sees
tennis played in Bermuda and introduces game into US, sighting of monster Ponik
in Lake Pohenegamook CAN – manatee-like with black spiny fin, United Order
founded, Poland Act allows for persecution of polygamy, French Salon rejects
impressionists and they start independent exhibits for twelve years, Exiled Santa
Anna returns to Mexico, Spanish monarchy restored, Mandatory education in
New York Kansas and California, Compulsory education in Switzerland,
1875 Rudimentary sewage system created in London, Japanese legal code drawn up for
13 years, Earthquake and Volcano in Colombia, France becomes Republic,
Kwang-Hsu becomes emperor of China, US government issues report stating
Sioux and Cheyenne are hostile, Treaty of St. Petersburg between Japan and
Russia, Tong Wars in San Francisco (Chinese Mafia) * Grant becomes first U.S.
President to visit Utah, Garfield continues friendship with Cannon, visits Utah
again, Apr - NYC gets 3 inches of snow on the 25th, Hawaii and U.S. sign peace
treaty, death of French painter Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, death of German poet
Eduard Morike, death of Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen, death of French
painter Jean François Millet, death of German philosopher and sociologist
Friedrich Albert Lange, death of French composer Georges Bizet, Civil Rights
Act passed, First running of Kentucky Derby (African-American jockey wins),
Decline of the Turkish Ottoman empire, Death of Isaac Merritt Singer the sewing
machine guru, Risings in Bosnia and Herzegovinia against Turkish rule – Sultan
promises reforms to meet rebel demands, Prince of Wales visits India, Public
Health Act is passed in Britain, Rebellion in Cuba, Britain buys Suez canal shares
from Khedive of Egypt, death of English author Charles Kingsley, death of
German poet Eduard Morike, Gabrielle Rejane makes debut at the Theatre
Vaudeville in Paris, Mark Twain writes “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”,
Theosophical Society founded by Helena Blavatsky in New York, Mary Baker
Eddy writes “Science and Health”, Emile Laceleye writes about Protestantism and
Catholicism, Religious orders abiloshed in Prussia, The “Hermes” of Praxiteles
found at Olympia Greece, Menzel paints “The Steel Mill”, JF Millet the French
painter dies, Monet paints “Boating at Argenteuil”, Bizet composes “Carmen” –
death of Bizet in Paris, Ignaz Bruil composes in Berlin, first Gilbert and Sullivan
operetta “Trial by Jury”, Karl Goldmark composes in Vienna, Tchaikovsky
composes in Boston, PE Lecoq discovers element gallium, London Medical
School for Women opened, Heinrich Schliemann writes “Troy and Its Remains”
Japanese courts of law reformed, London’s main sewage system completed, first
roller-skating rink opens in London, Firsst swim across English Channel by
Captain Matthew Webb, Armies – Russia 3.36 million Germany 2.8 million,
France 412 k Britain 113 k, Brigham Young Academy started, Relief Society
experiments with silk production, YMMIA conceived, Temple Square guest book
made, Egypt sells Suez Canal shares to Britain, Third Anglo-Burmese War, Suez
Canal shares bought by Britain from Egypt, British Prime Minister Benjamin
Disraeli buys Canal, Insurrenction in Herzegovina and Bosnia against Turkey,
Mandatory education in Maine and New Jersey, shift of children’s literature from
thoughts about future and salvation to other themes by 1915
1876 Drought at horn of AFR for 2 years, Telephone invented by Alexander Graham
bell, Queen Victoria declared Empress of India, Japanese pressure forces Korea to
open ports to trade, Famine in the Deccan S India results in 2 years and 5 million
dead, Turks put down Bulgarian uprising – very violent, Bell invents telephone,
reign of President Diaz of Mexico 35 years, Cyclone in Bangladesh Bengal kills
200 K, Drought famine and Cholera in India, Baseball's National League
organized, Kit Cody – son of Buffalo Bill dies of scarlet fever – Cody leaves wife
(again) after to join 5th cavalry where he learns of Custer’s death – in battle he
kills an Indian and scalps him – reenacts this for years, death of French author
George Sand, death of Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, N Chinese famine
starts killing 10 million and Indian famine kills 10 million by 1879, Gang tries to
steal Abraham Lincoln’s body for ransom – foiled, Edward Alexander Boucher
becomes first black Doctorate (Yale), Bell invents telephone, NA Otto invents
four-stroke combustion engine, Sioux under Sitting Bull rebel, Custer's last stand,
Korean independence, Ethiopians defeat Egyptian forces at Gura, Massacre of
Bulgarians by Turkish troops, Sultan Abdul Aziz deposed – successor Murad V
deposed and succeeded by Abdul Hamid II, Serbia declares war on Turkey,
Montenegro declares war on Turkey, CO becomes state, Disraeli made Earl of
Beaconsfield, US Presidential election – Tilden receives more electoral votes than
Hayes, but 20 disputed votes result in special electoral commission, New Ottoman
constitution proclaimed, Hilarion Daza named President of Bolivia, Felix Dahn
writes German historical novel, Henry James writes, Mallarme writes, CF Meyer
writes Swiss historical novel, death of French writer George Sand, FH Bradley
writes “Ethical Studies”, Lombrosso writes, Renoir paints “Le Moulin de la
Galette”, Bayreuth Festpielhaus opens with performance of Wagner’s works,
Brahms composes, Leo Delibes writes “Sylvia” ballet, Ponchielli composes in
Milan, Wagner composes “Siegfried”, Robert Koch discovers anthrax bacilius,
Heinrich Schliemann excavates Mycenae, death of Russian socialist writer
Mikhail Bakunin, Deutsche Reichsbank opens, First Chinese railroad completed,
First tennis tournament in US, US National Baseball League founded, Nickel ore
found in New Caledonia, Reformatory for juvenile offenders ofunded at Elmira
NY, World Exhibition at Philadelphia, Koch validated germ theory of disease
published by Pasteur, Black Hills War until 1877, Missionary work in MEX,
Relief Society enacts grain storage, YMMIA established, Sultan Abdul Hamid II
becomes oppressive ruler of Turkey, Korea starts trading with Japan, Battle of
Little Big Horn – last native victory, Porfirio Diaz becomes dictator of Mexico,
Anti-Turkish insurrection in Bulgaria suppressed and thousands massacred,
Serbia and Montenegro (YUG) declare war on Turkey but are defeated, Britain
and France assume joint control in Egypt, Mandatory education in Wyoming
territory,
1877 Sound recording invented, end of reform for US South, Satsuma rebellion in
Japan results in death of Samurai, Edison invents record player, Tsunami in Chile,
Volcano in Ecuador, Drought, famine and Cholera in India, Drought and famine
in China, Federal troops withdraw from Louisiana, era of lynchings throughout
the South begins, Mexican President Porfirio Diaz gains power, UT – John D Lee
executed in Panguitch UT, death of French historian and statesman Adolphe
Thiers, death of American historian John Lothrop Motley, death of French painter
Gustave Courbet, death of American painter Homer D. Martin, Hayes ends
reconstruction, Sioux chief Crazy Horse killed after resisting arrest at Ft.
Robinson NE, Edison invents phonograph, British annex S Africa, Porfirio Dìaz
gains power in Mexican coup, End of US reconstruction, Edison invents lightbulb,
Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, US electoral commission decides
that Hayes 19th president, Russia declares war on Turkey and invades Rumania –
Russians cross Danube and storm Kars – Russians take Plevna Bulgaria –
Bismarck declines to intervene – Serbia declares war on Turkey, First Kaffir War,
Satsuma revolt in Japan suppressed, Writers – Gobineau, Ibsen, Henry James,
Zola, Patent Protection law enacted in Germany, Louis Lucien Rochet the Swiss
theologian founds “Blue Cross” to fight alcoholism, JCF Zollner writes about
spiritualism, death of French painter Gustave Courbet, Winslow Homer paints
“The Cotton Pickers”, Manet paints “Nana” Building of the Rijksmuseum in
Amsterdam, Rodin paints “The Age of Bronze”, Third impressionist exhibition in
paris, Brohms composes, Publication of Mozart’s complete works, Camille SaintSaens composes, Tchaikovsky compose, Cailletet and Pictet independently
liquefy oxygen, Robert Koch develops bacterial staining techniques, Lord
Rayleigh writes treatise on Sound, Italian astronomer Giovanni V Schiaparelli
observes Mars canals, All-England Lawn tennis championship first played at
Wimbleton, Famine in Bengal, First public telephones in US, Frozen meat
shipped from Argentina to Europe for first time, Fossilized eggs studied with
microscope, second Archaeopteryx discovered – well preserved, Nez Perce War,
St. George Temple, Death of Brigham Young, Priesthood Organized into stakes,
Relief Society organized into stakes, Elder Woodruff sees Declaration signers,
and is baptized for all and all presidents but Van Buren, Buchanan and Grant.
Later these baptisms are performed under Heber J. Grant. 12 lead church, Britain
annexes Transvaal of S Afr, Russia at war with Turkey over Balkans, Queen
Victoria named Empress of India, Transvaal annexed by Britain, Satsuma
rebellion in Japan crushed, Mandatory education in Ohio, Compulsory education
in Italy
1878 Drought at horn of AFR ends, end of famine in S India Deccan area and 5 million
dead, Second Afghan War begins with British invasion of Afghanistan to counter
Russian influence, Congress of Berlin ends Russo-Turkish War and allows for
freedom of some Balkan countries, New Caledonian people rebel against French
in Oceana, Earthquake in El Salvador, Drought and famine in China * Saints meet
with Hayes – Hayes still wants anti-polygamy legislation, <i>H.M.S.
