B.Sc., BOTANY SEMESTER WISE SYLLABUS
AND
MODEL QUESTION PAPERS OF THEORY AND PRACTICALS
(AS PER CBCS AND SEMESTER SYSTEM)
Course: B. Sc., Subject: Botany
S.
No.
Seme Module
ster
Nature
1
1
CORE-1
Paper-1
Modules (Paper)
Theory
Practical
2
2
CORE-2
4
5
3
4
5
CORE-3
Paper-3
CORE-4
Paper-4
CSSPaper- 5
Credits
Max. Marks
(75+25)
Microbial Diversity , 04
Algae, Fungi & Plant
Pathology
03
-do-
04
100
02
40+10
of 04
04
100
Theory
Diversity
Archaegoniatae
&Anatomy
Practical
-do-
03
02
40+10
Theory
Taxonomy
&Embryology
04
04
100
Practical
-do-
03
02
40+10
Theory
Plant physiology
Metabolism
& 04
04
100
Practical
Theory
-do-
03
&Molecular 03
02
04
40+10
100
03
04
100
03
02
50 + 50
Paper-2
3
Hours/
Week
Theory
CSS
Paper- 6
Ecology
Biology
6a. Herbal Technology
6b.
Nursery
gardening
&
6c. Floriculture
Practical
for
5&6
6
6
CSS
Theory
Plant Biotechnology
03
04
100
Theory
8a. Plant Diversity & 03
human Welfare
04
100
Paper- 7
CSS
Paper-8
8b. Genetics & Plant
Breeding
I B.Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS
PAPER-I; SEMESTER- I
Paper- I T: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week
UNIT- I: Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity
(12 hrs)
1. Origin of life –theories
2. Geological time scale
3. Microbial diversity-Mycoplasma – Chlamydia -Archaebacteria –Actinomycetes
UNIT- II: VIRUSES AND BACTERIA
(12 hrs)
1. Viruses: General account of Viruses, structure, replication and transmission ofplant diseases
Caused by Viruses.
2. Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. Outlineof plant
diseases of important crop plants caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker) and their control.
UNIT III: CYANOBACTERIA AND LICHENS
(12 hrs)
1. Cyanobacteria: General account of cell structure, thallus organization and their uses as
Biofertilizers
2. Structure and reproduction and life history of Nostoc and Scytonema
3. Lichens – Morphology –Anatomy –Reproduction –Economic importance
UNIT –IV Algae
(12 hrs)
1. General account (Thallus organization, Pigments, reproduction), Fritsch classification of Algae
and economic importance.
2. Structure, reproduction, life history of Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia
UNIT V: FUNGI
(12 hrs)
1. General characters, classification(Alexopolous) and economic importance
2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Albugo, Penicillium, Puccinia
3. General account of plant diseases caused by Fungi (Red rot of sugarcane, Paddy blast) and
their control
I B. Sc – BOTANY
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I SEMESTER -I
Paper-I-IP: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week
1. Knowledge of Equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hot-air oven,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Autoclave/Pressure cooker, Laminar air flow chamber, Incubator, etc.
Preparation of solid and liquid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration)
Study of viruses and bacteria using electron micro photographs
Gram staining of Bacteria
Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice,
Angular leaf spot of Cotton) and viruses (TMV, Vein clearing of Bhendi and Leaf curl of
Papaya),Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast
Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following :
a. Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus,Polysiphonia, Nostoc and Scytonema
b. Fungi: Albugo, Penicillium and Puccinia .
Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi and identification of pathogens as per
theory syllabus
Lichens: Different types of thalli and Anatomy
Field Visit
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I B.Sc - BOTANY
PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS - MODEL PAPER
PAPER –I SEMESTER -I
Paper-I-1 P: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Time: 3hrs.
Max
; Marks: 50
1. Identify giving reasons two of the givenAlgal mixture” A". Leave your preparation for
evaluation. Draw labeled diagrams. (Slide--1marks, Diagrams--1marks, Identification--1mark)
3 x 2 = 6 Marks
2.
