The Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Ethnic
Minority Women’s Empowerment in Yunnan
By
Ms. Zhong Jie, Yunnan of China
The Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Ethnic Minority
Women’s Empowerment in Yunnan
ABSTRACT
As rural tourism has been on the rise in recent years, it will inevitably impact on rural
local people, especially ethnic minority women. Especially, in Yunnan, women of
ethnic Minorities take active part in the rural tourism. This study aims to investigate the
impact of rural tourism development on ethnic minority women’s empowerment in
Yunnan. Specifically, the study aims to: measure the change level of ethnic minority
women’s income, wealth, education and employment by the impact of rural tourism
development in Yunnan; To assess the negative or positive influence factors of ethnic
minority women’s empowerment it can clarify the ethnic minority women’s social
status situation to promote the developing of rural areas.
In order to investigate the impact of rural tourism development on ethnic minority
women’s empowerment, the study will survey the working behavior of the ethnic
minority women in rural tourism by field survey. A structured questionnaire will be
used to collect the data. Pre-testing of the questionnaire will be conducted on a
random sample of 30 ethnic minority women in Yunnan before administering the
survey questionnaires to the respondents. The content of the questions, instructions,
clarity, and the layout of the questionnaire will be improved by conducting a pre-test
to obtain feedback. The ethnic minority women will be encouraged to comment on
any unclear and ambiguous questions when conducting the pre-test procedure. The
data analysis includes descriptive statistics, frequencies, cross-tabulation and
regression to answer the research questions. In addition, the study will use ANOVA to
test for women empowerment of ethnic minority women. Depending on the results, it
can clarify the ethnic minority women’s social status situation to promote the
developing of rural areas.
KEYWORDS: rural tourism development; women; empowerment
2
The Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Ethnic Minority
Women’s Empowerment in Yunnan
1. BACKGROUND
Rural Tourism has become an active and dominant agent of change and control in the
countryside and associated rural communities (Richard W. Butler ,2009). For example,
the expansion of Rural Tourism is an also trend that is common to most countries in
Europe (Gemma C anoves, Montserrat Villarino, 2004 ).On one hand, rural tourism
has long been considered as a kind of non-farm activities to achieve economic, social
development and regeneration. More specifically, it has been widely promoted as an
effective source of income and employment, particularly in peripheral rural areas
where traditional agrarian industries have declined (Richard Sharpley, 2001).
On the other hand, Tourism is the world’s largest industry and employer
(Apostolopoulos & Sonmez, 2001). The World Travel and Tourism Council estimate
that it employs up to one in six workers in the Caribbean (Pattullo 1996:53).
However, such work is often noted for its negative aspects, particularly for women
(de Kadt 1984; Faulkenberry, Coggeshall, Backman and Backman 2000; Levy and
Lerch 1991; McLaren 1998; Momsen 1994; Pattullo 1996; Smith 1989). While
women have only recently become a topic of tourism research, Swain (1990) notes
that generally men and women are unequally impacted by it. Bolles (1997) explains
that women’s importance in the industry is often minimized or referenced primarily in
terms of sex work. Researchers have been urged to focus on the variety of women’s
experiences in the industry rather than assuming homogeneity (Kinnaird and Hall,
1994), with Bolles arguing that “tourism becomes a vehicle for exploring the
differences and commonalities among women”(1997).
As rural tourism has been on the rise in the GMS countries recently, it will inevitably
impact on women in many aspects in rural tourism industry. In Yunnan Province,
women of ethnic groups have also begun seeking opportunities for tourism
employment. They broke through traditional bands, and took an active part in the
rural tourism industry. Actually, rural tourism development becomes an important
factor, which impact on ethnic women within many aspects in Yunnan, such as their
income, education, wealth, employment and so on. With these points, taking Yunnan
Province as a research site, this study attempts to evaluate the impact of Rural
Tourism development on ethnic minority women’s empowerment.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
The expansion of Rural Tourism is a trend that is common to most countries.
