Lesson 4 -
Trade, Aid, Prime Ministers, & Peacekeeping
Outcomes
 Students will analyze how Canada’s policies of multilateral trade & aid
developed during and after the Cold War
 Students will compare and contrast the political policies of Canada’s prime
ministers during and after the Cold War
 Students will identify the change in Canada’s military involvement as an
evolution into peacekeeping
Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
Trade & Aid. Use student lecture notes to provide students with
information on the difference between different types of trade & aid,
and the important policies and organizations that Canada participated
in.
Prime Minister Timeline Power Point. They are to fill out their PM’s
information sheet using info from the lesson.
End of the Cold War – hand out notes and go over important terms
with class.
Peacekeeping. Start with some notes (use attached hand-out) that
describes the end of the Cold War. Then, using their textbooks,
students are to identify key events of Canadian peacekeepers. Take
this up using the key either at the end of class or at the start of next
class.
Materials
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Trade & Aid student notes
Prime Minister timeline and notes
Peacekeeping notes
Peacekeeping assignment hand-out
ledger size paper
Trade & Aid – Canada’s Foreign Policies
Bilateral aid
Multilateral aid
-
Tied aid
-
aid is given directly from government to government
funded by a number of gov’ts, involving large scale
programs
conditions are attached to aid given
The Colombo Plan
in the 1950’s our gov’t implemented this plan that
built factories and provided infrastructure in Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka
(Commonwealth countries)
La Francophonie -
this international body existed to help French colonies
establish social and cultural trade as they started to gain their independence from
France and Belgium. (West African nations)
Agence de cooperation culturelle et technique (ACCT) -
developed by
La Francophonie, Canada is one of its founding members. This multilateral organization
allows governments to organize their actions and operating budgets to assist West
African, French speaking nations.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) -
created in
1968, this Canadian organization oversees assistance given to developing nations.
Official Development Assistance
Canadian program that gives
financial aid to countries throughout the world. However, from 1991 to 2001, Canadian
ODA fell by 34%. We contribute only 0.25% of our GNP while the UN recommends
countries to contribute 0.7%
Canada Fund for Africa -
a $500 million plan that is expected to provide aid
to Africa over the next 5 years, and is intended to recognize the right of Africans to take
control and ownership of their path to development
LINKING AID TO HUMAN RIGHTS
By 1986, Canadian focus had shifted in terms of linking aid to human rights. In
other words we were not going to support governments that denied basic economic,
social and cultural rights to their citizens
We have suspended aid when gross human rights abuses have been discovered,
but only in the worst cases.
Cold War fears also determined our aid policy. Aid to communist governments
was terminated when oppressive policies were discovered (Indonesia, Vietnam and
Cuba), but aid was maintained when pro-Western states committed similar offenses
(Indonesia in 70-80 and Honduras). Essentially, we didn’t want to jeopardize any
important economic relations
Recently we have taken a more assertive position on human rights but still are
reluctant to cut the flow of aid to abusive states that are important economically to us
(China, Indonesia).
PRIME MINISTERS TIMELINE
Prime Minister
Party
Policies/Events
Louis St. Laurent
Liberal -saw post war as time to bring
’48 – ‘57
prosperity and unity to Canada
-claimed parts of the Arctic,
displacing Inuits
-oil industry boomed!
-often compared to Laurier
-initiated the St. Lawrence Seaway
project
-Trans-Canada highway
-trans-Canada natural gas pipeline
-responsible for tremendous
growth in US investment
-1948 encouraged Joey Smallwood
(journalist) to organize a petition
that would demand a referendum
on the status of Newfoundland.
On March 31st, 1949, Nfld became
our 10th province, and Smallwood
its premier
John Diefenbaker
Cons.