Make suitable stained preparation of the material "B" to bring out the details of internal
structure--identify giving reasons. Draw labeled diagrams and leave your preparations for
evaluation. (Slide-4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3marks)
10 Marks
3. Conduct C.- Gram staining of Bacteria
9Marks.
4. Write critical notes and Identify D, E, F, G and H
15 Marks.
5. Record (submission is compulsory)
10Marks.
-----------------------Total:
50 Marks
-----------------------Key:
A. Algal material
B. Fungi material
C. Bacterial material.
D. Instruments of Micro biology.
E. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Algae.
F.Wholespecimen or permanent slide of Fungi.
G. Whole specimen or permanent slide of plant pathology.
H Whole specimen or permanent slide of Lichens
I B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS THEORY
PAPER-II SEMESTER- II
Paper –II T: Diversity of Archaegoniatae & plant Anatomy
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week
UNIT – I: BRYOPHYTA
1. Bryophyta: General characters and classification (up to classes).
2. Structure,reproduction and Life history of Marchantia , and Funaria
3. Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes.
(12hrs)
UNIT - II: PTERIDOPHYTA
1. Pteridophyta: General characters and Classification(up to classes).
2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Lycopodium, and Marsilea
2. Heterospory and seed habit
4. Stelar Evolution in Pteridophytes
(12 hrs)
UNIT – III: GYMNOSPERMS
1. Gymnosperms: General characters and classification (upto classes).
2.Morphology, Anatomy, reproduction and life history of Pinus, Gnetum
(12 hrs)
UNIT –IV: Tissues And Tissue systems
1. Tissues – meristematic and permanent tissues (simple and complex)
2. Shoot apical meristem and its histological organisation
3. Root apical meristem and its histological organization
(12 hrs)
UNIT – V. Secondary growth
1. Anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena, Boerhavia and Bignonia
2. Wood structure – general account. Study of local timbers Teak, Rosewood,
Red sanders and Terminalia tomentosa
(12 hrs)
I B.Sc BOTANY
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER II-SEMESTER -II
Paper-IIP: Diversity of Archaegoniatae & plant Anatomy
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week
1. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures) , anatomy of the following taxa :
a) Marchantia, b) Funaria c) Lycopodium d) Pinuse) Gnetum
2.
AnatomY
1. Demonstration of double staining technique.
2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides
3. Preparation of double staining slides
4. Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus.
5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S.
6. Field visits
I( B.Sc.,BOTANY
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I-SEMESTER -II
IIP: Diversity of Archaegoniatae & plant Anatomy
1. Section cutting of A material
(Slide 3 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks)
2. Section cutting of B material
(Slide 3 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks)
3. Section cutting of C material
(Slide 4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks)
4. Identification of spotters D,E,and F
5. Record (submission compulsory)
9 Marks
9 Marks
10 Marks
3x4 =12 marks
10 marks
---------------------Total :
50 Marks
-----------------------
Key:
A. Bryophyta/Pteridophyta material
B. Gymnosperm material.
C. Anatomy material
D. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Bryophyta/ Pteridophyta
E. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Gymnosperm
F. Whole specimen or permanent slide of wood
II B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS THEORY
PAPER –III; SEMESTER -III
(Paper-III T: Plant Taxonomy and Embryology)
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week
UNIT – I: Introduction to PLANT TAXONOMY
(12 hrs)
1 .Fundamental components of taxonomy (identification, nomenclature, classification types and
phylogeny)
2. Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker and Engler & Prantl classification
3. Role of chemotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy and taximetrics in relation to Taxonomy
UNIT –II: SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY
(12 hrs)
1. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to International code of Botanical
Nomenclature; Principles, Rules and Recommendations.
2. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the following families
Annonaceae,Caparidaceae,Rutaceae, Curcurbitaceae, and Apiaceae
UNIT –III: SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY
(12 hrs)
1. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the following families
Asteraceae, Sapotaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae
Orchidaceae and Poaceae.