Undoubtedly, tourism has great positive impacts on economy, society, culture and
environment. Recently, the rural tourism has become a subject of worldwide concern,
3
being highly concerned by foreign scholars.
Community Income Benefits Rural tourism in Israel is a growing trend, augmented
by declining agricultural income (Arie Reichel, 2000). The universal appeal of rural
tourism rests on the ordinary and everyday happenings of a rural community (Pearce,
1990).Tourism is considered to be a potentially complementary activity for local
communities and especially for farming families. The benefits are generally summed
up as a three way yield for the host community (the economical and social dimension
of RT), for the land itself (environmental maintenance), and for the tourist (leisure
and tourism in the countryside), which implies a sequence of inter-related benefits.
All these elements place this type of tourism within a framework of long-lasting
development (Gannon, 1994; OECD, 1994; Sharpley and Sharpley, 1997; Roberts and
Hall, 2001).
Declining economic activity, restructuring of the agricultural sector, dwindling rural
industrialization and out-migration of higher educated youth, has led to the adoption,
in many western nations, of tourism as an alternative development strategy for the
economic and social regeneration of rural areas (Pompl & Lavery, 1993; Williams &
Shaw, 1991; Hannigan, 1994a; Dernoi,1991; Wickens, 1999).
Community Participation Less developed countries, afflicted by debilitating rural
poverty, have considerable potential in attracting tourists in search of new, authentic
experiences in areas of unexploited natural and cultural riches. Meaningful
community participation, together with public sector support, presents opportunities
for the development of small-scale indigenous tourism projects in less developed
areas. This paper interrogates the development of rural tourism routes in South Africa
and highlights factors critical to its success (Jenny Briedenhann, Eugenia Wickens,
2004).
Numerous studies have examined how rural residents perceive such attempts in their
communities (Boissevain 1996; Harvey, Hunt and Harris 1995; Mason and Cheyne
2000; Puijk 2001; Van Broeck 2001).Generally western scholars argue that local
tourism participation is a precondition for benefits reaching communities. In China,
particularly in some ethnic minority areas, this paradigm is not easily put it into
practice. The low level of tourism community participation has the implications of
this for future tourism development(Hui Wang, 2009).
Employment Tourism frequently remains the preferred development option;
especially in rural communities where people are so desperate that they will accept
any proposal, which portends to offer economic growth, with little or no consideration
of future detrimental impacts (Kinsley, 2000). Especially, Janice Monk Charles (1986)
analyzed the relationship between gender, employment, and migration on Margarita
Island.
Tourism undoubtedly contributes to income and employment opportunities, but jobs
4
are part-time or seasonal, and in some cases tourism-related business are run by
outsiders.
2.2 RURAL TOURISM AND GENDER ISSUE
Gender study has been a hotspot issue in the social science field internationally and
gender issues in tourism research started in the 1970s．From simple research focusing
only on female to recent comprehensive comparison of male and female, the research
has got to focus on various contents and has formed the elementary theoretical system
and accumulated quantities of research cases (TANG Xueqiong, 2007), which can be
seen as follows:
2.2.1 INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE REVIEW
The impact on women by rural tourism has been highly concerned by foreign scholars
recently. From fishing communities in Norway (Puijk, 2001), to agricultural villages
in Morocco (Petrzelka and Bell 2000), to ranching communities in the Western
United States (Power 1996), attempts are being made to establish tourism as an
alternative economic development strategy.
Valene Smith (1977) studied the Cuna women and ethnic tourism, and argued the
tourism is a way for women to change their social status and income. De Kadt
Emanuel (1979) observed the social and cultural effects of tourism in development
countries. Valene Smith (1979) holds that women are the taste-makers in tourism.
As Liepins (2000) and others (such as Young, 2000) have argued, community is a
troublesome concept if it is treated as homogenous rather than recognizing and
acknowledging the inherent diversity within communities. Drawing upon survey data
collected in the Intermountain Western United States, this article explores ways
gender differentiation is related to tourism attitudes while simultaneously examining
how these relationships are linked to other facets of the community. This form of
analysis is essential for a clearer understanding of residents’ attitudes, for as Urry
argues, residents’ perceptions “cannot be separated off from the social relations within
which they are embedded” (1990).