Pinafore</i> debuts, Samoan islands grant use of harbor in Pago Pago to U.S.,
death of French painter Charles Daubigny, Migration of blacks to Kansas,
Thomas Swan of England invents lightbulb, death of Pope Pius IX – Cardinal
Count Pecci succeeds as Leo XIII, Christian Revival Association in London
renamed Salvation Army, death of Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy – son
Humbert I rules, Turks capitulate at Shipka Pass and plead to Russia for peace –
Russians take Adrianople – British fleet arrives at sultan’s request in
Constantinople – “Jingoist” war fever in Britain – Turkish-Russian armistice
signed, Greece declares war on Turkey – preliminary treaty of San Stefano
between Russia and Turkey – Anglo-Turkish agreement to check Russian advance
in Asia minor – Berlin congress discussion of Eastern problems ends with Treaty
of Berlin, Attempt to assassinate Emperor William I of Germany, Anti-Socialist
Law enacted in Germany, Beginning of Irredentist agitation in Italy to abtsin
Trieste and South Tirol from Australia, Theodor Fontane writes, death of German
dramatist Karl Gutzkow, Thomas Hardy writes, Rene Sully-Prudhomme writes,
Swinburne writes, Ellen Terry joins Irving’s Company at the Lyceum Theater in
London, WEH Lecky writes history of 18th century England, Charles Pierce
writes about pragmatism, George Romanes writes about Theism, German
historian Heinrich Tritschke begins racial anti-Semitic movement and Berlin court
preacher Adolf Stoecker founds Christlich-Siziale Arbeiterpartei, Garnier designs
the Casino at Monte Carlo, William Morris paints “The Decorative Arts”,
Cleopatra’s Needle (once in Heliopolis) removed from Alexandria to London,
Libel action Whistler v. Ruskin over Ruskin’s essay, AW Ambrose composes,
Gilbert and Sullivan create “H.M.S. Pinafore”, George Grove begins dictionary
of music and musicians, David Hughes invents the microphone, first use of
iodoform as antiseptic, Mannlicher produces repeater rifle, A.A. Pope
manufactures first bicycles in America, Karl Benz the German engineer builds
motorized tricycle at 7 mph, Bicycle Touring Club founded in England, CID New
Scotland Yard established in London, Deutscher Fussballverein in hanover
founded, Electric street lightning is introduced in London, First European
crematorium established at Gotha Germany, Fur farming begun in Canada, Paris
World Expo, Salvation Army becomes known under its new name, HatfieldMcCoy feud begins along WV KY border, pre-Adamites again discussed and are
proposed to have been black – by Winchell, NYSE installs telephones on trading
floor, Primary Organized, Retrenchment society becomes Young Ladies Mutual
in Action, Seven of Brigham Young’s heirs sue church for inheritance – settled
for $75,000, polygamous wife Ellis R Shipp graduated from medical school,
Treaty of San Stefano signed by Russia and Turkey – Montenegro Serbia Bulgaria
and Romania become independent, Second Anglo-Afghan War to 1880, Berlin
Congress – Great Powers discuss Balkan situation – revise treaty of San Stefano,
Second Anglo-Afghan War to 1880 – Britain gains control of Afghan affains,
Compulsory education in Holland
1879 Early lightbulbs invented by Edison in US and Swan in GBR, Zulu war with
British ends with British defeated in one area but victorious in Cetewayo – Zulus
massacre British in Isandhlwana, End of second Afghan war, War of the Pacific
begins between Chile, Peru and Bolivia, Britain establishes naval station at Samoa,
major storm off coast of Scotland produces waterspout that destroys bridge and
train * Women Saints petition Hayes not to de-legitimatize children of polygamy,
and to not tear families apart, Hayes meets with Saints and proposes amnesty for
former polygamists, but Taylor rejects it in fear that it will lead to further
persecution and an end to polygamy, Hayes asks European nations to prevent
Saints from emigrating to America, Hayes asks Congress to not allow power to
polygamists, May - Irving KS gets two tornadoes in two days, Aug - Massive
waterspout off of Barnstable MA, MA law prohibits women and children from
working more than a 60 hour week, death of English inventor of penny postage
Rowland Hill, death of German architect Gottfried Semper, death of French
painter Honore Daumier, death of Belgian poet Charles de Coster, death of
Scottish chemist that theorized that light and electromagnetism have identical
source James Clerk Maxwell, N Chinese and Indian famines kill total of 23
million from 1876, Lewis Latimer invents the electric filament bulb (African
American), British fight Zulu war, Otto Von Bismarck negotiates GermanAustrian alliance, death of French Prince Imperial and son of Napoleon III, Ismail
of Egypt deposed and succeeded by Tewfik, French prince imperial – son of
Napoleon III killed in action, Alexander of Battenberg elected Prince Alexander I
of Bulgaria, Treaty of Gandamak – Britian occupies Khyber Pass but British
legation in Kabul massacred, Alsace-Lorraine declared part of Germany, French
Panama Canal CO. under Ferdinand de lesseps organized, Ibsen writes “A Doll’s
House”, Henry James writes, Meredith writes, RL Stevenson writes, Strindberg
writes, Juan Valera writes, FT Vischer writes, Annti-Jesuit Laws introduced in
France, St. Thomas Aquinas proclaimed a Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church,
AJ Balfour writes, Mary Baker Eddy becomes pastor of Chruch of Christ –
Scientist in Boston, Henry George writes, Robert Giffen writes about finance,
Herbert Spencer writes, Treitschke writes history, Bastien-Lepage paints portrait
of Sarah Bernhardt, death of French painter Honore Daumier, Renoir paints
“Mme Charpentier and Her Children”, Rodin sculpts “John the Baptist”,
Millocker composes, Suppe composes, Tchaikovsky composes, First electric tram
exhibited by EW Siemens at Berlin Trade Exposition, Fahlberg and Remser
discover saccharin, The element scandium discovered by LF Nilson, Collapse of
Tay Bridge in Scotland, London’s first telephone exchange established,
Australian frozen meat on sale in London, British churchman WL Blackley
proposes scheme for old-age pensions, Public granted unrestricted admission to
British museum, first large-scale skiing contest at Huseby Hill in Norway,
Ordovician named by Sedgwick and Murchison as boundary, USGS created,
Spanish care art discovered but thought to be a falsehood due to quality of work,
Ft Robinson Massacre as Northern Cheyenne tribe tries to escape confinement in
NE – only about 50 survive, Meeker Massacre as Utes attack and kill 11, and then
13 later. Start of Ute War, Anti-polygamy legislation upheld by Supreme Court,
Missionary Joseph Standing killed in GA, Book of Mormon and Doctrine and
Covenants reissued, end of journeys of Livingstone and Stanley, Zulu War,
Britain and France control Egypt, Irish Land League formed by Charles Stewart
Parnell, Alliance between Germany and Austria, Zulu war between British and
Zulus with Zulus defeated in battle of Ulundi, Mandatory education in Wisconsin,
compulsory education in Belgium
1880 Drought at horn of AFR, Beginning of European “Scramble for Africa,” First
Boer War begins, End of Disraeli’s reign in Britain, Australian ranger Ned Kelly
is hanged and becomes folk hero, France annexes Tahiti as a colony, Marshfield
MO tornadoes, Emperor Norton I of U.S. dies, total solar eclipse over S France,
ragtime “Hot Blues” emerges as a pre-jazz * Hayes appoints anti-Mormon as
governor of Utah, Hayes visits Utah, Hayes asks for more anti-Mormon
legislation, Apr- Marshal, MO tornado sucks well dry, May - Brackettville, TX
flash flood, <i>Pirates of Penzance</i> debuts, U.S. navy reduced to 100 vessels,
most of which were rotting and falling apart, death of French composer Jacques
Offenbach, death of English novelist George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), death of
French novelist Gustave Flaubert, death of German painter Anselm Feuerbach,
death of Polish violinist and composer Henri Wieniawski, Croatian earthquake,
Britain, France and Belgium battle for African colonies, end of Disraeli as prime
minister as he (Lord Beaconsfield) resigns, Cape Parliament rejects echeme for S
African federation, France annexes Tahiti, Transvaal declares self independent of
Britain – Boers under Kruger declare a republic, Pacific War – Chile against
Bolivia and Pery, James A Garfield elected, Disraeli writes, Dostoevsky writes
“The Brothers Karamazov”, death of George Elion (Mary Ann Evans) the English
novelist, JC Harris writes Uncle Remus, Jens Jacobson writes, Longfellow writes,
Pierre Loti writes, Maupassant writes, Lew Wallace writes Ben Hur, Zola writes,
Walter Bagehot’s works published posthumousely, John Claird writes about the
whilosophy of religion, Cezanne paints “Chateau de Medan”, Cologne Cathedral
completed (started 1248), Pissarro paints, Renoir paints, Rodin sculpts “The
Thinker”, Gilbert and Sullivan create “The Pirates of Penzance”, London
Guildhall School of Music founded, death of French composere jcques Offenbach,
Philipp Spitta writes bio of Johann Sebastian Bach, Edison and JW Swann
independently divise first practical electric lights, Laveran discovers malaria
parasite, Owens College in Manchester becomes a university, Pasteur discovers
chicken cholera vaccine, James Winshurst created electrostatic generator, Bingo
game feveloped form Italian lotto game of Tombola, Captain CC Boycott the land
agent in Mayo Ireland is “boycotted” for refusing to accept rents fixed by his
tenants, Carnegie develops first large steel furnace, New York Streets first lit by
electric lights, First Test Match between England and Australia, canned fruits and
meets first appear in stores, Parcel post introduced in England, Railroads – US
87.8 k Britain 17.9 k France 16.4 k Russia 12.2 k, Skis used in mountaineering in
Norway, World Expo takes place in Melbourne, Alma Massacre in New Mexico
as settlers killed by Apaches, Pearl of Great Price accepted as scripture by Church,
President Taylor sustained, Jubilee year sees Church striking old Perpetual
Emigration Fund debts, Boers declare independence from Brits, William Ewart
Gladstone frees serfs on Shetland, Boer uprising to 1881 against British,
1881 Cyclone hits Haiphong, First Boer war ends with Transvaal defeating Britain,
Assassination of Czar Alexander II of Russia, Assassination of Garfield in US,
Cyclone in Martinique, Landslide in Switzerland, earthquake in Turkey * Hayes
declares himself a success in regards to polygamy – Utah delegate refuses to
attend, Garfield comments about “Mormon Church” in inaugural address and
Cannon feels betrayed, but Garfield claims it is all show, Garfield in mourned in
Utah – Pioneer Day cancelled, Rumors spread that Mormons were responsible for
death of Garfield – Utah names county after him, Arthur proposes to continue
anti-Mormon trend, Apr- 79 day blockade of snow in SD ends, Snow falls in
Guadalajara MEX, Tony Pastor creates family-friendly Vaudeville as he bans
blue material and liquor from shows, death of Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle,
death of English statesman Benjamin Disraeli, death of French violinist and
composer Henri Vieuxtemps, death of Feodor Dostoevsky, death of American
Arctic explorer Isaac Israel Hayes, death of Russian composer Modest Petrovich
Moussorgsky, death of American poet Sidney Lanier, death of American arctic
explorer GW De Long, death of English poet AW O’Shaughnessy, tsunami hits
India, UK storms in Eyemouth Scotland kills 189, Cyclone hits Vietnam killing
300,000, Thumb Fire in Michigan kills over 250, TN enacts Jim Crow laws,
Booker T. Washington founds Tuskegee Institute, Clara Barton creates American
Red Cross, First US powerplant, end of Alexander II of Russia, Building of St.