UNIT – IV: EMBRYOLOGY
(12hrs)
1.Introduction : History and Importance of Embryology.
2. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte.
3.Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; Monosporic; Bisporic and Tetrasporic types
of female gametophyte/embryosac development
4.Pollination -Types, Fertilization.
UNIT –V: EMBRYOLOGY AND PALYNOLOGY
1.Endosperm Development and types.
2..Embryo - development and types:
3. Polyembryony and Apomixis - an outline.
4.Palynology: Principles and applications.
Suggested Reading
T.Pullaiah. 2007. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Regency Publications, New Delhi.
(12 hrs)
II B.Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
PAPER-III- SEMESTER-III
Practical – III P: Plant Taxonomy AND Embryology
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Systemiatic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in theory
Syllabus.
2. Demonstration of herbarium techniques
3. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus,Acacia, Grass).
4. Demonstration of Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus).
5. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryo sac using permanent slides /
Photographs.
6. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and monocot
Embryos usingpermanent slides / Photographs
7. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Symopsis / Senna / Crotalaria)
8. Field visits
9. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical
Examination.
II B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUSSEMESTER- IV THEORY
PAPER – IV
Paper IV -T: Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UNIT – I: Plant – Water relations
1.Importance of water to plant life, physical properties of water,
2. Diffusion, imbibition and osmosis;water, osmotic and pressure potentials,
3. Absorption, transport of water, ascent of sap
4. Transpiration – types, stomata structure and movements.
(12 hrs)
UNIT –II: Mineral nutrition and Fertilizers
(12 hrs)
1. Mineral Nutrition: Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients and their role, mineral
uptake ( active and passive), deficiency symptoms
2.. Nitrogen cycle- biological nitrogen fixation
3.Enzymes: Nomenclature, characteristics, mechanism and regulation of enzyme action,
enzyme kinetics, factors regulating enzyme action.
UNIT –III: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(12 hrs)
1. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and action spectra; Red drop and
Emerson enhancement effect, concept of two photosystems, mechanism of photosynthetic
electron transport and evolution of oxygen, photophosphorylation, carbon assimilation
pathways: C3, C4, and CAM.
2. Photorespiration.
3. Translocation of organic substances: Mechanism of phloem transport, source-sink
relationships.
UNIT –IV: PLANT METABOLISM
(12 hrs)
1.Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transportsystem,
mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway.
2. Lipid Metabolism: Structure and functions of lipids, conversion of lipids to carbohydrates,
Beta-oxidation.
3 .ATP-Synthesis; Mechanism of ATP synthesis, substrate level phosphorylation,
chemiosmotic mechanism (oxidative and photophosphorylation), ATP
synthase, Boyers conformational model, Racker’s experiment, Jagendorf’s
experiment; role of uncouplers
UNIT –V: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
(12 hrs)
1.Growth and development: Definition, phases and kinetics of growth, Physiological effects
of phytohormoneS - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene
2. Physiology of flowering and photoperiodism, role of phytochrome in flowering.
3. Stress Physiology: Concept and plant responses to water, salt and temperature stresses.
II B. Sc – BOTANY SEMESTRE- IV. PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
PAPER- IV - Plant Physiology and metabolism)
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 45 hrs @ 3 per week in 15 sessions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Osmosis – by potato osmoscope method
2. Determination of osmotic potential of vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method using leaves of
Rhoeo / Tradescantia.
3. Structure of stomata (dicot & monocot)
4. Determination of rate of transpiration using cobalt chloride method.
5. Demonstration of transpiration by Ganongs’ photometer
6. Demonstration of ascent of sap/Transpiration pull
6. Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method
7. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms using plant material/photographs.
8. Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique.
9. Rate of photosynthesis under varying Co2 concentration
10.Effect of kind of light intensity on oxygen evolution during photosynthesis using
Wilmontt’ bubbler.