Especially, Janice Monk Charles (1986) analyzed the relationship between gender,
employment, and migration on Margarita Island. At time, a gender analysis (Vivian
Kinnaird, 1994) approach was widely used in the tourism research, such as the study
of a gender analysis y Derek Hall (1994), Gender in tourism by Margaret Byme
Swain (1995), Farm tourism, gender and the environment in Spain by M Dolors
Garcia (1995), Gender and tourism in an Indonesian village by Paul F Wilkinson
(1995), etc.
2.2.2 CHINA LITERATURE REVIEW
5
In China, most gender tourism research focus on the west of China, especially on
Yunnan of GMS. Recently, Ethnic Tourism and Minority Woman Issues has been a
hot spot issue in the international social science field. Based on the statistics and
analysis of the relevant literature, this paper systematically reviewed the Ethnic
Tourism and Minority Woman Issues in China, such as the minority women’
employment, Community Participation, the transformation of the minority women’
female role and family status in Ethnic Tourism, etc.
Rural Tourism Development increases Minority Women’ employment
Developing rural tourism is an important way to increase the employment of minority
women, which China’s relevant literature mainly focus on. Wu Xiaoping (2001)
maintains that the developing of rural tourism industry has provided much more
employment opportunities for local minority women. By this way, minority women
increased their income and changed their traditional social status. Wu Tingju (2004)
described women of Dong ethnic group increasing their income and change their
economic status by rural tourism.
Li Na (2005) takes the Three Parallel Rivers District of Yunnan Province as a
case study site, and researches on the impact of rural tourism development on
minority women’ careers。Jing Xiaofen (2006) takes the women of Tu ethnic group
in Huzhu Village of Qinghai Proveince as a case study, and illustrates that, as a
non-farm activity, rural tourism increase the employment opportunities of Tu women.
Zeng Yi (2008) discovered that rural tourism helps women of Miao ethnic group to
get jobs and makes their family reduce poverty。.
Transformation of Minority Women’ Female role and family status by Rural
Tourism Zhao Jie (1994) published the first paper concerning the female role of
minority women in Yunnan Province, which became the first paper of research on
gender issue in China. Taking Hui ethnic group in Sanya City of Hainan Province as a
case study, Chen Yanchao (1999) analyzes the inevitability of changing of minority
women’ gender role by tourism. Liu Yongqing (2001) researches on the transforming
of Mosuo ethnic women’ female role, which is caused by the impact of rural tourism.
Fu Baohong (2002) analyzes the change of ethnic villagers’ gender role caused by
rural tourism in Xishuangbannan of Yunnan. Chen Bin (2004) analyzes the impact of
rural tourism development on Muosuo women’s gender role. Taking Xin Hua village
of Yunnan as a case study, Shi Zhongjun (2005) explored the of Bai ethnic minority
Women’ family role transformation.
Under the background of rural tourism developing, Xiang Meng (2008) takes Yao
ethnic group and Zhuang ethnic group in China as a case study, and illustrates ethnic
women’s gender role and their requirements. Wang Xuelian (2008) researches on
Dong ethnic group in Hunan Province, and discovered that rural tourism developing is
an important incentive factor to improve ethnic women’s social and family status.
6
2.3 EMPOWERMENT
Empowerment is a construct shared by many disciplines: community development,
psychology, education, economics, and studies of social movements and
organizations, among others. How empowerment understood varies among these
perspectives. In recent empowerment literature, the meaning of the term
empowerment is often assumed rather than explained or defined (Cheryl E. Czuba,
1999).
Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social, or economic strength
of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing
confidence in their own capacities. The term empowerment covers a vast landscape of
meanings, interpretations, definitions and disciplines ranging from psychology and
philosophy to the highly commercialized self-help industry and motivational sciences
(Thomas, K. W., 1990).
