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STANDARD
GRADE –
REVISION
SCOTLAND AND
BRITAIN
1830-1930
1
FARMING
CHANGING TECHNOLOGY-KU
1. Land was enclosed or fenced into private farms
2. Fertilisers improved soil, new drainage methods and crop rotation
3. Horse power replaced hand methods
 Seed drill
 Threshing machines
4. 1850s-Steam power replaced horse power
5. 1920s tractors replaced horses for pulling carts and equipment
6. First combine harvesters introduced
RESULTS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY-KU
1.
2.
3.
4.
1850-1870s-Golden Age- farmers made big profits.
Farmers provided food and clothes for the expanding population
Less workers were needed-unemployment rose
Wages fell
POPULATION
REASONS FOR POPULATION GROWTH
1. Increase in birth rate until 1871-People got married younger and
had larger families
2. After 1871 death rate fell
3. Improved public health- clean water and sewage disposal
(1848 =1897 Public Health Acts)
4. Better housing-Abolition of window tax, slums cleared, new homes
built.
5. Better medicine-1853 vaccinations for babies
6. Cleaner hospitals- Florence Nightingale
7. Safe anaesthetics-Chloroform used
8. Effective antiseptics- Lister used carbolic to sterilise instrumentsoperation survival rates increased.
9. Better diet-fresh meat, fruit and veg.
2
EMIGRATION
1. Landowners made money from renting land to Lowland sheep
farmers
2. People were evicted due to the introduction of new breeds of
sheep such as the Cheviot
3. Failure of the kelp and whisky industries in the 1820s
4. Potato famine in 1840s
5. From 1880s deer forests and grouse moors were developed
6. People moved to Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand
7. They moved to get: a better lifestyle, better weather, to join
family, better wages, to escape poverty. After WW1 the Canadian
government ran the Assisted Passage Scheme- people were
guaranteed a job on arrival.
IMMIGRATION
1. Irish- by 1841 there were over 44,000.
2. Reasons for emigration – overcrowding, poverty and failure of the
potato crop
3. They built railways, canals worked in the textile mills in Paisley and
Lanark. Huge and valuable contribution.
4. They lived in the poorest areas of towns and were blamed for
dreadful living conditions
5. There were religious divisions- bad feeling caused riots.
6. They were willing to work for fewer wages than the Scots and do
dirty, hard jobs as navvies, building canals and railways.
7. End of the 19th century-Jews arrived to escape anti-Semitism;
Italians wanted a better standard of living.
HOUSING
RURAL HOUSING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Western Isles black houses- 1 room slit into three
Shared with animals
Soot hung from thatch roof
Earth floor
No windows
No electricity or running water
3
URBAN HOUSING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Tenement buildings- lived in single ends- one roomed houses
Rented accommodation
Near factories
Rubbish thrown onto a midden
18-24 shared toilet
Newspaper used as toilet paper
Lack of ventilation-diseases such as TB and Cholera spread quickly
Shared rota for washing clothes
Poor diet
IMPROVEMENTS TO RURAL HOUSING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1850-1870 The Golden Era-housing got better
Homes built in rows
Sometimes had a second floor added
Stone or wood replaced earth floors- cleaner-less disease
Running water and electricity introduced slowly
1920s- Council houses built in villages.
IMPROVEMENTS TO URBAN HOUSING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1855 Nuisances Removal Act- councils could but and close
unsanitary buildings.
1875 Artisans Dwelling ACT- Councils could demolish slums
1890s first council houses built-low rents for working class people
After WW1 Lloyd George offered ‘Homes for Heroes’- Addison
Act mean slums were knocked down and council houses were built.
1920s/30s electricity introduced.
COUNCIL HOUSING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Estates built away from factories
Houses well built
Indoor toilets/Bathrooms
Running water
Gardens
Longer commute to work
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7. Lack of facilities
8. Lacked community spirit
HEALTH
HEALTH PROBLEMS- URBAN AREAS
1. 6-8 shared single ends-poor ventilation, damp-TB and Typhus were
common.
2. Sewage contaminated water supplies
3. Inadequate water supplies led to cholera
4. Bad working conditions
5. Rubbish attracted rats
6. Soap expensive so clothes and people dirty.
7. Poor diet led to rickets.
8. Lack of medical knowledge, nurses, doctors and hospitals
IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
1. Edwin Chadwick’s report in 1842 which called for a move away from
laissez-faire and increased government intervention
2. Municipal Reform Act 1833
3. Boards of Health set up after cholera epidemic of 1848
4. Public Health Acts 1875/1892 – forced local authorities to provide
adequate sewerage, drainage and water supply, maintain, pave and
light streets
5. Better water supplies and sewerage schemes
6. Medical knowledge improved from the 1840s
 Chloroform used as an anaesthetic
 Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory
 1860s - Louis Pasteur discovered germs
 Antiseptics used in surgery
7. Medical care improved - training of nurses, more nurses
and
doctors provided , hospitals renovated and new ones built
8. Diet of people improved – fresh food brought quickly and cheaply
to shops by rail, refrigerated ships
9. Personal hygiene improved – cheaper soap, disinfectant, cotton
cloth and introduction of public baths and wash houses
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RAILWAYS
SOCIAL IMPACT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Better diet-fresh fruit, veg and meat
People could live in the country and commute into cities for work
People could go on day trips and holiday
Better communication-quicker mail and newspapers
Middle class people moved from industrial areas to pleasant
suburbs
6. Time was standardised-Greenwich Mean Time
ECONOMIC IMPACT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Jobs created in the iron, steel and coal industries
Raw materials transported quickly and cheaply to factories.
People worked as drivers, porters and guards.
Fish could be transported quickly to inland towns
Towns emerged where lines met
Ports and harbours expanded
Canal and coach companies lost money-some closed
OPPOSITION
1. Landowners lost land
2. Farmers worried about animals being scared
3. Damage to countryside worried environmentalists
4. Coach and canal companies lost money
5. Noise pollution
6. Some doctors thought they would damage health
7. Public feared the navvies
NEW TECHNOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mechanically operated signals
1889- brakes were compulsory
Large boilers led to faster speeds- 1930s-50mph.
Diesel engines introduced in late 1920s
restaurants, sleeping cars and heated carriages were introduced in
the 1870s
6. By the 1890s, some trains had electric lighting and toilets
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COAL MINING
NEW TECHNOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ventilation- steam driven fans
Bigger mines with two shafts
Tunnel supports – wooden or iron pit props
Blasting – Gelignite with a detonator
Lighting-electricity
Lowering/lifting methods- Steam then electricity
Drainage- Steam then electric driven pumps
Pulling – ponies pulled trucks along rails, trucks driven by
compressed air, electric motors and wire ropes, mechanical
conveyor belts
EFFECTS OF NEW TECHNOLGY
1. More coal produced
2. Fewer workers were needed
3. There was more danger involved in working underground
DANGERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Roof collapses
Explosions- Methane Gas
Flooding=drowning
Coal dust=lung disease
Lack of oxygen
Injuries from tools
Lack of protective clothing
WOMEN
NON-VIOLENT METHODS - SUFFRAGISTS
Led by the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Society (NUWSS)
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
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Petitions to the government
Disruption of meetings
Letter writing
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
Held public meetings and peaceful demonstrations
VIOLENT METHODS - Suffragettes
Led by the WSPU (Women’s Social and Political Union)