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUSSEMESTER- V THEORY
PAPER –V
Paper V -T: ECOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3hrs per week
UNIT – I - Ecological Factors
9 hrs
1. Ecology – definition and scope
2. Ecological factors – Abiotic (soil, water, light and temperature) and biotic factors
3. Adaptation of hydrophytes and xerophytes
UNIT –II - Plant communities
9 hrs
1. Plant communities – Characters, Ecotone and edge effect.
2. Succession – Process and types
3. Ecosystem – Structure, energy flow, food chains and food web.
UNIT –III -Cell Biology:
9 hrs
1. Principles of microscopy: Outlines of Light microscope, Phase contrast microscope, Fluorescence
microscope
2. Outlines and working principles of Electron microscope, Scanning EM and Scanning Transmission
EM (STEM)
3. The cell envelops: Ultra Structure andfunctions of cell wall and plasma membrane
4. Cell division: Cell cycle, and its regulation, mitosis and meiosis and their significance.
UNIT –IV – Genetic Material
9 hrs
1.DNA as the genetic material, Miescher to Watson and Crick’s historic perspective: Griffith’s and
Avery’s transformation experiment, Hershey – Chase bacteriophage experiment.
2. DNA structure and replication, types of DNA, replication of DNA (semi-conservative)
3. Types of RNA (m RNA, t RNA, r RNA) and their structure and function
UNIT – V Gene concept and expression
1. Gene expression: organization of gene, transcription, translation
2.Mechanism of gene expression in prokaryotes ( Lac. operon and Trp. operon)
3. Genetic code
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUSSEMESTER- V
Practical Paper V: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
9 hrs
1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables; soil thermometer, maximum
and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometeer, raingauze, and lux meter.
2. Determination of soil pH
3. Study of morphological adpatations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (4 each)
4. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetationin the college
campus by species area curve method
5. . Study of various stages of mitosis using cytological preparation of Onion root tips
6. Study on the ultra structure of cell organelles using electron microphotographs
7. Extraction of DNA from plant tissues
8. Determination of DNA by diphenylamine method
9. Estimation of RNA by orcinaol method.
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V
PAPER – VIA
Theory Paper VI A -T: HERBAL TECHNOLOGY (OPTIONAL)
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
UNIT-I: Herbal medicines:
9 hrs
1. History and scope, importance, demand and supply of MAP in India and world, Indian trade
in MAP
2. Indian systems of medicine- Ayurvedic, unani, homeopathic, siddha, yoga and naturopathy
UNIT-II: CRUDE PLANT DRUGS
9 hrs
1. Definition, Classification- Alphabetic, taxonomic, morphological, chemical, pharmacological and
chemotaxonomic
2. Methods of cultivation and factors affecting the cultivation of drug plants
3. Collection, harvesting, drying and storage of crude drugs, Organized crude drugs- Leaves, stem,
flowers, fruits, seeds, barks, underground and entire drugs, Unorganized drugs- Gums,
mucilage, resins, dried juices, latex and extracts
UNIT-III: PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF DRUGS
9 hrs
1. Distribution, morphology, botanical and chemical constituents and uses of Root drugsShatavari, Ashwagandha,
2. Stem drugs- Ginger, turmeric, Chandan,
3. Leaf drugs- Adulsa (Justicia adhatoda), Korpad (Aloe)
4. Fruit drugs- Triphala – Usiri (Emblica), Behda (Terminalia belerica), Haritaki (Terminalia
chebula)and
5. Entire plant drugs - Tulsi and Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera)
UNIT-IV: Analytical Photochemistry
9 hrs
1. Drug adulteration – types, methodsof drug evaluation
2. Biological testing of herbal drugs
3.Phytpchemical screening tests for secondary metabolites – alkaloids, flavanoids, phenolic
compounds
UNIT – V Future of pharmacognosy
1. Genetics as applied to medicinal herbs and transgenic plants
2. Plant tissue culture as source of biomedicines
9 hrs
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V
PAPER – VIA
Practical Paper VI A -T: HERBAL TECHNOLOGY (OPTIONAL)
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
Practical Exercises:
1. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of medicinal leaf drugs of Vasaka, Eucalyptus,
Datura, Senna and Vinca
2. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of medicinal drugs of Boerhavia root, Shatavari
