1800 earthquake in California est. at 6.5, Volta of Italy invents electric cell, industrial revolution in England, Act of Union between Britain and Ireland, Tuberculosis outbreak in England, Tsunami in Indonesia, French retakes papal states,
Population of Paris reaches 650,000, death of Italian composer Nicola Piccini, death of English poet William Cowper, death of French general Jean Baptiste
Kleber, Napoleon establishes himself as first Consul in the Tuileries – French army defeats Turks at Heliopolis and advances on Cairo – defeats Austrians at
Biberach Hochstadt and Hohenlinden advances on Vienna, Napoleon’s army crosses Great St. Bernard Pass – defeats Austrians at Marengo and conquers Italy,
British capture Malta, US federal offices moved from Philadelphia to Washington
DS with free inhabitants of 2464 and 623 slaves, Jefferson wins presidential election, Plot to assassinate Napoleon discovered in Paris, Maria Edgeworth writes gothic novel, Thomas Morton writes comedy where character Mrs. Grundy first mentioned, Jean Paul writes German novel, Schiller writes, Mme de Stael writes, Napoleon appoints committee of jurists to write up Civil Code, Cardinal
Barnaba Chiaramonti elected Pope Pius VII, Fitche writes, Arnold Heeren writes about Europe’s political systems, Schelling writes about idealism, Church of
United Bretheren in Christ founded in US, David paints “Mme. Recamier” portrait, Goya paints “Portrait of a Woman”, Boieldieu writes opera, Cherubini writes opera in Paris, Humphrey Davy writes about nitrous oxide, German physician F.J. Gall founds practice of phrenology, William Herschel discovers existence of infrared solar rays, Royal College of Surgeons in London founded,
Richard Trevithick constructs light-pressure steam engine, Alessandro Volta produces electricity from cell – first battery of zinc and copper plates, Eli Whitney makes muskets with interchangeable parts, Grossglockner in the Austrian Alps first scaled, letter post introduced in Berlin, Ottawa founded, Robert Owen takes over New Lanark mills and starts social reforms, Populations Paris 550,000 New
York 60,000 Bill Richmond a former slave becomes popular boxer, 1 million
African-Americans, Former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture establishes Haiti – first independent Latin American state, Napoleon establishes Society to Encourage
French inventors, Alessandro Volta develops electric battery, D.C. becomes U.S.
Capitol, Code Napoleon codified, Government moved to Washington, D.C.,
Jefferson elected (Republican) Jefferson and Burr tied, so Congress picked.
Napoleon secures Louisiana from Spain, Livingston and Monroe go to Paris, Eli
Whitney demonstrates interchangeable parts in D.C. Sequoyah creates Cherokee written language, Act of Union with Britain and Ireland, Napoleon Bonaparte becomes ruler of France, Prosser plans slave revolt, 14 Mar Pope Pius VII appointed (Barnaba Chiaramonti ), Beaver hats become popular in Europe, Haydn composes The Seasons , Discovery of UV rays, Volta invents voltaic pile,
Napoleon defeats Austrians at Marengo, Henry Maudslay invents precision screw- cutting lathe in Britain, Russia withdraws from confronting France,
England subdues Ireland in Act of Union, Begin era known as "Romantic Age"
1801 Central Assembly of St. Dominique (Haiti) appoints Toussaint L’Ouverture governor, First rail locomotive, end of era of William Pitt the Younger as British
Prime Minister, beginning of reign of Czar Alexander I of Russia, Matthew
Flinders begins to circumnavigate Australia , Thomas Jefferson delivers inaugural

address, death of German painter Daniel Chodowiecki, death of Italian composer
Domenico Cimarosa, death of American painter Ralph Earle, death of Hungarian poet Sandor Kisfaludi, death of German poet Novalis, death of Paul I of Russia,
Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland comes into force, Peace of Luneville between Austria and France marks the actual end of the HRE, Thomas Jefferson inauguration, Czar Paul I assassinated and succeeded by Alexander I, Nelson defeats Danes off Copenhagen, Prussians march into Hanover, English enter
Cairo – French troops leave Egypt which the Turks recover, Chateaubriand writes novel, Kotzebue writes comedy, Schiller writes, Robert Southey writes poem, K.F.
Gauss writes regarding math, Hegel and Schelling write philosophy, David paints
“Napoleon au Grand Saint-bernard”, Goya paints “The Two Majas”, Beethoven writes ballet, Haydn’s “The Seasons” oratorio completed, M.F.X. Bichat writes book of general anatomy, American civil engineer Robert Fulton produces first submarine “The Nautilis”, J.J. Lalande catalogues over 47,000 stars, Bank of
France founded, European populations: Italy 17.2 million, Britain 10.4 million
Spain 10.5 million, London 864 k, Paris 574k Vienna 231 K Berlin 183 k, First iron trolley tracks in Croydon-Wandsworth ENG, Union Jack becomes official flag of UK, Victoria Regia (Queen of the Night) discovered in Amazon Territory,
France invades Austria, Alexander I becomes Tsar of Russia, Jefferson plans for
NW expedition, Federalists quickly create more federal judges "Midnight Judges"
John Marshall named Chief Justice, William Pitt ends reign as Prime Minister of
England, Jefferson 3rd president, Judiciary Act increases judges "midnight judges" Jefferson declares blockade after Tripoli (Barbary pirates) declares war,
French stop trying to take Egypt, British and Turks defeat French army at Aboukir,
Napoleon restores state-church relations in Concordat with the Pope, Czar
Alexander I ascends Russian throne - Kingdom of Georgia voluntarily unites with
Russia, Peace of Luneville confirms France's defeat of Austria, John Marshal begins role as Supreme Court chief justice; Napoleonic Concordat offers government to pay salaries of clergy in France
1802 Emperor Gia-Long begins reign in Vietnam, Worlds first steam ship <i>Charlotte
Dundas</i> built in Scotland, death of German philosopher Franz Aepinus, death of Erasmus Darwin the English scientist and poet, death of English painter
George Romney, death of American jurist John Lowell, Napoleon becomes president of Italian Republic (formerly Cisalpine) – creates order of Legion of
Honor – becomes first Consul for Life – annexes Piedmont Parma and Piacenza,
Peace of Amiens between Britain and France, France suppresses Negro rebellion in Santo Domingo led by Toussaint-L’Ouverture, Sir Walter Scott writes, Mme.
De Stael writes novel, Jeremy Bentham writes about legislation, G.F. Grotefend deciphers Babylonian cuneiform, Schelling writes, Daniel Webster writes about neutral nations in war, Canova sculpts Napoleon Bonaparte, Period of Classical
Empire style, Gerars paints “Madame Recamier”, Beethoven composes, J.N.
Forkel writes about life of J.S. Bach, John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry, death of Erasmus Darwin the English scientist, William Herschel discovers binary stars, German naturalist Gottfried Treviranus coins term
“biology”, Englishmen John Truter and William Somerville explore in
Bechuanaland, “Peerage” published in London, Duke of Richmond introduces

horse racing in Goodwood, “Health and Morals of Apprentices” act in Britain,
Alexander von Humboldt almost climbs Mount Chimborao in Ecuador, West
India Docks in London built, Victor Hugo born, storm in Norway kills 26, Treaty of Amiens creates temporary peace in Europe, French decided to focus on Europe
- was looking to relinquish control of new world, Federalists complain that Pres has no power to purchase lands (Opposite of their flexible position earlier), War between French and English over, Oliver Evans invents high-pressure steam engine, Beethoven composes, Napoleon made Consul for life, Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain and France, Nguyen Anh unifies Vietnam and rules from Hue as the first Nguyen emperor, Napoleon names self Consul for Life
1803 Second Maratha war disrupts India 2 years, circumnavigation of Australia by
Matthew Flinders complete – he names it, Napoleonic War between Britain and
France until 1815, end of Italian Este line (from 1135), death of German poet
Johann Wilhelm Gleim, death of American Revolutionary Statesman Samuel
Adams, death of German poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, death of Pierre A.F.
Choderlos de Lachos the French novelist, death of German author Johann
Gottfried von Herder, death of Italian dramatist Vittorio Alfieri, Swiss cantons regain independence (Act of Mediation), Ohio becomes state, US buys Louisiana
Putchase, Renewal of war between France and Britain, French complete occupation of Hanover, Robert Emmet leader of Irish July rebellion executed,
Second Mahratta War against Sindhia of Gwalior who submits to the British, Jane
Porter writes historical novel, Schiller writes tragedy, Greek patriot Adamantois
Coraes publishes about modern Greece, death of German philosopher Herder,
Joseph Lancaster writes about education, Henry Raeburn paints “The Macnab” portrait, Turner’s “Calais Pier” exhibited, Benjamin West paints “Christ Healing the Sick”, Beethoven composes sonata, death of Franz Xavier Sussmayer the
Austrian composer who completed Mozart’s Requiem, Claude Berthollet writes about chemistry, J.J. Berzelius discovers cerium, Lazare Carnot writes about the physics of movement, Robert Fulton powers boat by steam, Lamarck writes about the physical body, Henry Shrapnel invents explosive shell, Building of
Calcedonian Canal begins, Technical college in Prague founded, SC reopens ports to African slave trade, using W Indies and Latin American blacks, British win final Maratha War in Central India, Louisiana Purchase, Napoleon plots to invade
Britain, Marbury vs. Madison allows for judicial review of laws, declares
Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, Land deal with Napoleon sells Louisiana territory to US for $15 million, Napoleon begins conquest of Europe, OH 17th state, US re-declares neutrality in Napoleonic wars, Haydn, Beethoven compose,
War resumed between France and Britain over Malta, Second Maratha War begins, Napoleon sells Louisiana, Removal Policy to rid land of Native
Americans ensues; Hudson River School of landscape painting opens
1804 NJ passes emancipation law, Haiti becomes independent under Jean-Jacques
Dessalines, Lemuel Haynes receives honorary master’s degree from Middlebury
College VT, Fulani begins jihad in N Nigeria, Russian envoy visits Nagasaki
Japan and tries to negotiate treaty – fails, First oil lamps made in England
(designed by French), Napoleon becomes emperor of French at Notre Dame,
Lewis and Clark begin expedition – Prince George becomes obsessed with out-

showing Napoleon, death of Immanuel Kant German philosopher, death of
Jacques Necker the Swiss economist, Alexander Hamilton killed in duel by Aaron
Burr, death of English painter George Morland, end of suspension of Habeas
Corpus Act in Britain, The Duc d’Enghien executed for a plot against Napoleon,
Napoleon proclaimed emperor by Senate and Tribunate and in crowned in presence of Pope Pius VII in Paris, War breaks out between East India Company and Holkar of Indore – ends with defeat of Holkar’s army, Francis II assumes title of Emperor of Austria as Francis I, 12 Amendment added to US constitution,
Spain declares war on Britain, Napoleonic general Jean Bernadotte becomes
Marshal of France, Schiller writes “Wilhelm Tell” in Weimar, British and Foreign
Bible Society founded in London, Code Napoleon promulgated, Thomas Brown writes about cause and effect, death of Immanuel Kant, death of English painter
George Morland, English Water Colour Society founded, Beethoven composes,
Thomas Bewick completes “History of British Birds”, death of English chemist
Joseph Priestly, English scientist W.H. Wollaston finds palladium in platinum, first dahlias in England, Hobart Tasmania founded, Lewis and Clark expedition starts, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue independent and restores the original name of Haiti, Napoleon crowned Emperor, Haitian independence,
Lewis and Clark begin expedition, Napoleonic legal code, Napoleon declares himself Emperor, Immanuel Kant dies, 12th amendment ratified - Election of Pres and Vice same party, Louis and Clark expedition starts from St. Louis May 14,
Jefferson sends naval squadron to fight Barbary Pirates - ships bombard Tripoli,
Jefferson and George Clinton win election. Burr defeated as vice president - he blames Hamilton, challenge to duel. Hamilton duels, but won't fire the gun. Is mortally wounded, Haiti formally a nation, Slavery banned in North, President and Vice President in same party (12th amendment), Louis and Clark explore
Louisiana territory, Haiti independent, Beethoven composes, napoleon crowned emperor, Schiller's Wilhelm Tell ,
Code Napoléon
applied in continental Europe,
Usman dan Fodio begins jihad in Hausaland (Northern Nigeria) which results in large Islamic state, Lewis and Clark leave, Napoleonic Code created, Napoleon crowns self Emperor, Serbia revolts from Turkey and gains partial independence,
Jacquard loom invented in France, Zebulon Pike begins two years exploration in
SW
1805 Mungo Park explores Niger river W Africa, Mohammed Ali rules Egypt and
Egypt breaks away from Ottoman empire, end of second Maratha War in India,
Battles of Trafalgar (British victory) and Austerlitz (French), death of French painter Jean Baptiste Greuze, death of English sculptor Thomas Banks, death of
Italian composer Luigi Boccherini, death of British admiral Horatio Nelson, death of German actor A.W. Iffland, Jan - 24 inches of snow falls in a two day storm in
NY, Arthur Wellesley later Duke of Wellington resigns in India, Start of
Jefferson’s second term, Treaty of St. Petersburg by Britain and Russia against
France joined by Austria, Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan Cathedral,
Battle of Austerlitz – Napoleonic victory over Austro-Russian forces, Peace of
Pressburg between Austria and France – Austria gives up the Tirol and all her
Italian possessions – Bavaria and Wurttemberg become kingdoms – Baden becomes a grand duchy, Establishment of modern Egypt – Mehmet Ali

proclaimed Pasha, Break between Britain and US over trade with West Indies,
Chateaubriand writes romantic novel, writer Schiller dies, Walter Scott writes,
Robert Southey writes, Hosea Ballou writes about the Atonement, Lord Liverpool writes about British coins, Goya paints “Dona Isabel CObos de Procal”, Philipp
Otto Runge paints “The Morning”, Beethoven writes opera in Vienna, death of
Italian composer Luigi Boccerini, Paganini begins to tour Europe as violin virtuoso, Rockets reintroduced as weapons into the British army, Mungo Park undertakes second expedition up Niger River, F.W.A. Sarturner isolates morphine,
Napoleon abandons French revolutionary calendar, Pestalozzi school at Yverdun
Switzerland Total state expenditure of Great Britain listed as 62.8 million pounds,
Third Coalition battles napoleon, Ali becomes Pasha of Egypt, Brits defeat
Napoleon by sea at Trafalgar Oct 21 by Nelson, Treaty with ruler of Tripoli US
Marines capture port of Derna in Tripolean war Apr 27, Burr tries to convince people to leave the Union, Joseph Smith born Dec 23, English Nelson destroys
French and Spanish fleets, but is killed, Modern Egypt is founded, Louis and
Clark reach Pacific, Beethoven composes, battle of Trafalgar, Austrians beaten by
French at Ulm, Russian and Austrian armies routed at Austerlitz, Britain's Essex case bans neutrals from trading with France, French navy defeated at Battle of
Trafalgar; end of US "Second Awakening" revival on East Coast where
Methodists, Baptists and Disciples of Christ created
1806 Goldau Valley Landslide, Mungo Park explores Niger River, W Africa,
Napoleon brings HRE to an end, End of Lewis and Clark expedition, Imam
Sayyid Said begins to rule Oman, Cyclone hits Dominica, Yellow Fever hits
Martinique, Landslide in Switzerland, death of English painter George Stubbs, death of American Revolutionary general Horatio Gates, death of French painter
Jean Honore Fragonard, death of US statesman Robert Morris, death of Charles
Augustin de Coulomb French philosopher, death of English architect Henry
Holland, death of Henry Knox the American Revolutionary leader, death of
English cabinetmaker Thomas Sheraton, death of Japanese painter Kitagawa
Utamaro, death of Spanish composer Vincente Martin y Soler the Spanish composer, death of British statesman William Pitt the Younger, death of Emperor
Francis II, British occupy Cape of Good Hope, death of William Pitt the Younger, death of Charles James Fox British foreign secretary, Joseph Bonaparte named
King of Naples, Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland, Britain blockades
French coast, Prussia declares war on France, Following victories at Jena and
Auerstadt Napoleon enters Berlin Napoleon’s Berlin Decree begins “Continental
System” closing Continental ports to British vessels, French army under Murat enters Warsaw, Confederation of Rhine founded, official end of the HRE, Peace of Posen – Saxony made a kingdom, Burr plot in the US, Arnim and Brentano collects German folk songs, Goethe marries Christiane Vulpis, Kleist writes village comedy, Jane and Ann Taylor write nursery rhymes, J.C. Adelung writes
“Mithridates a History of Languages and Dialects”, Fichte writes, Institut de
France created by combining academies, James Madison writes about British trade, Napoleon establishes organization for Jews in France, Population of
Germany reaches 27 million, Brera Gallery in Milan opens, Claude Clodion begins Arc de Triomphe in Paris, death of Fragonard, Thorvaldsen sculpts “Hebe”,

death of Japanese portrait painter Kitagawa Utamaro, David Wilke paints
“Village Politicians”, Beethoven composes, Rossini’s first opera produced in
Rome, Humphrey Davy discovers electrolytic method for preparing potassium and soda, P.A. Latrelle writes about insects and crustaceans, Sir Francis Beaufort composes scale (0-12) to indicate wind strength, British cotton industry employs
90,000 factory workers and 184,000 weavers, Beginning of building of Dartmoor
Prison in England, First Gentlemen v. Players cricket match, Napoleon dissolves
Holy Roman Empire, End of Lewis and Clark expedition, death of Japanese painter Kitagawa Utamaro, Francis II, Last Hapsburg King, declares end of the
Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon controls most of Europe, Louis and Clark return to St. Louis Sep 23, Bur contemplates allegiance with Mexico, or war with
Mexico, is arrested and charged with treason, acquitted, moves to Europe
Cumberland Gap Road funded, Sep 23 Louis and Clark return, Zebulon Pike explores Colorado, Govt. Approves national road, Holy Roman Empire ends with
Confederation of the Rhine - most German states under French domination, War between France and Prussia, Beethoven composes, HRE formally dissolved,
Lewis and Clark reach Pacific, Prussia defeated by napoleon at Jena-Auerstädt,
Napoleon replaces HRE with Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon's Berlin
Decrees deny British right to trade with Europe, Dayyid Said reasserts Omani power in e Africa, Capetown, S AFR falls to English, return of Lewis and Clark,
French re-conquer Austrians, Napoleon begins to rule with iron fist, Francisco de
Miranda sails from New York to South American (revolutionary), Buenos Aires repels British, Napoleon begins to organize German states as he abolishes Holy
Roman Empire
1807 Asante invade Fante confederacy in Africa, British abolish slave trade, though slavery continues until 1833, Portugal’s John VI flees to Brazil, death of English novelist Clara Reve, death of Swiss painter Angelica Kauffmann, death of U.S. jurist Oliver Ellsworth, death of Sultan of Turkey Selim III, Indecisive battle of
Eylau between French and Russo-Prussian armies, French victory at Friedland,
Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon the Czar and King of Prussia, Jerome
Bonaparte becomes King of Westphalia, Napoleon endures dictatorship by suppressing Tribunate, Sultan Selim III of Turkey deposed and succeeded by
Mustafa IV, The Chesapeake Incident between US and Britain, US Embargo Act against Britain and France, Baron vom Stein becomes Prussian Prime Minister and emancipates serfs, France invades Portugal and dethrones Portuguese royal family which flees to Brazil, Mme. De Stael writes, Lord Bacon writes “Hours of
Idleness”, Ugo Foscolo writes, Charles and Mary Lamb writes tales from
Shakespeare, Wordsworth writes ode, US Evangelical association holds first convention, Commercial Law Code introduced in France, Hegel writes, Gottlieb
Hufeland writes about economy, Canove sculpts “Paolina Bonaparte as Reclining
Venus”, David paints “Coronation of Napoleon”, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres begins painting “LaSource”, death of Swiss painter Angelica Kauffmann, Death of English painter John Opie, Turner paints “Sun Rising in a Mist”, Beethoven composes, Etienne Nicolas Menul composes “Joseph” opera, Spontini composes opera, Thomas Moore’s music composed, Charles Bell writes about comparative surgery, Robert Fulton’s paddle steamer “Clermont” navigates Hudson,

Alexander von Humboldt and Bonpland writes about voyages in Spanish
Americas, Horse racing – first Ascot Gold Cup, England prohibits slave trade,
Sierra Leone and Gambia become British crown colonies, Street lighting by gas in
London, England bans importation of slaves, First commercial steamboat run by
Fulton in US, Slave trade ends in Britain proper, Napoleon at peak of power, US continues French trade, Brit adopts Orders of Council to block US trade with
France by taking ships/blockade. America runs the blockades, Brit demands right to search or seize ships of America (Chesapeake vs Leopard), Embargo Act (US) forbids AM trade with any foreign nation To avoid war. Unenforceable. Canada trade booms, Some merchants violate law. Robert Fulton builds steamboat,
Manuel Lisa explores length of Missouri River, Beethoven composes, Fulton builds steamboat, London streets lit by gas, Wordsworth writes, Napoleon's
"Continental System" is complete, second battle of Copenhagen - Britain captures
Danish fleet - Peace of Tilsit leaves Napoleon dominant, Yhe Braganzas
(Portugese royal family) flees to Brazil under British escort, Aaron Burr's conspiracy trial, American congress passes nonintercourse act "Embargo Act" which failed miserably and upset US merchants, Napoleon stirs up war sentiments between Britain and US, Napoleon at height of powers, Portugal falls to France,
Buenos Aires repels British from ports, General Whitelock conquers Montevideo, but is defeated in Buenos Aires; steamboat Clermont first sails
1808 Federal law bans importation of African slaves (though a quarter million are imported illegally before slavery ends), Fulani invade Bornu near Lake Chad,
Peninsular War in Spain begins until 1814, Rebellions against Spain begin in
South America, death of Goethe’s mother Katharina Elisabeth Textor, death of
Russian nobleman Count Alexei Grigorievich, US prohibits importation of slaves from Africa, French army occupies Rome – invades Spain and takes Barcelona and Madrid – Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Spain – Joachim Murat becomes king of Naples in his stead, Erfurt Congress, Rebellion in Madrid – King
Joseph flees and Napoleon takes the city, Municipal Councils introduced in
Prussia, Chateaubriand writes, Goethe writes “Faust” part 1, Kleist writes,
Oehlenschlager writes Danish tragedy, Theatre St. Philippe in New Orleans opened, Walter Scott writes story in verse, John Dalton writes about chemical philosophy, K.F. Eichhorn writes, J.F. Fries writes new critique of reason,
Napoleon abolishes Inquisition in Spain and Italy, Schlegel writes, Kaspar
Friedrich paints “The Cross on the Mountains”, Goya paints “Execution of the
Citizens of Madrid”, Ingres paints “La Grande Baigneuse”, Beethoven composes,
Ships iron anchor chains patented by Cptn. S. Brown, J.L. Gay-Lussac writes about the combination of gasses, source of the Ganges River discovered,
Disappearance of fashion of pigtails in men’s hair, Goethe and Napoleon meet at
Erfurt, Extensive excavations begin at Pompeii, Henry Crabb Robinson becomes first war correspondent – sent by “Times of London” to Spain to report on
Peninsular war, Napoleon abolishes inquisition in France and Spain, U.S. bans importation of slaves, Goethe publishes "Faust" Beethoven's 5 th Symphony,
Importation of new slaves ceases, New England merchants suffer under Embargo
Act, James Madison (Republican) wins election as Jefferson refuses 3rd term,
Tecumseh forced west, starts Indian national movement, Religious revival among

Indians, Napoleon conquers Spain, Latin Americans begin to revolt, Peninsular war to drive French from Spain, Embargo act softened to Non-Intercourse act,
James Madison 4th president, Goethe writes Faust part 1, Spanish national uprising against the French starts the Peninsular war, Napoleon installs brother as
Spanish king, Italians rally against Napoleon creating new Italian nation, War between Sweden and Russia
1809 Charles Darwin born, Death of Rama I of Thailand, death of Augustin Pajou
French sculptor, death of Franz Joseph Hayden the Austrian composer, death of
Thomas Paine American author and patriot, death of King of Sweden Gustavus
IV, Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and Turkey, War between France and
Austria, French army takes Vienna – is defeated as Aspern and defeats Austrians at Wagram, Peace of Schonbrunn, Austria joins continental system, James
Madison becomes 4 th president, King Gustavus IV of Sweden deposed – succeeded by Charles XIII, Marshal Jean Bernadotte elected Crown Prince of
Sweden, Treaty of friendship between Britain and the Sikhs at Amritsar, Arthut
Wellesley defeats French at Oporto and Talavera and is created Duke of
Wellington – his brother Marquis Wellesley appointed Foreign secretary,
Napoleon annexes Papal States, Pope Pius VII taken prisoner, Metternich named chief minister of Austria, Napoleon divorces Josephine, French lose Martinique and Cayenne to British, Birth of Abraham Lincoln, Ecuador gains independence from Spain, Thomas Campbell writes, Chateaubriand writes, Goethe writes novel,
Washington Irving writes “Rip Van Winkle”, Ivan Kriloff writes, Hannah More writes novel, birth of Edgar Allen Poe, Schlegel writes about Art and Literature, death of Thomas Paine, David Ricardo writes about depreciation of bank notes,
All property of Teutonic Order confiscated, Constable paints “Malvern Hill”,
Kaspar Friedrich paints “Monch am Meer”, Raeburn paints “Mrs. Spiers”,
Beethoven composes, death of Haydn, Spontini composes opera, Friedrich
Wilhelm U in Berlin founded, K.F. Gauss writes about science, Lamarck writes about animals, William Maclure writes about U.S. Geology, S.T. von Sommering the German physiologist invents water voltameter telegraph, Construction of
Bristol Harbor, Two Thousand Guineas established at Newmarket Races,
Elizabeth Seton founds Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in US, Darwin and
Lincoln born on the same day, Louis Braille invents reading for the blind,
France's Lamarck formulates evolutionary theories, Embargo Act repealed Mar 1,
Non-Intercourse act created, forbidding trade with Britain and France, Elizabeth
Ann Seton establishes first Catholic parochial school in US, Quito, La Paz and
Chuquisaca have violent outbreaks, Sweden conquered by Russians, Count
Merrernich becomes chief advisor to Germany's Francis I
1810 Tom Molineaux (former slave) becomes internationally famous boxer, Hidalgo begins revolts against Spain in Mexico, King Kamehameha becomes king of
Hawaii, King George III of Britain has golden jubilee – starts descent into insanity, death of German-English painter Johann Zoffany, death of Jean-Jacques de Boissieu the French painter, death of English painter John Hoppner, death of popular Tirolean hero in Napoleonic Wars Andreas Hofer, death of U.S. writer
(first professional) Charles Brockden Brown, death of Queen Louise of Prussia, death of German painter Philipp Otto Runge, Year of Napoleon’s zenith –

marries Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria – by decree of Rambouillet orders sale of seized US ships – annexes Holland – issues Decree of Fontainebleau
(confiscation of British goods) and annexes Hanover Bremen Hamburg
Lauenburg and Lubeck, Venezuela breaks away from Spain, Simon Bolicar emerges as major figure in S American politics, Revolts in New Granada – Rio de la Plata and Mexico, British sieze Guadaloupe – last French colony in W Indies, death of Queen Louise of Prussia, Andreas Hofer the Austrian freedom fighter against Napoleon executed at Mantua, Scott writes “The Lady of the Lake”, Mme.
De Stael writes, Lazare Carnot writes about defending forts, Cumberland
Presbytery of Kentucky excluded from Presbyterian church, Protestant revivalists in Geneva form Societe des Amis, Joseph de Maistre writes about political constitutions, death of French painter J.J. de Boissieu, Goya engraves “Los
Desastres de la Guerra”, death of English painter John Hoppner, “The Nazarenes” founded to revive German religious art, Beethoven composes music to Goethe’s
“Egmont”, Rossini writes opera San Carlo Opera House in Naples built, Gall and
Spurzheim write about the nervous system, Samuel Hahnemann founds homeopathy with “Oragnon of Theraprutics”, François Appert develops techniques for canning food, death of English scientist Henry Cavendish, First public billiards rooms in England at the Piazza in Covent Garden in London,
Durham miners’ strike, The Krupp works open at Essen Germany, Sale of tobacco in France is made a government monopoly, U.S. population reaches 7.2 million,
Polish Chopin born , Non-Intercourse act expires, Madison passes law stating that whichever side (Brit Fra) would stop the blockades, US would trade exclusively with them May 1 Accepted by Napoleon Aug The Brits see this as an act of war.
Policy goes bad. US begins annexation of Florida., Final illness of George III leads to don becoming Regent, Fletcher vs. Peck - state laws can be declared unconstitutional, West FL claimed by Madison, Wyeth composes, Sir Walter
Scott paints, Napoleon marries Marie Louise, daughter of the Emperor of Austria to provide an heir, Father Miguel Hidalgo leads Mexican Revolution - defeated and executed 1811, attempted revolution in Chile defeated, Russia extends dominion in central Asia, Wars for independence break out in Spanish colonies,
Simon Bolivar begins revolts; small bit of land in LA ceded to US
1811 New Madrid MO quake estimated at 8.1, beginning of regency furniture period,
Mohammed Ali of Egypt overruns Arabian peninsula through 1818 – end of first
Saudi empire, Tornado kills 500 in Charleston SC, death of German author
Christopher Friedrich Nicolai, death of American jurist Francis Dana, death of
German poet Heinrich von Kleist, Napoleon annexes Oldenburg, George III of
England goes insane again – Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent, Russians seize Belgrade, Austria bankrupt, Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cairo, Duke of
Wellington’s victories at Fuented de Onoro and Albuera, Paraguay independent of
Spain, British occupy Java, William Henry Harrison defeats Indians under
Tecumseh at Tippecanoe IN, Jane Austen writes “Sense and Sensibility”,
Friedrich de la Motte-Fouque writes, Goethe writes, K.A. Bottiger writes about mythology or something, Civil Code introduced into Austria, “Great Schism” of
Welsh Protestants as 2/3 leave Anglican Church, Barthold G. Niebuhr writes
Roman history, J.P.A. Recusat writes about literature, U of Christiana in Oslo

formed, National U of Nicaragua founded, Ingres paints “Jupiter and Thetes”,
Thomas Lawrence paints portrait of Benjamin West, John Nash begins design of
Regent Street in London, John Rennie begins building Waterloo Bridge in
London, Thorvaldsen sculpts “Procession of Alexander the Great”, Prague
Conservatoire opened, C.M. ovn Weber composes opera in Munich, Amadeo
Avogadro the Italian chemist composers molecular composition of gasses, Sir
Charles Bell writes about the anatomy of the brain, S.O. Poisson writes about mechanical traits, Ludwig Berblinger a tailor of Ulm Germany fails in his attempts to fly, French Press Agency (later Agence Havas) founded, Hampden
Clubs for extending the franchise formed in England, “Luddites” destroy industrial machines in North England, Johann Rudolf Meyer a Swiss mountaineer climbs the Jungfrau, Ludites in Britain destroy machinery, Bare, first woman to circumnavigate the globe, dies, War Hawks in office in US, National Bank charter expires, Wm H Harrison leads troops against Tecumseh and Indians at
Tippecanoe river. Henry Clay (Southerner) enters Congress as "War Hawk" John
C Calhoun promotes States Rights, Paraguay, Venezuela established, George III's sone becomes Regent, Joseph Smith Sr. has "Lehi's Dream" Harsh winter in
Britain - economic hardship, First National Bank charter expires- leads to economic downturn - inflation, John Jacob Aster ships supplies around S tip of S
America, Schubert composes, Goethe writes, Mexican revolutionary Father
Miguel Hidalgo executed, Dutch surrender Java to British invasion force, Hidalgo executed in Mexico, Battle of Tippecanoe in IN with Tecumseh, Winnipeg,
Manitoba established, first steamboat sails Ohio river, strong earthquake devistates central Mississippi River regions and forms Reelfoot lake in TN
1812 LA disenfranchises blacks, New Madrid MO quake est. at 7.8, First tin cans produced in England for preserving food, Napoleon reaches Moscow, burns it and retreats to France, Volcano on St. Vincent Island in West Indies, Earthquake in
Venezuela, death of US poet and diplomat Joel Barlow, death of Bohemian composer Johann Ludwig Dussek, Prussia agrees to allow French troops free passage in case of war with Russia, Generals Gheisenau and Scharnhorst resign,
Napoleon crosses Niemen River and enters Russia – crosses Viliya River and defeats Russians at Smolensk and Borodino and enters Moscow – fall retreat across the Berezina- leaves Joachim Murat in command and returns to Paris… army of 550,000 reduces to 20,000, Conspiracy of General Claude François Malet against Napoleon during emperor’s absence in Russia – attempt to end war and install Louis XVIII fails – mallet executed, Louisiana becomes state, British
Prime Minister Spencer Perceval assassinated in House of Commons, US declares war on Britain, Duke of Wellington enters Madrid, US presidential election James
Madison defeats De Witt Clinton, Brothers Grimm writes “Fairy Tales”, Lord
Byron writes, Present Drury Lane Theater in London erected, John Nichols writes,
Baptist Union of Great Britain formed, H.F. Genesius writes “Hebrew and
Chaldaic Dictionary”, Hegel writes, Jews in Prussia emancipated, W.M. Leake writes “Greece”, Hamilton College in Clinton NY founded, Elgin Marbles brought to Englsnd, Goya paints “Portrait of the Duke of Wellington”, Beethoven composes, Beethoven and Goethe meet at Teplitz, Founding of Gesellschaft der
Musikfreunde in Vienna, The steamship “Comet” operates on Clyde River in