Gotthard Tunnel completed, Transvaal Boers repulse British at Laing’s Nek and
defeat them at Majuba Hill – Treaty of Pretoria Britain recognizes independent
Transvaal Republic, James A Garfield inaugurated – shot and killed by Charles
Giteau and Chester A Arthur presides, death of Lord Beaconsfeild (Disraeli), Bey
of Tunis accepts French protectorate, Austro-Serbian treaty of alliance, CS Parnell
imprisoned, Leon Gambetta named French Prime Minister, Political parties
founded in Japan, death of Dostoevsky, First cabaret “Chat Noir” in Paris,
Flaubert writes, Anatole France writes, Henry James writes, Maupassant writes,
RL Stevenson writes, S’Oyly Carte builds Savoy Theater in London – lit by
electricity, Esward Tylor writes “Anthropology”, Persecution of Jews in Russia
begins, death of English historian Thomas Carlyle, Ranke writes, Vatican
archives opened to scholars, Bocklin paints, Max Liebermann paints, Monet
paints “Sunshine and Snow”, Brahms composes, death of Moussorgsky the
musician, Offenbach’s work debuts posthumously, Canadian Pacific Railway
founded, Natural History Museum in London opens, University College of
Liverpool founded, Freedom of Press established in France, Flogging abolished in
British military, Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of US and
Canada founded, Forst US Lawn Tennis championship, City populations –
London 3.3 million Paris 2.2 million New York 1.2 million, Berlin 1.1 mil Vienna
1 mil Tokyo 800 k St Petersburg 600 k, Mexico dedicated, New Zealand mission
opens, Treaty of Pretoria gives Transvaal independence, President James Garfield
assassinated, Peace declared between New Zealand settlers and Maoris,
Alexander III Tsar to 1894, France establishes protectorate in Tunis, Battle of
Majuba Hill – Boer victory – Treaty of Pretoria where South African Republic
(Transvaal) gains virtual independence
1882 Cyclone hits Bombay, death of Charles Darwin, Triple Alliance is formed between
Germany, Austria and Italy, Mt. Ranier WA erupts * Saints meet with Arthur,
Arthur signs Edmunds Bill, Aug - Northern Lights seen from Oregon to Maine
Congress advocates increase of U.S. naval powers, death of American philosopher
Ralph Waldo Emerson, death of US poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, death of
Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi, death of English naturalist Charles Darwin,
death of English novelist Anthony Trollope, death of French author and historian
Count Gobineau, death of English poet and painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti, death
of Sir Charles W Thomson the Scottish naturalist, death of English economist and
logician W.S. Jevons, death of French statesman Leon Gambetta, 50 lynchings
begins a trend, US Congress passes Chinese Exclusion Act, Triple alliance against
France, Electric iron patented by Henry W Seely in NYC, Prince Milan
Obrenovich of Serbia proclaims self king, Kilmainham agreement between Parnel
and British government – Feinans murder Lord Frederick Cavendish and TH
Burke in Phoenix Park Dublin – terrorist massacres in Maamtrasne, US bans
Chinese immigrants for 10 years, Triple Alliance between Italy Austria and
Germany, Three-mile limit for territorial waters agreed upon at Hague Convention,
British occupy Cairo, RL Stevenson writes “Treasure Island, Becque writes, Ibsen
writes, F Anstey writes, Geroge Bernard Shaw writes, Sardou writes, Bakunin’s
writing publishe posthumously, Besant writes, Nietzsche writes, Leslie Stephen
writes about ethics, Cezanne paints self portrait, Manet paints, Millocker
composes, Tchaikovsky writes 1812 Overture, Gounod composes, RimskyKorsakov composes, Gilbert and Sullivan create “Iolanthe”, Wagner composes,
Berlin Philharmonic founded, Debussy composes, Viennese physician joseph
Breuer uses hypnosis to treat hysteria – start of modern psychoanalysis, Edison
designs first hydroelectric plant in WI, English engineer Hiram S Maxim patents
recoil-operated machine gun, World Expo in Moscow, Queen Victoria gives
Epping Forest to the nation, American Baseball Association founded, London
Chamber of Commerce established, Charles U in Prague divided into German and
Czech institutions, Bank of Japan founded, First issue of Berliner Tageblatt,
Sullivan beats Paddy Ryan to win heavyweight boxing championship, Flemming
publishes stages of mitosis, Darwin publishes final letter to Nature and dies, Dow
and Jones create index to measure NYSE activity, Edmunds Act passes Congress
as anti-polygamy legislation which outlaws cohabitation and support of multiple
families, King Mohammed Ahmed of Dongola Sudan declares self the Mahdi and
rebels against Britain, Phoenix Park Murders – Lord Frederick Cavendish of
Ireland and Thomas Burke in Dublin, Triple Alliance of Germany Austria and
Italy to 1914, Cairo occupied by British troops, Anti-Egyptian revolution in Sudan
to 1885 by Muslim leader Mahdi Mohammed Ahmed, British bombard Alexandria
to occupy Cairo and suppress nationalists – French withdraw from Egypt,
1883 Deadly eruption and tsunami combination – Krakatoa kills 36,000 – skies around
the world show red skies untiol Feb 1884, Edison invents marketable light bulb,
earthquake in Anatolia Turkey, major landslide in Switzerland, Bill Cody (Buffalo
Bill) starts performing “Wild West” show – not well received at first – took on
new manager (Salisbury) and starts making money, BF Keith creates Boston
Museum (Vaudeville) featuring "Baby Alice the Midget Wonder", <i>Ladies
Home Journal</il magazine started, Rebellion on HI leads to temporary
occupation, death of English poet Edward Fitzgerald, death of German opera
composer Friedrich von Flotow, death of German composer Richard Wagner,
death of German composer Robert Volkmann, death of Karl Marx the German
political philosopher and socialist, death of Russian author Ivan Turgenev, death
of Comte de Chambord heir to French throne, death of French painter and book
illustrator Gustave Dore, death of French impressionist painter Edouard Manet,
death of English historian JR Green, George Washington Williams publishes
“History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880”, HS Maxim invents
machine gun, Carl Gustav de Laval develops impulse steam turbine, First steel
skyscraper in Chicago, Nietzsche's "Thus Spake Zaratustra", mexican artist José
Orozco born, Reform of US Civil Service begins, Paul Kruger named President of
South African Republis, Franch gain control of Tunis, death of last male Bourbon
Comte de Chambord, Britain evacuates the Sudan, death of English poet Edward
Fitzgerald, Olive Schreiner writes, Bjornson writes, Maupassant writes, Renan
writes, Berhaeren writes, Zola writes, Lester Ward writes, JR Seeley writes, FH
Bradley writes, Nietzsche writes “Thus Spake Zarathustra”, Fabian Society
founded in London, Cezanne paints, Renoir paints, Chabrier composes,
Metropolitan Opera House in New York opened, Royal College of Music in
London founded, Delibes composes in Paris, death of German composer Friedrich
von Flotow, English scientist Sir joseph Swan produces synthetic fiber, British
scientist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) writes about the size of atoms, Robert
Koch describes method of preventive inoculation against anthrax, Bismarck
introduces sickness insurance in Germany, Northern Pacific Railroad Line
completed, First skyscraper built in Chicago – 10 stories, Orient Express from
Paris to Istanbul makes first run, World Expo in Amsterdam, Brooklyn Bridge NY
opens for traffic, Karl Marx dies with Das Kapital unfinished but Engels finishes
editing, Sickness insurance introduced in Germany, Mandatory education in
Rhode Island Illinois and Dakota and Montana territories, eruption of Krakataua
Indonesia
1884 Bad year for tornadoes in US, Dowager Empress Cixi sacks grand council of
China, End of War of the Pacific between Chile, Peru and Bolivia, Davidsboro
GA cyclone, earthquake in Spain * Saints meet with Arthur, but he sends out
harsh prosecutor, Annie Oakley and husband works for circus for the year – in
Dec Annie Oakley meets Buffalo Bill but he refuses to have her in show, Mar Two steamers crushed by ice in ND, U.S. adopts resolution to not interfere in HI,
US – Butch Cassidy – age 18 leaves Circleville UT, death of German dramatist
Heinrich Laube, death of German poet Emanuel Geibel, death of Gregor Mendel
in Austria, death of Czech composer Bedrich Smetana, death of English poet CS
Calvertey, death of English economist and statesman Henry Fawcett, death of
Austrian painter Hans Makert, death of American women’s dress reformer
Amelia Bloomer, Dowager Empress Cixi gains power in China, Britain
Conference partitions colonial Africa, Parson's steam turbine in Britain, General
CG Gordon reaches Khartoum – Mahdi refuses to negotiate and occupies
Omdurman, London convention on Transvaal, Germans occupy SW Africa,
French law excludes members of former dynasties from presidency, Grover
Cleveland elected, Berlin conference of 14 nations on African affairs,
D’Annunzio writes, Jean Moreas writes, Mark Twain writes Huckleberry Finn,
Berlaine writes, Daudes writes, Ibsen writes, Sienkiewicz writes Polish historical
novel, Divorce reestablished in France, Kropotkin writes, Herbert Spencer writes,
Oxford English Dictionary begins publication, Beroge Bernard Shaw becomes
member of the Fabian Society, Seurat paints, Burne-Jones paints, Rodin sculpts,
death of Austrian painter Hans Makart, Sacconi creates monument to King Victor
Emmanuel II in Rome, Brahms composes, Bruckner composes in Leipzig, Cesar
Franck composes, Massenet composes, CV Stanford composes, Gustav Mahler
composes, Viktor Nessler composes, Ilya Mechnikov writes phagocyte theory,
German physicist Arthur Nicolaier discovers tetanus bacillus, Sir Charles Parsons
invents practical steam turbine engine, English physicist Sir Oliver Lodge
discovers electrocal precipitation, “Le Matin” in Paris issued, First deep tube
(underground railroad) opens in London, Gold discovered in the Transcaal – rise
of Johannesburg, Failure of brokerage firm of Grant and Ward leads to panic on
Wall Street and failure of 15 other firms – Grant is son of former president and
this leads to former president’s bankruptcy – US Grant begins writing war
memoirs, Turkish and Palestine missions open, Cane Cree Massacre in TN results
in death of two missionaries, Berlin Conference starts the European division of
Africa, General Gordon sent by Britain to Khartoum in the Sudan, Third Reform
Act passes in England, Berlin Conference – Africa divided, Germany occupies
Togoland Cameroons and SW Africa, British General Chales Gordon sent to
Sudan to rescue Egyptian garrisons at Khartoum,