root, Vinca root, Liquorice and Ginger rhizome
3. Study of leaf constants ( Stomatal number, stomatal index and palisade ratio)
4. Preliminary photochemical screening of Carbohydrates, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Steroids,
Tannins and Phenolic compounds
6. Separation of Carbohydrates and Glycosides from crude drug by using chromatography /
TLC techniques
7. Study of medicinal properties of crude drugs obtained from Vasaka, Senna, Boerhavia,
Vinka, Liquorice, Ginger, Shatavari, Datura and Eucalyptus
8. Excursion (Several local and at least one long excursion are compulsory)
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V
PAPER – VI B
Theory Paper VI B -T: Nursery and Gardening (OPTIONAL)
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
Unit 1:Nursery:
9 hrs
1. definition, objectives and scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery,
2. planning and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants
Unit 2: Seed
9 hrs
1. Structure and types - Seed dormancy; causes and methods of breaking
dormancy
2. Seed storage: Seed banks, factors affecting seed viability, genetic erosion
3. Seed production technology - seed testing and certification
Unit 3:Vegetative propagation:
9 hrs
1. air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, collecting season, treatment of cutting, rooting
medium and planting of cuttings - Hardening of plants
2. green house - mist chamber, shed root, shade house and glass house
Unit 4:Gardening
9 hrs
1. definition, objectives and scope - different types of gardening
2. landscape and home gardening - parks and its components, plant materials and design
3. computer applications in landscaping
4. Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring, watering,
5. management of pests and diseases and harvesting.
Unit 5: Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings
9 hrs
1. Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings ,Transplanting of seedlings
2. Study of cultivation of different vegetables: cabbage, brinjal, lady’s finger, onion, garlic,
`tomatoes, and carrots - Storage and marketing procedures.
Suggested Readings
1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.,
New Delhi.
2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
4. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill Book Co.,
New Delhi.
5. Agrawal, P.K. 1993, Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and
Cooperation, National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- V
PAPER – VI C
Theory Paper VI C -T: Floriculture (OPTIONAL)
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
Unit 1:Introduction:
9 hrs
1. Introduction, History of gardening; Importance and scope of floriculture and landscape
gardening
2. Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations:
3. Sexual and vegetative methods of propagation
UNIt – II
9 hrs
1. Soil sterilization; Seed sowing
2. Pricking; Planting and transplanting; Shading; Stopping or
pinching;Defoliation;
Wintering; Mulching; Topiary
3. Role of plant growth regulators
Unit III
9 hrs
1. Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Divine vines; Shade
and ornamental trees;
2. Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents
3. Palms and Cycads; Ferns and Selaginellas;
4. Cultivation of plants in pots; Indoor gardening; Bonsai.
Unit 4:Principles of Garden Designs:
9 hrs
1. English, Italian, French, Persian, Mughal and Japanese gardens
2. Features of a garden (Garden wall, Fencing, Steps, Hedge, Edging, Lawn, Flower
beds, Shrubbery, Borders, Water garden.
3. Some Famous gardens of India
5:Landscaping Places of Public Importance: Landscaping highways and Educational
institution)
Unit 5: Commercial Floriculture
9 hrs
1. Factors affecting flower production; Production andpackaging of cut flowers; Flower
arrangements; Methods to prolong vase life;
2. Cultivation of Important cut flowers (Carnation, Aster, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Gerbera,
Gladiolous, Marigold,Rose, Lilium, Orchids
3. Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants.
Suggested Readings
1. Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers.
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- VI
PAPER – VII
Theory Paper VII -T: Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
Unit I: PLANT TISSUE CULTURE – 1
9 hrs
I: History of plant tissue culture research - Basic principles of plant tissue - callus culture,
Meristem culture, Organ culture, Totipotency of cells, differentiation,
dedifferentiation and dedifferentiation.