Rappoport (1984) has noted that it is easy to define empowerment by its absence but
difficult to define in action as it takes on different forms in different people and
contexts. Even defining the concept is subject to debate. Zimmerman (1984) has
stated that asserting a single definition of empowerment may make attempt to achieve
it formulaic or prescription-like, contradicting the very concept of empowerment.
As a general definition, however, we suggest that empowerment is a
multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. It
is a process that fosters power in people, for use in their own lives, their communities,
and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important (Cheryl E.
Czuba, 1999).
Empowerment also occurs at various levels, such as individual, group, and
community. Empowerment, by definition, is a social process, since it occurs in
relationship to others. In addition, one important implication of this definition of
empowerment is that the individual and community are fundamentally connected
(Cheryl E. Czuba, 1999).
3. RATIONALE AND RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT
Poverty is prominent along the rural areas in the GMS countries, and the rural tourism
industry has become a way for people, especially ethnic women to add their income
and reduce their family poverty. In the current era of globalization, women are found
to grab employment opportunities to ease poverty (ESCAP, 2005).
As rural tourism has been on the rise in recent years, it will inevitably impact on rural
local people, especially ethnic minority women. Especially, in Yunnan, women of
ethnic Minorities break through traditional bands, and actively join in the new
enterprise of tourism. Mutually promoting developments of tourism and women of
7
ethnic minorities are of positive importance for economy, society and culture. The
developments re of profound and realistic importance for own development of women
of ethnic groups, sustainable development of tourism and inheritance of fine
traditional culture (Zhong Jie, 2010).
In these contexts, the research aims to investigate the impact of rural tourism
development on ethnic minority women’s empowerment in terms of their income,
wealth, education and employment.
4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
With those points in mind, this study aims to investigate the impact of rural tourism
development on ethnic minority women’s empowerment in Yunnan.
Specific Research Objectives:
•
•
•
To Measure the change of ethnic minority women’s income, wealth,
education and employment by the impact of rural tourism development
in Yunnan;
To evaluate ethnic minority women’s empowerment level by the
change of their income, wealth, education and employment in rural
tourism industry in Yunnan;
To assess the negative or positive influence factors of ethnic minority
women’s empowerment it can clarify the ethnic minority women’s
social status situation to promote the developing of rural areas.
5. SCOPE OF RESEARCH AND STUDY AREA
The scope of the study identifies aims to investigate the impact of rural tourism
development on ethnic minority women’s empowerment, also recommend some
mechanism or policies for respective government to concern the women’s
empowerment issue and promote the rural areas development. We will not address
other sectors due to time and budget constraints.
Meanwhile, this study will select the rural tourism developing areas in Yunnan for field
survey. For the limitations of fund and time, the research site only includes Yunnan of
China. Especially, the respondents are only the ethnic minority women living in the
rural tourism developing areas of Yunnan. Furthermore, the relevant issue study will
focus on more other GMS countries.
6. RESEARCH METHODS
6.1 CONCEPTURAL FRAMEWORK
8
Rural Tourism Development
General Rural
Tourism Income
Income
Degree of Community
Participation
Wealth
Education
Job
Creation
Employment
Ethnic Minority Women’s
Empowerment
Figure 1 Conceptual Framework
6. 2 RESEARCH METHODS
In order to investigate the impact of rural tourism development on ethnic minority
women’s empowerment, the study will survey those ethnic minority women who are
working in rural tourism industry in Yunnan. Moreover, this study will investigate the
working behavior of the ethnic minority women in rural tourism by field survey.
A structured questionnaire will be used to collect the data. Pre-testing of the
questionnaire will be conducted on a random sample of 30 ethnic minority women in
Yunnan before administering the survey questionnaires to the respondents. The
content of the questions, instructions, clarity, and the layout of the questionnaire will
be improved by conducting a pre-test to obtain feedback. The ethnic minority women
will be encouraged to comment on any unclear and ambiguous questions when
conducting the pre-test procedure.
The survey questionnaire will be divided into three sections. The respondents are the
ethnic minority women living in the rural tourism developing areas of Yunnan.
Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents is included in the
first section. Section 2 comprised of the questions relation to rural tourism
development. Section 3 consists of questions pertaining to the impact of Rural
Tourism Development on Women’s Economic Status. Section 4 addresses the Impact
of Rural Tourism Development on Women’s Empowerment of the respondents.
9
The data analysis includes descriptive statistics, frequencies, cross-tabulation and
regression to answer the research questions. In addition, the study will use ANOVA to
test for women empowerment of ethnic minority women.
Sample size
The total number of sample to be included in the survey will be determined using the
formula:
N
n
=
------------1 + Ne2
Where: n = sample size;
N = total number of sample in the area
e = desired margin of error
Convenient sampling will be used to survey the ethnic minority women in these
places. Convenient sampling is selected because it is difficult to obtain a list of
number and addresses of the ethnic minority women. Possible sources of bias include
design bias and sampling bias will be addressed adequately. Keeping the questions
simple and pre-testing can reduce design bias effectively. In order to avoid sample
bias e.g. gender bias, the study will sample evenly by gender purposely.
Data processing analysis will use Excel or SPSS software.
7. EXPECTED RESULTS AND DISSEMINATION
The study aims to evaluate the impact of rural tourism development on ethnic
minority women’s empowerment in Yunnan. Depending on the results, it can clarify
the ethnic minority women’s social status situation to promote the developing of rural
areas.
The research results will be disseminated via the following channels:
•
•
•
•
•
Announce in Mekong Institute Round Table Meeting
Publication MI Research Working Paper Series
Upload in Mekong Institute Web for free download
Announce in National Consultation Meetings
Publication handout in China
10
8. TIMETABLE
June 2010- July 2010
Literature review and preparation of survey
questionnaire
Aug. 2010
Pre-testing and questionnaire survey in Yunnan/
questionnaire revision
Sept. 2010- Dec. 2010
Jan. 2010
Feb.2011-Mar.2011
Fieldwork in rural tourism developing areas of Yunnan
Midterm report
Gathering secondary data from agencies involved in the
research/Data analysis
April 2011-May 2011
Report Writing
30 May 2011
End of Research
9. BUDGET
S. N.
Description
Required Amount of
Fund（USD）
Remarks
1
1.1
1.2
Direct Costs
Questionnaire preparation
Local Transportation
50
500
1.3
Accommodations/Food
700
during the 20 of
days data collection
1.4
RA Training
50
1 day training
1.5
RA allowances
400
10 USD/per day×
20 days
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Books and literature
purchase
Software purchase/rent
Field activities expenses
(tea/ snacks, others)
Team leader/members
allowances
100 questions
bus, train, taxi
100
100
SPSS
500
For field survey and
data collection
300
not more than 10%
of the total fund
Sub-total
2700
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Support Services
Printing/Copying
Tel, fax, internet
Computer accessories
Stationary/purchase
200
100
100
200
3
Sub-total
Dissemination
600
11
for questions, reports
3.1
National workshop
200
one day meeting
3.2
Publication on local
language
300
Publication and
policy brief
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
For 8 months
Sub-total
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Recipient Contribution
Computer uses
Office room uses
Contribution on cash
Others (please specify)
Grand Total
For 8 months
3800
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14
ANNEX 1: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
The Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Ethnic
Minority Women’s Social Status in Yunnan
Code No. _______
QUESTIONNAIRE
Instructions: For each question with brackets provided, please tick your answer(s); otherwise, please
follow the instructions given to answer the questions.
Note: Make sure that the respondent is the ethnic women living in the rural tourism developing areas
of Yunnan Province before proceeding with the survey.
Section 1 Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents-For Ethnic
Minority Women Respondents Only
1. Which age group do you belong to?
a. 18 – 25 years olds
b. 26 – 35 years olds
c. 36 – 45 years olds
d. 46 – 55 years olds
e. 56 – 65 years olds
f.
over 66 years olds
[
[
[
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
]
]
2. Do you belong to any ethnic minority group?
a. YES[
]
b. NO [
]
If yes, you belong to
ethnic minority group.