1885 End of last Burmese dynasty, Conference in Berlin regarding African colonization,
Sudanese Muslim leader the Mahdi takes Khartoum from Egypt – General Gordon
killed, Foundation of Indian National Congress (India), Third Burmese War begins,
German Karl Benz is first to sell motor cars, Canadian Pacific railroad opens,
Goldfields open in Papua New Guinea, Hurricane in Puerto Rico, Earthquake in
Mexico, Earthquake in Granada Spain, Kashmir India earthquake * Grant writes
his summary about belief regarding Mormons, Cleveland speaks about an end to
polygamy, Church leaders meet with Cleveland to protest Edmunds Act, Apostles
meet with Cleveland and friendships are developed – saints are friendly towards
him, Cleveland wants to restrict Mormon Immigration, Sitting Bull joins Buffalo
Bill’s Wild West Show – but only stays one year, Buffalo Bill’s sharp-shooter
loses guns in steamboat accident – Annie Oakley reapplies to work with Buffalo
Bill and is hired Apr – Sitting Bull volunteers to adopt Annie Oakley after
watching her shoot – dubs her “Watanya Cecilia” (Little Sure Shot), Gilbert &
Sullivan's The Mikado debuts, Congregationalist minister Josiah Strong writes
"Our Country" promoting Anglo-American expansion, UT – Actor John Gilbert
born in Logan UT, death of Victor Hugo, death of German genre painter Karl
Spitzweg, death of French author and journalist Edmond About, death of
American poet and novelist Helen Hunt Jackson, death of German-American
conductor Leopold Damrosch, death of British soldier Charles G Gordon at the fall
of Khartoum, death of English writer of children’s books Juliana Horatia, Sarah
Ann Henly tries to commit suicide by jumping off the Avon bridge but skirts slow
down her descent died 62 years later, Cuban Giants becomes first AfricanAmerican baseball team, Belgian King Leopold II claims the Belgian Congo as his
personal possession, Karl Benz builds first practical auto, Indian National
Congress founded, Daimler creates internal combustion engine and motorcycle,
Shoes mass produced in MA, death of Alfonso XII King of Spain, The Mahdi
takes Khartoum – General Gordon killed in fighting – British evacuate Sudan and
death of the Mahdi, Congo becomes personal possession of King Leopold II of
Belgium, Germany annexes Tanganyika and Zanzibar, Grover Cleveland
inaugurated #22, Britain establishes protectorate over N Bechuanaland – Niger
River region and S New Guiney – occupies Port Hamilton Korea, death of Ulysses
S Grant, death of King Alfonso XII of Spain – Maria Christina the Queen becomes
regent, Writers – Paul Bourget, Richard Burton writes the Arabian Nights,
Mauoassant, George Meredith, George Moore, Walter Pater, Tolstoi , Zola,
Becque, H Rider Haggard writes King Solomon’s Mines, death of Victor Hugo,
Henry Maine writes about popular government, Karl Marx’s Das Kapital Part 2
published posthumously, Some splinter groups separate from LDS Church – they
insist on polygamy, Albert Sorel writes, death of German painter Carl Spitzweg,
Van Gogh paints “The Potato Eaters”, Cezanne paints, Brahms composes, Cesar
Franck composes, Gilbert and Sullivan create “The Mikado”, Strauss composes,
Karl Auer von Welsbach invents the incandescent gas mantle, Pasteur devises
rabies vaccine to cure hydrophobia, Sir Francis Glaton proves individuality of
fingerprints, Karl Benz builds single-cylinder engine for motor car, George
Eastman manufactures coated photographic paper, Cape railroad reaches
Kimberlry, First Leipzig Fair, First English electrical tram car in Blackpool, John
M Fox of Philadelphia learns about golf and introduces game to America, Antipolygamy persecution ends Orderville, Mexican colonies established, Church
leaders go “underground”, British General Charles Gordon killed by “Mahdi” of
Sudan and the Mahdi dies soon after, end of European distribution of Africa,
Rabies vaccine created, German East Africa established, New Guinea annexed by
Britain and Germany, Khartoum taken and Gordon killed by Mahdi, Congo Free
State set up under Leopold II of Belgium, French chemist Louis Pasteur gives
inoculation against rabies, France gains protectorates over Annam and Tonkin
(Indochina), British protectorates over south Nigeria and Beuchuanaland S AFR,
German E Afr established, Third Anglo-Burmese War to 1886 – Britain annexes
upper Burma,
1886 Britain annexes Burma in end of Third Burmese War, Gold found in the Transvaal,
AFL established, Gladstone’s Home Rule for Ireland bill defeated, Charleston SC
earthquake kills 60 est 7.3, Storm in Cornwall England, New Zealand eruption
Apr- Massive tornado in MN, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show with Annie Oakley
seen by PT Barnum and Twain and a million others in New York, death of
German historian Leopold von Ranke, death of Hungarian composer Franz Liszt,
death of Russian dramatist Alexander Ostrovski, death of German poet Josef
Viktor von Scheffel, death of Chester A Arthur #21, death of Scottish medium
Daniel Douglas-Home, death of Hindu saint and teacher Ramakrishna, death of
American architect Henry Hobson Richardson, Philippines – Mt Tarawera erupts
killing 120, Knights of Labor balloons in membership, partially because of
African-Americans joining, death of King Louis II of Bavaria, Mexican artist
Diego Rivera born, General Georges Boulanger becomes French War Minister,
British Prime Minister WE Gladstone introduces bill for Home Rule in Ireland,
birth of King Alfonso III of Spain – his father died the previous year, Bonaparte
and Orleans families banished from France, death of King Louis II of BavariaOtto I rules but uncle Luitpold becomes regent, Alexander of Bulgaria abdicates
after coup d’etat – Stefan Stambulov becomes regent, First Indian National
congress meets, Writers: Jenry James, Pierre Loti, Nitzsche, Rimbaud, August
Stringberg, Ibsen, Marie Corelli, Andrew Carnegie, Adolf von Harnack, Auguste
Fournier, RL Stevenson writes “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”, Frances Hodgson
Burnett writes “Little Lord Fauntleroy”, death of Russian dramatist Alexander
Ostrovski, death of German historian Leopold von Ranke, death of Hindu Mystic
Ramakrishna, Karl Marx’s Das Kapital published in English, Richard von KrafftEbing publishes “Psychopathia Sexualis”, JS Sargent paints, Seurat paints
“Sunday Afternoon on the Grande Jatte”, Eighth and last Inpressionist Expo in
Paris, Statue of Liberty dedicated, Max Klinger sculpts buts of Beethoven, Rodin
sculpts “The Kiss”, Millais paints, Ferdinand Hodler paints, Charles Mustel of
Paris invents the celesta, the element germanium discovered by German chemist
Clemens Winkler, French chemist Henri Moissan produces fluorine, Aminopyrine
and acitanelide discovered, Ernst von Bergmann uses steam to sterilize surgical
instruments, Charles M Hall (USA) and PLT Heroult (FRA) each produce
aluminum by electrolysis, hydroelectric installations begun at Niagara Falls,
Pasteur Institute in Paris founded, American Federation of Labor founded,
Canadian Pacific Railway completed, Severn Tunnel opened, British School of
Archaeology opens at Athens, Amateur Golf Championship first played, English
Lawn tennis Association founded, Gould discusses mythical monsters and
promotes idea that they were based on fossils, NYSE trading volume reaches 1
million shares a day, Charles O Card establishes Cardston Alberta CAN, last of
the impressionist exhibitions, Gold discovered in the Transvaal and Boers deny
rights to foreigners, Ludwig II of Bavaria pronounced unfit to rule due to insanity
– probably just a homosexual with strong fantasy life, Irish Home Rule Buill
introduced by Prime Minister Gladstone defeated,
1887 Flat records invented, celluloid invented, Yellow River floods, Bulgaria elects
Ferdinand of Coburg king and becomes leading Balkan state, Kaifeng China flood
on Yellow River kills between 900 K and 2 million – 2nd deadliest, Attempted
assassination of Tsar Alex III by Lenin’s brother * Edmunds-Tucker Act passes
Congress – it becomes law without Cleveland’s signature, Buffalo Bill’s Wild
West Show heads for England - During Royal Jubilee, Queen Victoria and other
royalty go to see Buffalo Bill and Wild West Show – young Lillian Smith also
joins show as sharpshooter – Annie Oakley starts lying about age, Oscar Wilde
and crown heads of Europe attend, Annie Oakley gains favor with British which
annoys Lillian Smith and Buffalo Bill, after months of conflict Annie Oakley parts
company with Wild West Show, Jan - Snowflakes "as large as milk pans" fall in
MT, May – Turtle encased in ice falls over Bovina, MS, Interstate Commerce Act,
Hatch Act provides money for agricultural experimentation, Pearl Harbor naval
base established in HI, death of German philosopher and poet F.T. Vischer, death
of German arms manufacturer Alfred Krupp, death of Polish novelist Joseph
Ignatius Kraszewski, death of Scottish physicist Balfour Stewart, death of German
painter Hans von Marees, death of American poet and essayist Edward Rowland
Hill, Ecuador – Cotopaxi erupts killing 1000, Theatre Royale fire in England kills
possibly hundreds, Heinrich Hertz generates e-m wave, Earmuffs patented, First
Colonial Conference opens in London, Queen Victoria celebrates Golden Jubilee,
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected King of Bulgaria, Gen. Boulanger fails
in coup in Paris, Union Indo-Chinoise organized by France, death of German
author FT Vischer, Hall Caine writes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle writes “A Study in
Scarlet” – first Sherlock Holmes book, Strindberg writes, Thomas Hardy writes,
Conrad Ferdinand Meyer writes, Herman Suderman writes, Sardou writes “La
Tosca” play, Antoine founds Theatre Libre in Paris, Sir Thomas More beatified by
Pope Leo XIII, I Donnelly writes regarding Shakespeare, Van Gough paints, death
of Russian composer Aleksandr Borodin, Sir John Stainer composes, Chabrier
composes, Richard Strauss composes, Verdi composes “Otello”, Gilbert and
Sullivan create “Ruddigore”, Ignace Paderewski gives first recital in Vienna,
Bruckner composes, Joseph Lockyer writes about the chemistry of the sun,
Phenacetin – analgesic drug – discovered, Emil Berliner improves phonograph
sound quality, Edison and Swan combine to produce Ediswan electrical lamps,
HW Goodwin invents celluloid film, LL Zamenhof devises Esperanto, death of
German undustrialist Alfred Krupp, Boveri describes meiosis for gamete
production, Death of President Taylor, Edmunds-Tucker Act passes – women
forced to testify against husbands, all marriages recorded, Perpetual Emigration
Fund dissolved, Nauvoo Legion in UT dissolved, Church disencorporated, women
in UT disenfranchised, fall of Zulus to British, Italy and Ethiopia at war to 1889,