2. Methodology - Sterilization (physical and chemical methods), Plant cell culture methods,
Culture media, MS Phytohormones, Medium for micro-propagation, Callus
induction
3. Callus subculture maintenance, Metabolic patterns in callus culture, Harvesting and
measurements, Morphogenesis in callus culture - Bioreactors.
UNIT-II :Plnat Tissue culture -2
9 hrs
1. Endosperm culture -media requirements, morphogenetic potential - application - Embryo
culture -culture requirements - applications embryo rescue technique
2.- Tissue culture applications (micropropagation,androgenesis, virus elimination, secondary
metabolite production, haploids, triploids andcybrids;
3. Cryopreservation; Germplasm Conservation
Unit III: Recombinant DNA technology
9 hrs
1. Restriction Endonucleases (History, Types I-IV, biological role and application); Restriction
Mapping (Linear and Circular)
2.
Cloning Vectors: Prokaryotic (pUC 18 and pUC19, pBR322, Tiplasmid, BAC); Lambda
phage, M13 phagemid, Cosmid, Shuttle vector; Eukaryotic Vectors(YAC and briefly
PAC, MAC, HAC)
3.Gene Cloning (Recombinant DNA, BacterialTransformation and selection of recombinant
clones, PCR-mediated gene cloning); GeneConstruct; construction of genomic and cDNA
libraries, screening DNA libraries to obtaingeneof interest by genetic selection;
complementation, colony hybridization; Probes-oligonucleotide,heterologous, PCR
Unit IVMethods of gene transfer
9 hrs
1. Methods of gene transfer- Agrobacterium-mediated, Direct gene transfer by
Electroporation, Microinjection, Microprojectile bombardment;
2. Selection oftransgenics– selectable marker and reporter genes (Luciferase, GUS, GFP).
Unit V: Applications of Biotechnology
1. Applications of Plant Genetic Engineering – crop improvement, herbicide resistance,
insect resistance, virus resistance, plants as bioreactors
2. Genetic modification in Agriculture – transgenic plants,Pest resistant (Bt-cotton);
herbicide resistant plants (RoundUp Ready soybean);
Transgenic crops with improved
flavr Savr tomato, Golden rice); Improved horticultural varieties (Moondust carnations)
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- VI
PAPER – VII
Practical Paper VII -T: Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
1.(a)Preparation of MS medium.
(b) Demonstration of in vitro sterilization and inoculation methods using leaf and nodal explants of
tobacco, Datura, Brassica etc.
2. Study of anther, embryo and endosperm culture, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis
&artificial seeds through photographs.
3. Isolation of protoplasts.
4. Construction of restriction map of circular and linear DNA from the data provided.
5. Study of methods of gene transfer through photographs: Agrobacterium-mediated, direct gene
transfer by electroporation, microinjection, microprojectile bombardment.
6. Study of steps of genetic engineering for production of Bt cotton, Golden rice, Flavr Savr tomato
through photographs.
7. Isolation of plasmid DNA.
8. Restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA.
Suggested Readings
1. Pullaiah. T. and M.V.Subba Rao. 2009. Plant Tissue culture. Scientific Publishers, New Delhi.
2.
Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier
Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
3. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of
recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
4. . Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas
PublicationHouse Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th edition.
5. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons, U.K.
5th edition.
6. Stewart, C.N. Jr. (2008). Plant Biotechnology & Genetics: Principles, Techniques and
Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A.
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- VI
PAPER – VIII A (Elective)
Theory Paper VIII -T: Plant Diversity and Human Welfare
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
Unit 1: Plant diversity and its scope
9 hrs
1. Plant diversity and its scope- Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Plant diversity at
The ecosystem level,
2. Agrobiodiversity and cultivated plant taxa, wild taxa.
3. Values and uses ofBiodiversity:Ethical and aesthetic values, Precautionary principle,
4.Methodologies forvaluation, Uses of plants, Uses of microbes.