Scotland under Henry Bell, Swiss explorer JL Burckhardt discovers great temple of Abu Simbel, Georges Cuvier writes about quadruped fossils, Humphry Davy writes about chemical philosophy, Philippe Girard invents machine for spinning flax, Laplace writes “Theorie analytique”, Red River Settlement in Manitoba founded, Royal Yacht Squadron formed, Gas Light and Coke Company founded in London by F.A. Winsor, CA quakes each estimated at 7 leave 42 dead,
Napoleon invades Russia, loses army in winter retreat, U.S. wars with British,
Charles Dickens born, Napoleon loses in Russia, Sep 14 Russians burn Moscow as directed by Tsar Alexander the Great, Napoleon orders blockade, starting war of 1812 (Anglo-American war), Brother's Grimm publish their collection of the old stories, Brits repeal Orders of Council, allows trade with US Jun 16. US totally unaware US declares war on Brit Jun 18(Reasons - we wanted land
(Canada and Spain's FL) and freedom of the seas, hates impressment of sailors, etc.), Republican Madison wins election, although anti-war Federalist opinions growing Brits capture Detroit July. US ahead in sea battles LA 18th state, Prime
Minister Spencer Percival assassinated, Joseph Smith contracts typhoid, Louisiana enters Union, Beethoven composes, Napoleon retreats from Moscow, Byron and the Grimm brothers write, Red River Colony founded in Canada, Napoleon invades Russia and occupies Moscow, but is forced to withdraw, Britain's merchants protest against the Orders of Council, and they were repealed... just as
US declares war, US attacks Canada, Napoleon begins retreat from Russia, Ft.
Ross built by Russians in CA, Ft. Dearborn (Chicago) massacre by Potawatomi
Indians
1813 Napoleon defeated at “Battle of Nations” in Leipzig, death if German author
Christoph Martin Wieland, death of French mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange, death of German portrait painter Anton Graff, death of French composer Andre
Gretry, death of Benjamin Rush the US Physician, death of Benjamin Stoddert the first US Secretary of the Navy, death of US Statesman Edmund Randolph, death of Prussian General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, death of German poet Theodor
Korner, Prussia declares war on France – combines Russo-Prussian forces enter
Dresden – Napoleon’s victory at Lutzen, Austria declares war on France, French defeated by Blucher at Wahlstatt on the Katzbach – defeated the allied army at
Dresden, “Battle of Nations” at Leipzig – Napoleon defeated, French expelled from Holland – return of William of Orange, Prussian army under Blucher crosses the Rhine, Americans capture York (Toronto) and Fort St. George, HMS Shannon captures US frigate Chesapeake, Detroit reoccupied by US, US forces defeated at
Chrysler’s Farm near Montreal – burn Newark (Niagara on the Lake) – British forces take Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo, Wellington defeats French at Vitoria – seizes San Sebastian and enters France, Simon Bolivar becomes dictator of
Venezuela, Mexico declares self independent, Jane Austen writes “Pride and
Prejudice”, Byron writes “The Giaour”, Adelbert von Chamisso writes, death of
German poet Theodor Korner, Manzoni writes, Shelley writes “Queen Mab”,
Robert Southey writes “Life of Nelson”, death of German author C.M. Wieland,
J.F. Herbert writes introduction to philosophy, Methodist Missionary Society founded, Robert Owen writes “New View of Society”, Schopenhauer writes thesis,
Colby College in Maine founded, David Cox writes treatise on landscape painting,

death of German portrait painter Anton Graff, Turner paints “Frosty Morning”,
London Philharmonic Society founded, Rossini writes opera in Venice, death of
French mathematician Joseph Legrange, Founding of McGill U in Montreal,
Grand Freemason Lodge founded, Last gold guinea coins issued in England,
Indian trade monopoly of East India Company abolished, Yorkshireman Thomas
Lord moves White Conduit Club to St. John’s Wood in London, Waltz conquers
European ballrooms, French defeat at the battle of Leipzig, Sören Kierkegaard born, Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" , Napoleon fights Battle of Nations Oct 16-
18,"We have met the enemy and they are ours" Captain Oliver Perry recaptures
Great Lakes, Søren Kierkegaard born (Existentialism), Waltz becomes popular in
Europe, US forces raid York (Toronto) Apr Tecumseh killed in Battle of the
Thames in Canada as part of War of 1812 Oct 5, Daniel Webster protests the draft,
Lake Erie secured for US Sep 1804, Daniel Webster enters congress Northerner,
US annexes west Florida Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman) ran 30 miles to call
US troops to OH to prevent Indian raid, Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" published, Joseph Smith's leg operation, Tecumseh defeated by WH Harrison,
Francis Cabot Lowell builds power loom in Waltham, MA, London Philharmonic founded, Napoleon abdicates, Jane Austen writes Pride and Prejudice , Napoleon defeated at Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Fourth coalition against France
(Prussia, Britain, Russia, Sweden, Austria), Christian missionaries licensed to preach in India, Independence in Mexico as constitution drawn, Prussia joins
Russia in war against Napoleon, Birth of composer Richard Wagner; part of MS and AL ceded to US, Detroit recaptured by US
1814 End of Peninsular war in Spain, Cape Colony South Africa ceded to Britain, End of war of 1812, Eruption in Philippines, Inquisition returns to Spain and Italy after
Napoleonic era – Spain hunts supporters of France, Rome demands return of stolen documents, fall of Napoleonic system, British claim British Guiana, repeal of English Parliament acts for relief of the poor and regulating apprentices, death of English music historian Charles Burney, death of Joseph Guillotin the French physician and creator of the guillotine, death of French sculptor Claude Michel
(Clodion), death of U.S. Statesman Elbridge Gerry, death of English singer and composer Charles Dibdin, death of English engineer Joseph Bramah, death of
German music teacher Georg “Abbe” Vogler, death of physicist and adventurer
Benjamin Thompson Count Rumford, death of German philosopher Johann
Gottlieb Fichte, Murat deserts Napoleon and joins Allies, Allied armies defeat
French at La Rothiere Bar-sur-Aube and Laon and enter Paris, Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba, Louis XVIII enters Paris and takes up throne as hereditary right, Congress of Vienna opens, Christian Frederick of Denmark elected King of Norway, US forces defeat British at Chippewa, British forces burns Washington DC, British flotilla captured on Lake Champlain, Treaty of
Ghent ends war of 1812 (British-American War), December 24 th
, Cape Province becomes British colony, Hanover proclaimed a kingdom, Lord Hastings
Governor-General of India declares war on the Ghurkas of Nepal, Jane Austen
Writes “Mansfield Park”, Byron writes “The Corsair”, E.T. A. Hoffmann writes,
A.W. Iffland the German actor and dramatist dies, Edmund Kean’s debut (as
Shylock) at Drury Lane Theater in Russia, Scott writes, Wordsworth writes, First

Anglican bishop in India at Calcutta, Chateaubriand writes about Buonapartes and
Bourbons, Pope Pius VII returns to Rome and restores the Inquisition, Savigny writes, Dulwich gallery in London opens, Goya paints “The Second of May” and
“The Third of May”, Ingres paints “L’Odalisque”, Thomas Lawrence paints “The
Congress of Vienna”, Beethoven composes “Fidelio”, John Field composes, J.N.
Maelzel invents metronome in Vienna, Schubert great lied production begins,
Francis Scott Key writes “Defense of Fort McHenry” later to become “The Star-
Spangled Banner”, Berzelius writes theories of chemicals, MJB Orfila writes
“Toxicologie generale”, George Stephenson constructs first practical steam locomotive in Britain, London “Times” printed on stram-operated press, MCC
London move to Lord’s Cricket Ground, English statute of Apprentices repealed from 1563, St. Margaret’s win Westminster becomes first district illuminated by gas, London Beer Flood destroys two homes 9 die – 8 from drowning 1 from alcohol poisoning, Napoleon exiled, Treaty of Paris, First steam locomotive in
Britain, Inquisition returns to Spain and Italy after Napoleonic era – Spain hunts supporters of France, Rome demands return of stolen documents, Napoleon
Abdicates Apr 6, Exiled to Elba, Treaty of Ghent ends War of 1812, Battle of
Chippewa Jul 5 Battle of Lundy's Lane (draw) Jul 25 Battle of Lake Champlain
Sep 1 Brits capture and burn D.C. Aug 24-5 US resists attack on Ft. McHenry and
Baltimore - Star Spangled Banner written Sep 12-14 New England Federalists meet in CT to change constitution to end the war (does no good)Dec - Also Treaty of Ghent Dec 24 ends stalemate war, Peninsular War ends. Aug 24, Brits burn DC,
Jackson defeats Creek at Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Lowell builds textile mill,
Hartford convention meets, Schubert composes, Napoleon to Elba, Congress of
Vienna, Goya paints, Defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo - British under Wellington,
Prussians under Blücher at Waterloo, Napoleon exiled to St. Helena, Netherlands regain Sumatra and Java, British burn Washington, end of first round of wars for independence in Latin America, Napoleon abdicates and is granted asylum,
Congress of Vienna in Europe includes six sovereigns - Russia, Austria, Denmark,
Austria, Bavaria, Wurttemberg and other leaders - waltz danced in high society for first time, British burn Washington DC, Battle of Plattsburgh results in US control of Lake Champlain
1815 Tambora Indonesia eruption – deadliest kills 92,000, Java restored to Dutch by
British, Battle of Waterloo and Congress of Vienna follows defeat of Napoleon – map of Europe decided – Duke of Wellington Wellsley (sp) defeats Napoleon,
Russia tries to make landings in Hawaiian islands, Paris taken from French troops
– Napoleon pleads to Prince Regent Charles (IV) of England, John Nash paid to develop property in London & Britain to outdo Paris, death of Austrian physician
Franz Anton Mesmer, death of U.S. Postmaster General Joseph Habersham, Sep -
Oliver Wendell Holmes (Age 6) writes "The September Gale" about this storm, death of Italian artist Francesco Bertolozzi, death of English actress Frances
Abington, death of American-British painter John Singleton Copely, death of
English caricaturist James Gillray, death of French general and brother-in-law of
Napoleon Joachim Murat, French marshal Michel Ney executed for treason,
Americans defeat British at Battle of New Orleans before news of Treaty of
Ghent arrives in America, Napoleon leaves Elba and lands in France – Louis

XVIII flees and “The Hundred Days” begins, Austria Britain Prussia and Russia form new alliance and Napoleon issues liberal constitution Le Champ de Mai,
Congress of Vienna closes, Wellington and Blucher defeat Napoleon at Waterloo,
Napoleon’s second abdication – Louis XVIII returns to Paris – Napoleon banished to St. Helena – second Peace of Paris, Michel Ney executed for aiding
Napoleon at Waterloo, Corn Law passed in Britain, Swiss Federal Pact ratified –
Confederation now consists of 22 cantons, Joachim Murat King of Naples executed after attempt to regain Naples, Brazil declares self as independent empire, Pierre Beranger writes, Byron writes “Hebrew Melodies” death of
Matthias Claudius the German poet, ETA Hoffmann writes, JS Knowles writes tragedy, Scott writes, Wordsworth writes, Protestant Baseler Missionsgesellschafs founded, TR Malthus writes, David Ricarado writes about economics, Savigny writes about Roman Law, Dugald Stewart writes about philosophy, The
BIedermeier style arrives, Canova sculpts “The Three Graces”, death of American painter John Singleton Copley, Goya etches, Nash rebuilds Brughton Pavilion in pseudooriental style, Turner paints “Crossing the Brook”, Humphry Davy invents miner’s safety lamp, Augustin Fresnel researches the diffraction of light, Lamarck writes about natural history of animals, death of Franz Mesmer the Viennese physician, LJ Prout writes hypothesis between specific gravity and atomic weight,
Apothecaries Act forbids unqualified doctors to practice in Britain, British income tax ended, Economic postwar crisis in England, British road surveyor John
Macadam constructs roads of crushed stone, Eruption of Sumbawa Volcano in
Indonesia – over 50,000 dead, Technological College in Vienna founded, First steam warship USS Fulton, Black merchant Paul Cuffe starts campaign to resettle former slaves in Africa – ships 38 back to Sierra Leone, French abolish slave trade, napoleon defeated at Waterloo after "Hundred Days" return - Congress of
Vienna, Napoleonic Wars end Mar 20 Napoleon returns to Paris, June 18 defeated at Waterloo, Exiled to St. Helena, Indonesian volcanic eruption Mt. Tambora,
Battle of New Orleans won by Andrew Jackson. Jan 8 (War is over) All tribute to
Barbary pirates ends when Europe and Americans confront pirates Wins respect for American military, Brits flood US ports with goods, Napoleon defeated at
Waterloo, Brit Corn Laws protect ag from cheap imports, Volcanic eruption in
Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) Mt. Tambora exploded - sending ash into the air, changing weather patters, Schubert composes, Goya paints, The Holly Alliance,
Congress of Vienna sets political future of Europe, Serbian uprisings lead to independence from Ottomans, Reopening of European market boosts cotton exports, Congress Poland united with Russian empire, but retains its government,
Simon Bolivar ends periods of revolts in Mexico, Napoleon reenters France,
French king sends army to stop Napoleon, but they join Napoleon, Battle of
Waterloo, Napoleon re- abdicates, Napoleon exiled to St. Helena, European peace settlement marks change in world history, Austrian count Metternich arises as world leader of influence pushing for status quo in preliminary league of nations,
"Holy Alliance" for governance of Russia, Prussia and Austria - nationalism sacrificed to monarchal legitimacy, Balkan Milosh Obrenovich leads revolt,
Spanish armies reassert royal control over Western colonies, Morelos of Mexico dies, leading to setback of gurrilla movement, Germany and Italy considered no

more than "geographical expressions" German Confederation established, Swiss confederation held under pact of 1815, miner's lamp invented, end of Napoleonic era leads to economic depression in England - tariffs increase on foreign grains, leading to starvation; Greek Revival architecture appears in US, Treaty of Ghent ends War of 1812, Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans
1816 IA disenfranchises blacks, AME church formally started in PA, Tambora eruption aftermath – world temperatures lower approximately 4 degrees. Crops fail, frost in every month, starvation ensues, IN becomes a state as more people move west,
Shelley writes “Frankenstein” Byron writes “Darkness” Cholera and typhus sweep through Europe, Start of career of Zulu ruler Shaka in S Africa, Bolivar defeats Spanish in Venezuela, stethoscope invented, death of Italian composer
Giovanni Paisiello, death of Irish dramatist Richard Brinsley Sheridan, death of
US Secretary of War James McHenry, death of US lawyer Samuel Dexter, publishing of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”, Dom John rules Brazil as emperor, death of Maria I Queen of Portugal – son Dom Juan rules, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar grants first German constitution, Argentina declared independent,
Prince Metternich opens Diet of Germany, Indiana becomes US state, Java restored to the Netherlands, Jane Austen writes “Emma” Byron writes, Leopardi writes, Shelley writes, death of Irish dramatist Sheridan, American Bible Society founded, Nikolai Karamzin writes History of Russian Empire, Elgin Marbles brought to the British Museum in London, Goya paints “Duke of Osuna”, Leo von Klenze builds Munich Glypothek, death of Viscount Fitzwilliam – leaves the
Fitzwilliam Virginal Book of 17 th Centur Music to Cambridge, Rossini composes in Rome, Spohr writes “Faust “ opera, Sir David Brewster invents kaleidoscope,
R.T. Laennec invents stethoscope, Blackwood’s Magazine founded in Edinburgh,
William Cobbett’s Political Register becomes first cheap periodical, English economic crisis causes more emigration to Canada and the US, German educator
Friedrich Frobel moves first educational community from Griesheim to Keilhau
Thuringia, Protective tariff in the US, James Monroe wins election (Republican),
US economics known as "American System", Republicans promote National bank, tariffs, natl. Transportation Second national bank created, Protective tariff issued
IN 19th state, Argentina established. Andrew Jackson ordered to take troops to
East Florida, Jackson decides to conquer, called First Seminole War, Spain decided to sell Florida and US abandons claim to Texas as part of LA purchase,
After crop failure Smith family moves to Palmyra NY from Norwich VT four frosts between Jun 6 Aug 30th in New England - major exodus 1810-1820 into
Ohio, PA and W NY, Indiana Statehood, James Monroe elected 5th president,
Argentina wins independence, Lincoln family leaves KY, heads north to IN,
National bank renewed, IN in union #19, Schubert, Rossini compose, Percy
Bysshe Shelley writes, Argentina declared independence from Spain - 4 years of war, Shaka king of Zulu begins to expand Zulu empire, Britain begins to recruit
Gurkha soldiers from Nepal, Nepalese end war with British, Lord Amhurst (Br) trade mission expelled from China, France and England refuse to follow
Metternich's policies, but France later complies, Argentina establishes republic, riot breaks out in London due to starvation - Habeas Corpus suspended, sedition act increased, Seminole Chiefs executed as orderd by Andrew Jackson; US

National Bank chartered; British missionary Amherst tries to secure converts and trade with China
1817 Disease ravages Europe, crops fail in NE US, Last Maratha War begins in India,
San Martin defeats Spanish army at Chacabuco in Chile, Pest and blight in
Ireland’s crops, Cholera outbreak in Calcutta, death of U.S. educator Timothy
Dwight, death of French marshal Andre Massena, death of French composer
Etienne Mehul, death of English novelist Jane Austen, Attempt on the life of
Prince Regent after opening of Parliament, James Monroe inaugurated as fifth president, “March of the Blanketeers” from Manchester to London halted at
Stockport, Wartburg Festival of revolutionary German Students, Simon Bolivar establishes independent government of Venezuela, Partial autonomy granted to
Serbs by Turkish government, Mississippi becomes US state, death of Jane
Austen in England, Byron writes, Franz Grillparzer writes tragedy, William
Hazlitt writes “Characters in Shakespeare’s Plays”, Thomas Moore writes, Mme.
De Stael French novelist dies, Sugust Bockh writes about the economy of Athens,
William Cobbett writes about the Bank of England, Lutheran and Reformed
Churches in Prussia form Evangelical Union, Hegel writes encyclopedia of philosophical sciences, HFR de Lamennais writes about religion, Juan Llorente writes about the history of the Spanish inquisition, Joseph de Maistre writes “Du
Pape”, David Ricardo writes about taxation, Constable paints “Flatford Mill”,
Braccia Nuova begins building Vatican museum in Rome, Clementi composes for piano, Rossini composes in Rome, Berzelius discovers selenium and lithium, Karl
Ritter writes about nature and geography, Riots in Derbyshire against low wages,
US begins construction of Erie canal between Buffalo and Albany, Opening of
Waterloo Bridge in London, FL, MS disenfranchise blacks , Rush-Bagot agreement provides border peace between CAN and USA "Era of Good Feelings" begins (Patriotism, pride) MS 20th state, Erie Canal construction begins,
American Colonization Society raises funds to free African Americans,
Underground railroad begins MS in union #20, American Colonization Society is formed, Keats and Byron write, Diplomatic relations between Canada and US resume; Monroe becomes US president starting "Era of Good Feeling", Indian resettlement begins in Oklahoma
1818 IL CT New England disenfranchise blacks, Mohammed Ali of Egypt has overrun all Arabian peninsula, Chilean independence, death of Warren Hastings the
English Governor-General of India, death of Paul Revere American patriot, death of Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee the American Revolutionary soldier and statesman, death of Charles XIII of Sweden, Dominions of the Holkar of Indore –
Rajput States and Poona come under British control, Act suspending Habeas
Corpus is repealed, Charles XIII of Sweden dies – succeeded by Jean Bernadotte as Charles XIV, Chile proclaims its independence, Bavarian constitution proclaimed followed by constitution in Baden, Internal customs in Prussia abolished, Allies evacuate their troops from France, Border between Canada and
US set at 49 th parallel, Illinois becomes US state, Jane Austen’s works published posthumously, Byron writes “Don Juan”, Grillparzer writes “Sappho” drama,
Hazlitt writes about English poets, Keats writes “Endymion”, T.L. Peacock writes,
Walter Scott writes, Marry Wollstonecraft Shelley writes “Frankenstein”, Bonn U

founded, Josef Dobrovsky writes History of the Czech Language, Henry Hallam writes about Europe in the Middle Ages, Hegel succeeds Fichte as professor of philosophy at Berlin, birth of Karl Marx, Schlegel appointed professor of Indian languages at Bonn, Edwin Landseer paints “Fighting Dogs”, Prado Museum in
Madrid founded, Donizetti composes in Venice, Franz Xavier Huber and
Austrian schoolteacher writes “Stille Nacht heilige Nacht”, Rossini writes opera in Naples, F.W. Bessel catalogs 3,222 stars, Berzelius publishes molecular weights of 2000 chemical compounds, Jeremiah Chubb invents detector lock, JF
Encke discovers orbit of Encke’s comet, Cadmium discovered by Stromeyer and
Hermann, Brit order of St. Michael and St. George instituted by the Prince Regent,
First professional horse racing in US, “Savannah” becomes first steamship to cross the Atlantic (26 days), France joins Holy Alliance, Shelley's "Frankenstein",
Henry Sands Brooks starts Brooks Brothers clothing in Manhattan, Karl Marx born, Boundary between US and CAN officially established IL 21st state, Bank of
US refuses to renew mortgages, immediate payment demanded, can't meet needs, banks close, Chile established. British Queen Charlotte dies, Frankenstein published, First Constitutional Convention notes released Smiths purchase farm in
Farmington (Manchester border) Township, NY, IL statehood, National road reaches Wheeling VA, US institutes protective tariffs, South angered, Britain and
US agree to share Oregon, IL in union #21, Jackson invades Florida, Beethoven and Schubert compose, Border between US and Canada defined as 49th parallel,
US Canada boundary established, German states form customs union, Napoleonic
General Bernadotte becomes king of Sweden; CT abolishes state church; East
Indies returned to Holland, steamboat service begins on Great Lakes
1819 End of last Maratha War in India – British rule India except Punjab, Sind and
Kashmir, Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles, Pomare II establishes Society
Island’s legal code, Death of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii and Kamehameha II abolishes system of gender separation, Mobile Alabama cyclone kills over 200, death of English author John Wolcot (Peter Pindar), death of Prussian general
Gebhard von Blucher, death of Queen of Spain Maria Luisa Teresa, Bay St.
Louis Hurricane kills 175 in AL July, death of Scottish inventor James Watt, death of US Naval hero Oliver Hazard Perry, Methodist revival (camp meeting) in
Phelps NY – near Palmyra, Rev. George Lane leads, British settlement established in Singapore by East India company, Florida purchased by US from
Spain, “Peterloo” Massacre in Manchester, Constitutions for Wurttemberg and
Hanover, Alabama becomes a US state, Byron writes, Goethe writes, Victor Hugo writes “Odes”, Keats “Hyperion” written, August Friedrich Ferdinand von
Kotzebue the German playwright assassinated as Russian agent at Mannheim, KF
Schinkel builds the Schauspielhaus in Berlin, Shelley writes, Jakob Grimm writes
“German Grammar”, Georg Hermes writes about theology, Schopenhauer writes,
Jean Sismondi writes about economics, Horace Wilson publishes Sanskrit-English dictionary, Theodore Gericault paints “The Raft of Medusa”, Thorvaldsen sculpts
“Christ and the Twelve Apostles”, Turner paints “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”,
Beethoven loses his hearing, Mitscherlich discovers isomorphism, David Napler constructs the flat-bed cylinder press for printing, Danish physicist Hans C.
Oersted discovers electromagnetism, death of Scottish inventor James Watt,

Opening of Burlington Arcade in Picasilly London, Mehmet Ali presents
Cleopatra’s Needle to Britain (see 1475 BC and 1878), Freedom of the Press in
France, Maximum of 12-hour workday for juveniles in England, tsunami hits
India, English man executed for stealing letters, AL disenfranchises blacks, Rise of Zulus in S Africa under Shaka - Mfecane Wars begin, Spain sells Florida to
U.S. in Adams-Onis Treaty, Simón Bolivar liberates Colombia, Venezuela and
Ecuador, first sighting of Champ the moster of Lake Champlain on NY-VT border, AL 22nd state, Panic of 1819 due to over-speculation, bank closures, resentment of national bank, McCulloch v. Maryland questions the national bank,
Justice Marshall decides favoring the Fed and in Trustees of Dartmouth v
Woodward, Govt. Charters precedence over State Law, Colombia established,
Spain and Us sign Adams-Onis Treaty giving US East and Spain lets go of
Oregon territory, US abandons claim to TX and fines to Spain, Peterloo Massacre in England, Joseph Smith Sr.'s last prophetic dream, Revivals in Upstate NY,
Adams-Onis Treaty (East FL ceded to US), McCullough vs. Maryland declares state can't tax federal property, Adam Cole - early American painter, Wood patents iron plow, first steamship crosses Atlantic, Scott writes Ivanhoe , Simón
Bolivar routs the Spanish at Boyacá and founds the Republic of Gran Colombia,
Spain cedes FL to the US, founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles, British pass Six Acts which limit personal freedoms due to social unrest - reformers temporarily frustrated; Florida purchased from Spain; NH abolishes state church; slavery in US first becomes political when MO applies to union as slave state
1820 American Colonization Society charters ship to resettle blacks in Liberia – sends
86, Drought in S AFR, end of regency furniture period, end of reign of Gia-Long in Vietnam – unified Vietnam, Fulani emirate founded in Adamawa W Africa,
Fulani in Mali W Africa found the Hamdallahi caliphate, Peace treaty ends piracy and leads to 150 years of British rule in Persian Gulf, Minh Mang becomes emperor of Vietnam and reverses Gia-Long’s policies and expels Christians,
Development of N Pacific whaling industry in Japan, Missouri Compromise,
Death of George III of England (long bout of insanity) – reign of son George IV next year, New Orleans becomes major international port, death of American painter Benjamin West, death of French Minister of Police Joseph Fouche, death of US naval hero Stephen Decatur who said “My country, right or wrong”,
Revolution in Spain – King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812,
King George III of England dies – Prince Regent George IV crowned, Caroline wife of George IV demands recognition as queen but king wishes to dissolve marriage – too popular with subjects for divorce, Cato Street murder conspiracy against British cabinet ministers discovered – leaders executed, Missouri
Compromise – Maine enters Union as free state with Missouri as slave state, US
Land Law fixes land price at minimum of $1.25 per acre, Final Act of Vienna
Congress passed, Revolution in Portugal 0 demand for constitution, Conference at
Troppau (Silesia) to discourage revolutionary tendencies in Europe adjourned – later opened at Laibach 1821, Washington Irving writes, Edmund Kean appears as
Richard III in New York, Keats writes “Ode to a Nightingale”, Alphonse de
Lamartine writes, Pushkin writes poem, Scott writes “Ivanhoe”, Shelley writes
“Prometheus Unbound”, Thomas Brown writes about philosophy and psychology,

Thomas Erskine writes about religion, JJ von Gorres writes about Germany and the revolution, TR Malthus writes about political economy, William Blake creates illustrations to the Book of Job, Constable paints “Harwich Lighthouse”,
Thorvaldsen sculpts “The Lion of Lucerne”, Discovery of the Venus de Milo,
Andre Ampre writes Laws of Electrodynamic Action, “Ballown” soccer played for first time in US, British emigration to Cape Colony, death of Joseph Fouche the Fench Minister of Police, Rich deposits of platinum are discovered in the
Russian Urals, Regent’s Canal created in London, Washington Colonization
Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negroes, Hans Oersted discovers electromagnetism, Shelley writes Promethius Unbound , Poker invented in New
Orleans, Maine splits off from MA, becomes a state. 1st vision, King George III dies, Monroe re-elected, First vision, George IV king of England, plot to murder the cabinet failed, Queen Caroline tried for adultery, Missouri Compromise is passed - slave and free states equal Mar 3, James Monroe re-elected, First US settlers in Texas, Washington Irving publishes stories, ME in union #23, British settlers arrive at Africa's Cape in large numbers, western attempts to establish contact with Japan are rebuffed - 30 years, Vietnamese emperor Minh-Manh receives Confucianism and persecutes Christians (until 1842), Reactionaries come to power in several European countries, Spanish General Iturbide sent to Mexico to check Gurrero's rebellion, Ferdinand VII of Spain puts down liberal rebellion;
Washington Irving publishes Sketch-Book; Henry Clay suggests Pan- American movement
1821 Greek War of Independence starts against Turks until 1829, Venezuelan independence confirmed, San Martin wins independence for Peru, protestant missionaries arrive in Cook islands, King George IV coronated – most expensive in history at 500,000 pounds – England emerges as only world power, death of
Napoleon, death of English poet John Keats age 26, Congress of Laibach opens –
Austria agrees to send troops to Naples to suppress revolt, British Parliament grants Queen Caroline an annuity of 50,000 pounds, James Monroe begins second term as US president, Revolution in Piedmont – Victor Emmanuel abdicates 0 names his brother Charles Felix as successor – the intervening Austrian army victorious at Novara, Reign of Terror begins between Greeks and Turks, death of
Napoleon, Simon Bolivar defeats Spanish army at Carabobo and ensures independence of Venezuela, Coronation of George IV, Death of Queen Caroline,
Missouri becomes slave state, Peru proclaimed independent from Spain followed by Guatemala Panama and Santo Domingo, James Feinmore Cooper writes,
Goethe writes, William Hazlitt writes, Heinrich Heine writes, death of John Keats, death of French author Joseph de Maistre, Manzoni writes, Thomas de Quincey writes “Confessions of and English Opium Eater”, Scott writes “Kenilworth”
Shelley writes “Adonais”, Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical studies, Concordat between Vatican and Prussia, George Grote writes about
Parliamentary reforms, Hegel writes about philosophy, James Mill writes about economy, Saint-Simon writes about the industrial system, Champollion deciphers
Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rodetta Stone, Constable paints “Hay Wain”, Using model by Thorvaldsen the Swiss sculptor Lucas Ahorn finishes Lucerne Lion
Monument, Weber composes opera in Berlin, Faraday discovers fundamentals of

electromagnetic rotation, TJ Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity, Sir Charles
Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction, London Co-operative Society founded, “Manchester Guardian” founded by JE Taylor, Populations - France
30.4 million – Great Britain 20.8 million, Italy 18 million, Austria 12 million,
Germany 26 million, US 9.6 million, MO disenfranchises blacks, MO compromise allows ME to enter the union, prohibits slavery in former LA purchase, Mexico, Peru and Central America gains independence, Greek War of
Independence against Turks, death of Keats, Napoleon dies, Greek War for
Independence begins Mar 25, Mexico, Santo Domingo, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica established, Russian Tsar forbids interference in AK, W.
Canada, OR coast, Queen Caroline of England excluded from coronation,
Venezuela independence, Mexico expels colonial rulers, Greece begins war of independence, Stephen Austin forms colony in TX, Peru wins independence MO in union #24, MO enters union, First American public High school in Boston,
Beethoven composes, Faraday's electric motor, Greeks begin War of
Independence, Battle of Carabobo - independence for Venezuela, Gold standard adopted for the first time in Britain, End of period of Mexican revolutions, Death of napoleon on St. Helena, King John of Portugal names son, Pedro, ruler of
Brazil; Austria quiets rebellions in Northern and Southern Italy, Greeks revolt against Turkey; first public High School in Boston
1822 Denmark Vessey organizes slave revolt in SC, failed and hanged, Galunggung eruption in Indonesia kills 4000, Pedro of Brazil, son of John VI of Portugal declares Brazil independent, Liberia founded in W Africa as home for former slaves, Earthquake in Chile, Java eruption, Charles IV visits Edinburgh, death of
English astronomer William Herschel, death of Karl August von Hardenberg the
Prussian statesman, death of Italian sculptor Antonio Canova, death of U.S. legislator William Pinkney, death of US Postmaster General (at one time) Gideon
Granger, death of German author and composer E.T.A. Hoffmann, death of
English poet Percy Bysshe Shelly age 30, Greeks adopt liberal republican constitution and proclaim independence, Turkish fleet captures island of Chios and massacres inhabitants – as reprisal Greeks set fire to Turkish admiral’s vessel,
Turks invade Greece, British Foreign Secretary Lord Castlereagh commits suicide at age 52, Brazil becomes independent of Portugal, Congress of Verona opens to discuss European problems, Bottle riots in Dublin – viceroy attacked by
Orangemen, Grillparzer writes dramatic trilogy about “The Golden Fleece”, death of ETA Hoffmann, Washington Irving writes, Charles Nodier writes trilogy,
Pushkin writes, death of Shelley, Stendhal writes, Alfred de Vigny writes, HT
Colebrooke founds Royal Asiastic Society for study of Eastern languages, Jean BJ
Fourierwrites scientific document about heat, JV Poncelet writes about projective geometry, death of Italian sculptor Antonio Canova, Delacroix paints “Dante and
Virgil Crossing the Styx”, John Martin paints “Destruction of Herculaneum”,
Franz Liszt at 11 makes debut as pianist in Vienna, Royal Academy of Music in
London founded, Schubert composes, Daguerre and Bouton invent the diorama – paintings illuminated in a dark room give illusion of reality, AJ Fresnel perfects lenses for lighthouses, death of English astronomer Sir William Herschel, Birth of
Mendel and Pasteur, Streets of Boston MA lit by gas, “Sunday Times” of London

founded, World’s first iron railroad bridge built for Stockton-Darlington line,
Crown Prince Pedro declares Brasil independent of Portugal, Beethoven, Schubert compose, More money given for national road, Brazil, Ecuador established,
Russia, France, Austria and Russia pledge to help Spain retake territories in west,
Brits and US oppose, Mountain men begin with an add for 100 to investigate for furs, American Colonization Society founds Liberia, Vesey plans slave revolt,
French invade Spain after Congress of Verona authorizes intervention to restore the Monarchy, Brazil declares independence from Portugal, Liberia established as colony for freed slaves
1823 Monroe Doctrine written, death of English sculptor Joseph Nollekens, death of
Scottish painter Henry Raeburn, death of English author John Philip Kemble, death of U.S. Legislator Return J. Meigs, death of German composer and pianist
Daniel Steibelt, death of German religious poet Zacharias Werner, death of Pope
Pius VII – Annibale de la Genga elected Pope Leo XII, Mexico becomes a republic, Irutbide forced to abdicate, Guatemala San Salvador Nicaragua
Honduras and Costa Rica form Confederation of United Provinces of Central
America, Switzerland refuses to give asylum to political refugees, Monroe
Doctrine closes American continent to colonial settlements by European powers,
James Feinmore Cooper writes “The Pioneers” as first of the “Leather Stocking” novels”, Lamartine writes, Oxford Union Society founded, Saint-Simpn writes
Catechisms, Louis Thiers writes history of the French Revolution, Louis Lebas begins building of Norte Dame de la Lorette in Paris, death of French painter P P
Prudhon, death of Scottish portrait painter Sir Henry Raeburn, Sir Robert Smirke designs British Museum in London, Ferdinand Waldmuller creates portrait of
Beethoven, Beethoven finishes opus 123, “Clari or Maid of Milan” by Henry R
Bishop contains the song “Home Sweet Home”, Sebastien Erard constructs grand piano with doubleescapement, Schubert composes, Weber composes in Vienna,
Charles Babbage makes early attempts to create calculating machine, Faraday succeeds in liquefying chlorine, Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric,
Mechanics Institute founded in London and Glasgow, Walter Oudney on expedition from Tripoli discovers Lake Chad in Central Africa, British medical journal “The Lancet” first issued, first Cologne Carnival festivities, Death penalty for ever 100 crimes abolished in Britain, “Forget me not” the first illustrated
British annual appears, George IV presents the library of George III to British museum, Founding of Royal Thames yacht club, Rugby Foorball originates at
Rugby School in England, Hawaiian quake (?) est at 7, Alexander Twilight becomes first African-American college graduate, Angel Moroni visits Joseph
Smith, location of Golden Plates Sep 21-22, Alvin Smith 19 Nov dies, Dec 2
Monroe Doctrine proclaimed, #1 Protest to Russia, Pacific waters #2 US recognizes Latin American Independence #3 Western Hemisphere Independence -
Doctrine - W free from European powers, #2 New colonization = unfriendly to
US, #3 US won't interfere in Europe or established countries #4 W hemisphere off limits Britain accepts and enforces in Europe. Brit, US friends, Royal academy of
Music est. in London, British museum extended, rebuilt, Monroe Doctrine proclaimed - East stays east and West stays west, James Fenimore Cooper creates
Natty Bumpo - fictional hero, 20 Aug Pope Pius VII dies, 28 Sep Pope Leo XII