1888 Princess-Regent Isabel abolishes slavery in Brazil , “Great blizzard” hits US East
and TB, pneumonia and diarrhea follow and 400 die, “Schoolhouse Blizzard”
kills 235, later subway and buried utilities are built to combat similar problems –
NYC gets steam, Drought at horn of AFR for 5 years, deadliest hailstorm on
record hits Moradabad India region, end creation of new Japanese legal code, end
of rule of Antonio Guzman over Venezuela, Kaiser William II reigns in Germany
until 1918, Slaves freed in Brazil, hailstorm hits India, Wilhelm II becomes
Kaiser of Germany when father William I and then brother Frederick III dies –
Hohenzollern dynasty * Cleveland gives anti-polygamy speech, Mormons are
treated less harshly, and so turn themselves in., Harrison pledges to stamp out
polygamy, Annie Oakley performs on Vaudeville but shooting wasn’t popular,
Jan - "Snowhouse Blizzard" strands many children in the Dakotas. Over 200 die,
Apr 30 - Hailstorm kills 200+ in India, Aug - Hurricane produces tornadoes in
Chesapeake Bay, Nov - Late season hurricane hits Nantucket and cape Cod, up to
Nova Scotia, death of German author Theodor Storm, death of FW Raiffeisen the
German economist who proposed cooperative saving banks, death of German
botanist Heinrich de Barry, death of author Louisa may Alcott in America, death
of American bestselling novelist EP Roe, death of Dutch painter Anton Mauve,
death of Russian explorer of Central Asia NM Przhevalski, Nikola Tesla invents
induction electrical motor, Emile Berliner invents flat-disc recording, Princess
Isabel of Brazil abolishes slavery, US National Geographic Society founded,
Revolution in Brazil frees slaves, Eastman makes hand-held camera, Van Gogh's
"Sunflowers", American dramatist O'Neill born, death of Prussian leader William
I, Lobengula King of Matabele accepts British protection and grants Cecil Rhodes
mining rights, Sarawak accepts status of British protectorate, Beneral Boulanger
retired from French army and elected to French Chamber of Deputies, Suez Canal
convention, Benjamin Harridon elected President of the US, Writers: Maurice
Barres, Edward Bellamy, Kipling, Maupassant, Quiller-Couch, Mark Rutherford,
Verlaine, Zola, AW Pinero, Oscar Wilde, Georges Courteling, Theodor Fontaine,
death of English author Matthew Arnold, death of German novelist Theodor
Storm, James Bryce writes about the American Commonwealth, Bernard
Bosanquet writes, GJ Romanes writes about mental evolution in man, James
Martineau writes “The Study of Religion”, James Ensor paints “The Entrance of
Christ into Brussels”, Van Gogh paints “The Yellow Chair”, Toulouse-Lautrec
paints “Place Chichy”, Gilbert and Sullivan write, Tchaikovsky composes,
Rimsky-Korsakov composes, Fustav Mahler becomes musical director of
Budapest opera, Nikola A Tesla constructs electric motor (manufactured by
George Westinghouse), George Eastman perfects “Kodak” box camera, JB
Dunlop invents pneumatic tire, Heinrich Hertz and Oliver Lodge independently
identify radio waves as belonging to same family as light waves, Football League
founded, Lawn Tennis Association founded, “Jack the Rupper” murders six
women in London, Cecil Rhodes amalgamated Kimberley diamond companies,
Aeronautical Exhibition in Vienna, “Financial Times” in London published, first
beauty pagent held in Spa, Belgium, Fridjof Nansen leans an exploration party
across Greenland on snowshoes, Ruins of Ikhnaton’s city discovered, Manti
Temple dedicated, Samoan mission established, Church board of Education
established, Karl Benz creates first retail car, Jack the Ripper’s first victim found,
Van Gogh cuts off ear, William II becomes Kaiser to 1918
1889 British create official cubic inch, End of reforms in Brazil as Pedro II deposed,
New Meiji constitution for Japan, First Pan-American conference held in
Washington DC, Brazil becomes a republic, Malietoa Laupepa king of Samoa
recognized by Britain, US and Germany who serves as joint supervisors of Samoa,
Johnstown PA flood worst in US killing 2200, Harrison appoints anti-Mormon
officials, by now, FDR had seen a polygamist family and later jokingly called it
the “Good Neighbor Policy”, Buffalo Bill calls back Annie Oakley to perform in
Paris – Lillian Smith no longer with show – Paris Expo performances near new
Eiffel Tower – King of Senegal tries to buy Annie Oakley to hunt lions - King of
France tries to hire her for army – legend becomes semi-fiction – Prince Wilhelm
of Germany supposedly participates in an act, Mar- 141 inches of snow fall in
Ruby, CO, Julo - 19 inches of rain falls in 2 hours in WV, flash flooding results,
Mother Francis Xavier Cabrini emigrates from Italy to found hospitals and
orphanages in US, Hawaiian islands annexed formally to the U.S., Minor skirmish
between Great Britain, Germany and US at Samoa called off due to typhoon,
death of French painter Jules Dupre, death of poet Robert Browning, death of
French man of letters PAM de Villiers de L’Isle Adam, death of Austrian
playwright Ludwig Anzengruber, death of Father Damien who cared for lepers on
Molokai, death of English poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, Frederick Douglass
serves as minister to Haiti, death of American outlaw Belle Starr, Brazilian
republic founded, Eiffel tower, end of Milan IV of Serbia, Austrian Crown Prince
Archduke Rudolf commits suicide at his hunting lodge at Mayerling, Dakotas
Montana and Washington become states, Benjamin Harrison inaugurated #23,
Gen Boulanger flees from France, Milan Obrenovich abdicates from Serbian
throne in favor of his son, birth of Hitler, London Dock strike, Cecil Rhodes of
South Africa granted British Royal Charter, Pedro II of Brazil abdicates – Brazil
proclaimed a republic, Johannes IV Emperor of Abyssinia dies – succeeded by
Menelik II, Writers, J.M. Barrie, Bjornson, Andre Gide, Gerhart Hauptman,
Jerome K Jerome, Maurice Maeterlinck, WB Yeats, Bertha von Suttner, Mark
Twain (Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court), RL Stevenson, Anatole
France, Hermann Sudermann, Henri Bergson, TH Huxley, Van Gogh paints
“Landscape with Cypress Tree”, Alexander Gustave Eiffel designs his tower,
Cesar Franck composes, Richard Strauss composes his “Don Juan”, Gilbert and
Sullivan create, Catholic U in Washington DC opens, GV Schiaparelli discovers
rotations of Mercury and Venus, Frederick Abel invents cordite, Von Mehring
and Minkowski prove insulin secreted by pancreas, London County Council
formed, Barnum and Bailey’s Circus opens in Olympia London, Fr. Panama
Canal Company goes bankrupt, first May Day celebration in Paris, Punch card
system created by H Hollerith, Endowment House torn down, Iosepa UT founded
for Hawaiians, President Woodruff sustained, Liberals gain control in Ogden,
Members fast for help, failure of Conemaugh dam and flooding of Johnstown PA,
US census first uses punch cards to tabulate, Georges Boulanger plots against
third Republic and flees, Treaty of Uxxialli – Italy gains protectorate over
Ethiopia, Brazil becomes republic, Cecil Rhodes founds British South Africa
Company, Panama scandal – collapse of French Panama Canal Company – de
Lesseps and associates tried for corruption, McCormick and Company (spices)
founded
1890 Drought in S AFR, End service of Bismarck as chief minister of Germany as he is
dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm, End of wars against US American Indians in
Western US, first Japanese general election, New Orleans LA flood * Manifesto –
Harrison suspicious, massacre at Wounded Knee, Vaudeville consolidates with
Keith and Albee's "United Booking Artists" and "Vaudeville Manager's
Association", "Australian" or secret ballot voting adopted for US citizens, Captain
Alfred Mahan writes book promoting U.S. sea expansion of its navy, death of
English theologian John Henry Cardinal Newman, death of Swiss novelist
Gottfried Keller, death of German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, death of
Belgian composer Cesar Franck, death of Sitting Bull, death of Irish-American
poet John Boyle O’Reily, CA quake est 6.3, Christmas becomes national holiday
in US, US massacres 300 Lakotas and chief Big Foot in an attempt to suppress the
“Ghost Dance”, End of Russian expansion in Asia, Sioux massacred at Wounded
Knee, death of Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh, Swiss government introduces
social insurance, Britain exchanges Heligoland with Germany for Zanxibar and
Pemba, ID and WY become states, Cecil Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape
Colony, first general election in Japan, William II and Alexander III meet at
Narva, German Social Democrats adopt Marxist program at Erfurt Congress,
Accession of Queen Wilhelmina – Luxembourg separated from Netherlands,
Writers: Knut Hamsun, Tolstoi, Ibsen, Hall Caine, Wilde write “The Picture of
Dorian Gray”, first moving picture shows appear in New York, death of German
archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, death of Cardinal Newman, Alfred Marshall
writes, William Booth writes, JG Frazer writes, William James writes about
psychology, Cezanne paints “The Cardplayers”, Frederick Leighton paints “The
Bath of Psyche”, Giobanni Segantini paints “Plowing in the Engadine”, death of
musician Cesar Franck, Bruckner composes, Strauss composes, Borodin
composes, Mascagni composes, Tchaikovsky composes, TG Curtius produces
azoimide from organic sources, Rubber gloves used for first time in surgery at
Johns Hopkins Hospital in MD, Emil von Behring announces discovery of
antitoxins, Global influenza epidemics, Daughters of the American revolution
founded in Washington, First English electrical power station, Forth bridge
opened, first steel-framed building in Chicago, death of American circus
proprietor Charles Forepaugh, start of first recorded US bee die-off with
“Disappearing Disease”, Junius S Morgan dies and son J P Morgan begins
banking empire, Wounded Knee Massacre as 128 Sioux killed, Ghost Dance War
until 1891, Manifesto issued and also printed in US newspapers, US Supreme
court upholds Edmunds-Tucker Act, Anti-mormons gain school-board vote in
SLC and offices in SLC and Weber counties, Limited amnesty follows acceptance
of Manifesto by President Harrison, Sugar factory built in Lehi – commentary
given by Elisha Peck Jr., Bismarck dismissed from office, Zanzibar becomes
British protectorate and Germans receive Heligoland, start of era of Yellow
Journalism, Start of reformation of US children’s books
1891 End of reign of King David Kalakaua of Hawaii, Franco-Russian agreement for 3
years, Civil War in Chile, Earthquake in Japan est 8 kills over 7200, Plessy v
Ferguson in New Orleans filed * Harrison visits Utah, grants amnesty to Joseph F.