Unit 2: Role of plants in relation to Human Welfare
9 hrs
1. Importance of forestry, their utilization and commercial aspects b) Avenue trees, c)
Ornamental plants of India. d)Alcoholic beverages through ages. Fruits and nuts:
Important fruit crops their commercial importance. Wood and its uses.
Unit 3:Loss of Biodiversity
9 hrs
1. Loss of genetic diversity, Loss of species diversity, Loss ofecosystem diversity, Loss of
agrobiodiversity, projected scenario for biodiversity loss,
1. hot spots of india, Endemism, North-Eastern Himalayas, Western ghats
Unit4:Conservation of Biodiversity
9 hrs
1. Conservation of genetic diversity, speciesdiversity andecosystem diversity, In situ and ex
situ conservation , IUCN threat categories, RED data book
2.
Socialapproaches to conservation,Biodiversity awareness programs, Sustainable
development
Unit 5: Management of Biodiversity
1. Management
of
Plant
9 hrs
Biodiversity:
Organizations
associated
with
biodiversity
management-Methodology for execution-IUCN, UNEP, UNESCO, WWF, NBPGR
2. Biodiversity
legislation and conservations,
3. Biodiversity information management and communication.
Suggested Readings
1. Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2004). An Advanced Text Book of Biodiversity - Principles and
Practices. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- VI
PAPER – VIII B (Elective)
Theory Paper VIII -T: Genetics and Plant Breeding
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
UNIT – I: GENETICS
9 hrs
1. Introduction to Genetics and history
2. Mendelism: Laws of inheritance. Gene interactions - Epistasis, Complementary, Supplementary,
Inhibitory genes
UNIT –II: LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER – MUTATIONS
9 hrs
1. Linkage and crossing over: A brief account, construction of genetic maps -2 point and 3 point test
cross data.
2. Mutations:-Type of Mutations-Mutagens - Chromosomal aberrations - structural and numerical
changes, genemutation, transposable elements.
Unit-III :: Plant Breeding-I
9 hrs
1. Introduction: Definition, Origin and evolution of Crop plants: Centres of Origin and
Patterns ofEvolution. Origin of Crop Plants: Origin of Rice, Wheat, Cotton. Scope and
Objectives of PlantBreeding
2. Artificial Vegetative Reproduction: Cutting, Layering, Grafting, Budding, Potting and repotting.
3. Sexual Reproduction: Apomixis-apospory and apogamy, Significance of Apomixis.
Unit IVPlant breeding – II
9 hrs
1. Selection in Self-pollinated crops: The Pure-line selection - Purpose, Procedure, Merits and
Demerits and Achievements
2. Mass selection -Purpose, Procedure, Merits and Demerits andAchievements
Unit-V Plant Breeding-III
9 hrs
1. Breeding Methods: Hybridization: Purpose and General Technique -Choice of Parents,
CrossingSchedule, Emasculation and Bagging, Tagging, Pollination, Harvesting and
Storing F1 seeds, Raising F1 generation, Selfing, Consequences of hybridization.
2. Breeding Methods: Methods in Hybridization: Methods in Self -pollinated crop-Pedigree
method:Procedure, and Merits and Demerits and Achievements. Bulk method -
Procedure, Merits andDemerits and Achievements, Comparison between Bulk and
``
Pedigree method.
3. Hybrid vigour (Heterosis): Definition, its various effects, Causes: Dominance
hypothesis andover dominance hypothesis, Achievements, Utilization and
limitations.
III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS SEMESTER- VI
PAPER – VIII B (Elective)
Practical Paper VIII -T: Genetics and Plant Breeding
Total hours of teaching 45 hrs @ 3 hrs per week
1. Preparation of male flowers for hybridization.
2. Preparation of female flowers for hybridization.
3. Describe the horticulture techniques: Cutting, Layering, Grafting, Budding, Potting and re potting.
4. Study of different methods of plant breeding through
Charts/Models/Photographs/Specimens/Herbarium
sheet.
5. Make a modern new world species from old X new variety breeding with chromosome
numbers
6. Comparison between Pure line selection and Mass selection