3. Is your village located in the Rural Tourism developing areas?
a. YES[
]
b. NO [
]
4. What is your marital status?
a. Single/Never Married
b. Married
d. De factor relationship
e. Divorced/Separated
[
[
[
[
5. How many children do you have?
a. None
[
]
b. 1
[
]
c. 2
[
]
d. 3
[
]
e. 4
[
]
f.
Other(s) please specify ________________________
15
]
]
]
]
6. How many male children do you have?
a. None
[
b. 1
[
c. 2
[
d. 3
[
e. 4
[
f.
Other(s) please specify _______________
]
]
]
]
]
7. What is your highest educational or professional qualification?
a. No Education
[
]
b. Primary School
[
]
c. Middle School
[
]
d. High school
[
]
e. Vocational
[
]
f.
College
[
]
g
Postgraduate degree
[
]
i.
Other(s) please specify ___________________
8. What is your main occupation in rural tourism industry?
a. Tour guide
[
]
b. Rural Tourism Attraction Attendant
[
]
c. Souvenir Shop Seller
[
]
d. Tourist Food Service
[
]
e. Sanitation Worker
[
]
f.
Tourists Security
[
]
g. Sing or Dance Actor
[
]
h. Retired
[
]
i.
Other(s) please specify ____________________
9. The number of people living in your household is (please state):
______________ Persons
10. The number of income earners in your household is (please state):
______________ Persons
11. What is your annual household income?
a. Less than 3,000 yuan
b. Between 3,001 yuan and 5,000 yuan
c. Between 5,001 yuan and 10,000 yuan
d. Between 10,001 yuan and 15,000 yuan
e. More than 15,000 yuan
[
[
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
]
12. What is the annual income earning by youself?
a. Less than 1,000 yuan
b. Between 1,001 yuan and 3,000 yuan
[
[
]
]
16
c.
d.
Between 3,001 yuan and 5,000 yuan
More than 5,000 yuan
[
[
]
]
13. What is the average total annual consumption (food and non-food) of your
household?
a. Less than 3,000 yuan
[
]
b. Between 3,001 yuan and 5,000 yuan
[
]
c. Between 5,001 yuan and 10,000 yuan
[
]
d. Between 10,001 yuan and 15,000 yuan
[
]
e. More than 15,000 yuan
[
]
14. Who make the important family decision in your household?
a. Husband [
]
b. Wife [ ] c. Both [ ]
15. What is the status of your land ownership?
a. Contracted land from the village
b. Leased land
c. Other(s) please specify ______________
[
[
16. What is the size of your household farm land?
a. Less than 0.1 hectare
b. Between 0.1 – 0.5 hectare
d. More than 0.5 hectare
e. Other(s) please specify ______________
[
[
[
]
]
]
]
]
Section 2 Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Women’s Economic Status — For
Ethnic Minority Women Respondents Only
Below is a series of statements pertaining to your overall perceptions of women’s relative
economic status after you got a job in rural tourism industry. Please circle the number which
most accurately reflects how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement on a scale of
1 to 5, where “1” means “Strongly Disagree” and “5” means “Strongly Agree”
Strongly
Disagree
Overall perceptions of women’s relative economic
status after you got a job in rural tourism industry
1. Rural tourism development increase the overall GDP
of the rural community.
2. Rural tourism development increase the income of my
community.
3. I enjoy in the rural tourism work in my community.
4. I participate actively in rural tourism development in
my community.
5. Rural tourism development improve the infrastructure
of my community.
17
Strongly
Agree
Neutral
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Section 3 Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Women’s Economic Status — For
Ethnic Minority Women Respondents Only
Below is a series of statements pertaining to your overall perceptions of women’s relative
economic status after you got a job in rural tourism industry. Please circle the number which
most accurately reflects how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement on a scale of
1 to 5, where “1” means “Strongly Disagree” and “5” means “Strongly Agree”
Strongly
Disagree
Overall perceptions of women’s relative economic
status after you got a job in rural tourism industry
1. Rural tourism development increase more employment
opportunities for local ethnic women.