Smith, President withdraws timberlands from public sale, death of Prussian
general Helmuth von Moltke, death of Phineas T. Barnum the American
showman, death of Russian novelist I.A. Goncharov, death of American author
James Russell Lowell, death of founder of Theosophical Society Helena Petrovna
Blavatsky, death of English reformer and philosopher Charles Bradlaugh, death of
Spanish novelist Pedro Antonio de Alarcon, death of French composer Leo
Delibes, suicide of French soldier and popular hero Georges Boulanger, death of
Portuguese poet Antero de Quental, First black hospital in Chicago, TransSiberian railroad started, death of French poet Arthur Rimbaud, death of French
painter Georges Seurat (age 33), Triple Alliance between Germany Austria and
Italy renewed for 12 years, Kaiser William II visits London, Franco-Russian
entente, Young Turk Movement formed in Geneva hoping to secure liberal
reforms, Writers: Maurice Barres, James Barrie, Donan Doyal (Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes), Thomas Hardy (Tess of the S’Ubervilles), Frank Wedekind,
Kipling, Sardou, Selma Lagerlof, Shaw, Goldwin Smith, RW Church
(posthumously), JT Grein founds Independent Theatre Society in London, death
of American author Herman Melville, death of French poet Arthur Rimbaud,
Papal encyclical on conditions of the working class, Gauguin settles in Tahiti,
Van Gogh exhibits at the Salon des Independents (posthumously), Henri
Toulouse-Lautrec produces his first music hall posters, Gustav Mahler composes,
Karl Zeller composes, Rachmaninoff composes, Samuel P Langley writes about
aerodynamics, Beginnings of wireless telegraphy, Trans-Siberian railroad
construction begins, All-Deutchland Verband (League) founded, In libel action
Gordon-Cummings v. Lycett concerning cheating at cards the Prince of Wales
admits he played baccarat for high stakes, Widespread famine in Russia,
Earthquake in Japan kills about 10,000, in Java Dutch anthropologist Eugene
Dubois discovers Pithecanthropis erectus (Java Man), WL Judson invents clothing
zipper, End of Hatfield McCoy feud along WV KY border, People’s Party of UT
dissolved, Tonga mission created,
1892 Drought at horn of AFR ends, Shredded Wheat invented, Oil City PA flood,
Landslide in France, storm off Portugal * Harrison tells U.S. Marshal in Utah to
listen to Mormons, Harrison asks Mormons to pray for dying wife – she dies
anyway, and condolences are sent, Basketball invented in Springfield, MA,
Federal employees given 88 hour workdays
McKinley Tariff Act allows Cuban sugar into the US, promoting Cuban trade,
UT – Butch Cassidy works as butcher in Rock Springs, death of English
poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, death of German composer Robert Franz, death of
German electrical engineer EW Siemens, death of Baptist preacher Charles H
Spurgeon, death of American financier Jay Gould, death of German explorer in
Africa Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer), death of Scottish philosopher George C
Robertson, three notable CA quakes – largest 7.8, ITA raises marrying age for
females to 12, Baltimore’s Afro-American publication founded, Rudolf Diesel
invents the diesel engine, Ellis Island begins to operate as port of entry for
immigrants, Abercrombie and Fitch begins operation, Twefik Khedive of Egypt
dies – Abbas II rules, Giolitti becomes Premier of Italy, Prince Ito becomes
Premier of Japan, Gladstone becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain, Witte
named Russian Minister of Finance, Britain and Germany agree on Cameroons,
Grover Cleveland elected, Pan-Slav conference held in Krakow, Keir Hardie
becomes first Labour member of Parliament, Writers: Knut Hamsun, Gerhart
Hauptmann, Bernard Shaw, Kipling, Israel Zangwill, Zola, Maeterlinck, Oscar
Wilde, Ibsen, English music-hall star Lottie Collins sings “Ta-ra-ra boom-de-ay”,
death of Walt Whitman, death of French historian Ernest Renan, Emily Faguet
writes, GJ Romanes writes, Monet begins series of pictures on the Rouen
Cathedral, Toulouse-Lautrec paints “At the Moulin Rouge”, Bruckner composes,
Lleoncavallo composes “I Pagliacci”, Tchaikovsky writes “The Nutcracker”
ballet, Dvorak becomes director of New York National Conservatory of Music,
CF Cross and EJ Bevan discover viscose (manufacture of rayon), Diesel patents
his internal-combustion engine, First automatic telephone switchboard introduced,
death of inventor EW Siemens, Iron and steel workers strike in US, CapeJohannesburg railroad completed, first cans of pineapples, “Gentlemen Jum”
Corbett defeats John L Sullivan to win heavyweight boxing title, White Rhinos
thought to be extinct, Church members encouraged to vote Republican to keep
Democrats from being “Church Party” Salt Lake Temple exterior completed and
special fast issued to complete interior, ward conferences start, death of Walt
Whitman, Lott Russon Sr. on committee for Lehi Old Folks, Italy raises minimum
age of marriage for girls to age 12, first use of Ellis Island by immigrants
1893 Diesel invents engine, World expo in Chicago, SLC temple dedicated, Votes for
women introduced in New Zealand, University of Wales founded at Aberystwyth,
Charleston SC cyclone, New Orleans cyclone * Partial amnesty for polygamists…
some, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show returns to US for Columbian expo in
Chicago – banned from grounds as “too crass” – so across the street 3 million
come – immigrants appreciate greatly – across the street Historian F Turner
declares the frontier dead – Wild West Show gains more attraction than expo –
expo contains electric lights and kinetoscope by Edison,
Jan - Temperature
rises 42 degrees in 15 minutes at Ft. Assiniboine MT (up to 37 degrees
Fahrenheit), Aug - 4 hurricanes in Atlantic at the same time - a record until 1998,
Grand Isle Hurricane brings 22 foot surge to LA coast killing 2000 Oct, World's
Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) in Chicago revolutionizes architecture,
Frank Lloyd Wright begins profession in Chicago, Begin mild US economic
depression that lasted until 1898, death of French composer Charles Gounod,
death of French psychiatrist Jean Martin Charcot, death of French thinker and
historian Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, death of Anglo-American actor Edwin Booth,
death of American Episcopal Bishop Phillips Brooks, death of English poet and
essayist John Addington Symonds, death of Russian composer Peter Ilich
Tchaikovsky, First open-heart surgery by Daniel Hale Williams (AfricanAmerican), death of Guy de Moupassant the French writer, Irish Home Rule
defeated, Independent Labour Party formed at conference in Bradford England
under Keir Hardie, Hawaii proclaimed a republic – annexed by treaty to US in
Feb – treaty withdrawn in March, Franco-Russian alliance signed, Trial over
Panama Canal corruption in Paris, Natal granted self-government, Revolt against
British South Africa Company in Matabele – crushed by Starr Jameson –
occupation of Bulawayo, Second Irish home Rule Bill passed by Commons but
rejected by Lords, Swaziland annexed by Transvaal, France acquires protectorate
over Loa, writers: Anatole France, Mark Rutherford, Courteline, Pinero, Wilde,
Max Halbe, Gerhart Hauptmann, Arthur Schnitzler, Sardou, Sudermann, FH
Bradley, WT Stead, death of French author Hippolyte Taine, death of Maupassant,
“Art Noveau” appears in Europe, death of Charles Gounod composer, Dvorak
composes, Sibelius composes, Tchaikovsky composes, Engelbert Humperdinck
composes, Puccini composes, Verdi composes “Falstaff”, Karl Benz constructs
his four-wheeled car, death of French psychiatrist J.M. Charcot, Henry Ford
builds his first car, Inperial Institute in London founded, Manchester Ship Canal
completed, Fridtjof Nansen begins unsuccessful expedition to the North Pole,
Corinth Canal in Greece opened, Lingest recorded boxing fight between Andy
Bowen and Jack Burk in New Orleans – lasts over 7 hours, World Expo in
Chicago, Lada Margaret Scott wins first British golf championship, HMS Victoria
collides with HMS Camperdown due to mistake in geometry – 90 degrees versus
180 degrees, Chicago World’s Fair (Columbian Expo) Chicago Mayor shot,
phenotypic plasticity described by Poulton in caterpillars, Salt Lake Temple
dedicated, Seized Church property returned, Anti-Mormon liberal Party of UT
disbanded, Financial Panic, Baby boy born in Salt Lake Temple, rebaptism
discouraged, New Zealand lets women vote – first country with total rights, Ivory
Coast becomes French protectorate, Gladstone reintroduces Irish Home Rule Bill
– defeated by House of Lords, Independent Labour Party founded in Britain by
socialist Keir Hardie, General strike in Belgium, Committee of Ten in US
education suggests biology chemistry and physics (Biology did not previously
exist except as Zoology and Botany) and relies heavily on input from Carnegie,
Columbian expo = self-rising pancake mix introduced and served by Nancy Green
(Aunt Jemima) who played role to 1923
1894 Fire in Wisconsin, Hinckley Fire in MN kills 418, SLC city county building
completed, French set up protectorate in Dahomey (Benin) W Africa, War
between Japan and China, end of Franco-Russian agreement as treaty not renewed,
12 million die in plague outbreak in India, Canton and Hong Kong plague kills
between 80,000 and 100,000, Home Rule for Scotland * Cleveland pardons those
disenfranchised under anti-polygamy laws, Edison films Annie Oakley shooting,
Election-day Snowstorm hits CT, Home Insurance Building (skyscraper) built in
Chicago, Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act places 40% tariff on raw sugar, causing
poverty for Cuba, Sino-Japanese war begins, death of Hungarian freedom fighter
Lajos Kossuth, death of English historian James Anthony Froude, death of
German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, death of Russian pianist and
composer Anton Rubinstein, death of English poet and daughter of Gabriele
Rossetti Christina Rossetti, assassination of fourth President of French Republic
Sadi Carnot, death of English critic and essayist Walter Pater, death of German
physicist August Kundt, death of French composer Emmanuel Chabrier, death of
American actor Steele Mackaye, US federal income tax revived, Congress repeals
Enforcement Act, making it easier to disenfranchise black voters, death of
Scottish author Robert L Stevenson, Dreyfus Affair in France, death of German
physicist Heinrich Hertz, Starr Jameson completes occupation of Matabeleland,
German-Russian commercial treaty, Uganda becomes a British protectorate, MF
Sadi Carnot assassinated by an Italian anarchist, Japanese troops in Seoul Korea
and Japan declare war on China and defeat Chinese at Port Arthur, French army
Captain Alfred Dreyfud arrested in treason charge and deported to Devil’s Island
French Guiana, Prince Hohenlohe becomes German Chancellor, death of Czar
Alexander III son Nicholas II rules in Russia, death of Hungarian patropt Lajos
Kossuth, death of American author Oliver Wendell Holmes, death of writer
Robert Louis Stevenson, Writers: Knut Hamsun, Gerhart Hauptman, George du
maurier, G and W Grossmith, Anthony Hope, Kipling (The Jungle Book), George
Moore, SB Weyman, Zola, Bernard Shaw, Benjamin Kidd, Sidney and Beatrice
Webb (trade unions), Pollock and Maitland, Edison opens kinetoscope parlor in
New York, Aubrey Beardsley creates drawings to Oscar Wilde’s “Salome”,
Matthew Corbett paints “Morning Glory”, Gustave Caillebotte’s collection of
impressionist paintings rejected by the Musee Luxembourg in Paris, Degas paints
“Femme a sa toilette”, Sibelius composes “Finlandia”, Debussy composes,
Massenet composes, Richard Strauss composes, Death of Anton Rubinstein the
Russian composer, death of inventor Hermann von Helmholtz, Swedish explorer
Sven Hedin travels in Tibet, Louis Lumiere invents the cinematograph, Yersin
and Kitasato independently discover plague bacillus, Berliner uses horizontal
gramophone disc instead of cylinder as record for sound reproduction, Lord
Rayleigh and William Ramsay discover argon, Flagstaff Observatory in AZ
erected, New York Jockey Club founded, Death duties (inheritance tax)
introduced in Britain, Baron de Coubertin founds committee to organize modern
Olympic games, Part of buildings from Chicago’s Worlds Fair burn, Dubois
publishes on Java Man, 2 foot dragonflies discovered suggesting higher oxygen
content in carboniferous, UT Genealogical Society founded, President Cleveland
issues General Polygamist amnesty, Utah Enabling Act starts process for writing
UT constitution, Vision of Benjamin Franklin asking for more ordinances.