(Anibale Sermattei della Genga) appointed, Beethoven, Mendelssohn compose,
Monroe Doctrine preached, Monroe Doctrine warns against European expansion in Americas, Mexican revolt results in overthrow of Iturbide and republic was founded, British defy alliance with quashing colonial revolt of Spanish colonies in
New World, British defy intervention of alliance in Spanish Revolt; Monroe
Doctrine reestablished
1824 Black actor Ira Aldridge begins career in Europe, Canning invented, First
Burmese War with Britain begins, Kamehameha II of Hawaii visits England and dies there, Cyclone hits St. Simmons Island GA and kills field workers, Flood at
St. Petersburg Russia, death of Italian violinist and composer Giovanni Viotti, death of King Louis XVIII of France, death of U.S. Statesman William H
Crawford, death of English poet Lord Byron (age 36), death of French artist
Theodore Gericault, large Methodist revival in western New York, Simon Bolivar proclaimed Emperor of Peru, First Burmese War, British take Rangoon, Frontier treaty signed between Russia and the US, Egyptians capture Crete, Turks seize island if Ipsara from Greeks but are defeated at Mitylene, US House of
Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as president when none of the four wins majority in National election, death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi in Turko-
Greek war, W S Landor writes, Leopardi writes, Mary Mitford writes, Scott writes, August Bockh writes about Greece, Carlo Botta writes “History of Italy”,
Leopold von Ranke writes history of Latin and Teutonic people, Sunday School
Union formed in US, Delacroix paints “Les Massacres de Chios”, John Flaxman sculpts “Pastoral Apollo”, National Gallery in London founded, death of French painter Theodore Gericault, Ingres paints “Vow of Louis XIII”, JF Overbeck paints “Christ’s entry into Jerusalem”, Beethoven composes, Portland Cement developed by Joseph Aspdin, Erie Canal finished, Nicolas Carnot writes on thermodynamics, JL Prevost and JB Dumas prove that sperm is essential to fertilization, Founding of Athenaeum Club in London, Beginning of German emigration to Brazil, Combinations Law of 1799-1800 repealed – British workers are allowed to unionized, “Le Globe” in Paris begins publication, RSPCA founded in London, Gibbons v Ogden Justice Marshall declares that Fed has power over interstate commerce, Peru established Election Clay Crawford
Jackson and JQA. None won by a majority of votes, so House picks Pres Adams won. Jackson claims "Corrupt Bargain" between Clay supporters and Adams supporters, tariff rates raised, British National Gallery established, Simon Bolivar frees Peru from colonial rule, Gibbons vs. Ogden - Congress has power to regulate interstate commerce, South angered when higher tariffs instituted,
Election ends "Era of Good Feelings" JQ Adams chosen by House of
Representatives (Favorite Sons election, Corrupt Bargain), Bureau of Indian
Affairs created, first women's worker strike, Provost enters Uinta Basin, Jim
Bridger winters in Cache Valley, Peter Skene Ogden arrives in Utah, Charles X of
France crowned, British fight two unsuccessful wars against the Asante of w
Africa, Anglo- Dutch Treaty confirms British dominance in Malaya and
Singapore, British take Rangoon in First Burmese War, Death of Louis XVIII of
France and brother Charles X assumes throne, Pedro of Brazil grants a liberal constitution, Santa Anna assumes rule of Mexico, US has no clear majority

winner for president and House chooses John Quincey Adams; increase of US tariffs, Death of Louis XVIII of France and brother Charles X assumes throne,
Pedro of Brazil grants a liberal constitution, Santa Anna assumes rule of Mexico,
US has no clear majority winner for president and House chooses John Quincey
Adams; increase of US tariffs
1825 Fire in ME and New Brunswick, death of Czar Alexander I of Russia, Egyptians found the city of Khartoum Sudan, Persian-Russian War begins, Javanese revolt against Dutch for five years, Bolivar founds state of Bolivia, Dutch annex Irian
Jaya, the W part of New Guinea, Hurricane in Puerto Rico, death of Swiss-
English painter Henry Fuseli,
New Brunswick CAN burned in Miramichi fire, death of French painter Jacques
Louis David, death of Italian composer Antonio Salieri, death of English
Shakespeare editor Thomas Bowdler, death of French political writer Claude
Henri de Saint-Simon, death of German author Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, death of Daniel P. Tompkins – 2 time VP of US, death of Czar Alexander I of Russia, completion of Erie Canal, death of Ferdinand IV of Naples – Francis I rules,
Anglo-Russian treaty over British territory in NW North America, John Quincy
Adams inaugurated as sixth president of US, French law compensates the aristocrats for losses in Revolution, Bolivia becomes independent of Peru
Uruguay of Brazil, Portugal recognizes Brazilian independence, death of
Maximilian I King of Bavaria – succeeded by son Louis I, death of Czar
Alexander I – succeeded by Nicholas I, Decembrist revolt in Russia crushed,
William Hazlitt writes, Manzoni writes, Jean Paul German author dies, “Diaries of Samuel Pepys” published, Pushkin writes, Esaias Tegner writes Swedish epic poem, French law makes sacrilege a capital offense, death of French socialist
Comte de Saint-Simon, Augustin Thierry writes history of Normans in England,
Constable paints “Leaping Horse”, death of French painter Jacques Louis David,
Samuel Morese paints “Portrait of Lafayette”, John Nash creates Buckingham
Palace, Beethoven’s 9 th
first performed in England, Boieldieu writes opera in
Paris, death of Italian-Viennese opera composer Antonio Salieri, Faraday succeeds in isolating benzene, Sir Goldsworthy Gurney invents oxygen-hydrogen limelight, Hungarian Academy of Sciences founded in Budapest, Opening of
Stickton-Darlington railroad – first time to carry passengers, Baseball Club organized at Rochester New York, Horse-drawn buses in London, Tea roses from
China introduced in Europe, Expansion of Trade Union movement in Britain,
Stockton-Darlington railway opens, French law makes sacrilege a capital offense,
British expand Colonial control in SE Asia, Nicholas I becomes Csar after failed coup, first public railroad in Britain, End of "Era of Good Feelings," Uruguay,
Bolivia established. Jackson resigns from Senate, starts early campaign. Both
Adams and Jacksons call selves Republican. Split - National republicans (Adams) and Democratic-Republicans (Jackson), Buckingham Palace rebuilt, First railway opens in England, Trade unions legalized in England, Joseph Smith meets Emma
Hale Oct, Josiah Stowell employs Joseph Smith to dig for treasure, John Quincy
Adams becomes 6th president, Erie Canal completed, Bolivia declares independence, public railroad opens in England, Egyptian troops invade Greece,
Russia and Spain give up claims to Oregon territory, Hudson River School of Art

established, First Mountain man Rendezvous held in Green River, WY,
Beethoven, Mendelssohn compose, Erie Canal opened, Ludwig I of Bavaria crowned, Egypt intervenes in Greece at sultan's request, Czar Nicholas I accession
- Decembrist revolt of officers fails in Russia, Stockton and Darlington Railway opens in England, Begin of reign of Czar Nicholas I with death of Alexander I
1826 Great cholera outbreak starts in India – reaches Scotland and England six years later, End of first Burmese war with Britain, start of cholera pandemic until 1834,
Cholera outbreak in India until 1838, Thomas Jefferson dies Jul 4, John Adams
2 nd
President dies, death of German poet Johann Heinrich Voss, death of German author Johann Peter Hebel, death of German composer Carl Maria von Weber, death of Dom John VI of Portugal, Treaty of Yandabu ends Burmese war, John
VI King of Portugal dies – succeeded by Peter IV (Dom Pedro of Brazil who promulgates liberal constitution – abdicated Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter Maria II, Russian ultimatum to Turkey over Serbia, Pan American
Congress in Panama, Russia declares war on Persia, Commercial treaty between
Prussia and Mecklenburg-Schwerin begins the idea of the Zollverein (German customs union), Dost Mohammed becomes Amir of Kabul, James Feinmore
Cooper writes “Last of the Mohicans”, Benjamin Disraeli writes, Heine writes,
Scott writes “Woodstock”, Alfred de Vigny writes historical novel, Nguan Nguan edits writings of Confucius, US Academy of Design founded, Mendelssohn writes overture to “A Misdummer Night’s Dream”, Weber writes “Oberon” opera,
Andre Ampere writes “Electrodynamics”, NJ Lobachevsky develops system of non-Euclidean geometry, Munich U founded, Galvanometer invented by
Leopoldo Nobili, Otto Unverdorben obtains aniline from indigo, Unter den
Linden in Berlin lit by gas, Stamford Raffles founds Royal Zoological Society in
London, First railroad tunnel on Liverpool-Manchester line in England, first
Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Ebenezer Butterick (sewing patterns) born, First photographic negative made by Niépce, Pan-American Peace Conference held,
Jefferson and Adams die Jul 4, American Temperance Society forms in Boston,
Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn compose, Last of the Mohicans written,
Multi-national congress held in Panama proposing American League - failed,
Britain's grain crop fails, forcing parliament to repeal tariffs - Corn laws revised
1827 NY abolishes slavery, first African-American paper published in NY, Frenchman
Nicephore Niepce takes first photograph, Battle of navarino Bay where British,
French and Russian navies destroy Turkish fleet, death of painter Charles Willson
Peale (painter of portrait of Washington), death of Alessandro Volta the Italian physicist, death of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, death of English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson, death of English poet and artist William Blake, death of German composer Ludwig von Beethoven, death of Italian author Ugo
Foscolo, death of German author Wilhelm Hauff, Peru secedes from Colombia,
Russia France and Britain ures Turkey to end war with Greece – note is rejected by the sultan, Count Kapodistrias elected President of Greece, Turks enter Athens,
Treaty of London – Allies force truce on Turkish sultan, Battle of Navarino –
Turkish and Egyptian fleets destroyed, Sultan Mohammed II rejects right of Allies to mediate in war, Russia defeats Persia and takes Erivan (Armenia), Dom Miguel of Portugal betrothed to his niece Maria II and made regent, Heine writes “Buch

der Lieder”, Victor Hugo writes novel “Cromwell”, Leopardi writes, John Darby founds Plymouth Brethren, Henry Hallam writes the constitutional history of
England, John Keble writes, Constable paints “The Cornfield”, Nash designs
Carlton House Terrace in Westminster, death of Beethoven, Bellini writes opera in Milan, Schubert composes, JJ Audubon publishes “Birds of North America”,
Karl von Baer writes about Mammals, English physician Richard Bright describes
Bright’s disease (kidneys), death of Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace the French mathematician and astronomer, Joseph Niepce produces photographs on a metal plate, George S. Ohm formulates Ohm’s Law defining electrical current potential and resistance, Austrian engineer Joseph Ressel invents ship’s screw propeller,
James Simpson constructs sand filter for purification of London’s water supply, death of Alessandro Volta the Italian physicist, Friedrich Wohler obtains metallic aluminum from clay, Karl Baedeker begins publishing travel guides, “Evening
Standard” in London appears, Sulfur friction matches introduced by John Walker,
Britain, France and Russia help Greece, October defeats Turk and Egyptian fleet at Battle of Nacarino off the Peloponnese Peninsula, American History taught by law in MA and VT, Joseph Smith marries Emma Hale Jan 18, Joseph Smith received Gold plates Sep 22, Joseph moved to Harmony Dec, New Harmony commune fails, US and Britain sign treaty continuing joint occupation of Oregon
Aug 6, Jebediah Smith crosses from Utah to S CA, Beethoven composes, dies of pneumonia, French election shows new nationalism, France, Britain and Russia vote to support Greek independence
1828 Drought at horn of AFR, end of reigh of Zulu ruler Shaka in S Africa, Basel mission to Ghana (Gold Coast) W Africa, Shaka the Zulu leader was assassinated by half-brother Dingane who then rules Zulu nation, Persian-Russian War ends as
Russia captures Tabriz, Indian Hindu Raja Ram Mohan Roy founds reforming
Hindu society, Brahmo Samaj, Uruguay becomes independent, Daniel O’Connell becomes member of parliament of Britain in spite of ban on Catholics, death of
French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon, death of Spanish painter Francisco de
Goya, death of Thomas Pinckney the U.S. diplomat, death of English printer Luke
Hansard, death of Washington portraitist Gilbert Stuart, death of Goethe’s patron and Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar Karl August, death of Austrian composer Franz
Schubert, Duke of Wellington becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain,
Alexander Ypsilanti the Greek politician dies, Henry Peter Brougham delivers the longest recorded speech in the House of Commons, death of US politician De
Witt Clinton, Maria II deposed and Dom Miguel proclaimed King of Portugal,
Russia declares war on Turkey, Tariff of Abominations passed by US Congress curtailing imports, death of Karl August Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar and friend of Goethe, Mehmet Ali agrees to Britain’s demand to quit Greece, Uruguay becomes independent of Brazil following Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, Andrew
Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams, Liberal revolt in Mexico – Vicente Guerrero becomes president, James Feinmore Cooper writes, Alexandre Dumas writes “Les
Trois Mousquetaires”, Washington Irving writes about Christopher Columbus,
Bulwer-Lytton writes novel, Scott writes, Thomas Arnold appointed headmaster of Rugby school, British Test and Corporation Acts repealed – Catholics and
Nonconformists may hold public office, German scholar KO Muller publishes

treatise on Etruscan antiques, Sir WF Napier begins “History of the War in the
Peninsula”, death of Scottish philosopher Dugald Stewart, U College in London opened, American Dictionary of the English Language written by Noah Webster, death of Richard P Bonington the English romantic painter, Delacroix creates
“Faust” lithographs, death of Francisci Jose de Goya y Lucientes the Spanish painter, death of French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon, death of American painter
Gilbert Stuart, Auber composes opera in Paris, Marschner composes “Der
Vampire”, Rossini composes opera, death of Austrian composer Franz Schubert,
Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel begins study of elliptic functions,
Charles Carrol of Carrollton (Richest American) inaugurates construction of the
Baltimore and Ohio – first railroad built in US for transportation of passengers and freight, John Franklin publishes account of his Arctic explorations, death of
German physician and founder of phrenology Franz Joseph Gall, The
“Promethian match” patented by Samuel Jones of London – glass bead containing acid, Cap and ring spinning machined invented by (respectively) Danforth and
Thorp, Friedrich Wohler’s synthesis of urea begins organic chemistry, death of
William Hyde Wollaston the English scientist who discovered palladium and rhodium invented camera lucida and discovered Frauenhofer lines and UV rays,
London weekly “Athenaeum” issued German publisher Karl Baedeker publishes guide to the Rhine, German youth Kaspar Hauser the central figure of a mystery brought before authorities of Neuremberg, “The Spectator” a London weekly periodical founded, Working Men’s Party founded in New York, first Cherokee newspaper published, Death of Spain's Francisco Goya, Egyptian fleet destroyed at Battle of Navarino, Webster publishes "American Dictionary of the English language", Russia declares war on Ottoman Empire, Noah Webster dictionary published, Andrew Jackson (Democrat-R) wins election, Cherokee print their own newspaper, tariff rates raised again "Tariff of Abominations" Calhoun and States
Rights people thought states should be able to ignore tariffs, Daniel Webster argues that it wasn't a collection of independent states, but a union Joseph Smith meets Martin Harris Feb, 116 pages BOM lost (Jun 14ish), Anton cannot read sealed book, Duke of Wellington becomes Prime Minister Joseph Smith regains gift of translation Sep, States rights argued, Cherokee ask for rights in S/E, Feb
Martin Harris took partial translation to Charles Anton... later lost 116 pages, First passenger railroad starts operation Jul 4, Goethe's Faust performed, Rossini and
Schubert compose. Greeks win war of Independence from Ottomans,
Independence for Uruguay from Brazilian control, Canada's reform party wins assembly; John Quincey Adams defeated by Andrew Jackson; further increase of
US tariffs
1829 Drought at horn of AFR, “The Rocket” train proves railroad travel feasible, end of
Greek War of Independence, Practice of widow burning (suttee) made illegal in
India, Robert Peel founds Metro Police Force in Britain, Catholic Emancipation
Act in Britain/Ireland, death of French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Monet de Lamarck, death of John Jay – first US Chief Justice of the U.S., death of U.S. Statesman
Timothy Pickering, death of U.S. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, death of
French politician P.F.N. Barras, death of German scholar and poet Friedrich von
Schlegel, death of English chemist Humphry Davy, Andrew Jackson inaugurated

#7, In message to Congress President Jackson attacks Second Bank of the US controlled by Nicholas Biddle, New Act of Parliament establishes effective police force in London, Peace of Adrianople ends Russo-Turkish war – Turkey acknowledges independence of Greece, Slavery abolished in Mexico, English economist Thomas Attwood founds Birmingham Political Union to demand parliamentary reform, President Guerrero of Mexico overthrown by General
Anastasio Bustamante, Irish political leader Daniel O’Connell commences agitation for repeal of Act of Union, Venezuela withdraws from Gran Colombia to begin independence, Ferdinand VII of Spain marries fourth wife Maria
Christina of Naples, Balzac writes, Bestseller – Washington Irving’s “Conquest of
Grenada”, Goethe’s novel published, Aleksandr Sergeyevigh Griboyedov the
Russian playwright dies, Victor Hugo writes, Lamartine elected to Academie
Francaise, Bulwer-Lytton writes, Poe writes poetry, death of German poet and critic Friedrich von Schlegel, Scott writes, Tennyson writes, Catholic
Emancipation Act allows Roman Catholics in Great Britain to sit in parliament and to hold almost any public office, death of First US chief justice John Jay, death of Pope Leo XII – Cardinal Francisco Castiglione elected Pope Pius VIII,
Walker’s Appeal – and American pamphlet against slavery written by David
Walker, “Tivoli” by Blechen starts German landscape realism, Delacroix paints
“Sardanapalus”, death of Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein the German romantic painter, Turner paint “Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus” in London, Bach’s
St Matthew Passion rediscovered by Mendelssohn, Bellini composes in Milan,
Chopin’s debut in Vienna, Rossini composes “Guillaume Tell” opera, Concertina patented by Sir Charles Wheatstone, LJM Daguerre forms partnership with JN
Niepce for development of photography, death of Sir Humphry Davy the English chemist, Delaware and Hudson’s gravity railroad opens, JW Dobereiner classifies similar elements, death of Czech philologist Josef Dobrovsky, JN von Drayse invents the breechloading needle gun, American physicist John Henry invents early electromagnetic motor, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt travels to Chinese border, Hydropathy – treating diseases by water developed by Silesian farmer Vincenz Priessnitz, death of French naturalist Jean Baptiste Monet de
Lamarck, Franz Ressel inventor of screw propeller for steamships reaches speeds of six knots, James Smithson the British chemist dies and leaves 100,000 pounds to found Smithsonian in Washington DC, George Stephenson’s engine wins 500 pound prize at Rainhill trials, First cooperative stores in US at Philadelphia and
New York, omnibuses becomes part of London transportation, First Oxford-
Cambridge boat race at Henley, French printer Claude Genoux invents papiermache matrix, Centralized Metro Police Force installed in London, Suttee –
Indian custom of burning widows with body of husband abolished in British India,
First US patent on typewriter by William B Burt, Royal Zoological Society takes over menagerie at Tower of London – start of London Zoo at Regent’s Park,
White mobs attack African Americans in OH, 3 day race riot, 1000 blacks settle in CAN, End of Greek War of Independence against Turks, Greek War for
Independence ends, Jackson Inauguration Mar 4, "Spoils system" where he replaces Govt. Appointees, "Kitchen Cabinet," Joseph Smith has confrontation with Isaac Hale March, prays to leave, told to wait, Aaronic Priesthood restored

May 15 Joseph meets Oliver Apr 5, Oliver helps with translation April 7,
Metropolitan Police Force in Britain, Catholics allowed to become members of
Parliament, Joseph Smith applies for Copyright 11 Jun, translation completed Jul
1, Martin Harris mortgages farm 25 Aug, Makes agreement with Grandin Press
Aug 17, Joseph Smith returns to Harmony Oct, Andrew Jackson 7th president,
Pope Leo XII dies 10 Feb, 31 Mar Pope Pius VIII (Francesco Saverio Castiglioni) appointed, June Book of Mormon translation completed, witnesses receive view,
May-Jun Melchizedek Priesthood restored, May 15 Aaronic priesthood restored
(13), Berloiz and Rossini compose, Greek independence, de Balzac, Hugo write.
Dictatorship of Juan Manuel Rosas in Argentina, End of influence of Count
Metternich of Germany, Greece regains independence from Turkey with treaty of
Adrianople; early typewriter made
1830 First National Negro Convention – PA, Drought in S AFR, French invade Algeria, end of Javanese revolt against Dutch, Russians repress Polish revolt, Revolution in France, Kingdom of Belgium founded, Tahitian Protestant missionaries arrive in Fiji, Malietoa Vaiinupo of Savai’I becomes king of Samoa, Death of George IV of England by over-consumption of everything - brother William IV reigns – with odd pineapple-shaped head – with restraint of finances – William allows Charles
X of France to stay in Edinburgh – Tory government falls and Whigs gain power, death of French mathematician and physicist Jean Baptiste Fourier, death of
English painter Thomas Lawrence, death of English author William Hazlitt, death of Simon Bolivar the Latin-American soldier and statesman, death of George IV of England, In debate with Robert Y Hayne Daniel Webster negates States’
Rights doctrine, death of S. American liberator Antonio Jose de Sucre, France captures Algeria, Revolution in Paris, William IV third son of George III becomes
King of Great Britain and Ireland, Charles X King of France abdicates – Louis
Philippe King of the French named “The Citizen King”, Distrubances in Brussels after a performance of Auber’s “La MUtte de Portici”, Talleyrand becomes Louis
Philippe’s ambassador to London, Eduador secedes from Gran Colombia and becomes independent republic, Honore de Balzac states intention to group novels together, GPR James’ “Richelieu” becomes bestseller, death of French writer
Comtesse de Genlis, death of English writer William Hazlitt, Victor Hugo writes,
Lamartine writes, Jeremy Bentham writes Constitution Code for All Nations,
William Cobbett writes about rural areas, Jean Baptiste, Camille Corot paints
“Chartres Cathedral”, Honore Daumier the artist begins association with Charles
Philson and his journals, Delacroix paints “Liberty Guiding the People”, death of
Sir Thomas Lawrence the English painter, Auber composes comic opera in Paris,
Bellini composes in Venice, Donizetti composes in Milan, “Jim Crow” popular early American song sung by Thomas “Daddy” Rice, Scottich botanist Robert
Brown discovers cell nucleus in plants, Exportation of nitrates begins from Chile,
Discussion between two French naturalists Georges Cuiver and E Gouvion Saint
Hilaire on the latter’s theory of unity of plan in organic composition, death of
French mathematician and physicist Jean Baptiste Fourier, German botanist
Johann Friedrich Hessel proves crystals have 37 types of symmetry, Liverpool-
Manchester railroad opened, Scottish geologist Charles Lyell divides geological system into three groups – Eocene Miocene and Pliocene, James Perry obtains a

patent for steel slit pen, German naturalist and industrialist Karl von Reichenbach discovers paraffin, Founding of Royal Geographic Society in London, Carriage road across St. Gotthard (Switzerland) finished, Ladies’ skirts shorten and sleeves poof – hats increase and are ornamented, Stiff collars become part of men’s dress,
26 steam cars drive the streets of London, Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg –
Prussian general during Napoleonic Wars dies, Peter II lasst of the Vladikas dynasty and statesman warrior and poet ascends the throne of Montenegro,
Charles the 2 nd
Earl Gray becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain, Military insurrection in Warsaw against Russian rule, Serbia becomes fully autonomous states with Milos Obrenovic as “Supreme Chief”, death of Simon Bolivar the
Latin American leader, Mysore added to Britain’s possessions in India, Red
Jacket the American Indian leader dies, fictional letters of Major Jack Downing by the American humorist Seba Smith begin to appear, Stendhal writes “Le
Rouge et le Noir”, Tennyson writes poems, death of Pope Pius VIII, End of
Nazarene Brotherhood – antiacademic society of German painters in Rome, death of German anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sommering, French tailor Barthelemy
Thimmonier devises a machine for utilitarian stitching – eventually sewing machine forerunner, Belgium wins independence, Greece recognizes an independent nation, separate from Ottoman- Turks, Book of Mormon published
March 26, LDS Church est. in NY Apr 6, Apr 11- First public discourse on
Church, First Conference of Church Jun 9, Second conference Sep 26, June 26-8
Baptisms and persecution, Joseph Smith begins Bible translation in Jun, Aug -
Joseph leaves Harmony last time Nation defined sectionally, Indian Resettlement
Act, Jackson commits to national Union, Saints called to Gather to the Ohio (Dec),
King George IV in England dies, brother William IV becomes king, end of
"Second Great Awakening" Abner Cole illegally publishes parts of Book of
Mormon, Grandin stops publishing because of boycott of the Book of Mormon,
Grandin continues publishing Jan, Parley Pratt baptized 1 Sep, Missionaries visit western reserve and baptize 127 (Ohio), Winter is known in Midwest as "Winter of deep snow" Lincoln family moves from IN to IL, National road extended to
Columbus, OH, Revolutions occur in France, Belgium and Poland, Daniel
Webster gives "Liberty and Union" speech and debated Haynes regarding nullification, Jackson supporters passes Indian Removal Act, Mexican congress bans Anglo immigration, Greece becomes independent, Quaker Prudence
Crandall opens school for black girls - closed by mob, 1 Dec Pope Pius VIII dies,
Spanish Trail used for trade, Dec 30 Saints called to gather in OH, Oct 17 Sidney
Rigdon's congregation baptized, Jun 9 First Church conference (27 members),
June Joseph Smith arrested falsely for disorderly conduct, Words of Moses revealed June, April revelation on Church Government (Sec 20), Mar 26 Book of
Mormon printed , First covered wagons led by Jedidiah Smith and William
Sublette trek to Rockies. First railroad from Liverpool to Manchester, July revolution in France, Hugo writes, Louis-Philippe is elected French king after
July revolution - Belgians revolt against Dutch rule, Polish revolt against Russian rule, President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act passed by Congress,
Insurrection in Poland brutally suppressed by Russians, Anglo-American illicit supply of opium increases; July Revolution of France against Bourbon king