2. After you got a job in rural tourism industry, you earn
much more money than before.
3. Because of employment in rural tourism industry, you
can earn more money than your husband.
4. You need more work skill training for your better
performances in job.
5. From now on, you are eager to spend money on your
daughters’ education.
6. In order to communicate with tourists, you want to
learn Mandarin Chinese, English or other kind of
languages.
7. It’s important for you to get a fulltime job in rural
tourism industry.
8. You enjoy in your rural tourism work.
9. You have adequate money to afford your normal life.
Strongly
Agree
Neutral
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Section 4 Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Women’s Empowerment— For
Ethnic Minority Women Respondents Only
3-1General Information
1. Can you arrange your marriage by yourself, without your parent’s interference?
a. YES [
]
b. NO [
]
2. Do you have your own income, which you can spend without your husband's
permission?
a. YES [
]
b. NO [
]
3. Do you have your own savings?
a. YES [
]
b. NO [
]
4. If YES in Q2, can you decide how to utilise it?
a. YES[
]
b. NO [
]
5. Have you received money from parents/brothers/sisters or other relatives outside the
household in the last 2 years?
a. YES [
]
b. NO [
]
6. If YES in Q6, can you yourself decide how to use that remittance?
a. YES[
]
b. NO [
]
18
7. Can you give away your money/asset at will to somebody?
a. YES [
]
b. NO [
]
8. Can go to post office/bank/doctor, etc. on your own?
a. YES [
]
b. NO [
]
9. If YES in Q9, how do you go to those places?
a. Walk
[
]
b. Car
[
]
c. Bicycle
[
]
d. Bus
[
]
e. Other(s) please specify _______________________
10. Have you ever visited your parents or other relatives without your husband’s
permission?
a. YES[
]
b. NO [
]
11. What are the reasons you do not travel alone? (You can tick more than one)
a. Because women are not allowed to go outside
[
]
b. Because of lack of safety
[
]
c. Because I go with husband or children
[
]
d. Because I go with a neighbour or relative
[
]
e. Other(s) please specify ______________________________
3-2 Relative freedom from household domination
Below is a series of statements pertaining to your overall perceptions of women’s relative
freedom from household domination. Please circle the number which most accurately reflects
how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement on a scale of 1 to 5, where “1” means
“Strongly Disagree” and “5” means “Strongly Agree”
Strongly
Disagree
Overall perceptions of women’s relative freedom from
household domination
1. Women should be able to visit their parents or other
relatives even without their husbands’ permission
2. It is not right for husband to beat his wife
3. Women should be able to voice or protest against
domestic abuse
4. Women should initiate the discussion of birth numbers
with their husbands
5. Women should initiate the discussion of birth control
use with their husbands
6. Parents should not arrange marriage for their children
7. There should be a minimum age for women to be
married
8. If necessary, women can divorce their husbands by
legal mean
9. Women can seek legal protection when they or their
children suffer from family violence and abuse
3-3 Role in household decision making
19
Strongly
Agree
Neutral
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1. Who made the following major household decisions in the last 2 years?
Wife
Husband
Both
a. House repair/construction
[
]
[
]
[
]
b. Children education
[
]
[
]
[
]
c. Agricultural land lease (in/out) [
]
[
]
[
]
d. What crops to grow
[
]
[
]
[
]
e. Purchase of livestock
[
]
[
]
[
]
f.
Sale of livestock
[
]
[
]
[
]
g. Purchase of farm machinery
[
]
[
]
[
]
h. Purchase of consumer durables [
]
[
]
[
]
i.
Open a bank account
[
]
[
]
[
]
j.
Apply for a loan
[
]
[
]
[
]
k. To have a child
[
]
[
]
[
]
Your participation in this survey is greatly appreciated. Thank you for your time and if you have
further comments about RCC microcredit programme, please feel free to comment in the space
provided below. Once again, we assure you that your identity will remain STRICTLY
CONFIDENTIAL.
20