(Baptism 1877), Genealogies emphasized as overadoption and sealing to Church
leaders discouraged, Dreyfus affair in France as Dreyfus accused of spying for
GER – many believe him to be innocent, China and Japan at war, Nicholas II
becomes last Tsar of Russia, War between China and Japan over Korea to 1895,
In China Sun Yat-sen founds revolutionary societies
1895 X-Ray invented, Utah’s constitution created, Women vote in UT, Joseph F Smith
criticizes members of Democratic Party and some members take this as
Republican endorsement, Jameson raid into Transvaal, Japanese win ChineseJapanese war and occupy Korea, Lumiere brothers invent film projector in France,
Assassination of Bulgarian prime minister Stambuloff, Marconi invents the
wireless, first X-Rays, Tsar Nicholas II coronated – thousands trampled – wife
cousins to Kaiser, Feb - 24 inches of snow falls in Rayne, LA 196 shows by Wild
West Show, William Randolph Hearst purchases the New York Journal which
specialized in sensational news stories, Marconi begins wireless telegraphy, U.S.
increases building of "Great White Fleet" of naval vessels, Cubans rebel against
Spain, war ensues, End of Sino-Japanese war results with Japan getting control of
Korea, China left for empirial powers to rush in, Skirmish between British
Guyana and Venezuela arbitrated by U.S. under Monroe Doctrine, death of
German author Gustav Freytag, death of German socialist Friedrich Engels, death
of French microbiologist Louis Pasteur, death of French author Alexander Dumas,
death of Russian novelist Nikolai Semenovich Leskov, death of English historian
Sir John Seeley, death of German novelist and eccentric (Masochism) Leopold
von Sacher-Masoch, MO quake est 6.6, start of Australian heat wave killing 437,
Germany patents pith helmets that store water, but dysentery kills, US federal
income tax declared unconstitutional, Booker T. Washington delivers Atlanta
Compromise speech, accepting segregation in favor of advancement economically,
Cuban independence fighter Jose Marti killed in battle , Lumières presents public
cinema in France, Chinese defeated by Japanese at Wei-hai-Wei – end of
Chinese-Japanese war and Formosa and Port Arthur ceded to Japan but returned
to China in exchange for indemnity – Queen of Korea assassinated with Japanese
help, British South Africa Company territory south of Zambezi becomes Rhodesia,
Stefan Stambulov the Bulgarian Premier assassinated, Armenians massacred in
Turkey – Sultan Abdul Hamid II promises reforms in Turkey, Italians defeated by
Abyssinians at Amba Alagi, Starr Jameson’s raid into Transvaal, Cuba fights
Spain for independence, death of American librettist Oscar Hammerstein, First
public film show in Paris, Writers: Hilaire Belloc, Joseph Conrad, Sienkiewicz,
Henry james, george Moore, HG Wells (The Time Machine), WB Yeats, Thomas
Masaryk, Karl Marx (Posthumously), London School of Economics and Political
Science founded, Cardinal Vaughan lays foundation stone of Westminster
Cathedral, death of English scientist TH Huxley, Art Nouveau style predominates,
Kathe Kollwitz makes prints “Revolt of the Weavers”, Tchaikovsky’s
Swan Lake” performed, Mahler composes, Richard Strauss composes, Robert
Newman arranges concerts in London, Wilhelm Kienzl composes, Wilhelm
Rontgen discovers X-rays, Marconi invents radio telegraphy, Sigmund Freud
writes, death of Louis Pasteur, Auguste and Louis Lumiere invents motion-picture
camera, Konstantin Isiolkovksi formulates principle of rocket reaction propulsion,
C von Linde constructs machine for liquefaction of air, King C Gilette invents
safety razor, death of German socialist Friedrich Engels, Peter Latham of Britain
becomes world lawn tennis champion, Kiel Canal of germany opened, Oscar
Wilde’s unsuccessful libel action against Marquis-of-Queensberry, American
Bowling Congress formed to govern the game, First professional football game
played in US at Latrobe PA, First US Open Golf Championship held, Elders
Moses Thatcher and BH Roberts run for senator and are disciplined for not
consulting with Church leaders. Neither are elected. Das Kapital published after
Marx died – Engels edited, death of Louis Pasteur, Marie and Pierre Curie
married, China defeated by Japan, death of Louis Pasteur, Italy and Ethiopia at
war to 1896, Treaty of Shimonoseki signed between China and Japan – Japan
gains Formosa and China recognizes Korea’s independence, Rhodesia founded by
Cecil Rhodes, Revolution in Cuba to 1898, Armenians massacred in
Constantinople, Jameson Raid – attack on Boer republic of Transvaal fails by
1896
1896 Bad year for tornadoes in US, end reign of Nasir-ud-Din of Persia, France takes
Madagascar, Ethiopian ruler Menelik crushes Italian army at Adowa, British
persuade Malay states to form federation, St. Louis MO tornado, tsunamis in
Japan, Plessy v Ferguson ruling in New Orleans * Cleveland admits Utah as 45th
state, Church property returned, McKinley wins election, in spite of 83% of Utah
voting for Bryan, College of New Jersey becomes Princeton U, Apr- Sandusky
OH gets F4 tornado, May - Most violent week of tornado activity in US history in
Great lakes region, May - St. Louis tornado drives wood through steel, End of
minor US depression, UT - miners limited to 8 hour day, “Wild Bunch” formed in
Brown’s Park UT by Butch Cassidy and the Sun Dance Kid, death of American
author Harriet Beecher Stowe, death of German pianist Clara Wiek-Schumann,
death of French author Edmond de Goncourt, death of Austrian composer Anton
Bruckner, death of German chemist Friedrich August von Kekule, death of
English painter John Everett Millais, death of Archbishop of Canterbury Edward
White Benson, death of English painter and sculptor Lord Leighton, death of
Alfred Nobel – founder of Nobel Peace Prize and inventor of TNT, death of
French-English artist and novelist George du Maurier, death of German historian
Heinrich von Tritschke, death of English poet and artist William Morris, death of
Brazilian composer A Carlos Gomez, death of German philosopher Richard
Acenarius, death of French lyric poet Paul Verlaine, end of Australian heat wave
killing 437, Japanese quake and tsunami – very strong, shortest war ever –
Zanzibar v. Britain lasts 38 minutes, start of Indian famine killing 19 million by
1902, Plessy v. Ferguson allows “separate but equal”, death of German aviation
pioneer Otto Lilienthal, end of Nasr-ed-Din the Shah of Persia, Greece - Olympic
games revived, Early zippers patented by Whitcomb Judson, Brooks Brothers
introduce button-down collars for polo players, Starr Jameson surrenders at
Doornkop – Kaiser William II sends “Kruger telegram” – Cecil Rhodes resigns
premiership, military alliance between Transvaal and Orange Free State –
Matabele revolt in Rhodesia put down by Baden-Powell, UT becomes state, Italy
defeated by Abyssinians at Asowa – Italy sues for peace and withdraws its
protectorate from Abyssinia, New evidence for the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus
suppressed in France, Nasr-ed-Din Shah of Persia assassinated, France annexes
Madagascar, Further massacres of Armenians in Constantinople, Kitchener begins
campaign against the Mahdi in Sudan, Russia and China sign Manchuria
Convention, Czar Nicholas II visits Paris and London, William McKinley elected
#25, death of writer Verlaine, death of American novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe,
death of French author Edmond de Goncourt, death of English writer William
Morris, Pierre Louys writes, RM Riike writes, Chekhov writes, Henri Bergson
writes, Five annual Nobel Prizes established in physics physiology medicine
chemistry literature and peace, foundation of Zionism as Theodor Herzl writes,
Frederick Leighton paints “Clytie”, national portrait gallery moved to
Westminster, Cartoonist Phil May joins “Punch”, German art magazines appear in
Munich, death of musician Anton Burckner, Sidney Jones composes, death of
German pianist Clara Wick-Schumann, Edward MacDowell composes “Indian
Suite”, Richard Strauss composes “Also Sprach Zarathustra”, Puccini composes
“La Boheme”, Hugo Wolf composes, Giordano composes, last Gilbert and
Sullivan composition “The Grand Duke”, William Ramsay discovers helium,
Enrest Rutherford finds magnetic detection of electrical waves, Niagara falls
electrical plant opens, death of Alfred Nobel French physicist AH Becquerel
discovers radioactivity, first English all-steel building, Alfred Harmsworth issues
news “Daily Mail”, first modern Olympics held in Athens, “Persimmon” wins
Derby – horse owned by Prince of Wales, First Alpine ski school founded in
Austria, Royal Victorian Order founded, Beginning of Klondike gold rush at
Bonanza Creek CAN, Charles Dow publishes Wall Street Journal, Statehood for
UT, Church issues political manifesto asserting separation of Church and state,
BH Roberts and Moses Thatcher hesitate to sign political manifesto but BHR
signs after prayer and Thatcher does not and is released from 12 but remains in
Church, Fast and Testimony day moves from Thursday to Sunday, Gospel
reproached in Saint Louis, Anti-Mormon (anti-BH Roberts) periodical “Lucifer’s
Lantern” published, rebellious Uitlander (foreign) leader surrenders to Boers in
Transvaal and British interfere, First modern Olympic marathon held in Greece –
bronze medal winner found to have cheated, UK defeats Zanzibar in 28 minute
war, Anglo-French agreements in Siam (Thailand), Jameson raid in Africa,
Anglo-Egyptian forces led by General Kitchener begin reconquest of Sudan,
Battle of Adua – Ethiopian victory, Final Anglo-Ashanti War – Ashanti defeated,
Treaty of Addis Ababa – Italy recognizes Ethiopian independence, France
annexes Madagascar, Anglo-French agreement settles boundaries in Siam, British
protectorates in Sierra Leone and east Africa, since 1796 topic of conformity
increases from 18 percent of books to 54 percent of books for children, heavier
than air flight achieved along Patomic river pre-Wright by Langley, first time
“Jew” designation occurs in Henry Adams’ “Democracy” showing growing antisemitism trend
1897 WV Elva Zona Heaster-Shue found dead, and afterward her ghost appears to her
mother proclaiming murder. Hercorpse is exhumed and shown to have a crushed
windpipe, Assam India quake and Sanriku tsunami kills 1500 est. 8.3, Slavery
banned in Zanzibar, New Zealand introduces eight-hour working day and
retirement pensions, Eruption in Philippines at Mt. Mayon killing 1335,
McKinley meets with Saints, cannot make the trip to Utah, appoints LDS for
position, Dingley Terriff raises rates to 57%, Gold discovered in Alaska, UT Actress Betty Compson born in Beaver UT, Butch Cassidy and “Wild Bunch” rob
mining camp at Castle Gate – camp at Hanksville’s Robbers Roost, death of