Charles X as he repeals civil liberties, Revolutions spread across Europe, Dutch set up kingdom, England's congressional reforms, End of Romantic Age, beginning of Victorian Age, Victor Hugo's Hernani performed, Charles Lyell begins geological studies, Turkey gives up imperial powers, Belgium becomes independent from Netherlands, begin unification of Swiss states, Liberals move against Danish king, resulting in repression, polish revolt from Russia, most
Britains (still in depression) convinced that parliamentary reform necessary,
While male suffrage in US reached; beginning of period known as "American
Renaissance"; Railroad Age begins in US with steam engines in MD, OH and SC;
First free public library in US; France controls Algeria
1831 Mohammed Ali of Egypt seizes Syria and rules it until 1840, Charles Darwin sets sail, Cyclone hits Barbados, death of French manufacturer of pianos Sebastien
Erard, death of English tragic actress Sarah Kemble (Mrs. Siddons), death of
French-Austrian composer and piano maker Ignaz Pleyel, death of James Monroe
– #5, death of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, End of
Mexican president Vicente Guerrero, Polish diet declares independence of Poland
– Russians defeat Polish forces at Ostroleka – revolt collapses, Charles Albert becomes King of Sardinia-Piedmont ‘till abdication in 1849, Prince Leopold of
Saxe-Coburg elected Leopold I King of Belgians, Separation of Belgium from the
Netherlands, death of German statesman Baron HFK vom and zum Stein,
Southampton insurrection – Birginia slave revolt led by Nat Turner – 55 whites die, death of August Neithardt von Gneisenau the Prussian Field Marshal during
Napoleonic Wars, death of Ioannes A Kapodistrias the Greek statesman, death of
Prussian general and military historian Karl von Clausewitz, Former president
John Quincy Adams becomes US rep from Massachusetts, Syria (part of Ottoman empire since 1516) conquered by Egyptians, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg divided into two parts and larger goes to Belgium, Wreched conditions of the working classes in Lyons France leads to uprisings, Balzac writes, Sidraeli writes second novel, Victor Hugo writes “Notre Dame de Paris”, death of Friedrich
Maximilian von Klinger author of the Sturm und Drang movement, Giacomo
Leopardi writes poems, Thomas L Peacock writes satire, Poe writes poems, John
Trumbull the American poet and lawyer dies, Cardinal Mauro Capellari elected
Pope Gregory XVI, death of German philosopher Friedrich Hegel, William Miller leader of the Second Adventists in America begins his preaching, death of
German historian Georg Niebuhr, Delacroix paints “Le 28 Juliet 1830”, Bellini composes, Chopin arrives in Paris, Herold composes opera,Meyerbeer composes opera, death of French-Austrian composer and piano maker Ignaz Pleyel,
Chloroform simultaneously invented by Samuel Guthrie and Justus von Liebig,
Charles Darwin sails as naturalist on surveying expedition in HMS Beagle to S.
America New Zealand and Australia until 1836, Michael Faraday carries out experiments on electromagnetic induction, Sir James Clark Ross determines position of magnetic north, Charles Sauria of France develops easy-light matches,
Great Cholera Pandemic reaches central Europe, German emigration to North
America reaches 15,000, William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing abolitionist periodical “The Liberator” in Boston, Legion Etrangere formed to help French colonial possessions in Africa (Foreign Legion), London Bridge opened, First

horse-drawn busses in New York, Population of Great Britain reaches 13.9 million with 12.8 million in America, Lord John Russell introduces Reform Bill that abolishes all “nomination” boroughs, Mass demonstrations in Swiss cities lead to introduction of more liberal legislation – expansion of franchise and the principle of popular sovereignty, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates and is succeeded by Pedro II his son, death of English historian William Roscoe, death of Isaiah Thomas the American Bible printer, US copyright law amended – 28 years and renewable for 14 years, Samuel Francis Smith writes words to “My
Country ‘Tis of Thee”, Great Reform Bill riot in Bristol results in 250 wounded or killed, Nat Turner slave revolt in VA, book published about him, Belgium gains independence under Leopold I, Bellini and Schumann compose, William Lloyd
Garrison founds The Liberator an abolitionist paper, Victor Hugo writes, Hegel dies, father of the Hegelian philosophy, Darwin sets sail on the Beagle , Church led to Ohio (Feb) , Martin Harris auctions off farm Apr , Mission to MO started
(June) Jackson Co. Names as center for Zion (July 20) Book of Commandments commanded (Nov) Eliza Snow meets Joseph Smith, New London Bridge opened,
Conference of Church Oct 25-6, Nat Turner leads slave revolt Aug 21, First steam rail line opens, July Cyrus McCormick's reaper, Cooper tests steam locomotive. 2
Feb Pope Gregory XVI (Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari ) appointed, Dec 12
Republican Party holds first nominating convention, Aug 2 Zion dedicated, Jun 7,
June 10 revelations regarding Independence and MO (52,57), Feb 4 first bishop named, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates and son Pedro II succeeds, Michael
Faraday builds first electric motor and generator in Britain, King Louis Philippe creates the French Foreign Legion, Polish revolt quashed by Russians, Pedro of
Brazil abdicates, leaving 5 year old son Dom Pedro II on the throne, Canada allowed permanent Crown Revenues, Leopold I reigns in Belgium; McCormic
Reaper tested
1832 William Lloyd garrison and abolitionists form New England Anti-Slavery Society in MA, Cholera outbreak in London and Scotland, Abd-al-Kadir leads Arab resistance to France in Algeria until 1847, First Great Reform Bill in Britain gives more men the vote * Saints strongly support Jacksonian democracy as Whigs have proven corrupt, In Britain bills submitted to Parliament for reform as politicians also corrupt – PM Earl Grey resigns – King supports Parliament and mass demonstrations and strikes – William IV compromises with citizens –
Reform Act passed without King William’s assent, death of Charles Carroll a rich
American politician, death of German writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe, death of
Italian composer Muzio Clementi, death of Philip Freneau the “poet of the
American Revolution”, death of English poet George Crabbe, death of French poet Philibert Louis Debucourt, death of German composer and friend of Goethe -
Karl Friedrich Zelter, death of French biologist and geologist G.L. Cuvier, death of Italian music scholar and composer Bonifacio Asioli, death of Scottish novelist
Walter Scott, death of German actor Ludwig Devrient, death of Napoleon’s son and Duke of Reichstadt Napoleon François-Joseph Charles the King of Rome,
Mehemet Ali Viceory of Egypt defeats the Turks in Syria, Mass demonstrations at
Hambach Germany in favor of the liberal and national causem First Reform Act to enfranchise the upper-middle classes passed by House of Lords – voters

increase from half to one million, death of Austrian statesman and political writer
Friedrich von Gentz, Andrew Jackson reelected over Henry Clay, WE Gladstone enters English politics as conservative for Newark, John Caldwell Calhoun the VP under Jackson resigns, Giuseppe Mazzini the Italian patriot found “Giovine Italia”
(Italian Youth) with aim for achieving independence, the word “socialism” comes into use in England and France, Britain occupies Falkland Islands, Balzac writes,
Bulwer-Lytton writes, death of English poet George Crabbe, Casimir Delavigne writes drama, death of German actor Ludwig Devrient, Disraeli writes autobiographical novel, Goethe’s Faust II published posthumously, death of
Philip Freneau “Poet of the American Revolution”, death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – greatest German poet, Leigh Hunt writes, Washington Irving writes,
John P. Kennedy writes about Southern plantation life, Nikolaus Lenau writes,
Silvio Pellico writes, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin writes, death of Scottish poet and novelist Sir Walter Scott, Tennyson writes “Lady of Shalott”, death of
Jeremy Bentham the English philosopher and economist – requests his corpse be stuffed and presented at the college where he donated his money and that his body be allowed to attend yearly meetings – done to this day, death of Jean
Champollion French architect and discoverer of the Rosetta Stone, death of Karl
CF Krause the German philosopher that tried to unify pantheism and monotheism,
Final volume of BG Niebuhr’s history of Rome, Zurich U founded, death of
Danish philologist and founder of linguistics, Constable paints “Waterloo Bridge from Whitehall Stairs” in London, death of French painter and cartoonist PL
Debucourt, Ando Hiroshige publishes his Japanese color prints, Berlioz composes
“Symphonie Fantastique”, death of Italian composer and pianist Muzio Clementi,
Donizetti composes in Milan, death of Spanish tenor and composer Manuel
Garcia, Ferdinand Herold composes in Paris, death of Karl Friedrich Zelter
German composer and conductor, death of Nicolas Carnot the French physicist and creator of second law of thermodynamics, death of Baron Georges Cuvier
French naturalist and founder of comparative anatomy, Faraday proposes pictorial representation of electric and magnetic force lines, First French railroad line from
St. Etienne to Andrezieux to carry passengers, Manufacture of friction matches widespread in Europe, Hungarian mathematician Janos Bolyai publishes work on non-Euclidian geometry, Reichenbach discovers creosote in wood tar, death of
Italian anatomist Antonio Scarpa, death of JK Spurzheim the German physician and founder of phrenology, New England Anti-Slavery Society founded in Boston, death of last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence Charles Carrol of Carrollton, First horse-drawn trolleys in New York, Benoit Fourneyron develops water turbine, Reform Act extends vote in England, Saints strongly support Jacksonian democracy as Whigs have proven corrupt, Chopin,
Mendelssohn, Rossini, Donizetti compose, England's Whig party becomes the
Liberal Party, Whig party forms in US, Nominating conventions established )Open meetings, as opposed to caucuses), Black Hawk War against the Feds National bank becomes voting issue, Jackson vetoes bank bill Jackson won, Tariff rates lowered, but South doesn't see an improvement. S Carolina threatens to secede, Great vision 76 Feb 16, Revelation on Civil war Dec 25, First
Reform Act of England gives 500,000 people the vote and redistributes

representation, Jackson challenges bank of US, Federal $$ flows into "pet banks"
SC threatens to succeed when tariffs passed, Supreme Court sides with Cherokee for rights, Wm Lloyd Garrison forms Anti-Slavery Society, Samuel Morse develops telegraph, Abraham Lincoln enters politics, VP John Calhoun resigns,
Dec 27 "Olive Leaf" revelation (88), Dec 25 - revelation on War (87), First mission outside US (Canada), Democratic Party adopts present name (May 21), 3
Degrees of Glory revealed (76) Feb 16, Church membership jumps from about
700 to over 2500, Reform Act provides for limited parliamentary reform in
Britain, Ottomans recognize Greek independence, Ottomans recognize Greek
Independence, Missionaries into Canada, Reform Act in England gives vote to more citizens, but few more; British middle class gains majority vote; Re-election of Jackson
1833 British abandon slavery, Drought and famine in India, death of English philanthropist William Wilberforce, death of U.S. Secretary of Treasury Oliver
Wolcott, death of German jurist Anselm Feuerbach, death of Irish actor Edmund
Kean, Prince Otto second son of King Louis I of Bavaria arrives in Nauplia to occupy throne of Greece as King Otto, death of John Randolph of Roanoke VA the orator and politician, William IV grants Hanover a new liberal constitution,
Isabella II proclaimed Queen of Spain (age 3) with mother Maria Christina as regent, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes president of Mexico – country threatened by Civil War, Beginning of Whig party in America, Mehemet
Ali given Egypt and Syria – founds 120 year dynasty, President Jackson withdraws all government deposits out of Bank of US – essentially collapsing bank, All German states join the Zollverein (customs union), Balzac writes, Davy
Crockett’s autobiography becomes bestseller, Robert Browning writes, Charles
Dickens writes, Joseph von Eichendorff writes, death of English actor Edmund
Kean, Lamb writes, Longfellow writes, Johann Nestroy writes farce, George Sand writes, German Shakespeare translation completed, Franz Bopp writes grammar book, death of German jurist and law reformer Anselm Feuerbach, death of
French mathematician Adrien Legendre, death of English religious writer Hannah
More, Edward Bouverie Pusey begins association with Oxford Movement
(Anglicans), death of Italian engraver Raffaello Morghen, First Venetian pictures by Turner at Royal Academy London, Chopin composes, Heinrich Marschner writes romantic opera, Mendelssohn composes, KF Gauss and WE Weber devise electromagnetic telegraph, “Handbook of Human Physiology” completed, death of English engineer and inventor that invented first steam-powered vehicle
Richard Trevithick, Wheatstone bridge for the comparison of electric resistance devised by SH Christie (first used by Wheatstone in 1847), British Factory Act provides system for factory inspections, Scottish explorer Alexander Burnes crosses Hindu Kush mountain range in Central Asia, Charity bazaars become popular in England, German economist Friedrich List advocates extension of
German railroads, “New York Sun” becomes first “penny paper”, Olympic Club of Philadelphia organizes two “Town Ball” teams, Sir John Ross returns from his second Arctic expedition (discovery of magnetic north), Canadian S.S. Royal
William crosses Atlantic in 25 days, Abolition of slavery in British empire,
General Trades Union in New York, Sumatra quake est. at 8.7, 9 year old Briton

executed for stealing paint, American Anti-Slavery Society formed, John Lane develops steel plow, Ando Hiroshige's "53 stages of the Tokaido" Brahms born,
Slave trade ends in British colonies, SC declares if Feds try to enforce tariffs, it would secede Several tribes sign Indian Removal Act, Cherokees refuse, Trail of
Tears (1838), Compromise tariff reduces rates to 1816 level, Also force Act gives pres power to enforce tariffs WoW given Feb 27 Command given to build Temple
Jun 1 Forced eviction from Jackson Co Jul 23, slavery abolished throughout
British empire, Factory Act prohibits children under 9 from factory work, limits hours of older children, Steven Austin travels to Mexico City to petition for reforms, New England Anti-Slavery Society, Union of female workers, Oberlin
College admits women, Captain Benjamin Bonneville explores the Great Basin area, Joseph Walker enters the valley of the Great Salt Lake, Dec 18 Patriarchal blessings given by Joseph Smith Jr. to family, Nov, Saints flee Jackson County,
Jul 20 Mob destroys press printing "Book of Commandments" Jul 2 Joseph Smith completed translation of the New testament, May 6 Saints commanded to build temple at Kirtland, Mar 18 First Presidency organized, Feb 27 Word of Wisdom
(89) given, Jan 22-23 School of the Prophets begun, Wagner composes, Giuseppe
Mazzini founds the "Young Italy" movement, Falkland Islands occupied by
Britain, Ottomans recognize independence of Egypt, Britain's Factory Act places restrictions on use of Children in industry, slavery abolished in British empire,
Saints leave Jackson County, Birth of Johannes Brahms, Charles Lyell finishes geological studies, British pass Factory Act, German states unite financially,
Isabella begins to rule Spain but violence reigns, bill passes parliament in Britain, doing away with worst parts of child labor, German Zollverein or customs union organizes, further establishing German state; MA abolishes state church; British
East India Company rescinded
1834 David Ruggles opens first black bookstore and publishing company in New York,
French Catholic Missionaries arrive in Mangareva in Tuamotu Islands in South
Pacific, end of world cholera pandemic, Cyclone hits Dominican Republic *
Saints appeal to president Jackson, no response – shows sympathy for “the persecuted people” but refuses to send help, Jul - Alligator falls from sky near
Charlestown, SC, Parliamentary houses and many political building of Britain burned (Westminster), death of French politician Lafayette, death of English political economist Thomas R. Malthus, death of German theologian Friedrich
Schleiermacher, death of English poet and philosopher Samuel Taylor Colerige, death of US Attorney General William Wirt, death of French opera composer
François-Adrien Boieldieu, death of English essayist Charles Lamb, German customs union (Zollverein) begins to operate, death of British statesman Lord
Grenville, Grand National Consolidated Trades Union formed by Robert Owen but collapses before end of year, Lord Palmerston the British Foreign Secretary contrives quadruple alliance with France Spain and Portugal, death of General
Lafayette of France and hero of American revolution, Spanish Inquisition finally suppressed, Viscount Melbourne becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain followed by Sir Robert Peel in December, South Australia Act allows establishment of colony there, Maria II ascends throne of Portugal, William IV dismisses ministry in England following Melbourne’s Irish church policy,

Monopoly of the China trade by East India Company abolished – friction between
China and Britain, Sixth Kaffir War for a year – severe clashes between Bantu people and white settlers on eastern frontier of Cape Colony, Dutch farmers of the
Cape Colony begin to settle in country north of Orange River, Daniel O’Connell’s motion to repeal Union with Great Britain defeated 523 to 38, Carlist Wars begin in Spain, President Jackson censured by Senate for removing funding from Bank of the US, Abraham Lincoln (age 25) enters politics as assemblyman in IL legislature, Balzac writes, George Bancroft writes history of the US, Victor Hugo writes “The Hunchback of Notre Dame” which becomes bestseller, death of
English writer William Blackwood, Edward Bulwer-Lytton writes “Last Days of
Pompeii”, death of English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Disraeli writes, Leigh
Hunt writes, death of English essayist Charles Lamb, Frederick Marryat writes,
Last of Thomas Moore’s “Irish Melodies” appears, Alfred de Musset writes,
Pushkin writes, Leopold von Ranke writes about the Roman Popes, death of
German theologian and philosopher Friedrich DE Schleiermacher, death of
William Wirt the American jurist and Attorney-General, death of English economist Thomas Robert Malthus, death of Anglo-German lithographer Rudolph
Ackermann, The Munich Glyptothek (sculpture gallery) designed, Ingres paints
“Martyrdom of Saint Symphorian”, death of German inventor of lithography
Aloys Senefelder, death of English illustrator and painter Thomas Stothard,
English architect William Wilkins begins National Gallery in London, Adolphe
Adam composes in Paris, John Barnett composes in London, Berlioz composes in
Paris, death of French opera composer Francois-Adrien Boieldieu, Fanny Elssler the Austrian ballerina makes her debut at Paris Opera, Konradin Kreutzer composes in Vienna, Francois Arago writes about popular astronomy, English mathematician Charles Babbage invents “analytical engine” (proto-computer),
Christian Leopold von Buch publishes “Theory of Volcanism”, Faraday publishes
“Law of Electrolysis”, American inventor Cyrus Hall McCormick patents reaping machine, German chemist FF Runge discovers phenol (carbolic acid), Swiss mathematician Jakob Steiner appointed professor at Berlin U – founder of synthetic geometry, Sir Charles Wheatstone uses revolving mirror to measure speed of electric discharge in a conductor, Castle Garden Boat Club Association organized in New York, Robin Carver’s “Book of Sports” first mentions baseball,
Disastrous fire in British Houses of Parliament, Bavarian civil servant Franz
Xaver Gabelsberger publishes system of German shorthand, Two-wheeled onehorse hansom cabs designed by JA Hansom introduced in London, Walter Hunt of New York constructs one of the first sewing machines, Lloyd’s Register of
Shipping placed under control of Lloyd’s Register Society, Poor Law Amendment
Act decrees that no able-bodied man in Great Britain shall receive assistance unless he ethers a workhouse, U of Brussels founded, Horse-drawn harvester/reaper in US. Colt invents the revolver, Saints appeal to president
Jackson, no response – shows sympathy for “the persecuted people” but refuses to send help, Whig party organized as anti-Jackson, named for party in England who opposed tyranny of George III, Zion's Camp Jun, Revelation re: United Order Apr
23, Poor Law in England establishes work houses for Poor, Fire destroys
Parliament, Trade Unionists exiled to Australia, Feb 17 First Stake created at

Kirtland, May 8-Jun 30 Zion's Camp Jun 30 Indian Territory created, McCormick patents reaper, Lytton writes Last Days of Pompeii , Official creation of customs union stimulates trade in Germany, First indentured Indian laborers replace slave labor in W Indies, first High Council organized, Church named "Church of the
Latter-day Saints" in conference, Sir Robert Peel serves as Prime Minister of
Britain for the first time, Canada under Papineau draws up 92 resolutions against
Britain, Boers of South Africa begin to migrate in order to keep slaves, Britain's
Poor Law revised - sadly causing many businesses to lower wages; National
Republicans of US become Whigs
1835 Quake and tsunami in Talcahuano, Dost Mohammed begins rule in Afghanistan until 1863, Cyclone hits Florida Keys, Volcano in Nicaragua, Earthquake and tsunami in Chile, Start of freeze in Finland until 1850 – kills 137,000
Dec - Hundreds of blocks of NYC burn - also fire hydrants frozen, death of
English architect John Nash, death of Chief Justice John Marshall, death of
English reformer and journalist William Cobbett, death of German humanist
Wilhelm von Humboldt, death of German poet August von Platen, death of Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini, death of Francis I of Austria, Francis II made last HRE as Francis I dies, Ferdinand I the eldest son of HRE Francis II made
Emperor of Austria, death of Prussian statesman Christian Gunther von Bernstorff,
Municipal Corporation Act revolutionizes English borough government, Second
Seminole War begins, Texas declares right to secede from Mexico, Hans Christian
Andersen first publishes, William Wordsworth’s poems become bestseller, Robert
Browning publishes “Paracelsus”, Bulwer-Lytton publishes, death of English man of letters William Cobbett, death of English poet Mrs. Felicia Hemans, death of
Scottish poet James Hogg, death of William Henry Ireland forger of
Shakespearean plays, JP Kennedy writes novel of Revolutionary war, death of
English comedian Charles Mathews, William Gilmore Simms writes novel of the
Indians, Edict of German Federal Diet bans books of “Young Germany” writers including Heine Borne and Gutzkow, FG Dahlmann German historian publishes histories of politics, Charles G Finney the American evangelist publishes about revivals, death of American Supreme Court Justice John Marshall, David
Friedrich Strause publishes Life of Jesus in Germany, The expression “Art for
Art’s sake” coined by French philosopher Victor Cousin, Constable paints “The
Valley Farm”, Corot paints “Hagar in the Desert”, death of French historical painter Baron A.J. Gros, Donizetti composes opera in Naples, Halley’s Comet reappears, First efforts to propel railroad vehicles by electric batteries and electric traction, US showman Phineas Taylor Barnum begins career with black woman who is alleged to be 160 years old and George Washington’s nurse, James Gordon
Bennet publishes penny paper “NY Herald”, Charles Chubb patents burglar-proof safe, Samuel Colt takes out English patent for single-barreled pistol and rifle, First
German railroad line opens between Nuremberg and Furth, Melbourne Australia founded, over 1000 miles of railroads in America, Earliest negative photograph taken in England by William Henry Fox Talbot – of Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire,
Free African Americans create committee to help former slaves, Oberlin college in
OH votes to admit African-American students, Russian writer Aleksandr Pushkin killed in a duel, de Toqueville's "Democracy in America" Mark Twain born, NY

City fire, John Marshall dies, Jackson creates "pet banks" Eliza Snow joins
Church, Municipal Reform in England allows town councils to be elected, Second
Seminole War begins, October - Santa Anna fights at Gonzales, Anglos drive
Mexicans to San Antonio, Hymns published, Quorum of the 12 organized (Section
18) at a Zion's Camp meeting Feb 14, First quorum of the 70 organized Feb 28,
July 3 Mummies arrive in Kirtland, Aug 17 Doctrine and Covenants selected to be published, English language made the medium of instruction in India, Germany's first railroad opened in Bavaria, Hans Christian Andersen publishes Tales Told for
Children , End of Sir Robert peel's first term as Prime Minister, maria Christina II reigns in Portugal; End of John Marshal's position as chief justice of the Supreme
Court; Alamo defended and Sam Houstin defeats Mexicans at San Jacinto creates independent Texas
1836 Black Alexander Twilight wins seat on VT legislature – first elected in US,
Disenfranchisement of blacks in AR, Great Trek of Boers begins in Africa, Siege of the Alamo, Texan independence * Saints support Van Buren against Harrison, death of James Madison #4, death of Austrian composer Johann Schenk, death of
Aaron Burr US Statesman and adventurer, death of French poet Claude Joseph
Rouget de Lisle, death of U.S. statesman Edward Livingston, death of Andre
Ampere the French physicist, death of German dramatist C.D. Crabbe, end of the voyage of the HMS Beagle, The Alamo – Davy Crockett killed, Texas wins independence from Mexico and becomes republic with General Sam Houston as first president, People’s Charter initiated working-class movement in Britain –
Chartism demands universal suffrage and vote by ballot, Arkansas admitted to union, Bestseller – Frederick Marryat writs “Mr. Midshipman Easy”, Carlyle writes, Dickens writes “Pickwick Papers”, German writer J.P. Eckermann writes about Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “Nature” published, German Catholic writer Joseph von Gorres publishes “Christian Mysticism”, death of James Mill
Scottish historian and philosopher, Schopenhauer writes about the will of nature,
Corot paints “Diana surprised by Actaeon”, Adolphe Adam composes comic opera in Paris, Glinka composes first Russian opera, death of French-Spanish soprano
Maria Malibran, Mendelssohn composes oratorio, death of French physicist A.M.
Ampere, John Frederic Daniell develops voltaic cell which prevents polarization,
Edmond Davey discovers and identifies acetylene, Swedish-American inventor
John Ericsson patents screw propeller, Adelaide S Australia founded, first cricket match in London, “The Lancers” becomes fashionable dance throughout Europe,
American patent for manufacture of white phosphorus matches granted to AD
Phillips, death of Betsy Ross the reputed maker of the American flag, death of
James Madison #4, death of American vice president Aaron Burr, Charles Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte tries to bring about a revolt and is banished to America, Boer farmers launch “Great Trek” across Orange Riber and founds Natal Transvaal and
Orange Free State in Africa, death of English novelist and philosopher William
Godwin, Golgol writes comedy, Alfred de Musset writes autobiographical novel,
Fritz Reuter the novelist condemned to death for high treason but commuted to 30 years imprisonment, death of French poet and soldier CJ Rouget de Lisle who write music and lyrics to “La Marseillaise”, Roger B Taney becomes fifth Chief
Justice in US, death of French painter Carle Vernet, Meyerbeer composes opera in

Paris, Richard Wagner the composer marries Minna Planer in Magdeburg, Asa
Gray publishes first botanical textbook, Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of
Paterson NY formed, death of British engineer J.L. McAdam that originated crushed-stone (macadam) roads, pepsin recognized by German physiologist
Theodor Schwann, German botanist KF Schimper begins research into Pleistocene epoch, California SF quake est. at 6.5, early recorded case of progeria in England
– Charles Charlesworth, Mexicans vs. Texas at Alamo, Ralph Waldo Emerson invents transcendentalists movement, Saints support Van Buren against Harrison,
The Beagle returns, Madison dies, unofficial Constitutional Convention notes released to public National bank charter not renewed, Jackson decides not to run,
Van Buren elected, Jackson issues "Specie Circular" backing all bank notes with gold or silver, sale of public land drops Kirtland safety Society started Nov 2
(Salem Treasure - cch) Mar 27, Kirtland Temple dedicated, LORD at the temple
Apr 3, Births, marriages and deaths must be recorded by law, Joseph Smith's grandmother, Mary Duty Smith dies in Kirtland, Martin Van Buren elected 8th president, Specie circular closes banks, bad weather wipes out crops in west,
Battle of the Alamo Mar 2, Battle of San Jacinto Apr, Peace treaty signed May 14
TX independence, AR in union #25, Citizens at Liberty MO resolves to expel
Saints Jun 29, Apr 3 Savior, Moses and Elijah appear in Kirtland Temple (110),
Mar 27 Kirtland temple dedicated, Church membership reaches 10,000 Temple:
Kirtland OH 27 Mar, Chopin composes, Dickens writes. Texas gains independence from Mexico at Battle of San Jacinto, Bolivia and Peru form brief confederation, Major road-building program begins in India, Martin Van Buren wins election
1837 Continuation of Great Trek of Boers, Shogunate of Tokugawa Ieyoshi begins in
Japan until 1853, Frenchman Jules Dumont d’Urville attempts to chart coast of
Antarctica until 1840, Death of William IV of England, reign of niece Victoria begins age 18, Cyclone in St. Thomas, Lord Melbourne the PM of Britain and
Queen Victoria have mutual fondness and she favors him politically, death of
French painter François Gerard, Mar - 10 inches of snow fall in Savannah GA, death of English painter John Constable, death of English composer John Field, death of German author Ludwig Borne, death of Italian author Giacomo Leopardi,
Death of Russian poet Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin due to duel, death of
German dramatist Georg Buchner, William IV of Great Britain dies – end of union between Britain and Hanover, Michigan becomes state, Mazzini arrives in
London as exile, Martin Van Buren inaugurated #8, Benjamin Disraeli delivers maiden speech before House of Commons, USS Caroline set on fire and sunk by
Canadians across the Niagara, Ernst Augustus of Hanover cancels constitution of
1833 and dismiss professors who protested him, Constitution revolts in lower and upper Canada, Balzac publishes, Hawthorne writes bestseller, death of German political writer and satirist Ludwig Borne, Lamartine writes epic poem, death of
Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi, William H Prescott writes about Isabella and
Ferdinand, founding of U of Athens, Bernhard Bolzano writes about the philosophy of logic, Thomas Carlyle writes about French revolution, death of
English Sanskrit scholar Henry T. Colebrooke, first kindergarten opens by
Friedrich Frobel in Blankenburg Thuringia, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary

opens with Mary Mason Lyon as founder, Horace Mann begins educational reforms in MA, American Presbyterians split into old and new schools, death of
English landscape painter John Constable, death of French portrait painter Baron
Francois Gerard, Auber writes opera in Paris, Berlioz writes opus in Paris, death of English pianist and composer John Field, death of Austro-Hungarian composer and Johann Nepomuk Hummel, death of French composer JF Lesueur, Lortzing composes “Zar und Zimmerman” (Czar and Carpenter) in Leipzig, death of Italian composer Nicola Zingarelli, Garman industrialist August Borsig opens iron foundry and engine-building factory in Berlin, Wheatstone and Cooke patent electric telegraph, Samuel Morse exhibits electric telegraph at College of the City of New York, French mathematician Simeon D. Poisson publishes about probability, First boat race sponsored by Castle Garden Boat Club Association in
Poughkeepsie NY, First Canadian railroad, England introduces birth registration, death of morganatic Wife of King George IV Mrs. Hitzherbert, Gag Law which suppresses slavery debate passed by US Congress, EP Lovejoy editor of abolitionist paper murdered by mob in IL, Financial and economic panic in
America due to inflated land values and speculation, English teacher Isaac
Putman publishes manual of “Stenographic soundhand”, Records of 11-mile 220 yard Crick Run Race at Rugby School in Warwickshire England begun, littleknown scientist Andrew Crosse “created life” while trying to create crystals – disputed but supposedly repeated, Disenfranchisement of blacks in MI, first Anti-
Slavery Convention of American Women in NY, Cheney State Training School in
PA is first major black college, first enrollment (three females) of black students in Oberlin College OH, Reign of Queen Victoria begins in England, steel plow invented, electric telegraph invented in Britain by Wheatstone and Cooke,
Telegraph invented by Bell, first kindergarten opens in Germany, Kirtland Safety
Society Anti-Banking Company begins circulating notes Jan 6 Anti-LDS paper complains the Church violating the law by running a bank without a charter, and that it would be illegal to trade with the Kirtland safety Society. Jan 21 Feb 10,
Ohio senate reviews charter application, charter not granted. Van Buren promises to follow Jackson, but Depression of 1837 due to the speculation in the pet banks, each issuing its own currency Banks stop issuing specie (backed notes) May 10 and banks begin to fail Van Buren opts for non-interference, Oliver Twist published in England, King William IV dies, Queen Victoria reigns Jun 20,
Michigan becomes a state, TX recognized as separate nation, MA forms the first state board of education with Horace Mann, John Deere invents first steel plow,
Princess Victoria becomes Queen, MI in union #26, Threshing machine invented,
First trading post in Utah by Robidoux, Berlioz and Liszt compose, Morse's telegraph, Carlyle does The French Revolution , Natal Republic founded by
Afrikaners, First French railroad links Paris with Saint-Germain, first missionaries to Great Britain, Victoria of Britain begins to rule, In Canada, minority rebels flee across US border, Canadian railway opens; panic of 18837 in US as banks collapse; progress on railroads halted; mission to Japan to open trade fails
1838 Disenfranchisement of blacks in PA, David Ruggles publishes first African-
American periodical in NY, Boers found Republic of Natal, Nakayama Miki founds faith healing Tenri sect in Japan, Trail of Tears, Lt. Charles Wilkes leads

US expedition to Antarctica, People’s Charter in Britain allows for political reform, Cholera outbreak in India ends after 12 years, death of French statesman
Talleyrand, death of French architect Charles Percier, Sep - NJ largest forest fire doused by hurricane rains, death of English composer and organist Thomas
Attwood, death of German poet Adelbert von Chamisso, death of Osceola the
Indian leader in second Seminole War, Queen Victoria’s coronation, Battle of
Blood River in Natal (Boer war) where Boers defeat Zulus, first British Afghan war, Anti-Corn Law League established in Manchester, death of John Rodgers the ranking American naval officer in War of 1812, Elizabeth Barrett Browning writes, Bulwer-Lytton writes, Dickens writes bestsellers “Oliver Twist” and
“Nicholas Nickleby”, Victor Hugo writes, J P Kennedy writes novel of colonial
Maryland, Rachel’s debut at Theatre Français in Paris, German writer and philosopher Gustav Schwab publishes, death of English diarist Thomas Creevey, death of Nathaniel Bowditch the American mathematician and astronomer,
French philosopher Auguste Comte gives sociology its name, death of J A Mohler the German historian of religion, London National Gallery opens, death of French architect under Napoleon and creator of Empire style Charles Percier, Bertel
Thorvaldsen completes painting “Christ and the Twelve Apostles” in Copenhagen,
Berlioz composes opera in Paris, Chopin’s liaison with George Sand (female) begins, Jenny Lind makes musical debut in Stockholm, Fourth and last volume of
Audubon’s “Birds of America” published, German astronomer Bessel makes definite measurements of a fixed star, death of American explorer William Clark,
French economist AA Cournot publishes theory of wealth, Daguerre-Niepce photography presented to Academy of Science and Arts in Paris, death of French chemist and physicist Pierre Dulong, death of American inventor and pioneer of steam navigation John Stevens, 703 ton steamer “Sirius” sails from London to
New York as 1440 ton steamer “Great Western” also travels to Britain, Navy statistics – Great Britain has 90 ships Russia 50 France 49 and US 15, New York
Herald employs European correspondents, First traveling post office between
Birmingham and Liverpool, SF CA quake est 6.8, John Ericsson develops screw propeller, Samuel Morse demonstrates telegraph , Jim Crow laws officially on the books, "Trail of Tears" Mar 25-May 19, Adam-ondi Ahman revealed
Extermination Order Oct 27 Eng: publish People's Charter, Start Chartism,
Cherokee begin Trail of Tears as Indian Removal Act enforced, Guatemala, Costa
Rica, Honduras and Nicaragua gain independence, MA passes 15 gallon law,
Frederick Douglass escapes from slavery, Jul 8 Law of Tithing 119, Jul 6 Exodus from OH begins, May 19 Joseph Smith visits Adam-Ondi-Ahman, Apr 26 Name of Church given (115), Mar 14 Headquarters officially at Far West, First trans-
Atlantic steamship service begins Apr 23, Oct 27 Extermination Order issued, Oct
30 Haun's Mill Massacre, Oct 31 Joseph Smith and others imprisoned but Gen.
Doniphan refuses to execute, Joseph Smith in Liberty Jail Dec 1, First transatlantic passenger steamship launched, Exodus from Kirtland, Hauns Mill
Massacre, Queen Victoria coronated, Chartist movement in Britain seeks to gain power for proletariat
1839 Ottoman sultan Abdul Majid starts the “Tanzimat” program for modernization and rules Turkey, First Afghan War with British starts until 1842, Start of Opium

War in China until 1842 * Saints meet with Van Buren – says he cannot help them, legislator Lincoln writes about “strange new sect” possible meeting between Lincoln and Smith in Springfield Illinois, British begin war with China due to trade restrictions, Albert arrives in England – Victoria finds him beautiful, death of German painter Joseph Anton Koch, Uruguay declares war against
Argentina, Treaty of London settles the dispute between the Dutch and former
Belgian subjects, outbreak of First Opium War between Britain and China, death of Frederick IV King of Denmark – nephew Christian VIII rules, Independent republic of Natal founded by the Boers, death of Indian ruler Ranjit Singh founder of Sikh kingdom, death of American politician Stephen Van Rensselaer, Jared
Sparks writes bestseller “Life of Washington”, death of Scottish novelist John
Galt, Longfellow writes, Poe writes “The Fall of the House of Usher”, death of
English poet WM Praed, death of author James Smith, Stendhal writes, German philologist Franz Bopp identifies Celtic as part of Indo-European language family, death of French cardinal and half uncle of Napoleon Joseph Fesch, death of
English geologist William Smith, American traveler John Lloyd Stephens examines antiquities of the ancient Maya culture with Frederick Catherwood, death of English portrait painter Sir William Beechey, death of German landscape painter Joseph Anton Koch, Karl Spitzweg paints “The Poor Poet”, Mendelssohn conducts Schubert’s symphony, Two British ships “Erebus” and “Terror” set out on cross-Antarctic voyage, Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization of rubber,
Moritz Jacobi of Russia announces process of electrotyping and makes duplicate plates for relief printing, Metallic element lanthanum discovered by Carl Gustav
Mosander, German-Swiss chemist Christian F Schonbein discovers and names ozone, Theodor Schwann promotes cell-growth theory, Swiss physicist Carl
August Steinheil builds first electric clock, American army officer Abner
Doubleday lays out first baseball field and conducts first game, First bicycle constructed by Scottish inventor Kirkpatrick Macmillan, French political leader
Louis Blanc publishes essay which included “to each according to his needs, from each according to his abilities”, Detroit Boat Club formed, Samuel Cunard starts
British and North-American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, First Grand
National run at Aintree England, Prussia restricts juvenile labor to a maximum of
10 hours per day, Lowell institute in Boston founded to provide free lectures by scholars, death of Lady Hester Stanhope the English eccentric who settled among the Druses of Lebanon, WH Fox Talbot claims invention of photography before
Daguerre and submits evidence to Royal Society, George D Weed publishes antislavery pamphlet, Cyclone hits India killing over 300000 – 5 th
worst disaster ever, Liberty (Anti-slavery) Party established in NY, Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization, End of Sikhs uprising under Ranjit Singh of N India,
Daguerreotype in France, Paul Cézanne born, Saints meet with Van Buren – says he cannot help them, legislator Lincoln writes about “strange new sect” possible meeting between Lincoln and Smith in Springfield Illinois, Schumann and Berlioz compose, Daguerre make first positive image - Daguerrotype, Whig party convention Anti-Jackson/Van Buren nominates Harrison who wins, Joseph Smith in Liberty, Mar, Longfellow publishes first volume of poetry, Opium War begins in China, MO expel Mormons who move to IL, Nov 29 Joseph Smith meets with