-“The Chief” was a powerful
’57 – ‘63
speaker
-concerned about US influence in
Canada
-strongly believed in a united
country and protecting those who
were less fortunate
-raised pensions for the elderly and
disabled
-gave financial aid to farmers and
Atlantic provinces
-gave status Indians living on
reserves the right to vote in federal
elections
-1960 brought in the Canadian
Bill of Rights putting all basic
freedoms into law
Lester B. Pearson
’63 – ‘68
Lib
Pierre Elliott
Trudeau
’68 – ‘84
Liberal
-won Nobel Peace Prize as Minister
of External Affairs in 1957
-sought to improve French/English
relations
-appointed a Royal Commission on
Bilingualism and Biculturalism
-introduced Canada Pension
Plan
-introduced Medicare for all
Canadians
-thought it important to cut
Canada’s symbolic tie with Britain,
and the flag debate ensued.
-1965 – single red maple leaf was
our official flag
-introduced a trial abolition of
capital punishment
-easier divorce laws
-youthful, casual and stylish!
-drove fast cars, outdoorsman
-believed gov’t duty was to protect
peoples’ rights
-strong believer in individual
freedom
-1970 – officially recognized the
People’s Republic of China
-wanted Canada to be less
dependent on the US (sleeping
next to an elephant speech)
-scale back our participation in
nuclear arms race (dismantled
Bomarc missile sites)
-cut national defense budget
-increased aid with poor countries
Brian Mulroney
’84 – ‘93
Cons.
Kim Campbell
’93 – ‘93
Jean Chretien
’93 – ‘03
Cons.
Lib
-wanted to forge closer links with
the US
-close friendship with Reagan
-said no to US “Star Wars”
program but left door open for
private companies to get involved
-1989 – established the Free
Trade Agreement with US,
removing tariffs on goods
-1992 – expanded this program by
including Mexico (NAFTA)
-facing a massive federal debt
created during the 70’s, introduced
the GST, took away family
allowances and old age pensions
from the wealthy
-believed that strengthening
businesses in the private sector
would help reduce the debt
-short lived! Defeated by the
Liberals later that year
-came to power facing a staggering
debt of $466 billion!
-goal was to create jobs
-Finance Minister Paul Martin
recommended cutting federal
spending (40 000 gov’t jobs were
cut)
-cut education, health care,
welfare
-hospitals closed, university tuition
rose, homelessness rose
-1998 – Chretien’s gov’t created a
surplus!
-Quebec separatism sentiments
increased (Bloc Quebecois became
official opposition in 1993)
-Reform party emerged out of
PRIME MINISTERS TIMELINE
Prime Minister
Policies/Events
Louis St. Laurent
’48 – ‘57
John Diefenbaker
’57 – ‘63
Lester B. Pearson
’63 – ‘68
Pierre Elliott
Trudeau
’68 – ‘84
Brian Mulroney
’84 – ‘93
Kim Campbell
’93 – ‘93
Jean Chretien
’93 –‘03
-short lived! Defeated by the Liberals later that
year
Socials 11
1.
Name __________________________
Block _______
CANADA AS PEACEKEEPERS
What incident marked the world’s first peacekeeping mission?
Changing role of peacekeepers
 train and restructure local police
 conduct elections
 facilitate the return of refugees
 monitor human rights
 promote sustainable democracy and economic development
 humanitarian intervention
Canadian peacekeepers overseas
 over 100 000 Canadians have served as peacekeepers in the 2nd half of
this century (Cyprus, Middle East, Haiti, Bosnia, Cambodia and others)
Complete the following tables outlining 5 recent overseas conflicts:
The Persian Gulf War
p. 274
When:
Where:
Action Taken:
Response:
Outcome:
So What?
(Significance/Impact/Consequences)
Genocide in Rwanda
p. 275
Tutsi vs Hutu
So What?
(Significance/Impact/Consequences)
Romeo Dallaire
Disgrace in Somalia, 1992
p. 276
Operation “Restore Hope”
The Controversy:
So What?
(Significance/Impact/Consequences)
Civil War in Yugoslavia
p. 277
Background:
So What?
(Significance/Impact/Consequences)
Milosevic’s Actions:
NATO Response:
Outcome:
Attacks of 9/11
p. 278
Background:
War in Afghanistan
The Iraq War
So What?
(Significance/Impact/Consequences)