Swiss art historian Jakob Burchardt, death of Scottish novelist Margaret Oliphant,
death of Heinrich von Stephan the German statesman and promoter of the First
International Postal Union, death of George M Pullman the designer of railroad
cars, death of German composer Johannes Brahms, death of American economist
Henry George, death of French novelist Alphonse Daudet, small CA quake 6.3,
WEB Du Bois and Rev. Alexander Crummell establish African Negro Academy,
British J.J. Thompson discovers electron, Emile Durkeim's "Suicide", William
Falkner born, Crete proclaims union with Greece – Turkey declares war with
Greece and is defeated in Thessaly – armistice followed by Peace of
Constantinople, William McKinkey inaugurated, King of Korea proclaims self
emperor, Mathieu Dreyfud discovers that the document on which his brother
Alfred was convicted was written by major MC Esterhazy – Dreyfus affair?,
Germany occupoes Kiao-Chow in N China, Russia occupoes Port Authur, death
of French novelist Anphonse Daudet, Writers: Joseph Conrad, John Galsworthy,
Stefan George, Kipling (Captains Courageous), Strindberg, HG Wells (The
Invisible Man), Edmond rostand (Cyrano de Bergerac), Shaw, Sidney and
Beatrice Webb, Havelock Ellis, death of Swiss art historian Jakob Burckhardt,
Matisse paints “Dinner Table”, Rodin sculpts “Victor Hugo”, Rudolph Dirks
debuts “Katzenjammer Kids” comic strip, Henri Le Douanier Rousseau paints
“Sleeping Gypsy”, Sir Henry Tate donates Tate gallery to British people, Max
Klinger paints, Pissarro paints, death of Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler
conducts Vienna Opera, Vincent d’Indy composes, Ronald ross discovers malaria
bacillus, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) studies cathode rays, Julius Hann writes
“Handbook of Climatology” J.J.Thompson discovers electron, Severe famine in
India, World Expo in Brussels, founding of Royal Automobile Club in London,
Sultin of Zanzibar abolishes slavery, Zionist Congress in Basel Switzerland under
Herzl and Nordau, Wueen Victoria’s diamond jubilee, White rhinos, formerly
thought extinct, rediscovered in Africa, Lord Kelvin determines sun is no older
tha 20 million years old – later thought to be false, Marie Curie begins
researching uranium rays, 50 years in valley celebrated, Brigham Young statue in
SLC unveiled, rebaptism discontinued, Improvement Era printed, Bram Stoker’s
Dracula published, Greece and Turkey at war over Crete, Occupation of
Kiaochow China by Germany, NEA in US mentions that businessmen should
have the right to dictate school curriculum
1898 Utahns volunteer in Spanish American war, In China, Dowager Empress Cixi
crushes reform attempts, US annexes Hawaii, Drought and famine in India *
McKinley appoints George Albert Smith (not an apostle then) to U.S. Land Office
in Utah, Annie Oakley volunteers to lead women sharpshooters into Spanish
American war, Jan - F4 tornado strikes Fort Smith AR,
Feb - First female cyclone named in Australia as Eline hits, SD adopts initiative
and referendum processes for balloting, Teddy Roosevelt leads and organizes the
"Rough Riders", U.S. sympathies turn toward Cuba and against Spain as
American business interests suffer from the revolt, Feb - news articles showing
anti-American sentiment from Spain published, Feb - Battleship Maine sunk in
Cuban harbor, Sec. of Navy Theodore Roosevelt publicly criticizes McKinley for
not declaring war, Mar - U.S. sends ultimatum to Spain, which is accepted April 9,
Apr 19 - - war declared on Spain, Jul - U.S. acquires Wake island, Aug - Manila,
Philippines surrenders to U.S., Oct - Spain and U.S. enter treaty negotiation,
Philippines rebel against U.S. rule, death of British statesman William Gladstone,
death of German statesman Otto von Bismarck, death of German novelist
Theodor Fontane, death of Swiss author Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, death of
French painter Gustave Moreau, death of German botanist Ferdinand Julius Cohn,
death of Eduard Remenyi the Hungarian violinist who toured with Brahms, death
of author Lewis Carrol (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), death of Belgian painter
and engraver Felician Rops, death of English painter and designer Edward BurneJones, death of false claimant to the Tichborne estates Arthur Orton, death of
German novelist and Egyptologist Georg Ebers, death of American temperance
worker and reformer France E Willard, death of Scottish novelist William Black,
death of French poet Stephane Mallarme, two notable CA quakes, John Merrick
founds North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance, starting a push for black businesses
in Durham, NC, General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippines independent of
Spain, Chinese "100 Days" reforms repressed – end of Emperor Kwanag Hsu,
Spanish American War - US gains Cuba and Puerto Rico, Curies discover radium
and polonium, Major Esterhazy acquitted in Dreyfus forgery trial – Zola publishes
open letter to French President and is impridoned – Colonel Henry admits forgery
of a document in Dreyfus case, Paul Kruger reelected President of Transcaal,
Russia obtains lease of Port Arthur China – Britain obtains lease of Kowloon,
Kitchener wins battles at Atbara river and Omdurman and reaches Fashoda, US
declares war on Spain over Cuba – Spanish fleet destroyed at Manila – Treaty of
Paris – Spain cedes Cuba Puerto Rico Guam and Philippines for 20 million, death
of Bismarck, death of Gladstone, Empress Elizabeth of Austria murdered by
Italian anarchist in Geneva, Kaiser Wilhelm visits Palestine and Syria, “The
Boxers” anti-Western group forms in China, death of author Stephane Mallarme,
death of German novelist Theodor Fontane, Authors: Knut Hamsun, Anthony
Hope, Thomas Hardy, JK Huysmans, Henry James (Turn of the Screw), HG
Wells (War of the Worlds), Oscar Wilde, Shaw, Bismarck, death of Belgian
painter Felicien Rops, Mackintosh School of Art in Glasgow opens, Toscanini
appears at La Scala in Milan, Ramsay discovers inert atmospheric gasses of xenon
krypton and neon, Japanese bacteriologist Shiga discovers dysentery bacillus
(Shigella), German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds his airship, Photographs
first taken utilizing artificial light, Paris metro opens, following construction of
Brooklyn and Williamsburg Bridges New York’s five boroughs decide to unite as
New York, Two large lions in Tsavo KEN Africa begin killing British workers,
railroad halted, Death of President Woodruff, New Zealand Mission splits from
Australian mission, President Woodruff dies in California, Women missionaries
set apart, President Snow set apart, President Snow sees Jesus Christ in Salt Lake
Temple, The successor of Sudan’s Mahdi dies, Novelist Emile Zola writes letter
to French president on behalf of Dreyfus and spends year in jail for libel,
published book “Futility” seems to foreshadow of Titanic sinking, Social
Democratic Party founded in Russia, Port Arthur (China) ceded to Russia,
Fashoda incident, Spanish-American War, Fashoda incident in Africa, Battle of
Omdurman – British defeat Sudan rebels, Fashoda Incident – confrontation
between Britain and France in Sudan, Treaty of Paris – Cuban independence,
Spain cedes Puerto Rico Guan and Philippines to US, US annexes Hawaii
1899 Drought at horn of AFR, Second Boer War in S Africa begins, France proclaims
protectorate in Laos, Australian and New Zealand troops sent to Boer War,
"Storm King" blizzard hits East Coast from FL to ME, British withdraw
from Samoa, leaving control to U.S. and Germany until WWI, death of Johann
Strauss the “Waltz King”, death of French drama critic Francisque Sarcey, death
of British naval officer Philip Howard Colomb that devised the signaling system,
death of German statesman Leo Count von Caprivi, death of Horatio Alger the
American author of novels for boys, death of American lawyer and agnostic
Robert G Ingersoll, death of American evangelist Dwight L Moody, death of
American playwright Augustin Daly, death of French impressionist Alfred Sisley,
death of Austrian operetta composer Karl Millocker, storm in Norway kills 30,
Alaskan quakes est. at 7.9 and 8.5, National Afro-American Council calls for day
of fasting to protest lynchings and massacres, Scott Joplin presents “Maple Leaf
Rag”, Guglielmo Marconi sends first radio signal across English Channel, US
refuses to recognize Philippines as independent – war ignited, death of RW
Bunsen inventor of the burner, death of Italian painter Giovanni Segantini,
rubber-heel shoes patented, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan convention, Philippines
demand independence from US, Johannesburg Uitlanders complain to Queen
Victoria against Boers, Bloemfontein Conference on Transvaal – Paul Kruger’s
ultimatum provokes Boer War between Britain and the Boers – Boers defeated at
Glencoe – Boer General Piet Joubert wins Battle of Nicholson’s Nek and takes
Ladysmith in Natal – British are defeated at Stormberg Magersfontein and
Colenso (“Black Week”) Canadian and Australian volunteers land in S Africa,
First Peace Conference at the hague, French annul Dreyfus judgement and orders
retrial – Dreyfus pardoned by presidential decree, Kaiser Wilhelm II visits
England, Germany secures Baghdad Railroad contract, Karl Kraus begins to
publish “Fackel” in Vienna, Authors: Hofmannsthal, Arthur Schnitzler, Pinero,
Ibsen, Stefan george, Andre Gide, Ki[ling, Tolstoi, Oscar Wilde (The Importance
of being Earnest”, HS Chamberlain, John Dewey (School and Society), Ernst
Haeckel, Alexander Bain, James Ward, Pope Leo XIII condemns the
“Americanism” if Isaac Thomas Hecker, death of Italian painter Giovanni
Segantini, death of French painter Alfred Sisley, Elgar composes Sibelius
composes, bruckner composes, death of Johann Strauss, death of Karl Millocker
the Viennese composer, Richard Strauss (not Johann the dead) composes,
Rutherford discovers alpha and beta rays in radioactive atoms, Pringsheim and
Lummer start radiation studies, First magnetic recording of sound, London
Borough councils established, by this time the Monster of Lough Auna in Iraland
and Angeoa at Iliamna Lake in Alaska seen – both horse-like, Battle of Colenso
during Second Boer War results in humiliating British defeat, Revelation on
Tithing, Sister Emmeline B Wells presides over International Council of Women
in London, Articles of Faith by Talmage published, Boers declare war on British
and invades Cape Colony and Natal, Arthur Evans excavates ruins on Crete – first
evidence of Minoans, first Hague Peace Conference held – pre-League of Nations,
Boer War between British and Boers to 1902 – Boers take Mafeking Kimberley
and Ladysmith,