Pres Van Buren who says he can do nothing to help the Saints, Jun 11 Joseph
Smith begins publishing History of the Church, Elder Young moves saints to
Quincey, Commerce Ill purchased May 1 and renamed Nauvoo, Apr 20 last Saint s leave Far West, Apr 16 Joseph Smith allowed to escape, Mar 20 Joseph Smith receives sections 121-23 in Liberty Jail, Jan 26 Brigham Young helps organize migration of Saints from MO, Chopin Berlioz and Schumann compose, Poe writes, New York Philharmonic and Vienna Philharmonic founded, Dutch recognize Belgian independence, British Parliament rejects the first People's
Charter , Belgian Independence internationally guaranteed, First Opium War fought between Britain and China coercing foreign trade, Britain fights First
Afghan War to stop southern spread of Russian influence, Disastrous Afghan War fought by India to counter perceived Russian threat, Lord Durham, governor of
British North America plans a unified state, Imperial Chinese commissioner Lin
Zexu sent to Guangzhou to stop Opium trade, first Anglo-Chinese War opens up
"Treaty ports", Louis Daguerre introduces photography, US investigates reports of Canadian injustices; China confiscates opium from British - British withdraw to Macao and Opium War starts
1840 Census reveals African-American population at 2.87 million, Bad year for tornadoes in US, Mohammed Ali of Egypt stops ruling Syria, Imam Sayyid Said ruler of Oman makes Zanzibar his capital, Penny postage stamp introduced in
Britain, postage stamps reform postal systems, Upper and Lower Canada unites,
End of attempt to chart coast of Antarctica, British and Maoris in New Zealand sign Treaty of Waitangi, Kamehameha III begins constitutional monarchy in
Hawaii and first written constitution, Tornado hits Natchez MS killing 300, major disease outbreaks in New Zealand 20 years * Saints meet with Van Buren again – he comments that if he helps them,. He’ll lost the Missouri vote, saints throw support behind Whig Harrison, Lincoln writes to friend about Smith, Saints split vote to support Democrats, Lincoln helps Saints in getting Nauvoo Charter,
Victoria marries Albert in England and conceives within days – industrial revolution starts amping up creating middle class – morality appeals to middle class and hence the Victorian ideals, death of English novelist Fanny Burney
(Mme. D’Arblay), death of American philosopher Thomas Cooper, death of
German landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich, death of Lucien Bonaparte future prince of Canino and most gifted Bonaparte, death of Nicolo Paganini the
Italian composer and violinist, death of German author Karl Immermann, First postage stamp issued in Britain, death of Frederick William III King of Prussia and Frederick William IV succeeds to the throne, London Conference on Turko-
Egyptian conflict signs Protocol des Droits – straits closed to warships of all powers – Black Sea to Russian warships, Lower and Upper Canada united by act of parliament, New Conspiracy of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte followerd by imprisonment at fortress of Ham, death of Jose Francia dictator of Paraguay, death of Napoleonic marshal Alexandre Macdonand the Duc de Taranto, William
II ascends throne of Netherlands after abdication of father William I, Afghan forces surrender to British Army – end of Afghan war, ashes of Napoleon I deposited at Invalides in Paris, death of first Governor General of Canada Lord
Durham, death of English admiral in Napoleonic wars Sir WS Smith, James

Feinmore Cooper publishes bestseller “The Pathfinder”, Robert Browning writes, death of English novelist Fanny Burney, Friedrich Hebbel Writes tragedy in
Berlin, death of French dramatist LLJ Lemerdier, Lermontov writes poetry,
Manzoni republishes romantic novel, Prosper Merimee writes Corsican short story, Fritz Reuter the German poet and political prisoner set free by general amnesty, death of German botanist and originator of physical anthropology JF
Blumenbach, London Library opened, death of German astronomer HWM Olbers,
French socialist writer Pierre Joseph Proudhom proposes idea that property is theft, Sir Charles Barry begins the building of Houses of Parliament in London,
Delacroix paints “Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople”, death of German romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich, death of Scottish landscape painter
Alexander Nasmyth, Nelson’s Column erected in Trafalgar Swuare in London,
French instrument maker AF Debain constructs the harmonium, Donizetti composes in Paris, Fanny Elssler the Viennese dancer tours the US until 1842, death of Italian violinist and composer Nicolo Paganini, Robert Schumann the musician marries Clara Wieck, The Swabian merchant Max Schneckenburger writes poem later set to music “Watch on the Rhine”, Swiss naturalist Louis
Agassiz publishes about glaciers, German physician Karl A von Basedow describers goiters associated with Graves Disease, Liebig discovers fundamentals of artificial fertilizer, death of Beau Brummell the English man of fashion and wit,
Blue Riband (ribbon) for fastest crossing of Atlantic awarded to SS Britannia,
Botanical Gardens at Kew London opened, Transportation of criminals from
England to New South Wales comes to end, Game of ninepins reaches peak of favor in America, Penny postage established in Great Britain, over 2800 miles of railroad in operation in US and over 1300 in England, Washington Temperance
Society founded, Great Swell (tsunami) hits Delaware River, Manifest Destiny,
Unification of upper and Lower Canada, Goodyear vulcanizes rubber, British novelist Thomas hardy born, Saints meet with Van Buren again – he comments that if he helps them,. He’ll lost the Missouri vote, saints throw support behind
Whig Harrison, Lincoln writes to friend about Smith, Saints split vote to support
Democrats, Lincoln helps Saints in getting Nauvoo Charter, Victoria of England marries Albert (German and her cousin), de Tocqueville writes Democracy in
America , Election - Harrison wins, 9th president, Upper and lower CAN united,
Federal treasury established, World anti-slavery convention in London excludes women speakers, Union Act unites upper and lower Canada Q Victoria marries
Prince Albert, Penny post introduced in Eng, end of the fur-trapping era, Charter of Nauvoo granted Dec 16, Antarctica discovered Jan, first incandescent light,
Schumann and Donizetti compose, Treaty of Waitangi gives Britain sovereignty of New Zealand, Postage stamps introduced in England, White settlement grows in N Zealand, first wave of mass immigration of W Europeans to the US,
European converts migrate to US, "Nauvoo Charter" signed into law by Gov.
Carlin, Brazilian king Dom Pedro II comes of age and country unites around him,
US passes Union Act to unite Canada and try and Free Canada from Britain, but neither party is interested, Boers of South Africa cease migration once British rule was extended into their new territory - some of the Boers (Dutch) migrated further;
Whig presidential candidate William Henry Harrison wins and dies; vulcanization

of rubber by Goodyear; first wave of US prohibition; public school movement begins in US with Horace Mann
1841 Frederick Douglass delivers anti-slavery speech, End of reign of Minh Mang of
Vietnam, Nationalist leader Lajos Kossuth founds Hungarian liberal reform newspaper, St. Jo Florida cyclone, Earthquake in Puerto Rico, Cyclone in Hong
Kong * Joseph Smith receives section 124 – asking leaders to assist Saints,
President Harrison dies of pneumonia – Tyler president and lists anti-Mormons as some asking for his attention, death of German sculptor J.H. von Dannecker, death of #9 William Henry Harrison, death of US Secretary of State to Jackson and Van Buren John Forsyth, death of German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, death of Scottish painter David Wilkie, death of Russian poet Mikhail Yurievich
Lermontov, Populations – Great Britain 18.5 million, America 17 million, Ireland
8 million, New York Tribune appears, First university degrees granted to women in America, Swiss embryologist Rudolf Albert von Kolliker describes sperm and contributes evidence about neuron doctrine, German economist Friedrich List writes about economics, Viennese mathematician Joseph Petzval produces higherspeed photo lens, English mechanical engineer Sir Joseph Whitworth proposes standardized screw threads, Barnum opens “American Museum” with exhibition of freaks and curios in New York, First issue of George Bradshaw’s railway guide,
English travel agent Thomas Cook arranges first excursion to a temperance meeting, death of English surgeon Sir Astley Cooper who treated aneurisms,
American boxer Tom Hyer becomes first recognized champion, CJ Fritzsche shows how to get oil from indigo by using potassium hydroxide, Carlyle writes about history, Emerson writes essays, Ludwig Feuerbach writes about Christianity, death of German philosopher and educator Johann Friedrich Herbart, death of
German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, death of Scottish genre painter Sir
David Wilkie, death of English prolific musician TJ Dibdin, Rossini composes in
Paris, Adolphe Sax invents the saxophone in Belgium, Schumann writes symphony in Leipzig, Bessel deduces the ellipticity of earth, Scottish surgeon
James Braid discovers hypnosis, death of Swiss botanist Austin de Candolle, death of French revolutionary leader Bertrand Barere de Vieuzac, Britain claims sovereignty over Hong Kong, John Tyler becomes president #10, General
Baldomero Espartero becomes Regent of Spain, USS Creole carrying slaves from
Virginia to Louisiana seized by slaves and sails into Nassau where they become free, New Zealand becomes British colony, Tyler’s cabinet resigns but Daniel
Webster remains as Secretary of State, Lord Melbourne (Whig) resigns as British
Prime Minister – Sir Robert Peel (Tory) leads, Lajos Kossuth becomes Hungarian nationalist leader, Turkey’s sovereignty guaranteed by five Great Powers, Robert
Browning writes, James Feinmore Cooper writes “The Deerslayer”, Dickens writes bestseller “The Old Curiosity Shop”, Jeremias Gotthelf writes Swiss folk tale, death of British humorist Theodore Hock, Victor Hugo elected to Academie
Francaise, James Russell Lowell writes, Frederick Marryat writes adventure novel,
Poe writes “Murders in the Rue Morgue”, London humorous periodical “Punch” debuts, Charles Sealsfield the Austrian writer publishes novel about Texas, death of British poet and theologian Joseph Blanco White, EA Poe publishes first detective story “Murders in the Rue Morgue”, Governorship of Egypt made

hereditary in Mohammed Ali's line, Joseph Smith receives section 124 – asking leaders to assist Saints, President Harrison dies of pneumonia – Tyler president and lists anti-Mormons as some asking for his attention, Dorthea Dix tours correctional institutions and advocated for mentally ill, Temple at Nauvoo commanded Jan 19 (D&C 124), Sir Robert Peel prime Minister, President
Harrison dies, Apr 4 Tyler becomes 10th president, Dorthea Dix reforms prisons,
John Griffiths designs clipper ship, Nov 21, first Baptisms for the Dead, Oct 24,
Palestine dedicated, Feb 4 Nauvoo Legion organized, Jan 24 Hyrum Smith patriarch, Saxophone invented, Schumann composes Ibadan empire expands in W
Africa, Sultan of Brunei cedes Sarawak to Brooke, Baptisms for the dead introduced a stemple ordinance, Sir Robert Peel's second rule as Britain's Prime
Minister begins; Death of Harrison in US office, Tyler becomes president;
1842 End of First Afghan War – a British army annihilated, End of Opium War in
China, France annexes Marquesas Islands and makes Tahiti a protectorate *
Lincolns dine with Willard Richards and other Saints, death of U.S. Statesman
Robert Smith,
Skirmish between China and Britain ends and ports reopen to Britain, death of
Italian composer Luigi Cherubini, death of US Statesman James Barbour, death of
German poet Clemens Brentano, death of French novelist Stendhal, death of US
Secretary of Navy Samuel L Southard, death of English educator Thomas Arnold,
Glinka composes in St. Petersburg, death of American lawyer who wrote “Hail
Columbia” Joseph Hopkinson, Lortzing composes in Leipzig, Meyerbeer named general director of Royal Opera House in Berlin. New York Philharmonic Society founded by Ureli C Hill and other musicians, Wagner composes in Dresden, death of Scottish anatomist Sir Charles Bell, Austrian physicist CJ Doppler publishes regarding Doppler effect regarding binary stars, Joseph Henry discovers oscillating electric discharge, American physician Crawford W Long uses ether to produce anesthesia, American naval officer Matthew F Maury begins research in oceanography, German physicist Julius Robert von Mayer publishes paper starting thermodynamics, death of French chemist and codiscoverer of strychnine and quinine Pierre Joseph Pelletier, death of English heroine and savior of nine in shipwreck Grace Darling, Czech dance – the polka – comes into fashion, Boston and Albany connected by rail, Queen Victoria makes her first rail journey, Death of Corsican-born Russian diplomat Count CA Pozzo di Borgo, death of
Napoleon’s companion on St. Helena Count EAD de Las Cases, Webster-
Ashburton Treaty defined Canadian border, Riots and strikes in industrial areas in
N England, Treaty of Nanking ends Opium War between Britain and China and confirms cession of Hong Kong to Britain, death of British statesman and governor of India Marquis Wellesley, death of liberator of Chile Bernando
O’Higgins, Orange Free State set up by the Boers, death of Irish writer John
Banim, Publication of Balzac’s works begins, Bestseller is Eugene Sue’s “The
Mysteries of Paris”, Bulwer-Lytton writes, Fanny Burney’s diary published posthumously, death of Lady Callcott the British author, death of Allan
Cunningham Scottish poet, Charles Dickens writes “American Notes”, death of
Spanish poet Jose de Espronceda, First part of Gogol;s novel “Dead Souls” published, George Washinton Harris (forefunner of Twain) begins publishing,

American author Washington Irving named ambassador to Spain, Longfellow writes, Samuel Lover writes, death of Irish man of letters William Maginn,
Viennese farce performed later made into Thornton Wilder play, Poe writes
“Masque of the Red Death”, Eugene Scribe writes, death of Stendhal the French novelist, death of American author Samuel Woodworth, death of English educator and headmaster of Rugby Thomas Arnold, Macaulay writes about ancient Rome,
Martin Tupper writes about philosophy, death of Swiss historian Jean Simonde de
Sismondi, death of English painter John S Cotman, death of French portrait painter Marie Anne Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, China - Treaty of Nanking ends
Opium war - British gain Hong Kong, Lincolns dine with Willard Richards and other Saints, Schuylkill bridge (first suspension) opens, Fax machine invented by
Bain, Ether first used as anesthetic by Long , Webster-Ashburton treaty reaffirms
Atlantic boundaries between US and Can, Second Seminole War ends, removing tribes from Florida Baptisms for the dead further revealed Sep 1,2, Britain gets control of Hong Kong for 155 years, Britain defeats China in Opium War (Treaty of Nanking), Second Seminole War ends, Mexico takes San Antonio twice,
Frederick Douglass begins lecturing, China opens ports to western nations, MA declares legal right to strike, have unions, Aug 6 Joseph Smith prophesied that the
Saints will be driven to the Rockies, May 4, - temple endowment introduced, Mar
17 Relief Society organized, Mar 1 Articles of Faith in the Wentworth letter,
Queen Victoria receives Book of Mormon, Wagner, Verdi compose, Ashburton
Treaty defined southern limits of Quebec and New Brunswick, Articles of Faith published in Times and Seasons , England at brink of war due to demands of the people against aristocracy - settled peacefully, Canada US borders for NE US redrawn; end of Opium War as peace restored
1843 Sojourner Truth begins abolitionist work, National Negro Convention in NY results in “Call to Rebellion” speech, Idea for fax machine conceived by Bain in
Scotland, Britain takes over Natal from Boers and adopts it as British colony,
Great Disruption in Scotland results in Evangelicals forming Free Church of
Scotland * Joseph Smith polls candidates on their attitude toward the Saints – also writes to Van Buren and is ignored, Joseph Smith receives fake letter supposedly from President Tyler accusing him of high treason, Joseph Smith asks for protection to the Saints as they go west to Oregon, Mary Todd Lincoln attends
Joseph Smith’s extradition hearing, American lexicographer Noah Webster dies,
Mar - "The Great Snowstorm" hits from Maine to Gulf of Mexico, death of U.S. jurist Smith Thompson, death of German poet Friedrich Holderlin, death of
English author Robert Southey, death of German romantic poet Friedrich de la
Motte-Fouque, death of Viennese waltz composer Joseph Lanner, Military revolt in Spain drives General Espartero from power and Isabella II (age 13) declared
Queen of Spain, Maori revolts against Britain in New Zealand, Serbian Skupstina summons Prince Alexander Karageorgevich to the throne, Daniel Webster retires as Secretary of State, Andrew Johnson elected to congress, Jefferson Davis enters politics as delegate of Atlanta to Democratic State Convention, WH Ainsworth writes novel, Robert Browning writes, Bulwer-Lytton writes, death of Casimir
Delavigne the French poet and dramatist, Dickens writes – including “A
Christmas Carol”, DD Emmett produces first minstrel show, death of German

romantic author Friedrich de la Motte-Fouque, death of German poet Friedrich
Holderlin, Thomas Hood creates “Song of the Shirt” in “Punch”, RH Horne writes,
William H Prescott writes, death of English poet laureate Robert Southey,
Tennyson writes including “Morte d’Arthur”, William Wordsworth appointed
English poet laureate, George Borrow writes about the Bible in Spain, death of
English reformer Richard Carlile, Thomas Carlyle writes, Liddell and Scott writes
Greek-English lexicon, John Stuart Mill writes “Logic”, death of American lexicographer Noah Webster, death of US painter and writer Washington Allston,
John Ruskin collects “Modern Painters”, death of US painter John Trumbull, MW
Balfe composes “The Bohemian Girl”, Donizetti composes, Mendelssohn composes to “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, Schumann composes secular oratorio, Wagner composes “The Flying Dutchman”, British Archaeological
Association and Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland founded, John C Fremont crosses Rocky Mountains to California, death of
Samuel CS Hahnemann founder of homeopathy, Oliver Wendell Holmes writes about contagiousness of “Puerperal Fever”, Alexander von Humboldt writes about central Asia, English physicist James Prescott Joule determines how much work is required to produce unit of heat, Metallic element erbium discovered by CG
Mosander, Thames Tunnel between Rotherhithe and Wapping London built,
Slave population of Cuba estimated at 436000, American social reformer Dorthea
Six reveals in a report to the MA legislature the conditions in prisons and asylums,
London weekly financial paper “The Economist” founded, Guy’s Hospital
Football Club founded in London, S.S. Great Britain crosses Atlantic as first propeller-driven ship, Congress grants SFB Morse money to build first telegraph between Washington and Baltimore, World’s first nightclub opens in Paris, death of Sequoya the Cherokee Indian leader and alphabet creator, Conjoined (Siamese) twins Chang and Eng Bunker marry Sarah and Adelaide Yates, Beginning of skiing as sport in Norway, Arkansas quake est. 6.3, British conquer Natal, defeat
Boers, Joseph Smith polls candidates on their attitude toward the Saints – also writes to Van Buren and is ignored, Joseph Smith receives fake letter supposedly from President Tyler accusing him of high treason, Joseph Smith asks for protection to the Saints as they go west to Oregon, Mary Todd Lincoln attends
Joseph Smith’s extradition hearing, Know-Nothings (pro-native's anti-immigrant) party forms American Republican Party when they unite with Whigs
(Whiggamors - cattle drivers - names after Scottish Presbyterians who opposed
King Charles I), Dickens A Christmas Carol published, Noah Webster dies "New and Everlasting Covenant" (Plural marriage) revealed Jul 12, First telegraph line built, Belle renames self Sojourner Truth, Fort Bridger is built, John C Fremont enters Utah, Jul 12, Joseph Smith receives D&C 132 regarding marriage, First impeachment resolution in congress rejected. Wagner composes, Kierkegaard publishes, India forcibly annexes Sind and the Punjab, Victoria, Vancouver founded; Isabella of Spain forces to abdicate
1844 Cambodia becomes Thai protectorate, First effective Factory Act in Britain,
Cyclone in Mexico * Saints call on former President John Quincy Adams, he refers to them as a new fanatical religious sect, but listens kindly, Missouri senator Thomas H Benton makes a deal with Van Buren that if he is reelected, he

would wipe out the Mormons and abolitionists, Joseph Smith decides to run,
Democratic party rejects Van Buren, Joseph Smith denounces Tyler in political papers – Smith prophesies that Tyler would not win the next election – Tyler denied Whig nomination, but he is made a third-party candidate, Joseph Smith pleads for help in escaping mobs in Nauvoo – Calhoun persuades the saints not to
– it’s useless – LDS support for Polk is great, Lincoln writes briefly about strife in
Nauvoo – Lincoln wants to be kept abreast of the Mormon situation, death of
Charles XIV of Sweden – originally Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, death of John
Dalton founder of chemical atom theory, death of Danish sculptor Bertel
Thorvaldsen, death of U.S. political and military leader Peter B. Porter, death of
US financier Nicholas Biddle, death of Napoleon’s jailer at St. Helena Sir Hudson
Lowe, death of French marshal and hero of war in Algiers JB Drouet d’Erlon, death of Charles XIV King of Swedin and Norway – son succeeds to the throne as
Oscar I, death of French financier and statesman Jacques Laffitte, death of Joseph
Bonaparte brother of Napoleon, Dumas writes “Le Comte de Monte Cristo”,
Elizabeth Barrett Browning writes, death of British poet Thomas Campbell, death of English translator of Dante Henry Francis Cary, Dickens writes, Disraeli writes,
Friedrich Hebbel writes, Heinrich Heine writes, Emerson writes, Bishop Nikolai
F.S. Grundtvig the Danish poet and educator founds first institute for adult education, J.S. Mill writes about economy, death of Charles Bulfinch the US architect, Berlioz composes, death of French composer HM Berton, Flotow composes in Hamburg, Mendelssohn composes, Herman Gunther Grassmann creates calculus of extension, death of English astronomer Francis Baily, death of
English chemist and physicist John Dalton, First public bath and wash houses open in Liverpool, death of English eccentric William Beckford, Rochdale
Society of Equitable Pioneers founded (start of modern cooperative movement),
German humorous weekly paper started in Munich, Wood pulp paper invented by Friedrich Gottlob Keller, Treaty of Tangier ends French war in Morocco, james Knox Polk elected #11, Military revolts in Mexico – Jose Joaquin de
Herrera head of military, Karl Marx meets Friedrich Engels in Paris, Revolts of the weavers in Silesia, China and US sign first treaty of peace and commerce,
Texas annexation plan rejected by US senate, Saniel O’Connell found guilty of political conspiracy against British rule of Ireland, Attempt on the life of
Frederick William IV King of Prussia, death of Ivan Andreyevich Krylov the writer, Charles Lever writed, James Russell Lowell writes, Coventry Patmore writes, death of British poet John Sterling, WM Thackeray writes, death of
Edmund Rich the Irish founder of Christian Brothers, AP Stanley writes, death of
Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen the Danish sculptor, Turner paints “Rain Steam and
Speed”, Verdi composes, death of German naturalist KF Kielmeyer, AW
Kinglake writes, SFB Morse’ telegraph first used, Fustaf Pasch of Sweden proposes safer matches by moving some chemicals to the striking surface, British railroad mileage reaches over 2200 miles, French missionaries Huc and Gabet journey from China to Tibet, YMCA founded in England by George Williams,
Morse patents telegraph in US, Saints call on former President John Quincy
Adams, he refers to them as a new fanatical religious sect, but listens kindly,
Missouri senator Thomas H Benton makes a deal with Van Buren that if he is

reelected, he would wipe out the Mormons and abolitionists, Joseph Smith decides to run, Democratic party rejects Van Buren , Joseph Smith denounces
Tyler in political papers – Smith prophesies that Tyler would not win the next election – Tyler denied Whig nomination, but he is made a third-party candidate,
Joseph Smith pleads for help in escaping mobs in Nauvoo – Calhoun persuades the saints not to – it’s useless – LDS support for Polk is great, Lincoln writes briefly about strife in Nauvoo – Lincoln wants to be kept abreast of the Mormon situation, First telegraph message sent over long distances, James K Polk elected,
May 11 - Council of 50/political, , Jan 29 Joseph Smith nominated as candidate for president, June 7 - Nauvoo Expositor publishes and declared a nuisance Jun 10 and paper is shut down. Jun 11 Joseph Smith changed with riot - cleared in
Nauvoo but asked to be tried in Carthage, June 22, Joseph and Hyrum try to flee
West, but as Ill gov. Thomas Ford promises safety and by the pleadings of others, they return. Joseph Smith and Hyrum killed June 27, (54-40 or fight)#11, Samuel
Morse sends long-distance message May 24, LDS Church led by Brigham Young,
Aug 4 Sidney Rigdon advocates guardian for the Church, Aug 8 the meeting where Brigham Young received mantle, Verdi and Mendelssohn compose, Dumas writes The Three Musketeers and first telegraph message sent, France and US sign trade agreements with China
1845 Eruption and mudflow at Nevado del Ruiz, Earthquake and tsunami in south Peru,
Sikh wars with Britain begin until 1849, The Great Hunger in Ireland (potato famine) until 1847/8 * Saints call upon future president Buchanan for help – no response, they call on Polk for help – no response, death of German author
August Wilhelm von Schlegel, death of #7 Andrew Jackson, death of English author Sydney Smith, Disenfranchisement of blacks in TX, Macon Allen – first
African lawyer in MA, Frederick Douglass publishes first autobiography, Henry
David Thoreau begins journal at Walden Pond, TX and FL become states, James
K Polk inaugurated I11, New Spanish constitution, Maori rising against British rule in New Zealand, death of Andrew Jackson #7, Anglo-Sikh War begins, Swiss
Sonderbund for protection of Catholic Cantons formed, Balzac writes, Disraeli writes, Dumas writes sequel to “The Three Musketeers”, Hertz writes romantic play, Prosper Merimee writes “Carmen” Poe publishe “The Raven and Other
Poems”, death of Norwegian author Henrik Wergeland, Thomas Carlyle writes
Cromwells letters and speeches, Friedrich Engels writes about the working class in England, Sir Austen H Layard begins excavations in Nineveh, John Henry
Newman becomes a Catholic, Max Stirner writes about philosophy and anarchy,
First artistic photo portraits by David Octavius Hill, JT Huve completes Madeline
Church in Paris, Ingres paints portrait of Countess Haussonville, Portland Vase – famous Greecian urn that was maliciously destroyed is restored, American opera by WH Fry “Leonora” produced at Philadelphia, Lortzing’s opera “Undine” performed, Wagner composes Tannhauser, Sir William G Armstrong patent hydraulic crane, American inventor EB Bigelow constructs power loom for creating carpets, Arthur Cayley writes about theory of linear transformations, First submarine cable laid across English Channel, French inventor Joshua Heilman patents machine for combing cotton and wool, Humboldt writes “Cosmos”,
German chemist Adolf Kolbe synthesizes acetic acid, Brittish engineer William

M’Naught develops compound steam engine, Knickerbocker Baseball Club codifies rules of baseball, US Naval Academy in Annapolis MD opened, Oxford-
Cambridge boat race transferred from Henly-on-Thames to Putney, Irish potato famine, Poe's "The Raven" published, Saints call upon future president Buchanan for help – no response, they call on Polk for help – no response, John Chapman
(Johnny Appleseed) dies, Potato Famine begins in Ireland, FL in union #27 Feb
Congress votes to annex Texas, Dec 28th state, Thoreau publishes Walden, New
York Knickerbocker Club started Sep 23, Sep 22, IL natives requests that the
Saints leave, Sep 9 Church leaders talk about moving to the Rockies, Jan Charter of Nauvoo revoked, Dec 10 - begin of massive push to receive endowments, accused murderers of Joseph Smith acquitted, Liszt and Wagner compose, Dumas writes The Count of Monte Cristo , Texas re-admitted into US; Democrats resume power in US with Polk; work on railroads resumes
1846 Mexican-American War begins, Irish Potato famine * Polk calls on Saints to form
Mormon Battalion, Saints meet with Secretary-of-State Buchanan, “Buffalo”
William F. Cody born in Kansas, death of English antislavery agitator Thomas
Clarkson, death of English painter B.R. Haydon, death of German political economist Friedrich List, “The Raven” written by Poe, Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow and John Greenleaf Witter publish poetry, Henry David Thoreau lives at “Walden Pond”, PT Barnum stages shows, “Jim Crack Corn” sung as new
American folk song, Elias Howe demonstrates new sewing machine, telegraph lines being strung between Washington and Baltimore, ether used in operations,
“Lightning press” patented in New York City running ten thousand sheets per hour, portable ice cream freezer invented in New Jersey, Saxophone patented by
Adolphe Sax, Disenfranchisement of blacks in IA, East India Company defeats
Sikhs at Aliwal and Sobraon, Treaty of Lahore ends First Sikh War, Revolts in
Poland, Austrian and Russian troops enter Krakow Austria annexes Krakow,
Negotiations between US and Mexico fail – troops move in and US formally declares war, Louis Napoleon escapes from fortress of Ham to London, Iowa becomes state, Hans Christian Andersen writes autobiography, Balzac writes,
Dostoevsky writes “Poor Folk”, Jokai writes, Keller writes, Edward Lear writes
“Book of Nonsense”, Longfellow writes, Herman Melville writes, George Sand writes, Ebangelical Alliance founded in London, death of Pope Gregory XVI – succeeded by Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti as Pope Pius IX, Friedrich T VIscher writes, Theodor Waitz writes about psychology, William Whewell writes about morality, saints leave Nauvoo IL, Propylaea in Munich built by Franz Klenze,
Millet paints “Oedipus Unbound”, GF Watts paints Paolo and Francesca, Berlioz composes “Damnation de Faust” cantata, Electric arc lighting at Paris opera,
Lortzing composes, Mendelssohn composes, death of German astronomer FW
Bessel, American inventor John Deere constructs plow with steel moldboard, FGJ
Henle writes about pathology, Sewing Machine patented by Howe, death of
German economist Friedrich List, German botanist H von Mohl identifies protoplasm, American dentist WT Morton uses ether as anesthetic, Italian chemist
Ascanio Sobrero prepares nitroglycerine, English newspaper “Daily News” appears with Charles Dickens as editor, First painted Christmas card designed by
John C Horseley, Famine in Ireland causes by failure of potato crop, Smithsonian

Institution in Washington founded, Optical factory of Carl Zeiss founded in Jena,
British Corn Laws repealed, Lt. Harry Lumsden dies cotton pajamas tannish and
Khaki (Hindi word for cotton) born, Polk calls on Saints to form Mormon
Battalion, Saints meet with Secretary-of-State Buchanan, Mexican war begins -
Famine of Bengal era, Semmelweiss introduces antiseptics in surgery, By Feb 7
5000 receive endowments, boundary w/CAN west of Rockys established, MT.
Pisgah, Council Bluffs and Winter Quarters Sep 17 - remaining Saints driven from Nauvoo, Sir Robert Peel stops being Prime Minister, Repeal of English Corn
(Tariffs) Laws, Mexican War begins April War declared May 9, May 13 war declared by congress, Taylor fights Mexico, Elias Howe patents sewing machine,
IA in union, #29, Oregon boundary dispute settled, CA declares independence from Mexico and annexed, Nauvoo temple dedicated May 1, Mormon migration from Nauvoo begins Feb 4, That same day Brooklyn sets sail. Mississippi River frozen, Angel vane on temple Jan 30 Wilmot Proviso presented, Howe patents sewing machine, Pope Gregory XVI dies 1 Jun, Pope Pius IX appointed 16 Jun
(Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti Senigallia) Opened First Vatican Council; lost the Papal States to Italy (between now and 1878), Jul 13 Mormon Battalion volunteers begin, Donner Party travels through Utah, Stuck in the Sierras,
Mormon Battalion begins trek to CA, Temple: Nauvoo IL 30 Apr formally,
Berlioz, Mendelssohn compose, Ether first used as anesthetic, Howe's sewing machine patented, Smithsonian founded, Slave trade at height between Africa and
Brazil, Britain annexes Sind and Punjab in w India, Oregon treaty signed and
Pacific coast frontier of US and CAN extended along 49th parallel, Corn Law repeal in Britain begins free trade era, remnants of primitive man discovered by
Boucher de Perthes, End of Sir Robert Peel's term, Lord John Russell serves as
Prime Minister of England, British repeal Corn Laws providing for cheaper food
(in part after Irish famines), US and Canada redraw NW boundaries, Mexican-
American War; sewing machine patented; US attempt to open trade with Japan fails; US gets Oregon area
1847 End of Algerian resistance to France lead by Abd-al-Kadir, Civil war in
Switzerland, Antiseptics used in surgery by Semmelweiss, Anesthetic properties of chloroform discovered, Irish Potato famine last year * Dolley Madison attends charity dinner for beleaguered Latter-day Saints held by Sarah Polk, saints meet with Secretary Buchanan who gives ten dollars to the saints, death of John
Franklin the English naturalist and navigator, Professor Marla Mitchell discovers telescopic comet, death of German composer Felix Mendelssohn, Japan quake kills 8300 est 7.4, tsunami hits India, Disenfranchisement of blacks in NJ, Antislavery Newspaper “North Star” published, Liberia proclaimed independent republic, US forces capture Mexico City, Sonderbund War in Switzerland –
Catholic cantons refuse to dissolve union, The Bronte sisters writes Jane Eyre
(Charlotte) and Wuthering Heights (Emily), Heinrich Hoffmann publishes,,
Marryat writes, WH Prescott writes about Peru, George Sand writes, Thackeray writes “Vanity Fair”, American preacher Henry Ward Beecher named minister at
Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, Karl Marx attacks Proudhon’s philosophy of poverty, Salt Lake City founded, Leopold von Ranke writes,
Friedrich von Flotow composes, death of Mendelssohn, Verdi composes