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Leaders Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and
Sylvia
Believed in deeds not words – taking action to be heard
Chained themselves to railing
Poured acid on golf greens
Smashed shop windows with toffee hammers
Set fire to letterboxes
1913 Emily Davidson ran in front of the King’s horse at the Derby
Hunger strike – force fed
1913 Government passed the Cat and Mouse Act
DID THE SUFFRAGISTS AND SUFFRAGETTES HELP WOMEN GET
THE VOTE?



Suffragettes gained publicity
Suffragists believed the suffragettes violence did not help women
get the vote
Women and the jobs they took on during WW1 is seen as playing an
important role in women getting the vote.
DEMOCRACY
REFORM
1. Second Reform Act 1867
 Skilled town workers and well off farmers were given the
vote
 Doubled the number of voters but many working class men
and all women still had no vote
 Burghs with a fairly small population lost 1 out of 2 MPs
 Constituencies were still unequal
 Voting still done in public so bribery and threats continued

2. Secret Ballot Act 1872
 Carried out in secret at polling booths
3. Reform Acts of 1884 and 1885
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Gladstone’s Liberal government extended the vote to
farm workers
 About 40% of men and women could not vote
 MPs represented roughly the same number of people in
each constituency
4. Reforms in the early 20th century
 1911 – paid a salary of £400 a year so working class men
could now afford to stand for election
 1911 parliament Act – removed the power of the House of
Lords over finance bills
 1918 Representation of the People Act – gave men over 21
years the vote and some women over 30 (householders or
married to householders)
 1928 Reform Act – gave women over 21 the right to vote

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