“Macbeth” opera, George Boole writes about math, Evaporated milk first made, first Swiss railroad between Zurich and Baden, Helmholtz writes about energy conservation, IT Semmelweis of Hungary discovers connection between childbed fever and puerperal infection, Juston von Liebig produces meat extract, British
Factory Act restricts working day for women and children to 10 hours, First
Roman Catholic working men’s club in Cologne Germany, Gold discovered in
CA, founding of Hamberg-America line, founding of electrical firm of Siemens and Halske, births of both Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, Brontë sisters publish in Britain, Elias Howe sells sewing machine manufacturing rights to England, Dolley Madison attends charity dinner for beleaguered Latter-day
Saints held by Sarah Polk, saints meet with Secretary Buchanan who gives ten dollars to the saints, 1847 restoration of the Hagia Sophia by Sultan Abdulmecid until 1849, President Young publishes the will of the Lord (D&C 130), Mormon
Battalion arrive in CA Jan 27, LDS Pioneers leave Winter Quarters, arrive in Utah,
Winfried Scott takes over Mexico City Sep, Maria Mitchell discovers comet,
Lucy Stone begins to speak on women's rights, 28 Jul, Mormon pioneers meet native people, Dec - epistle to gather to Utah, Dec 5 Brigham Young officially named as leader, Jul 28 SL temple site selected, Jul 16 Battalion disbanded at LA,
Verdi composes, Revolts begin throughout Europe, banquets forbidden; Canadian
Lord Elgin becomes governor and demands the executive able to override legislation, Prussia achieves constitution, Swiss civil war between Catholics and
Protestants; Longfellow publishes Evangeline; rotary press invented
1848 Disenfranchisement of blacks in WI, Free Soil Party organized to stop spread of slavery, End of reign of Mohammed Ali in Egypt, Accession of Nasir ud-din ablest of the Kajar dynasty of Persia, Switzerland becomes a federal state,
Publication of <i>Communist Manifesto</i>, Year of revolutions throughout
Europe, end of Mexican-American War as California and New Mexico ceded to
US, Meeting in Seneca Falls New York calls for Women’s rights, Hawaiian king
Kamehameha III gives peoples shares in the islands, Begin reign of Nasir-ud-Din of Persia * Polk picks out own people for governing Deseret – Brigham Young condemns him for this, Saints throw support behind Z. Taylor – he offers them a printing press, but LDS will support “press or no press”, death of #6 John Quincy
Adams, death of French author François de Chateaubriand, death of Juile Mme.
Recamier Chateaubriand’s friend and Napoleon’s opponent, death of Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius, death of English inventor George Stephenson, death of Austrian mathematician Bernhard Bolzano, death of English novelist
Frederick Marryat, death of Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti, death of German novelist Annette von Droste-Hulshoff, death of Bavarian sculptor Ludwig von
Schwanthaler, end of Biedermeier art style, serfdom abolished in Austria,
Martinique abolishes slavery, Revolutions in France, Germany, Austria and Italy,
US wins war against Mexico, treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, California gold discovered, Marx and Engels "The Communist Manifesto", King Christian VIII of
Denmark dies and Frederick III rules, Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago ends
Mexican-American war, Revolt in Paris – Louis Philippe abdicates worker uprising in Paris and Louis Napoleon elected President of French republic,
Rebolution in Vienna – Metternich resigns, Revolution in Venice Berlin Milan

and Parma, Second Sikh War begins, Sardinia declares war on Austria and wins battles of Goito and Pastrengo – Austrians victorious at Vicenza and Custozza –
Armistice signed and Sardinia troops forced to leave Venice, Second rising in
Bienna – Emperor Ferdinand I fleed to Innsbruck, Pan-Slav congress in Prague leads to Czech revolts – suppressed by Austrians, Lajos Kossuth proclaimed president of Committee for National Defence of Hungary, Third revolution in
Vienna – emperor abdicates in favor of nephew who becomes Emperor Francis
Joseph I, Nasr-ed-Din becomes Shah of Persia, Switzerland becomes federal union under new constitution, Ibraham Viceroy of Egypt dies and Abbas rules,
Revolt in Rome – Count Rossi the papal premier assassinated – Pius IX flees to
Gaeta, Wisconsin becomes state, Emile Augier writes, Chateaubriand writes,
Annette von Droste-Hulshoff the German poet dies, Dumas writes, Elizabeth
Gaskell writes, Lowell writes, death of English novelist Frederick Marryat, Henri
Murger writes, Jakob Grimm writes history of the German Language, Macaulay writes history of England, Communist Manifesto issued by Marx and Engels, JS
Mill writes about political economy, spiritualism becomes popular in US, Millais paints “Ophelia”, Millet paints “The Winnower”, Holman Hunt Millais and
Rossetti found Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, death of Donizetti, death of Swedish chemist John Jakob Berzelius, Bottger creates first safety matches, First appendectomy by Hancock, Serfdom abolished in Austria, Bismarck founds the
“Neue Treussische Zeitung”, First public health act in Britain, First settlers arrive in New Zealand, NY News Agency founded (after 1856 the Associated Press),
Sebastian Kneipp introduces cold-water cures at Worrishofen GER, Khaki uniforms issued to British troops in India, Polk picks out own people for governing Deseret – Brigham Young condemns him for this, Saints throw support behind Z. Taylor – he offers them a printing press, but LDS will support “press or no press”, Jan 24 Gold Discovered at Sutter's Mill,
Communist Manifesto written,
Start of 18 year cholera epidemic in US, Gold is discovered in California @
Sutter's Mill Jan 24, Wisconsin becomes a state, Chartist party demonstration in
London, WI statehood, CA Goldrush, Mexican war ends Treaty of Guadelupe
Hildago Feb 2, Mexican territory ceded to US, Oregon becomes territory, First
Women's rights convention in Seneca Falls Jul 19, Europe erupts in revolutions,
Attempt to unite 38 German states into one nation, Zachary Taylor elected #12,
Free-Soil party formed, WI in union #30, Seneca Falls convention Jul 19-20,
Oliver Cowdrey re-enters Church, May - Miracle of the Seagulls and the Crickets, revolutionary uprisings in Europe, potato famine, Widespread liberal and nationalist revolutions in N Europe, Louis Napoleon elected president of France,
Revolt in Italy against the Austrians fail - Garibaldi flees to America, Liberal and nationalist revolutions sweep Europe, French set up republic against Louis
Philippe and Louis Napoleon elected president, Austrian Metternich goes into exile, Liberal Prussian constitution created, continent-wide revolutions embarrass
Austria, German middle classes rebel, Holland revises constitution, end of Swiss civil war with Constitution of 1848 guaranteeing Swiss neutrality, revolt in
Prussia due to increased liberalism, Communist Manifesto written in Belgium;
Chicago gets first rail service; US gets W US from Mexico

1849 End of Sikh wars in India results with Britain annexing Punjab, California gold rush * Taylor proposes allowing Deseret into the Union to offset Texas, VP
Fillmore allows LDS to speak to the senate, death of Japanese painter Katsushika
Hokusai,
Astor Place Riot marks class division in entertainment between low and high entertainment, death of US statesman and diplomat Albert Gallatin, death of
Johann Strauss the Viennese waltz composer, death of Edgar Allen Poe, death of
German composer Otto Nicolai, death of Polish composer Frederic Chopin, death of Hungarian poet Alexander Petofi, abdication of King of Sardinia-Piedmont
Charles Albert, Heavy storms in Norway kill 500, Due to inauguration day falling on Sunday and Zachary Taylor refusing to take office that day, Senate president pro tem David Rice Atchison is president for one day, most of which he slept through, Harriet Tubman escapes slavery, helps with Underground Railroad,
Elizabeth Blackwell becomes first woman doctor in W Hemisphere, Rome declared republic under Guiseppe Mazzini, Disraeli becomes leader of
Conservative party, Austrian victory at Novara – Vienna submits, Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicated in favor of son Victor Emmanuel II, Peace of Milan ends war, Zachary Taylor inaugurated #12, German National Assembly passes constitution and makes Frederick William IV of Prussia “Emperor of the
Germans”, Britain annexes Punjab by treaty with the Maharajah of Lahore,
Hungarian Diet proclaims independence – Kossuth governs, Revolts in Dresden and Baden, French enter Rome and restore Pope Pius IX, Hungary capitulates to
Austria at Vilagos, Matthew Arnold writes, Dickens writes “David Copperfield”
Dostoevsky sentenced to death but commuted to servitude in Siberia, Charles
Kingsley writes, death of Edgar Allen Poe age 40, Scribe writes drama, Kemble writes History of the Saxons in England, “Who’s Who” begins publication,
Courbet paints, Delacroix paints ceiling of Salon d’Apollon at Louvre, John
Ruskin paints “The Seven Lamps of Architecture”, death of Chopin, Liszt composes, Meyerbeer composes, Otto Nicolai composes “The Merry Wives of
Windsor”, Schumann composes, death of Johann Strauss I, Richard Wagner takes part in Dresden revolt and flees to Zurich, French physician Armand Fizeau measures speed of light, English chemist Edward Frankland isolates amyl, David
Livingstone crosses Kalahari Desert and discovers Lake Ngami, Bedford College for Women founded in London, Amelia Bloomer begins women’s dress reform,
Cape Colony forbids landing of convicts, Petropavlosk founded in Siberia, death of Julie “Madame” Recamier, Revolutions in Hungary and Italy crushed, Chopin dies, Safety pins manufactured by Walter Hunt who sells rights for $100 , Taylor proposes allowing Deseret into the Union to offset Texas, VP Fillmore allows
LDS to speak to the senate, Hagia Sophia reopened, Gold Rush to the West, End
Irish Potato famine, CA draws up constitution and joins Union as free state,
Elizabeth Blackwell first woman doctor, Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery,
John W Gunnison and Howard Stansbury survey Great Salt Lake, Utah applies for Statehood, Sunday School started, Perpetual Emigration Fund, Dickens writes
<>, Wagner and Bruckner compose. Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of
Sardinia, Russian troops are sent to crush Hungarian liberals, Repeal of
Navigation Act of England, end of Denmark's repressive measures against liberals

when Frederick VII grants a constitution; death of Edgar Allen Poe; 49th paralell increased over Oregon territory; Whigs resume power in US with Taylor; begin overland stage transportation
1850 Early anesthetics invented, Taipeng rebellion in China begins and goes for 14 years, jeans invented in California, Compromise in US fails to ease slavery tensions, Begin 39 year era of progress in Brazil under Pedro II, Britain transfers some powers to four major Australian colonies, end of “Little Ice Age” * Taylor hears of reports of polygamy and refuses to allow Mormons into union, Saints meet with President, both unimpressed, Fillmore allows money for library in
Deseret, Fillmore allows for Utah Territory existence and appoints Brigham
Young as governor, death of Adalbert Gyrowetz the Bohemian composer, death of German sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow, U.S. and Britain draw up plans for canal between Atlantic and Pacific (not considered too strongly until after Spanish
American War), world population estimated at 1.1 billion, death of French Marie
“Madame” Tussaud, death of English poet William Wordsworth, death of Danish poet Adam Gottlieb Ochlenschlager, death of US proslavery statesman John C.
Calhoun, death of French novelist Honore de Balzac, death of Austrian poet
Nikolaus Lenau, William Burgess’ child found buried in mineshaft…. After glowing light led investigators to the body, start of third plague pandemic killing
300 million by 1950, start of worldwide measles pandemic killing over 200 million by current times, Compromise of 1850 toughens Fugitive Slave Act, Lucy
Stanton Sessions becomes first African-American woman to graduate from college, Henry Clay’s compromise slavery resolutions laid before US Senate,
Liberal constitution in Prussia, Outbreak of Anglo-Kaffir War, Prussia and
Denmark sign Peace of Berlin on Schleswig-Holstein, death of Zachary Taylor –
Millard Fillmore becomes #13, California becomes US state, death of Louis
Philippe King of France, Camillo Cavour becomes minister in Piedmont, Taiping rebellion in China – Hung Hiu-tsuen proclaims self emperor and attacks Peking and takes Nanking and Shanghai, Austro-Hungarian customs union formed, EB
Browning writes, Emerson writes, Hawthorne writes “The Scarlet Letter”,
Alexander Herzen writes, Ibsen writes, death of Austrian poet Nikolaus Lenau,
Otto Ludwig writes, Turgenev writes, death of William Wordsworth – succeeded as poet laureate by Alfred Lord Tennyson, church council manages Protestant churches in Prussia, Public Libraries Act in Britain, Schopenhauer writes, Herbert
Spencer writes about sociology, Corot paints, Courbet paints “The Stone
Breakers”, Goya’s engravings publicized posthumously, Menzel paints, Millais paints, Millet paints “The Sower”, Era of the Neo-Gothic architectural style,
Joseph Paxton builds Crystal Palace in London, Foundation of Bach-Gesellschaft to publish complete works of JS Bach, George F Bristow composes “Rip Van
Winkle” opera, Jenny Lind the “Swedish Nightingale” tours America under management of PT Barnum, Schumann composes, Wagner composes, Claude
Bernard demonstrates glycogenic function of the liver, RW Bunsen produces gas burner, German physicist Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases, Hermann von Helmholtz establishes speed of nervous impulses, Stephenson’s cast-iron railroad bridge at Newcastle
England opened, Pafnuti L Chebyshev writes about primary numbers, old-age

insurance in France, Population of US is 23 million with 3.2 million slaves,
School of Mines in London established – later College of Science and Technology,
U of Sydney in Australia established, French de Balzac dies, Hawthorne's "The
Scarlet Letter", first sighting of Ogopogo the snakelike beast of Lake Okanagan in
CAN, Taylor hears of reports of polygamy and refuses to allow Mormons into union, Saints meet with President, both unimpressed, Fillmore allows money for library in Deseret, Fillmore allows for Utah Territory existence and appoints
Brigham Young as governor, Wagner composes, Hawthorne writes The Scarlet
Letter , Longfellow writes, Utah made a territory with Brigham Young recognized as governor of Utah, re-emergence of labor unions, Compromise of 1850 - Henry
Clay allows for entry of more states protects slave states, President Taylor dies
(July) Millard Fillmore new President #13, CA in union #31, Railroad crosses
India, University of Deseret (Utah) opens 50/51, Deseret News published,
Fugitive Slave Act passed Congress, Church membership reaches 50,000, west attempts to establish contact with Japan again, Taipeng rebellion begins in Jintian and is crushed 14 years later, King of Prussia abolishes constitution; Hawthorne publishes Scarlet Letter; California admitted as state, Whig Taylor dies and
Fillmore becomes president; Compromise of 1850 admits CA and sets up territorial governments of UT and NM
1851 King Rama IV begins to rule Thailand, Great Exhibition in England, gold found in SE Australia, 15 year flood in Shanghai China * Fillmore is concerned about
Young as Governor, but is appeased by Kane – New capital in Utah named
Fillmore, county Millard, great exhibition in Britain – crystal palace created, death of French marshal Nicholas Soult the Duke of Dalmatia, death of English painter J.M.W. Turner, death of US diplomat Joel R Poinsett (poinsettias named after him), death of French pioneer of photography Louis Daguerre, death of
American author James Feinmore Cooper, death of US statesman and jurist Levi
Woodbury, death of German opera composer Albert Lortzing, death of German painter F.A. Tichbein, death of Peter II last of the Vladikas dynasty of
Montenegro, Sicily Tornado kills 500, Brazil outlaws slave trade, Dr. Samual A
Cartwright describes “drapetomania” in slaves, Prussia recognizes German
Confederation and concludes commercial treaty with Hanover, Cuba declares its independence, Victoria Australia declared a separate colony, Beginning of Basuto
War, Coup d’etat of Louis Napoleon – plebiscite in France favors new constitution, Danilo II converts Montenegro into secular principality, death of
James Fenimore Cooper the American novelist, Hawthorne writes “The House of
Seven Gables”, Heinrich Heine writes, Gottfried Keller writes, Longfellow writes,
Herman Melville writes “Moby Dick”, Ruskin writes, Vincenzo Gioberti writes about Italy, Cornot paints “La Danse des Nymphes”, William Cubitt builds
King’s Cross Station in London, Tenniel’s cartoons appear in “Punch”, death of
English painter JMW Turner, Thomas Walter appointed architect of US Capitol,
Gounod composes “Sappho” opera in Paris, death of German composer Albert
Lortzing, Verdi composes “Rigoletto”, Cast-iron frame building constructed by
American James Bogardus, death of Louis Daguerre, Helmholtz opthalmoscope invented, Franz Neumann creates law of electromagnetic induction, HD
Ruhmkorff invents high tension induction coil, Isaac Singer devises the

continuous stitch sewing machine, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) begins papers on laws of conservation and dissipation of energy, The schooner “America” wins race around Isle of Wight and brings America’s Cup to the US, Mary Carpenter creates reformatory schools for juvenile offenders, First double-decker bus, Gold found in Victoria NewSouthWales Australia, Knickerbocker Baseball Team beats
Washington at Red House Grounds in New York, “New York Times” appears,
Maine and IL begin to enforce prohibition, Populations in millions China 430
Germany 34 France 33 Great Britain 20.8 US 23, Great exhibition in London,
Melville's "Moby Dick", death of Mary W Shelly (Frankenstein), Fillmore is concerned about Young as Governor, but is appeased by Kane – New capital in
Utah named Fillmore, county Millard, Gold discovered in Australia, Great
Exhibition in London's Hyde Park (World Fair precursor), Moby Dick published,
Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes House of Seven Gables , Maine bans alcohol,
Susan B Anthony meets Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Bessemer steelmaking process founded, Isaac Singer patents sewing machine Aug 12, Danish BOM published
May, Wagner, Schumann compose, First submarine telegraph cable, Melville writes Moby Dick Millet paints The Gleaners , Gold rush in Australia as gold discovered in New South Wales, Singer patents the sewing machine, In a coup d'etat, Louis Napoleon declares self emperor of France
1852 Tukolor leader al-Hajj ‘Umar launches jihad along Senegal and upper Niger rivers to establish Islamic state in Africa, in South Africa, Britain recognizes
Transvaal’s independence, Nasid-ud-Din takes personal power in Persia and promotes major reforms, Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III * Saints meet with President Fillmore, new Westminster created in old gothic style after burned in 1834 – hated and described as too “Tory”, death of Xavier de Maistre the French author, Jan - Ice so thick on Susquehanna River, MD that cars could be hauled across ice, death of Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley, death of Irish lyric poet Thomas Moore, death of German pedagogue Friedrich Frobel, death of
Louis Braille the French inventor of writing for the blind, death of Russian author
Nikolai Gogol, Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin, America imports swallows from Germany as defense against caterpillars, Louis Napoleon becomes emperor
Napoleon III, South African Republic (Transvaal) established, New French constitution gives president monarchical powers – Louis Napoleon has Orleans family banished from France – plebes in support of revival of empire – president proclaims self Emperor Napoleon III – start of second empire, Outbreak of
Second Burmese War – British forces annex Pegu, New constitution for New
Zealand, death of Duke of Wellington, Franklin Pierce elected #14, Sir Edward
Creasy writs about world’s battles, Charles Dickens writes “Bleak House”,
Dumas writes, Theophile Gautier writes, death of author Gogol, Hebbel writes
German play, Charles Reade writes, Harriet Beecher Stowe writes “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin”, Thackeray writes, Turgenev writes, Convocation of Church of England revived, Leopold Delisle begins study of modern paleography, Kuno Fischer writes about philosophy, First Plenary Council of American Roman Catholics held in Baltimore, Ranke writes history of France, FM Brown paints “Christ
Washing Peter’s Feet”, William Holman Hunt paints “The Light of the
World”John E Millais paints “Ophelia”, Paddington Station in London designed

by Brunel and Wyatt, Robert Schumann’s “Manfred” first performed, CF
Gerhardt writes “New Theory of Organic Compounds”, David Livingstone explores Zambezi, Dutch army surgeon Mathysen combines bandages with plaster,
Herbert Spencer first uses the term “evolution”, James Sylvester writes “Calculus of Forms”, US imports sparrows from Germany as defense against caterpillars,
First Congress of Co-operative Societies meets in London, Niagara Falls suspension bridge created, Saltwater aquarium in London, Formation of United
All-English Cricket Eleven, Wells Fargo and Co. founded, Saints meet with
President Fillmore, Giffard invents aircraft, Duke of Wellington dies, African
American migration to CA, Foreign prospectors taxed, South African Republic est.
Uncle Tom's Cabin published, Franklin Pierce elected #14, National Road completed Polygamy officially announced for Church Aug 28+9 , Second empire under Napoleon III, Harriet Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Tom's Cabin , Louis
Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III of France, Second Burmese War.
British gains reduce Burma to an inland state, polygamy first publically announced, End of first term of John Russell as Prime Minister of Britain,
Imperial Act creates united New Zealand but Maori wars continue, Britain recognizes independence of South Africa, but wouldn't be completely selfgoverning for 20 years, Democratic president Pierce wins
1853 End of shogunate of Tokugawa Ieyoshi in Japan, Dr. David Livingstone crosses
Africa following the Zambezi River and reaches Victoria Falls 1856, Fall of
Nanking China, Able king Mindon Min reigns in Burma, Crimean War begins with Russia fighting Turkey, Britain, France and Sardinia, France annexes New
Calcedonia, Cholera outbreak in London for 10 years * Young oppresses optimism at appointment of President Pierce, death of French sculptor Pierre
Fontaine,
End of Japan's isolation with arrival of Commodore Perry, death of U.S. legislator and Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson, death of German poet Ludwig
Tieck, end of Anglo-Kaffir War, Steinway's piano company founded, Napoleon
III marries Eugenie de Montijo, Franklin Pierce inaugurated #14, Oldenburg and
Hanover join Zollverein (customs union), Turks reject Russian ultimatum – Czar
Nicholas I orders occupation of Danubian principalities – they are invaced –
Austria endeavors to solve conflict – Turkey declares war on Russia – Crimean
War begins and the Russians destroy Turkish fleet of Sinope, Peace between
Britain and Burma, death of Maria II of Portugal – succeeded by son Pedro V,
Britain annexes Mahratta State of Nagpur, Matthew Arnold writes, Charlotte
Bronte writes, Gustav Freytag writes German comedy, Elizabeth Gaskell writes,
Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, Charles Kingsley writes, death of Ludwig Tieck the
German poet, CM Yonge writes, Johann Herzog writes encyclopedia of protestant theology, Mommsen writes History of Rome, Hippolyte Taine writes, Rebuilding of Balmoral Castle in Scotland, Georges Haussmann begins reconstruction of
Paris, Henry Steinway and sons begin manufacturing pianos, Verdi composes “Il
Trovatore” and “La Traviata”, Wagner composes, Samuel Colt revolutionizes manufacture of small arms, Melbourne U founded, Alexander Wood uses hypodermic syringe for subcutaneous injections, German family magazine founded, First International Statistical Congress held in Brussels, First railroad

through the Alps, Wueen Victoria allows chloroform to be administered during birth of seventh child – starts a trend, Telegraph system established in India,
Vaccination against smallpox made mandatory in Britain, <i>Wellingtonia gigantean</i> largest tree discovered in California, Levi Strauss starts peddling in
CA – runs out of canvas and switches to serge de Nimes (denim), Young oppresses optimism at appointment of President Pierce, Levi Strauss begins making pants in San Francisco, Drought hist SW U.S., Crimean war begins,
Vaccination against smallpox compulsory in England, Victoria uses chloroform in birth of son Leopold, US begins trade with Japan with arrival of Perry, $10 million Gadsen Purchase S AZ, First Af-American novel by William Wells
Brown also Poe, Turkey and Russia begin Crimean War, John W Gunnison surveys railroad route across the US and is killed by Indians, Walker War begins,
Gunnison Massacre occurs, SL Temple cornerstones laid. Sigmund Freud born,
Crimean War, Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to the West, Rails connect
NY and Chicago, Verdi composes, Mexico sells Mesilla Valley to the US in
Gadsen Purchase, first railroad in India opened in Bombay, US, Salt Lake temple site dedicated, End of reign of Maria Christina II of Portugal, civil strife ensues;
NY Central Railroad founded
1854 Rev. James A Healey becomes first African American ordained Catholic priest, later first black bishop, Cholera outbreak in London, Boers found Orange Free
State in Africa, Treaty of Kanagawa – US and Japan trade treaty, Eureka stockade
– brief miner’s revolt at Ballarat (Oceana), Major storm in Black Sea * Pierce appoints new UT. Governor – not well received in SLC – “gentiles” petition
Pierce for help, Nov- Black Sea Storm destroys much of French fleet in Crimean
War, U.S. Japan treaty signed, death of German-Polish composer and Chopin’s teacher Joseph Elsner, death of French author H.F.R. de Lamennais, death of
Swiss author Jeremias Gotthelf, death of Roger Charles Tichborne – true heir of the Tichborne estates, Japanese quakes estimated at 8.4 8.4 and 7.4 also cause tsunami, Florence Nightingale takes 38 women to Turkey to nurse wounded soldiers in Crimean war, death of Egyptian Viceroy Abbas, Commodore Matthew
Perry forces Japan to open foreign reade, Liberal revolution in Spain, Crimean
War begins, Oscar Wilde born, Convention of Bloemfontein – British leave territory north of Orange Riber, Britian and France conclude alliance with Turkey and declare war on Russia – unopposed landing of the Allies in Crimea – Siege of
Sebastopol begins – Allied victories at Balaklava and Inkerman, Commodore NC
Perry negotiates first American-Japanese treaty, Francis Joseph I Emperor of
Austria marries Bavarian Princess Elizabeth, US Senate ratifies Gadsen Purchase
– MN and AZ, “War for Bleeding Kansas” between free and slave states, Elgin treaty between Britain and US on Canadian trade, Trukey agrees to Austrian occupation of Danubian principalities until end of war, republican party forms in
US, Abbas I Viceroy of Egypt assassinated – succeeded by Mohammed Said,
Ostend Manifesto advises US to annex Cuba, Angier and Sandeau write French social play, death of Swiss author Jeremias Gotthelf, FD Guerazzi writes, Charles
Kingsley writes “Westward Ho!”, De Nerval writes, Coventry Patmore writes,
Joseph Viktor von Scheffel writes, Tennyson writes “Charge of the Light
Brigade” regarding Battle of Balaklava during Crimean War, Thackeray writes,

Thoreau writes “Walden, or Life in the Woods”, George Boole writes about math and logic, Jewish seminary established at Breslau, Juvelile Offenders Act in great
Britain, Pope Pius IX declares sogma of Immaculate Conception to be an article of faith, death of German painter Karl Begas, Courbet paints “Bonjour Monsieur
Coubet”, William Frith paints “Ramsgate Sands” Millet paints “The Reaper”,
Waldmuller paints “Vienna Woods Landscape”, Berlioz composes Christmas oratorio, Liszt composes, Schumann the composer attempts suicide, S.S. Brandon first ship with compound ecpansion engines, Christian Ehrenberg writes
“Microgeology”, Manuel Garcia the singing teacher invents laryngoscope,
German watchmaker Heinrich geobel invents first form of electric light bulb,
Georg Riemann writes about geometry, University College of Dublin founded,
“Le Figaro” begins publication in Paris, first street-poster pillars erected in Berlin,
Northcote-Trevelyan report leads to British Civil Service Commission, Turlin-
Genoa railroad opened, Working Men’s College in London founded, Pierce appoints new UT. Governor – not well received in SLC – “gentiles” petition
Pierce for help, Crimean war begins - Brit and France against Russian expansion into Ottoman empire around the Black Sea, Lincoln U - first college for blacks - opens in PA, Nativists form American Party, End of Potato Famine in Ireland,
Kansas-Nebraska act passed allowing states to choose slavery - this split the
Whigs and the anti-slavery became Republican Party (Feb 24), Deseret Alphabet published, Liszt composes, Thoreau writes Walden , Commodore Perry returns and signs treaty of Kanagawa - two trading posts established, Gadsen Purchase finalized borders of continental US; Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean
War Britain vs. Russia, Beginning of Canadian government collapse; political regrouping in US with emergence of Republican Party to end slavery; Kansas-
Nebraska Bill repeals MO Compromise; Commodore Perry opens trade with
Japan
1855 Alexander Parkes of GBR invents plastic, Beginning of reign of Emperor
Theodore of Ethiopia, End of St. Bartholomew’s Fair at Smithfield in London
(after running 722 years) * Saints petition Pierce for continuation of Young as governor – Young reappointed, death of French painter Jean Baptiste Isabey,
Napoleon establishes weather observation stations, death of Karl Gauss the
German mathematician and astronomer, death of English author Mary Russel
Mitford, death of US lawyer John C Spencer, death of Spanish composer Pedro
Albeniz, death of Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, death of Danish philosopher
Soren Kierkegaard, death of English novelist Charlotte Bronte, quake and tsunami in Japan kills over 4700, Sören Kierkegaard dies, Czar Nicholas I of Russia dies – succeeded by Alexander II, Britain and Afghanistan join against Persia in Treaty of Peshawar, Taiping Rebellion ends, Russians capitulate at Sebastopol – Allies enter town, death of Charlotte Bronte, Robert Browning writes poetry, Dickens writes, Dumas writes, Gustav Freytag writes, Longfellow writes “Song of
Hiawatha”, death of writer Adam B Mickiewicz, WH Prescott writes, Tennyson writes “Maud” and other poems, Anthony Trollope writes, Turgenev writes, Walt
Whitman writes “Leaves of Grass”, Alexander Bain writes about senses and intellects, Johann Droysen writes about Prussian policies, Henry Milman writes about Latin Christianity, Pierre Le Play writes about working-class incomes,

Herbert Spencer writes about psychology, Jakob Burckhardt writes about art history, Courbet creates “Pavillon du Realisme” at Paris World Fair, death of
French painter JB Isabey, Berlioz composes “Te Deum”, Verdi composes opera,
Wagner conducts series of concerts,, George Audemars takes out first patent for production of rayon, Sir Richard Burton writes “Pilgrimage to Mecca” travel book, professorship of technology created at Edinburgh, David E Hughes invents printing telegraph, Austrian engineer Franz Killer develops tungsten steel, RS
Lawrence of Vermont constructs turret lathe, Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls on Zambezi River, Matthew Maury writes about geography of the sea, first iron
Cunard steamer crosses Atlantic in less than 10 days, founding of “The Daily
Telegraph” in London, Ferdinand de Lesseps granted concession by France to construct Suez Canal, Electric telegraph between London and Balaklava, London sewers modernized after cholera outbreak, Florence Nightingale introduces hygienic standards into military hospitals during Crimean War, Paris World Fair,
Saints petition Pierce for continuation of Young as governor – Young reappointed,
Santa Anna flees Mexico, Benito Júarez assumes the presidency, Søren
Kierkegaard dies, Walt Whitman publishes Leaves of Grass, Henry Clay navigated down Hudson River, disaster as it burns, "Bleeding Kansas" during elections, Jun 9 first handcart company leaves IA, Perpetual Emigration Fund proposed Oct 29, Jul 23 SL Temple foundation completed, Endowment House dedicated May 5, Congress authorizes telegraph line across the country Feb 17,
Liszt and Verdi compose, Charge of the light brigade takes place, Whitman
Leaves of Grass , Alexander II becomes tsar and institutes reform, Miao rebellion against Manchu in Guizhou China, The Christian, nationalist Hakka rebel against manchu as well, King Mongkut opens Siam to British trade, Death of Czar
Nicholas I and Alexander II rules, Canada makes Dominion of Newfoundland,
Crimean War embarrasses Europe; Whitman publishes Leaves of Grass
1856 Queen Victoria awards first Victoria Cross, cheap steel possible with Bessemer process, Death of Imam Sayyid Said of Oman, Dr. Livingstone crosses Africa, end of Crimean War in Europe and Middle East, Antislavery Republican party formed in US, Australia achieves full self-government, Dernieres Island
Louisiana Cyclone, Major lightning storm off Rhodes Greece * Saints petition
Pierce for statehood and continuation of Young as Governor, Saints thrilled that
Buchanan wins over Fremont who protests against slavery and polygamy, death of US editor and legislator John S. Miles, death of Russian mathematician N.I.
Lobachevsky, death of French historian Augustin Thierry, death of German poet
Heinrich Heine, death of French composer Adolphe Adam, death of German composer Robert Schumann, death of Lucy Mack Smith in Illinois, End of
Crimean War, Flaubert and Baudelaire publish in France, end of Livingstone’s exploration of Zambezi, Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross, Britian annexes Oudh India and establishes Natal as Crown Colony, Reform edict in
Turkish Empire – peace conference in Paris recognizes integrity of Turkey,
Massacre of Potawatomie Creek Kansas – slavers murdered by free-staters,
Austrian amnesty for Hungarian rebels of 1848-9, Anglo-Chinese war begins –
British fleet bombards Canton, Persia occupies Heart – outbreak of British-
Persian war, James Buchanan wins US presidential election French-Spanish

frontier defined, South African Republic (Transvaal) organized under Marthinius
Pretorius, Britain grants self-government to Tasmania, Emperor Francis Joseph visits Lombardy and Venice and appoints brother Archduke Maximilian governor of the provinces, Edmond Abour writes, Flaubert writes “Madame Bovary”, death of author Heinrich Heine, Victor Hugo writes poetry, Ibsen writes, Gottfried
Keller writes, Morike writes, Charles Reade writes, JA Froude writes about
English history, Theodor Goldstucker writes Sanskrit Dictionary, Rudolf Lotze writes, JR Motley writes about Dutch history, Hippolyte Taine writes about classical philosophy and France, death of French historian Augustin Thierry,
Alexis de Tocquebille writes, Heinrich von Ferstel begins the Votivkirche in
Vienna, Jean AD Ingres paints “La Source”, Karl Bechstein founds piano factory,
Alexander Dargomijsky composes, Maillart composes opera, death of composer
Robert Schumann, Sir Henry Bessemer introduces new steel-making process,
Pure cocaine extract from cocoa beans, birth of Freud, Hermann von Helmholtz writes about optics, death of Russian mathematician Nikolai I Lobachevsky,
William H Perkin prepares first aniline dye, German botanist Nathaniel
Pringsheim observes sperm in plants, Sir William Siemens makes ductile steel for boiler plating, Baseball – Chicago Unions organized, Black forest railroad with 40 tunnels opened, First Australian interstate cricket match – Victoria bersus New
South Wales, Longest bare-knuckle boxing fight in history – James Kelly v. Jack
Smith in Australia, Neanderthal skull found in Feldhofer Cave near Dusseldorf,
Big Ben the 13.5 ton bell cast, Saints petition Pierce for statehood and continuation of Young as Governor, Saints thrilled that Buchanan wins over
Fremont who protests against slavery and polygamy, Second Anglo-Chinese war,
Neanderthal man discovered near, Düsseldorf , Privateering declared illegal at
Treaty of Paris, South African Republic established, End of Crimean war,
Crimean War ends, Victoria Cross as military award, Buchanan 15th President,
"Know Nothing" party wins 48 seats in Congress, Clashes occur in "Bleeding
Kansas" Handcart treks to UT begin, Children of US Citizens born abroad assured of citizenship Feb 10, Church "reformation" - commitment to rededicate - many members rebaptized, Liszt composes Hungarian Rhapsodies . Henry Bessemer pioneers manufacture of steel from iron ore in Britain, first synthetic dye produced, Willie Marton handcart disaster, Gail Borden patents condensed milk,
Democrats win in US with Buchanan, but Fremont was close contender; IL
Central railroad founded
1857 Indian Mutiny shakes British rule, Earthquake in Italy Naples kills 11 k est 6.9, earthquake in CA kills 1 est 7.9, Earthquake in Japan * Tyler writes to president
Buchanan that they can avoid the Negro question by making a great anti-Mormon push, Saints fear that Pierce will appoint a new governor, but he doesn’t,
Buchanan sends 2500 troops to Utah – Utah War, In Lincoln-Douglas debates,
Lincoln accuses Douglas of supporting Mormon’s polygamy, death of Spanish poet Manuel Jose Quintana, death of German sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch,
UT – Fancher Party killed at Mountain Meadows in UT, death of John Wilson
Croker the British Tory leader and founder of Athenaeum Club, death of US
Statesman and diplomat Louis McLane, death of German romantic poet Joseph von Eichendorff, death of Austrian composer Carl Czerny, death of French poet

Alfred de Musset, Dred Scott v. Stanford decision in Scott v. Sanford, British repress rebellion in India, colonies under crown rule, Peace of Paris ends Anglo-
Persian war – Shah recognizes independence of Afghanistan, James Buchanan inaugurated #15, Indian Mutiny against British rule – Siege of Delhi begins Delhi captured and British enter Cawnpore, royal Navy destroys Chinese fleet – relief of
Lucknow – Britian and France take over Canton, Garibaldi forms Italian National
Association for unification of the country, Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded in New York, Czar Alexander II begins the emancipation of serfs in
Russia, George Borrow writes, Charles Baudelaire writes, Bjornstjerne Bjornston writes, death of German poet Joseph von Eichendorff, George Eliot writes,
Thomas Hughes writes, Dinah Mulock writes, death of French poet Alfred de
Musset, Adalbert Stifter writes Austrian novel, Thackeray writes, Anthony
Trollope writes, Henry T Buckle writes history of England, death of French philosopher Auguste Comte, Sir Charles T Newton discovers remains of the
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Ernest Renan writes about religious history, Millet paints “The Gleaners”, National Portrait Gallery in London opened, death of
German sculptor Christian D Rauch, Victoria and Albert Museum opens in
London, (Museum of Ornamental Art until 1899), Hans von Bulow marries
Cosima Laszt, death of Russian composer Mikhail I Glinka, Charles Halle founds concerts in Manchester, Liszt composes, Pasteur proves that fermentation is caused by living organisms, Alpine Club in London founded, “Atlantic Monthly” founded, Financial and economic crisis throughout Europe caused by speculation in US railroad shares, Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain, North German Lloyd founded (transatlantic ship company), American civil engineer EG Otis installs first safety elevator, Science Museum in South Kensington founded, Transatlantic cable laid, Single-thread sewing machine patented by James Gibbs in VA,
Monster of Loch Arkalg seen in Scotland (horselike), Tyler writes to president
Buchanan that they can avoid the Negro question by making a great anti-Mormon push, Saints fear that Pierce will appoint a new governor, but he doesn’t,
Buchanan sends 2500 troops to Utah – Utah War, In Lincoln-Douglas debates,
Lincoln accuses Douglas of supporting Mormon’s polygamy, Madame Bovary written, India mutinies against British, Several states pass temperance laws, Dred
Scott Decision returns Scott to slavery, Indian soldiers revolt against British Rule in Sepoy Rebellion, Depression hits N. US, Utah War with Johnston's troops May
28, Sep 7- 11 Mountain Meadows Massacre, UT declared under Martial Law Sep
15, May 13 Elder Parley P Pratt murdered in Arkansas, Flaubert writes Madame
Bovary Currier and Ives publish prints, First Indian doctors graduate in Agra,
Mutiny begins with the capture of Delhi and sieges of Lucknow and Kanpur India,
Indian mutiny - Muslims and Hindus rebel against British rule, Mountain
Meadows Massacre, Johnston's Army fails to enter Salt Lake City, Otis installs passenger elevator, Sepoy Mutiny in India against British rule; British and French at war with China - China defeated and ports open to manufacturers
1858 Inquisition Bologna Edgardo Mortara case where child was abducted by Papal power by Pius IX, other Italian states demand Papal reforms, Austria retreats from supporting Pope and leaves Italy, After Indian Mutiny, East India Company abolished, reformer Benito Juarez becomes Mexican president, Irish foundation of

Fenian movement to break from Britain, Inquisition Bologna Edgardo Mortara case where child was abducted by Papal power by Pius IX, other Italian states demand Papal reforms, Austria retreats from supporting Pope and leaves Italy *
Johnston’s Army enters SL valley, Garfield marries daughter of anti-Mormon, death of Robert Owen the English social reformer, Teddy Roosevelt born, death of Japanese painter Andro Hiroshige, death of Allan Robertson the first great golfer, Disenfranchisement of blacks in MN, Lincoln runs for senate as antislavery candidate, Benito Juárez becomes president of Mexico, first trans-Atlantic telegraph cable, Felice Orsini’s attempt to assassinate Napoleon III, Lord Derby
(Conservative) beomces British Prime Minister, Minnesota becomes a state,
Treaty of Tientsin ends Anglo-Chinese war, British proclaim peace in India,
Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown, Prince William of
Prussia declared regent for the insane King Frederick William IV, ALixander
Karageorgevich ddeposed by Serbian Diet – Milos Obrenovic declared king,
Wilhelm Busch writes, Octave Feuillet writes, Oliver Wendell Holmes writes,
William Morris writes poetry, reported sighting of the Blessed Virgin Mary in
Lourdes France to Bernadette Soubirous, Henry Carey writes about social science,
Thomas Carlyle writes about Frederick the Great, American Catholic priest Isaac
Hecker founds the Paulist Fathers, Lionel de Rothschild becomes the first Jewish member of British Parliament, Philip Schaff writes history of the Christian
Church, Charles Barry designs the third Covent Garden Opera House in London,
William P Frith paints “Derby Day”, death of Japanese painter Ando Hiroshige,
Menzel paints “Bon soir Messieurs”, Rebuilding of the Ringstrasse in Vienna,
Peter von Cornelius composes, New York Symphony Orchestry gives first concert, Offenbach composes operetta, Richard Burton and John Speke discover
Lake Tanganyika and lake Victoria Nyanza, TH Huxley writes the theory of vertebrate skulls, Joseph Lister studies coagulation of blood, William Thomson
(Lord Kelvin) invents mirror galvanometer, First meeting of General Medical
Council in London, Suez Canal Company formed, National Association of
Baseball Players organized in America, Ottawa becomes capital of Canada, death of English social reformer Robert Owen, South Foreland lighthouse lit by electricity, SS Great Eastern launched (largest ship of the time), English designer
Charles Worth creates first haute couture house in Paris, Johnston’s Army enters
SL valley, Garfield marries daughter of anti-Mormon, War of Reform begins in
Mexico May 5 France's "Third Estate" tries to take control of the nobility, clergy and king of France - they vow to take control and swore an oath on a tennis court,
Jul 14 Storming the Bastille, Fenian revolts begin in Ireland (separate from
Britain), Darwin publishes Origin of Species along with Wallace's abstract, Gray's
Anatomy first published, Indian mutiny over, First cross-Atlantic telegraph Aug 5
- failed less than a month later, CA establishes 8 reservations, Lincoln-Douglas debates begin, MN in union #32, Overland Mail begins operations, Jun 26
Johnston's Army enters SL valley, Origin of Species published by Darwin, Berlioz and Offenbach compose, queen Victoria assumes sovereignty of India as East
India Company is wound up, Piedmontese premier Camillo Cavour and Napoleon
III plan Italian unification, Ansei Treaties between Japan and foreign powers,

French and Spanish naval force bombards Tourane and occupies Saigon, Federal troops peacefully enter Salt Lake valley, Lincoln-Douglas debates
1859 John Brown begins to start slave revolt, Earthquake in Ecuador, outbreak of rabbits in Australia, begin of self-proclaimed reign of Emperor Norton I of the US, dissolves congress, Jul - "Cool Summer of 1859" leaves snow in PA, death of
German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, death of Austrian statesman Prince
Klemens von Metternich, death of English historian Henry Hallam, death of US lawyer and financier Richard Rush, death of American author Washington Irving, death of German composer Louis Spohr, death of English author Leigh Hunt, death of English author Thomas de Quincey, death of German author and folklorist Wilhelm Grimm, death of Amos Kendall US politician and influential in
Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet”, death of US historian WH Prescott, death of
English historian Thomas Babington Macaulay, death of French author Alexis de
Tocqueville, death of Polish romantic author Zygmunt Krasinski, “Indian Head
Penny” (actually liberty in feather bonnet) minted, Harriet Wilson publishes first
African-American novel, Abolitionist John Brown raids ferry, hanged, Charles
Darwin;s “Origin of Species” published, French-Austrian war, Treaty of Alliance between Sardinia and France, Oregon becomes a state, Austria sends ultimatum to
Sarsinia – starts invasion France declares war on Austria and Austrian forces defeated at Magenta and Solferino Franco-Austrian armistice followed by peace of Villafrance – later formalized by Treaty of Zurich, King Ferdinand of the Two
Sicilies dies – Francis II rules, Lord Derby resigns and Lord Palmerston (Liberal) becomes British Prime Minister, death of Prince Metternich, Death of King Oscar
I of Sweden – Charles XV rules, German National Association founded aimed at uniting Germany under Prussia, Albert von Roon Prussian War Minister reforms army, Queensland separated from New South Wales with Brisbane as capital,
Bismarck becomes Prussian ambassador to Sat. Petersburg, Pedro Alarcon writes,
Dickens writes “A Take of Two Cities”, George Eliot writes, Edward Fitzgerald writes, Ivan Goncharov writes, Victor Hugo writes, death of English author Leigh
Hunt, death of American author Washington Irving, death of English author
Thomas de Quincey, George Sand writes, Tennydon writes, Charles Darwin writes “On the Origin of species by Natural Selection”, death of German astronomer and explorer Alexander von Humboldt, Ferdinand Lassalle writes about Prussia, death of English historian Thomas B Macaulay, Karl Marx writes,
JS Mill writes Essay on Liberty, death of American historian W H Prescott,
Ranke writes history of England, Ernest Renen writes moral essays, LFK
Tischendorf discovers Codex Sinaiticus, Pasquale Villari writes, Corot paints
“Macbeth”, Millet paints “The Angelus” Whistler paints “At the Piano”, Daniel
Decatur Emmett composes “Dixie”, Gounod composes “Faust”, Andelina Patti’s
New York debut singing, death of German composer Louis Spohr, Verdi composes in Rome, Anthropological Society of Paris founded, Bunsen and
Kirchhoff begins experimenting with spectrum analysis, First oil well drilled at
Titusville PA, RLG Plante creates first practical storage battery, Steamroller invented, HJS Smith writes about number theory, Baseball club of Washington
DC founded, French tightrope walker Charles Blondin crosses Niagara falls on tightrope, Founding of Port Said in Egypt, Samuel Smiles writes “Self-Help” the

manual on how to succeed in life, Work on Suez Canal begun under the Lesseps’ direction, Pikes Peak Gold Rush, A tale of Two Cities published, Origin of
Species published, Oregon statehood #33, John Brown raids Harpers Ferry Oct 16,
Edwin Drake drills oil well in PA Aug 27, Horace Greely publishes, Comstock
Lode discovered in NV, Tennyson writes. Piedmont, supported by France, expels
Austrians from N Italy, Commercial convention at Vicksburg demands the resumption of slave imports, World's first oil well in PA, Port Said Egypt founded and becomes world's main ship-coaling station, Dutch and Portugese agree to partition island of Timor, Theory of evolution published. Lord Palmerston becomes British Prime Minister; OR admitted as US state; Harper's Ferry raided
1860 Kerosene developed, British and French loot and burn in Beijing, Italian parliament meets in Turin – Garibaldi takes southern Italy and most of Italy unified, Burke and Wills cross Australia from S to N, Start of first Maori War in
New Zealand until 1870, Pasteur works with immunization, End of 20 years of outbreaks in New Zealand, US Emperor Norton bans use of the term “Frisco” *
Young proclaims support for Lincoln after election day, Blackfriars Bridge in
London destroyed, May - Oh and Ky hit by downbursts and tornadoes,
Beginning of Broadway shows- unofficially, death of German poet Ernst Moritz
Arndt, death of James Kirke Paulding US writer and secretary of the Navy, death of German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, death of German composer
Friedrich Silcher, death of English architect Charles Barry, death of French painter A.G. Decamps, Southern states secede SC, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, Etienne
Lenoir of Belgium invents internal combustion engine, Lincoln elected – S
Carolina secedes, British and French win second Opium war in China, French control Vietnam, Russia expands control in Asia, forced removal of Native
Americans in America, Plebiscites in Tuscany Emilia Romagna Parma and
Modena favor union with Sardinia, Treaty of Turin cedes Nice and Savoy to
France – first Italian parliament meets, Garibaldi and his 1000 redshirts sail from
Genoa and reach Marsala – take Palermo and Naples, Victor Emmanuel II king of
Sardinia invades Papal States and defeats papal troops, Garibaldi proclaims Victor
Emmanuel II King of Italy, Second Maori War begins, founding of Vladivostok,
Anglo-French troops defeat Chinese at Pa-li-Chau – Treaty of Peking, Dion
Boucicault writes in London, Wilkie Collins writes “The Woman in White”
George Eliot writes “The Mill on the Floss”, Eugene Labiche writes, Multatuli writes Dutch novel, Alexander Ostrovski writes Russian drama, Freidrich
Spielhagen writes German novel, AC Swinburne writes drama, “The Cornhill
Magazine” founded with WM Thackeray editor, English Church Union founded,
JS Mill writes about representative government, Charles de Montalembert writes,
JL Motley writes history, Russian Orthodox Church establishes monastery in
Jerusalem, death of Arthur Schopenhauer, Jakob Burckhardt paints “The
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy”, death of French painter AG Decamps,
Degas paints “Spartan Boys and Girls Exercising”, W Holman Hunt paints
“Finding of the Saviour in the Temple”, Manet paints “Spanish Guitar Player”,
Franz von Suppe creates Viennese operettas, Firsts modern Welsh Eisteddfod music, Bunsen and Kirchhoff discover the elements cesium and rubidium, GT
Fechner writes “Elements of Psychophysics”, Lenoir constructs first practical

internal-combustion engine, Frederick Walton invents cork linoleum, baseball becomes popular in New York and Boston – first recorded game in San Francisco,
“The Catholic Times’ published, In the last decade 434 k people from Britain and
914k from Ireland immigrate to US, Food and Drug Act enacted in Britain, John
C Heenan of the US and Tom Sayers (Brit) fight championship bout ended by crown breaking into the ring, British Open Golf Championship started with W
Park the first winner, Beginning of skiing as competitive sport, Christopher L
Sholes devises primitive typewriter, First horse-drawn tram, Young proclaims support for Lincoln after election day, Joseph Etienne Lenoir created internal combustion engine, Florence Nightingale establishes school for nurses, Decade of
Robert Koch, Abraham Lincoln elected 16th president over Stephen Douglas,
Nov 6, SC succeeds Dec 20, Pony Express first run from MO to CA Apr 3,
Goshute War occurs, Sep 24 last groups of handcarts cross plains, Garibaldi invades Sicily and captures most of S Italy, Abraham Lincoln elected, President
Buchanan denies any state may secede, Russian expansion into Turkestan, Anglo-
French force destroys imperial palace at Beijing, Italian rebellion under Garibaldi unites Naples and Papal States; end of period known as "American Renaissance";
Lincoln doesn't win popular vote, but wins electoral vote; Tunis overrun with speculators; Russia rules China's maritime provinces
1861 Otto produces gas engine, Czar Alexander II abolishes serfdom, End of reign of
Benito Juarez of Mexico, Gold discovered in New Zealand, Collapse of Papal
States * Johnston’s army called east for Civil War – Buchanan divides Utah territory in half, creating Nevada, Lincoln checks out Book of Mormon from
Library of Congress and in later years, several other books on Mormonism, Nov 1
- Late hurricane hits Cape Hatteras, NC scattering Union ships blockading the port, death of German jurist Friedrich Karl von Savigny, death of John McLean the US jurist, death of French dramatist and librettist Eugene Scribe, death of
German composer Heinrich Marschner, death of Frederick William IV of Prussia
– William I rules, death of English poetess Elizabeth Barrett Browning, death of
Italian statesman Camillo Count Cavour, death of Prince Albert of Britain, death of Frederick William IV of Prussia, Sumataran quake est at 8.5, Civil War begins with firing on Ft. Sumter, Broca of France studies brain damage, CSA drafts constitution condoning slavery, William I King of Prussia, Civil War begins,
Kansas becomes state, Washington Peace Convention tries to preserve Union but
Congress of Montgomery forms CSA with SC GA AL MI FL and LA – Lincoln inaugurated, Confederates take Ft. Sumter and Charleston – Apr 12 Civil War official start Confederate victory at Bull Run Union takes Ft. Clark and Ft.
Hatteras, King of Naples surrenders to Garibaldi at Gaeta – Italy proclaimed a kingdom by Parliament with Victor Emmanuel II as king, Warsaw Massacre – troops fire at demonstrators against Russian rule, Emancipation of Russian serfs, death of Sultan Abdul Mejid of Turkey – succeeded by brother Abdul Aziz, death of Pedro V or Portugal – succeeded by Louis I, Dickens writes “Great
Expectations”, Dostoevsky writes “The House of the Dead”, George Eliot writes
“Silas Marner”, Oliver Wendell Holmes writes, death of French novelist Henri
Murger, Charles Reade writes, Mrs. Henry Wood writes, Vladimir Dahl writes
Russian dictionary, Ferdinand Lassalle writes about rights, Herbert Spencer writes

about education, Arthur P Stanley writes about the Eastern Church, Corot paints
“Orphee Le Repos”, Charles Garnier designs Paris Opera, Sandringham House built in Norfolk as country residence of Queen Victoria, Royal Academy of Music in London founder, composition of “Tannhauser” a scandal in Paris,
Archaeopteryx skeleton discovered in Germany, William Crookes discovers thallium, TS Mort builds first machine-chilled cold storage unit, Pasteur creates germ theory of fermentation, Semmelweis writes about “Childbed Fever”, Mrs.
Beeton writes “Book of Household Management”, Daily weather forecasts are begun in Britain, first horse-drawn trams in London, Krupp begins arms production in Essen GER, Queen Victoria creates Order of the Star of India, US introduces passport system, Populations – Russia 76 million, US 32 million,
Britain 23 million, Italy 25 million, Johnston’s army called east for Civil War –
Buchanan divides Utah territory in half, creating Nevada, Lincoln checks out
Book of Mormon from Library of Congress, and in later years, several other books on Mormonism, Gold Rush in New Zealand, End of War of Reform in
Mexico, Koch introduces Germ Theory, Prince Albert dies , Confederate States of
America Feb 4 Abraham Lincoln in office Mar 4, Czar Alexander II abolishes serfdom in Russia, Kansas enters union as free state #34, Benito Juarez president of Mexico, Battle of Bull Run July 21 Fort Sumter attacked, Blockade of South ordered, President Lincoln creates Uintah Valley Indian Reservation, End of the
Pony Express as telegraph is linked, Johnston's troops leave UT when War starts,
President Brigham Young sends message across telegraph, Serfs emancipated in
Russia, Italy unified, George Elliot writes Silas Mariner , Nevada, Dakota and
Colorado territories drawn up, Civil war begins when Confederate forces fire on
Ft. Sumter, "Stonewall" Jackson wins first battle of Bull Run, Czar Alexander II undertakes reform by emancipating Russian serfs, Siemens-Martin open- hearth steelmaking process begins in Germany, transcontinental telegraph joined in SLC,
Frederick William of Prussia dies - brother William I crowned; Apr 12 - firing on
Ft. Sumpter; Transcontinental Telegraph created
1862 French begin to occupy Indo-China, Bismark begins 28 year career as chief minister of Germany, US land given to European immigrants to farm, Last wars against American Indians begin in US West for 28 years * Lincoln returns the
Book of Mormon, Lincoln calls on Brigham Young (though not the governor) to raise troops to protect the telegraph, Saints lobby for statehood, Lincoln signed
Morrill Bill that declares polygamy as illegal – not enforced, Morrill Act provides for agricultural experimentation, death of Austrian dramatist and comedian
Johann Nestroy, death of American author Henry David Thoreau, end of reign of
King Otto of Greece, First federal income tax in US to support Union’s Civil War record, Slavery banned in Washington, D.C., and Second Confiscation Act frees slaves of rebellious Southerners, Alice in Wonderland started by Lewis Carroll,
Gatling creates machine gun in US, Hugo publishes "Les Miserables", Debussy born, Union forces capture Fort Henry Roanoke Island Ft. Donelson Jacksonville and New Orleans and Union wins Bull Run and Frederickburg – Emancipation
Proclamation issued – effective 1863 – where slaves in rebel states declared free,
Monaco sells Menton and Toquebrune to France, Bismarck becomes Prussian
Prime Minister, King Otto I of Greece resigns after military revolt, Ivan Turgenev

writes, Sarah Bernhardt’s debut at Comedie Française, Flaubert writes, Artemus
Ward writes, Friedrich Hebbel writes, James Bryce writes “The Holy Roman
Empire”, George Rawlinson writes about monarchies of the ancient East, Herbert
Spencer writes, Albert Memorial in London designed by Gilbert Scott, Manet paints “Lola de Valence” and “La Musicue aux Tuileries”, Moritz von Schwind paints “The Honeymoon” Ingres paints “Bain Turque”, Berlioz composes, Lidwig
Kochel catalogues Mozart’s works, Lion Foucault measures speed of light, RJ
Gatling constructs 10-barrel gun bearing his name, Hemholtz writes about tones and sensations of sound, Johann von Lamont discovers earth currents, German botanist Julius Sachs demonstrates that starch is produced by photosynthesis,
Swiss humanist Jean Henri Dunant proposes Red Cross, English cricket team tours Australia for first time, International Exhibition in London, death of
Austrian dramatist Johann Nestroy, death of German poet Ludwig Uhland, Verdi composes opera in St. Petersburg, Lincoln returns the Book of Mormon, Lincoln calls on Brigham Young (though not the governor) to raise troops to protect the telegraph, Saints lobby for statehood, Lincoln signed Morrill Bill that declares polygamy as illegal – not enforced, Sioux uprising in Minnesota Sep 23 - Battle of Wood Lake, Homestead Act supplants 175 Land Ordinance granting free farms to settlers, Antietam, Morrill Act for Ag Colleges, Camp Douglas (UT) formed,
Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act passed, July 8 Abraham Lincoln passes anti-Bigamy law, Verdi composes, Bismarck chancellor of Prussia, Battle of Antietam stops
Confederate advance - Lee falls back to Virginia, Salt Lake Theater dedicated,
Polygamy declared a crime, Victoria, Vancouver incorporated, Romania established for people of Moldavia and Wallachia; Gen McClellan forced to retire by Lee and Johnston of Confederacy; Burnside attacks Lee at Fredericksburg;
New Orleans captured by Union; Monitor and Merrimac battle
1863 Dost Mohammed ends rule in Afghanistan, Al-Hajj ‘Umar of Tukolor takes
Timbuktu, Poles rebel against Russian rule, French invade Mexico and set up
Austrian Archduke as emperor, end of cholera outbreak in London, Earthquake in
Philippines * Lincoln removes anti-Mormon governor from Utah and sends Doty
– who supports leaving Mormons alone, death of US Political leader John Branch, death of German folklorist Jakob Grimm, death of US Attorney General and legislator John J Crittenden, death of French painter Ferdinand Delacroix, death of English novelist W.M. Thackeray, death of German dramatist Friedrich Hebbel, death of Amir of Kabul Dost Mohammed, Emancipation Proclamation,
Wilberforce U in OH becomes first college run by African-Americans, end of
Danish King Frederick III, Battle of Gettysburg, Mill's "Utilitarianism", AZ and
ID organized as territories and WV becomes a state, Emancipation proclamation goes into force, Confederate victories at Chancellorsville VA Chattanooga, Union victories at Gettysburg Vicksburg – Surrender at Ft. Hudson, Chickamauga,
“Gettysburg Address delivered, death of Mohammed Said Khedive of Egypt and
Ismail rules,William Prince of Denmark becomes george I King of Greece, Civil war in Afghanistan after the death of Dost Mohammed, Schleswig incorporated into Denmark, Saxon and Hanoverian troops enter Holstein, Frederick VII King of denmark dies succeeded by Christian IX, French capture Mexico City and proclaim Archduke Maximilian of Austria emperor, gautier writes, death of Jakob

Grimm, Edward Everett Hale writes, Charles Kingsley writes, Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow writes, death of French poet Alfred de Vigny, SR Gardiner writes
History of England, T.H. Huxley writes about Man’s place in nature, Charles
Lyell writes about the antiquity of man, Ernest Renan writes about the life of
Jesus, U of MA in Amherst founded as MA Agricultural college, Gustave Dore creates illustrations of “Don Quichotte”, Manet paints, Dante Rossetti paints, Art center “Salon des Refuses” opens in Paris, Whistler paints, Berlioz composes opera, Bizet writes Paris opera, Billroth writes about pathology and therapy,
Ebenezer Butterick develops first paper dress patterns, Sir Francis Galton writes about predicting weather, Thomas Graham invents process for separating gasses,
National Academy of Sciences founded in DC, Henry Clifton Sorby discovers microstructure of steel and starts modern metallurgy, John Speke and James Grant descend Nile to Gondokoro where they meet Sir Samuel Whit Baker going upriver, Open-hearth steel furnace developed by Martin brothers in France based on Siemens process, First railroad in New Zealand opens between Christchurch and Ferrymead, Football Association founded in London, Grand Prix de Paris forst run, beginning of construction of London Underground railroad, French photographer AF Nadar makes ascent in his balloon, Edwars Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark, US Congress establishes free city mail delivery, Travelers Insurance Company founded in Hartford CT, Roller skating introduced in US, Firsst stolen base in baseball by Eddie Buthbert of Philadelphia
Keystones against Brooklyn Atlantics, Joe Coburn wins American boxing championship from Mike McCoole in 63 round match in MD, Pickett’s Charge at end of Battle of Gettysburg marks turning point of Civil War, Lincoln removes anti-mormon governor from Utah and sends Doty – who supports leaving
Mormons alone, Thomas Henry Huxley publishes Man's Place in Nature , Manet exhibits his works, Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Alexandra of Denmark,
Salvation Army founded, Emancipation Proclamation issued, Zanzibar becomes independent nation, Monitor vs. Merrimac Mar 8, Lincoln's son Willie died of typhoid, Emancipation Proclamation into effect, International Red Cross formed in Switzerland, Battle of Gettysburg Jun-Jul, Nov 19 Gettysburg Address, 10 percent plan - loyalty to the union and readmission to union thought out, VW separated from VA, 35th state, Union captures Vicksburg Union captures
Chattanooga, Bear River Massacre, Continuous roll printing press patented Apr
14, Brigham Young Arrested Mar 10, Manet paints, Ill-fated attempt by Mexican conservatives and French to install emperor Maximilan I, New US territories of
Idaho, Arizona, Montana and Wyoming, General Meade repels the Confederate army at Gettysburg, Asante people of W Africa defeat British in Third Asante
War, western powers bombard Kagoshima and Shimonoseki Japan after Satsuma and Choshu forces attack westerners, Muslim rebellion in Gansu, Qinghai and
Shanxi China, Emancipation Proclamation issued; Lee and Jackson defeat Union at Chancellorsville; Lee invades PA and defeated at Gettysburg; WV enters Union;
German socialists organize
1864 Drought at horn of AFR for 2 years, Cyclone hits Bengal and Bangladesh, end of the Hamdallah caliphate in Mali, W Africa, Taiping rebellion in China results in fall of Nanking, Poles continue rebellion against Russian rule, First French

convicts sent to New Caledonia, Oceana, Cyclone hits India, Apr 1 - Tornado deaths during Civil War in MS, UT – Jack Slade – outlaw lynched in
Virginia City buried in Salt Lake, death of US Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger
B. Taney, death of German architect Leo von Klenze, death of German composer
Giacomo Meyerbeer, death of English poet John Clare, death of American author
Nathaniel Hawthorne, death of English caricaturist John Leech, Congress repeals fugitive slave laws, Pope Pius IX denounces freedom of religion separation of church and state and accuses Jews of seeking world domination, Pasteur invents germ theory and Pasteurization – initially for wine, Austria and Prussia send ultimatum to Denmark – troops enter Schleswig – Danish forces defeated at
Duppel and Denmark invaded – London conference troes to solve problem byt in
Peace of Vienna Denmark ceses Schleswig Holstein and Lauenburg to Austria and Prussia, Archduke Maximilian of Austria accepts Mexican crown and he and his wife made Emperor and Empress of Mexico, Gen Ulysses S Grant succeeds
Gen. Halleck as Union chief, Gen Sherman marches from Chattanooga through
GA and defeats Confederate army at Atlanta and occupies Savannah, Abraham
Lincoln reelected, Massacre of Cheyenne and Arapahoe at Sand Creek CO, Italy renounces claim to Rome – Florence made capital in place of Turin, Territory of
MT organized and NV becomes a state, death of King Maximilian II of Bavaria succeeded by Louis II, first International Workingmen’s Association founded by
Karl Mark in London and New York, Confederate agents set Barnum Museum and Astor House afire in attempt to burn New York, Deutsche Shakespeare-
Gesellschaft founded at Weimar, Dickens writes, Jules de Goncourt writes,
Henrik Ibsen writes, death of Walter Savage landor the English author, German author Wilhelm Raabe writes, Tolstoi writes “War and Peace”, Anthony Torllope writes, Cesare Lombroso writes, Cardinal Newman writes, Syllabus Errorum issued by Pope Pius IX which condemns liberalism socialism and rationalism, death of German architect Leo von Klenze, Bruckner composes, death of
American songwriter Stephen Foster, Offenbach composes operetta, Sir Samuel
White Baker discovers Lake Albert, Joseph Bertrand writes about differential and integral calculus, first salmon cannery in US at Washington CA, Geneva
Convention establishes neutrality of battlefield medical facilities, Octavia Hill begins London tenement-dwelling reforms, Knights of Pythias founded in DC, death of German socialist leader Ferdinand Lasalle, free press founded in Vienna,
Italian archaeologist Giovanni B de Rossi publishes results of exploration of
Roman catacombs, “In god We Trust” first appears on US coins, Travers Stakes established at first racetrack in Saratoga NY, Admiral Farragut attacks
Confederates in Mobile Bay AL with “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!”,
Joseph Lister begins studying, practicing antiseptic practices, Abraham Lincoln reelected, Prussia defeats Denmark in war, Mar 9 Grant made leader in North,
May - Sherman's march to the sea, Jun Sherman marches to Richmond, NV 36th state, Sand Creek Massacre begins Cheyenne War, S Africa saints emigrate,
Brahms and Offenbach compose, Lewis Carroll writes Alice in Wonderland ,
Tolstoy writes War and Peace Firstascent of the Matterhorn, Successful transatlantic cable, Marx founds First International, Austria and Prussia invade
Denmark in the Schleswig-Holstein War, War of Triple Alliance fought by

Paraguay against Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, Atlanta and Savannah destroyed by Sherman, Pope Pius IX publishes works condemning materialistic philosophies,
Canadian governmental collapse, Bismarck of Prussia defeats Denmark in territorial dispute, Denmark enters war with Austria and Prussia over dutchies,
Marx forms First International Workingmen's Association; Atlanta captured by
Union and Sherman divides South; NV enters Union
1865 13 th
Amendment, Freedmen’s Bureau provides assistance, Establishment of
Atlanta U, Shaw U, Virginia Union U for African-Americans, Wars between
Orange Free State and Moshweshwe’s Basuto people in South Africa until 1868,
King Kojong persecutes Christians in Korea, 13 th
US Amendment, Paraguay attacks neighboring countries 5 years, first Chinese laborers arrive in Hawaii,
New Zealand capital moved from Auckland to Wellington, Salvation Army created in London, Wild Bill wins first showdown, KKK forms in TN, Gregor
Mendel, * Day of mourning in Utah as Lincoln dies, Johnson ignores petition from Utah to appoint friendly governor, Grant hears rumors that Mormons teaming up with Indians – Grant believes Mormonism will be short-lived, Phoebe
Ann Moses (Annie Oakley) Age 6 father dies, Jun - Tornado hits WI, death of
British statesman Lord Palmerston, death of Austrian painter Ferdinand
Waldmuller, death of English architect Joseph Paxton, death of Irish mathematician William R Hamilton, death of German dramatist Otto Ludwig, CA quake est at 6.5, Wagner’s <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> premiers in Germany, Lee surrenders at Appomattox ends Civil War, slavery ended, Lincoln assassinated,
Union fleet takes Charleston – Richmond durrenders to Grant, Jefferson Davis appoints Robert E Lee as General-in Chief, CSA surrenders at Appomattox Apr 9,
Andrew Johnson #17, Jefferson Davis captured and imprisoned, last surrender in
Shreveport LA, Bismarck and Napoleon III meet in Biarritz, death of Lord
Palmerston succeeded by Lord John Russell, King Leopold I of Belgium dies and sone Leopold II rules, Wellington becomes capital of New Zealand, Outbreak of war between Boers of Orange Free State and basutos, Matthew Arnold writes,
Josh Billings writes, David belasco (age 12) writes, Lewis Carrol (C.L. Dodgson) writes “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”, Mary Mapes Dodge writes “Hans
Brinker or the Silver Skates”, death of Elizabeth Gaskell the English novelist,
Cardinal Newman writes poem, Ouida writes, Adalbert Stifter writes, AC
Swinburne writes, Mark Twain writes “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County”, Paul Verlaine writes, Walt Whitman writes, Henri Baudrillart writes about liberty, WS Jevons writes about coal, WEH Lecky writes about rationalism in Europe, JS Mill writes, German mathematician Julius Plucker invents line geometry, Pierre Joseph Proudhon the French political philosopher dies, JR Seeley writes, Purdue U at Cornell U and U of Maine and U of Kentucky founded, Dore creates illustrations to the Bible, Winslow Homer paints, George
Innes paints, death of English architect Joseph Paxton dies, Hippolyte Taine paints, death of Ferdinand Waldmuller the Aust. Painter dies, Yale U opens first
Department of Fine Arts in US, Meyerbeer writes opera, Schubert’s unfinished symphony performed in Vienna, Suppe composes operetta, Atlantic cable finally completed, death of Irish mathematician William R Hamilton, John Wesley Hyatt invents composition billard ball – replaces ivory, German chemist FA Kekule

explains aromatic compounds and benzene ring theory, Joseph Lister initiates antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid on a compound wound, Thaddeus Lowe invents ice machine, MIT founded, Clerk Maxwell writes about electricity and magnetism, Gregor Mendel enunciates Law of Heredity, first oil pipeline in PA,
Pasteur succeeds in succeeds in curing silkworm disease saving French industry,
Ican M Sechenov writes about physiological basis of psychic processes, baseball convention of 91 clubs in New York starts professional baseball, Nottingham pawnbroker William Booth moves to London to organize the Christian Revival
Association – later renamed Salvation Army, first carpet sweeper comes into use,
Debut of WG Grace as cricketer in Gentlemen v. Players, London Metropolitan
Fire Service established, English barrister John Macgregor pioneers canoeing as sport, James Miller McKim founds “The Nation”, first railroad cars designed by
Pullman, Queensberry Rules governing boxing outlined, “SF Examiner” and “SF
Chronicle” founded, First train robbery in North Bend OH, Union stockyards open at Chicago, 1700 die in explosion of the “Sultana” on Mississippi River,
Edward Whymper climbs the Matterhorn, First woman professor of astronomy at
Vassar – Maria Mitchell, Day of mourning in Utah as Lincoln dies, Johnson ignores petition from Utah to appoint friendly governor, Grant hears rumors that
Mormons teaming up with Indians – Grant believes Mormonism will be shortlived, 13th amendment - Slavery over, Abraham Lincoln assassinated Apr 14 - died Apr 15, Johnson becomes 17th president End of Civil War May 26, 13th amendment passes ending slavery Jan 31-Feb 1, Andrew Johnson new President,
Freedman's Bureau established, Lee surrenders at Appomattox, Reconstruction begins, Black Hawk War begins, Utes forced to Uintah Reservation, Apr 10
Church agrees to build telegraph connecting settlements, War with the Indians begins in UT - Black Hawk War, Immigration to US begins to increase again, first transatlantic telegraph cable laid, Chinese "coolie" laborers imported to US for railroad construction, Begin second term of John Russell as Prime Minister of
Britain as end of Lord Pelmerston, death of Leopold I of Belgium, Leopold II ascends the throne; Johnston surrenders to Sherman; Jefferson Davis captured
May 10; Lincoln assassinated Apr 14
1866 Fisk U and Howard U founded for African Americans, Southern Homestead Act allows for settlement, Civil Rights Act grants citizenship to Blacks, Ku Klux Klan officially founded, Drought at horn of AFR ends, Prussia defeats Austria at
Sadowa in Seven Weeks War, Northern US Republicans force through radical reforms for south for 11 years, 15 year flood in Shanghai China ends, Drought and famine in India, Tsar Alexander III marries borther’s widow – Princess
Dagmar of Denmark – Alex mocks Slavs in favor of Prussians and supported
Berlin Treaty and Eastern Orthodoxy, persecutes Jews, Ottomans clash with
Maronite leader in Lebanon and are defeated – starts war, Jesse James first robs a bank, Bismarck survives assassination, Austro-Prussian war begins and Prussia begins domination of Germany, first trans-Atlantic cable laid, Metric Act standardizes weights, dynamite invented, end of Austro-Prussian War, * Saints visit Johnson, Future president Grant meets with Saints, “Buffalo” Bill Cody heads west to Kansas – edge of the frontier age 20 leaving pregnant wife behind,
First Broadway spectacular - "The Black Crook", Old St. Patrick’s in New

York City partially burned, UT – Robert Leroy Parker (Butch Cassidy) born in
Beaver UT, death of English author Thomas Love Peacock, death of German author Friedrich Ruckert, death of English poet John Keble, creation of London’s first department store by William Whiteley, End of William I of Prussia, Austro-
Prussian War, Reconstruction in US, Dostoyevsky's "Crime and Punishment",
Henry Wickham an adventurer to S America gathers seeds to prodouce latex – shipped to far East and starts latex boom, end of war between Boers and Basutos in Orange Free State, Alexander Cuza Prince of Romania dethrones and succeeded by Karl Prince of Hohenzollern as King Carol I, Prussian-Italian alliance against Austria – Prussian troops annex duchy of Holstein – secret treaty between Austria and France – end of German confederation – Prussia invades
Saxony Hanover and Hesse – ITA declares war on Austria – Italians defeated at
Custozza – Prussian victory at Langensalza against Hanover and at Sadowa against Austria – Italian fleet destroyed by Austrians at Lissa – preliminary peace at Nikolsburg followed by armistice and confirmed by Peace of Prague – Prussia annexes Hanover Hesse Nassau and Frankfurt – ended by treaty of Vienna – peace between Prussia and Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein incorporated into
Prussia, Ismail Khedive of Egypt granted rights of primogeniture by Sultan of
Turkey, 14 th
Amendment prohibits voting discrimination and repudiates
Confederate war debts, Revolts in Crete against Turkish rule, Charles Baudelaire writes, Alphonse Daudet writes, Dostoevsky writes “Crime and Punishment”,
Robert Hamerling writes, Ibsen writes, Henry Irving makes London debut
(theater), Kingsley writes historical novel, death of Thomas Love Peacock
English novelist, Pierre Larousse writes a universal dictionary, Friedrich Lange writes history of materialism, American Evangelical Alliance founded, Degas begins to paint ballet scenes, Monet paints “Camille”, Offenbach composes operetta, Smetana composes opera, Ambroise Thomas composes opera in Paris,
Aeronautical Society of Great Britain founded, Henst Haeckel writes fundamental laws of biogenetice, Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, English engineer Robert
Whitehead invents underwater torpedo, Dr. TJ Barnardo opens home for destitute children in London, “Black Friday” on London stock exchange, Tom Morris of St.
Andrews wins his first professional golf championship, Saints visit Johnson,
Future president Grant meets with Saints, Louis Pasteur publishes work on heating to kill bacteria, Cholera epidemic hits US, Cross Atlantic communication permanently established, Civil Rights Act vetoed by Johnson, overridden by
Congress, KKK Organized, First Texas cattle drive, Clashes between settlers and
Indians, Church publishes Juvenile Instructor, Louis Pasteur develops
Pasteurization, Christian Science founded by Mary Baker Eddy, Dostoyevsky writes Crime and Punishment , Prussia defeats Austria in the Seven Weeks War
(Austro-Prussian), Ku Klux Klan founded to oppose reconstruction and freedoms for blacks, End of service of John Russel as Prime Minister of Britain as Liberals forced to resign, Bismarck of Prussia defeats Austria-Hungary (Austrian War), leading to strife between Germany and France (later Franco-Prussian in 1870);
Atlantic cable laid
1867 Talledega College and Morgan State U founded for African Americans, Congress passes First Reconstruction Act, Diamonds discovered in Kimberly S Africa,

Disraeli introduces Second Reform Bill in Britain, end of French interference in
Mexico with emperor Maximilian from Austria governing, Britain makes Canada a dominion, first black votes in D.C., Benito Jua’rez becomes Mexican president again, Maronite Catholic sect member Karam goes to Algeria – Maronites helped the Crusaders and were protected by France since 1638, japan Shogun Yoshinobu abdicates and Emperor Meiji rules, Suez canal opens, Lister publishes regarding antiseptics, Canada formation more formal, Alaska purchased from Alexander II of Russia, Singapore becomes British, <i>O Canada</i> written, Thomas Baker eaten in Fiji, Manifest Destiny – Medicine Lodge treaty signed, Charles Dickens in US – visits NY theater, “Grange” precursor formed, Belmont stakes first run,
Otto von Bismarck re-organizes Germany under Prussia, Yellow Fever in New
Orleans, Diamonds discovered in South Africa, reconstruction begins, U.S. acquires Midway Island in Pacific, Juarez of Mexico destroy Maximillian's army and execute him, UT – Calamity Jane’s father Mr. Canary dies and is buried in
Salt Lake, death of French painter J.A.D. Ingres, death of German painter Peter von Cornelius, death of English natural philosopher and physicist Michael
Faraday, death of Russian composer M.I. Glinka, death of French landscape painter Theodore Rousseau, death of French poet Charles Baudelaire, death of
American poet Henry Timrod, death of Scottish poet Alexander Smith, death of
American humorous writer Artemus Ward (Charles Farrar Browne), tsunami in
Virgin Islands, In Japan, last Shogun resigns, US purchases Alaska from Russia,
Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden (1866), Marx "Das Kapital," Nicaraguan poet
Rubén Dario born, Fenian outrages in Ireland and Manchester, Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy created by “Ausgleich” (compromise) – Francis Joseph I crowned
King of Hungary at Budapest and new Austrian constitution accepts dual system,
Nebraska becomes state, Napoelon III withdraws support from Maximilian in
Mexico – French troops leave country and Maximilian executed, British North
America Act establishes Dominion of Canada, Alaska sold to US for 7.2 million,
N German Confederation founded, British Parliamentary Reform Act, Ferdinand
Bebel becomes first socialist member of N German Reighstag, Garibaldi begins
“March on Rome” and is defeated by French and papal troops and taken prisoner, death of Charles Pierre Baudelaire – writer, Reclams Universal Bibliothek – paperback series books – started at Leipzig, Charles de Coster writes, Oliver
Wendell Holmes writes, Writers – Ouida Trollope Turgenev Zola Ibsen Twain,
Walter Bagehot writes about the English Constitution, EA Freeman writes history of Norman conquest of England, Marx writes “Das Kapital”, Pope Pius IX decides to hold ecumenical council, Cezanne paints “Rape”, death of German painter Peter von Cornelius, death of French painter Jean Dominique Ingres,
Millais paints “Boyhood of Raleigh”, Paris World’s Fair introduces Japanese art to the West, death of French painter Theodore Rousseau, Bizet composes opera in
Paris, Gounod composes Romeo and Juliet opera, Offenbach composes in Paris,
Johann Strauss II writes the “Blue Danube” waltz, AS Sullivan writes comic opera, Verdi composes “Don Carlos” opera, death of English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday, Livingstone explores Congo, Pierre Michaux begins to manufacture bicycles, Joseph F Monier patents reinforced concrete process,
Railroad completed through Brenner Pass, Discovery of S African diamond field,

British scientist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) invents syphon recorder, Prussia buys mail service from the Thurn und Taxis family, “The Queensberry Rules” by
John Graham Chambers of the London Amateur Athletic Club, Gold discovered in Wyoming, Diamonds discovered in S Africa... 171, French expelled from
Mexico, Hapsburg empire reorganized into Austro-Hungarian monarchy - 1918
First part of Das Kapital published by Marx, Strauss creates "The Blue Danube",
Second Reform Bill doubles British Franchise to two million, Canada becomes an independent dominion, Dominion of Canada strengthened by new provinces Jul 1,
March Congress passes Reconstruction Act, Tenure of Office Act forbids Pres from firing senate approved Official, Kansas Pacific Railroad, Patrons of
Husbandry (Farm Union) forms, NB #37, US purchases AK, Grange is organized as Patrons of Husbandry, Brigham Young requests bishops recognize relief societies, First conference on temple square Oct 6, Verdi, Strauss compose,
Alaska purchased, Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary, Marx writes Das Kapital
Ibsen writes, Mexican Emperor Maximilan executed, Russia sells Alaska to US for $7.2 million, forced transportation of convicts to penal settlements in Australia ends, Japanese civil war breaks out after Choshu-Satsuma clans rebel against the shogun, Britain passes universal suffrage for working class, British North
America Act passes, re- establishing Canadian government, Macdonald becomes
Premier of Canada, Austria develops new constitution, NEB enters union; second
Atlantic cable laid; US buys Alaska from Russia
1868 14 th
Amendment, Quake and tsunami in Africa S. America, Calilfornia quake est at 6.8, HI tsunami, Hawaiian quake kills 77 est 7.9,v End of reign of Emperor
Theodore of Ethiopia, King Rama IV ends rule of Thailand and opens country to foreign trade, Wars between Orange Free State and the Basuto people end, Reign of Rama V of Thailand begins, Meiji period in Japan begins and capital moves to
Edo (Tokyo) and shogunate abolished, Gladstone becomes British prime minister for first time until 1874, Earthquake in Ecuador, Drought and famine in India,
First Mardi Gras with floats held, first Memorial Day, WY made a territory,
Johnson pardons rebels, Indian Wars with Custer killing 103 Cheyenne, Louisiana passes its new constitution – most liberal to minorities, Buffalo Bill Cody 22 works with Wild Bill Hickock who plays up his stories and dresses in buckskin –
Cody follows, death of Scottish statesman Henry Peter Brougham (Baron
Brougham and Vaux), Congress establishes 8 hour workday for laborers and mechanics employed by the government, Rebellion breaks out in Cuba, UT –
Calamity Jane leaves Salt Lake City after father dies previous year, death of Louis
I King of Bavaria, death of Italian composer Rossini, death of Austrian novelist
Adalbert Stifter, death of Norwegian composer Halfdan Kjerulf, death of
American poet and actress Adah Isaacs Menken age 33, Christopher Sholes invents the typewriter, Meiji restoration of Japan, Spain revolts against Queen
Isabella II, British armed expedition dispatched to Ethiopia – Magdala captured,
Shogun Kekei of Japan abdicated – shogunate abolished and Meiji dynasty restored, President Johnson impeached for violating Tenure-of-Office Act – acquitted, Disraeli becomes British Prime Minister – resigns same year, Prussia confiscates territory of King of Hanover, Russians occupy Samarkand, King
Michael III of Serbia assassinated – Milan IV rules, Revolution in Spain –

Isabella II deposed and flees to France, Ulysses S Grant presides, William E
Gladstone becomes Brittish Prime Minister, Louisa May Alcott writes “Little
Women”, Brandes writes, Robert Browning writes, Wilkie Collins writes early detective story, Dostoevsky writes “The Idiot”, death of Austrian novelist
Adalbert Stifter, Bakunin founds democratic alliance, Austrian schools freed from
Church control, Darwin writes about variation of domesticated species, Ernst haeckel writes “Natural History of Creation” AH Stephens writes about the constitutionality of Civil War, Degas paints “L’Orchestre”, development of
French impressionist style, Hans Makars paints “The Plague in Florence”, Renoir paints “The Skaters”, George Street designs law courts in London, Brahms composes, Moussorgsky composes, death of musician Rossini, Wagner composes,
Tchaikovsky composes, Skeleton of Cro-Magnon man from Upper Paleolithic found in France, Meat-packing factory of PD Armour opens in Chicago,
Badminton devised at the Duke of Beaufort’s residence in England, Earliest recorded bicycle race in Paris, Firsst professional US Baseball Club – Cincinnati
Red Stockings founded – introduce uniforms, First regular Trades Union
Congress held in England, Whitaker’s Almanack appears in England, Prime
Minister Gladstone in Britain advocates for peaceful settlement to Irish question,
Cro-Magnon fossils discovered, Gladstone becomes Prime Minister, 14th amendment - Equal protection, citizenship, 14th amendment - rights of citizenship
Andrew Johnson impeached Feb 24, Trial held May 16, Grant elected #18,
Cheyenne War ends, US and Sioux sign peace treaty, Jan 29 Great Salt lake City name change, Robert Browning and Dostoyevsky write, Brahms composes,
Japanese Tokugawa shogunate ends, Meiji dynasty restored and capital transferred to Tokyo (Edo), Gladstone succeeds Disraeli as Prime Minister of
Britain; Isabella of Spain flees her country; Shogun of Japan resigns and Emperor becomes ruler in Yedo (Tokyo)
1869 Suez Canal opened, Germany acquires lands in Caroline Islands, Oceana, Cyclone hits Boston, Woman’s suffrage Association organized in NY, Capital Punishment
Act ends hangings in Britain, Emperor Norton I of the U.S. abolishes political parties, Socialist party developed in Germany, barbed wire invented * Grant removes only Mormon appointee in Utah Territory, Grant sends new tough administration to Utah – both sides unimpressed, Writer “Ned Buntline” meets with Buffalo Bill Cody and the legend begins, Nov - Winds derail train in NY,
National Woman Suffrage Association founded, Baseball's Cincinnati Red
Stockings formed, First football game between Princeton and Rutgers, UT –
Golden Spike driven at Promontory UT, death of German painter Johann
Friedrich Overbeck, death of French author Alphonse de Lamartine, death of
German composer Karl Loewe, death of French composer Hector Berlioz, death of French critic and historian Charles Austin Sainte-Beuve, death of American pianist and composer Louis Gottschalk, Pius IX declares infallibility of popes at
First Vatican Council, Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev completes first periodic table, transcontinental railroad completed, Mendeleyev's periodic table, transcontinental railroad completed in UT, Suez canal opens, Tolstoy's "War and Peace",
Following Turkish ultimatum Greece agrees to leave Crete, General Grant
Inaugurated, Parliamentary system reintrodouced in France, US National

Prohibition party formed in Chicago, Red River Rebellion in CAN, Mahatma
Gandhi born, RD Blackmore writes “Lorna Doone”, Writers Flaubert, WS Gilbert,
Ludovic Halevy, Bret harte, Victor Hugo, Mark Twain, Verlaine, Matthew
Arnold writes culture and anarchy, Walter Bagehot writes physics and politics,
WEH Lecky writes about history of morals from Augustus to Charlemagne, JS
Mill writes “On the Subjugation of Women”, Meeting of the First Vatican
Council – Cardinal Manning advocated definition of papal infallibility, Manet paints “The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico” and “The Balcony, death of German composer Karl Loewe, Wagner composes in Munich, Francis
Galton writes early work on eugenice, JW Hyatt invents celluloid, Gustav
Nachtigal explores Sudan and Sahara, British debtors’ prisons are abolished,
Cincinnati Red Stockings becomes first salaried baseball team, famous clipper ship “Cutty Sark” launched, GIrton College at Cambridge founded, Firsst Nihilist
Congress meets at Basel SWI, First postcards introduced in Austria, Skoda workes Polsen Bohemia opens, Grant removes only Mormon appointee in Utah
Territory, Grant sends new tough administration to Utah – both sides unimpressed,
Mahatma Gandhi born Oct 2, Transcontinental Railroad completed May 10, Irish
Church is disestablished, Suez Canal opens Nov 17, Knights of labor founded,
John Wesley Powell explored Green and Colorado Rivers, UT women vote, YW
Retrenchment started Nov 28, Mar 1 ZCMI opens, Suez Canal opened by the
French, Transcontinental railroad, Verne writes 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ,
Métis revolt under Louis Riel fails in Manitoba, Transcontinental Railroad completed; Knights of Labor organized; Grant wins US presidency; US prohibition party organized
1870 End of first Maori war in New Zealand, end of King Kojong in Korea and his persecution of Christians, Franco-Prussian War begins as Napoleon II abdicates,
Paraguay almost annihilated in attacks on neighboring countries, Antonio
Guzman rules Venezuela 18 years, Gold Rush in New Caledonia, Oceana, Irish
Home Rule movement launched, Earthquake in Oaxaca MEX, Large storm off coast of France kills 122, End of ghettoization of Jews by Papal state, Italy relegates Papacy to Vatican, Rome retaken by secular Italy, office of inquisition loses policing power, Franco-Prussian war begins with Napoleon III v. King
Leopold – Napoleon III imprisoned ending second French Empire, 180,000
French soldiers surrender, Italy seizes “Papal States” reunifying Italy,
Rockerfeller creates Standard Oil, Virginia readmitted to Union, Women vote in
UT, MS TX GA return to Union, first black senator, War between Prussia and
France (Franco-Prussian), Napoleon III deposed, Prime Minister of Spain assassinated * Anti-Mormon proposes to Grant to send troops to Utah, but Grant tries more peace, Western Union Telegraph Company's Weather Report begun, death of French novelist Alexandre Dumas, death of French author Prosper
Merimee, death of French author Charles de Montalembert, death of English novelist Charles Dickens, death of Australian poet Adam Lindsay Gordon, 15 th
Amendment, Hiram Rhoades Revels becomes first African American elected to the Senate, Richard Greener becomes first African American Harvard graduate,
Franco-Prussian War, Paris Commune defeated, Charles Dickens dies, end of
France’s Second Empire, end of second Maori War, end of Florence as capital of

Italy, Baden district joins N German Confederation, end of Red River Rebellion –
Manitoba becomes CAN province, Isabella of Spain abdicated in favor of Alfonso
XII, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern accepts Spanish throne but is forced to withdraw by the hea of the House of Hohenzollern King William I – after French protests,s Bismarck’s “Ems Telegram”, Franco-Prussian War – France declares war on Prussia and is defeated at several battles and Napoelon III capitulates at
Sedan, Revolt in Paris and proclamation of the Third Republic – siege of paris by
Prussians begins – Metz and Strasboutg surrender, Western Australia granted representative government, Italians enter Rome and name it their capital, Karl
Anzengruber writes Austrian peasant play, death of Charles Dickens, Disraeli writes, death of Alexander Dumas, death of French author Jules de Goncourt,
Ivan Goncharov writes, death of French author Charles de Montlembert, Jules
Verne writes “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea”, Keble College of
Oxford founded, Heinrich Schliemann begins to excavate Troy, Firsst Vatican
Council promulgates the dogma of papal infallibility, Corot paints “La perle”,
Fanatin-Latour paints, Delibes composes ballet, Founding of National Music
Society in France, Tchaikovsky composes his “Romeo and Juliet”, Wagner marries COsima von Bulow – daughter of Franz Liszt – composes “Die Walkure”,
TH Huxley writes “Theory of Biogenesis, Adolf Nordenskjold explores interior of
Greenland, Dictionary of American Biography first issued, WG Grace and brothers found Gloucester Cricket Club, death of General Robert E Lee, John D
Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company, End of ghettoization of Jews by
Papal state, Italy relegates Papacy to Vatican, Rome retaken by secular Italy, office of inquisition loses policing power, Anti-Mormon proposes to Grant to send troops to Utah, but Grant tries more peace, Parliament encourages Brit landlords to sell Irish states back to Irish, Decade of Louis Pasteur, Suffrage to all males, Department of Justice created, England makes Primary Education compulsory, 15th amendment - right to vote Mar 30, Bill put forth in Congress to limit racial discrimination - work on telephone proceeds, Force acts are passed,
First railroad car from Pacific reaches NY Jul 24, UT right to vote,
Liberal/People's Party (Anti-Mormon) established in UT, Franco-Prussian War begins, Wagner composes, site of Troy excavated, Rome becomes Italian capital,
Vatican council promotes Papal infallibility, Franco- Prussian war, France is defeated and the second German Empire set up, Italy annexes Rome to complete union of nation-state, Liberal Guzman Blanco named president in Venezuela who reforms social institutions, Unification of Italy complete as Rome becomes part of kingdom, Census shows US population at 40 million, John D Rockefeller founds the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, British act provides aid to local governments,
Manitoba Act in Canada creates new providence, end of Maori conflicts in New
Zealand, French troops withdraw from protecting Pope in Italy - Popes considered
Italian captives until WWI, official end of reign of Isabella II of Spain as Italian
Savoy put on Spanish throne, Bismarck and Napoleon III have conflicts with
Franco-Prussian War and Napoleon III surrenders leaving France in a bit of chaos;
Southern States restored; Granger movement in US demands state regulation of business; introduction of wood-pulp paper commercially; begin area of imperialism in Pacific; Italy gains control of the Papacy

1871 Chicago Fire, Peshtigo fire WI (deadliest) kills 2000, Third Republic established in France until 1940, End of Franco Prussian War, Unification of Germany and
Prussian king William I becomes German emperor, Cakobau, leader of Bau on
Fiji establishes monarchy, Bismarck unifies Prussia and the German kingdoms into Germany and King Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser, Treaty of Frankfurt calls for money to be paid to Germany, France signs treaty with Germany, ending Franco-
Prussian War, French attempt revolution and Paris taken but reconquered by army with Prussian support, Stanley finds Livingstone, German empire created, France surrenders to Germany, Chicago fire and Wisconsin fire burn with 1,200,000 acres each, NRA created, Bismarck tries to suppress Catholics politically, Boss
Tweed of Tammany Hall * Grant names chief judge who pledges to end polygamy – Grant says he will support with force – Grant says they can believe anything they want, but can’t practice polygamy, Yellowstone region first surveyed and documented scientifically - photographed
Oct - 8th Great Chicago Fire helped by warm, dry winds - 250 killed, Sargent's
Great Vaudeville Company formed, First Gilbert & Sullivan musical, P.T.
Barnum creates "Greatest Show on Earth" circus, death of French composer
Daniel Auber, death of Thomas Ewing US Secretary of the Treasury and Interior, death of German novelist Willibald Alexis, death of German painter Moritz von
Schwind, Hawaii quake est 6.8, Fisk Jubilee Singers popularize black spiritual music, Verdi’s <i>Aida</i> premiers in Cairo, Third Republic begins in France,
William I King of Prussia proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles – Paris capitulates – France signs armistice – French national assembly meets at
Bordeaux – preliminary peace between Germany and France followed by Peace of Frankfurt – France cedes Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and pays indemnity of five billion francs, The Commune in Paris rules two months, LA Thiers elected
French President, Treaty of Washington settles existing difficulties between
Britain and US, Italian Law of Guaranteed allows the pope possession of Vatican,
British Act of Parliament legalizes labor unions, British Columbia joins Dominion of Canada, “Kulturkampf” against Catholic Church in Prussia, Basutoland becomes part of Cape Colony – Britain annexes diamond fields of Kimberley, death of Willibald Alexis the German novelist, Lewis Carroll wirtes “Through the
Looking Glass”, George Eliot writes, Ostrovsky writes Russian play, Zola writes novels, First congress of old Catholics meets in Munich, Charles Darwin writes
“The Descent of Man” Jehovah’s Witnesses founded, Mommsen writes about
Roman Constitutional Law, John Ruskin writes, Asolph Wagner writes “The
Social Question”, Rossetti paints “The Dream of Dante” , death of German painter Moritz von Schwind, Albert Hall in London opened, French workers compose “L’Internationale”, Saint Saens composes, Verdi composes “Aida” in
Cairo, Simon INgersoll invents pneumatic rock drill, Mount Cenis Tunnel opened,
GA Hansen discovers leprosy bacillus, bank holidays introduces in England and
Wales, PT Barnum opens his circus
“The Greatest Show on Earth” in NY, F.A. Cup established, National Association of Professional Baseball Players founded in NY (dissolved 1876), Stanley meets
Livingstone at Ujiji, Populations – Germany 41 million US 39 million France 36 million, Japan 33 million, Britain 26 million, Ireland 5.4 million, ITA 26.8 million,

S.S. Oceanic of the White Star Line launched – first of large modern luxury liners,
Grant names chief judge who pledges to end polygamy – Grant says he will support with force – Grant says they can believe anything they want, but can’t practice polygamy, Verdi and Brahms compose, Bismarck chancellor of Germany,
Emerson and Darwin write. Kimberly, South Africa founded, but British and
Boers (Dutch) claims it... 1880, Oct 8-9 Great Chicago Fire Darwin publishes
Descent of Man , Trade Unions legalized in England, Unification of Germany completed, Civil Rights Act responsible for arresting 5000 Klansmen, Buffalo
Bill Cody, Ancient Zimbabwe discovered, Force acts are passed, SL Trib established, Oct 8 Fire breaks out in Chicago - O'Leary's barn, Oct 2 Brigham
Young arrested, End of Franco-Prussian War, Wilhelm I crowned emperor of
Germany at Versailles, Europeans immigrate to diamond mines and Africans migrate to labor there, Brazil passes law for gradual abolition of slavery, Canada passes Treaty of Washington with the US, end of Franco-Prussian War leads to unification of Germany - Bismarck proclaims new German Empire; German mine output increases; Japan seeks to learn from US trading and sends envoy to US;
Japan seeks to rule China; Germany seizes Alsace- Lorraine
1872 Pickney Benton Stewart becomes first African-American Governor (LA), Cape
Colony of S Africa granted self government, First railroad in Japan opens,
Cyclone in Zanzibar (Tanzania), Brigham Young arrested, Yellowstone established, 7.2/4 quake in LinePine CA kills 27, Civil Rights re-established for rebels, Susan B Anthony votes, is fined $100 but never pays, Modoc Indian War begins * Woodruff calls down wrath on Grant – has vision of tattered flag, etc.,
Saints lobby for statehood, Grant calls for end to polygamy, Garfield records that he dines with “G.Q. Cannon – Mormon Apostle”, Garfield stops in Salt Lake and attends meeting, meets with leadership, death of American inventor Samuel F.B.
Morse, death of Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer, death of German painter
Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, death of German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach, death of Italian patriot and revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, death of French author Theophile Gautier, Tsunami hits Maine, quake in Cascades WA est at 7.3, elimination of US federal income tax, League of Three Emperors, death of King
Charles XV of Sweden, Civil war in Spain – Carlists are defeated and Don Carlos escapes to France, TF Burgers elected President of Transvaal Republic, Ballot Act in Britain – voting by secret ballot, Three-Emperors League established in Berlin
– alliance between Germany Russia and Austria-Hungary, Grant reelected in spite of public scandals, Compulsory military service introduced in Japan, US General
Amnesty Act pardons most ex-confederates, death of Italian patriot and nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini, Samuel Butler writes, Alphonse Daudet writes,
Elonora Duse’s debut at age 14 in Verona as Juliet, death of French author
Theophile Gautier, death of Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer, Thomas Hardy writes, Turgenev writes, Jules Verne writes “Around the World in 80 Days”,
Jesuits expelled from Germany, DF Strauss writes, death of Ludwig Geuerbach
German philosopher, Bocklin paints “Battle of the Centaurs”, Cezanne and
Pissarro at Auvers-sur-Oise, Whistler paints “The Artist’s Mother”, Bizet composes, Alexandre Lecocq composes, Billroth makes first resection of esophagus, Edison perfects the “duplex” telegraph, Brooklyn Bridge opened,

William Thomson later Lord Kelvin invents machine for taking depth soundings at sea, American engineer George Westinghouse perfects automatic railroad brake,
Bakunin expelled from First International at the Hague conference, firstinternational soccer game – England v. Scotland, CP Scott becomes editor of
Manchester Guardian, start of building of St. Gotthard Tunnel, first US ski club founded at Berlin NH, The <i>Mary Celeste</i> found abandoned in the Atlantic
– classic ghost ship, Woodruff calls down wrath on Grant – has vision of tattered flag, etc., Saints lobby for statehood, Grant calls for end to polygamy, Garfield records that he dines with “G.Q. Cannon – Mormon Apostle”, Garfield stops in
Salt Lake and attends meeting, meets with leadership, Nietzsche writes. Monet paints Impression, Fog naming the impressionist movement, Secret voting introduced, Yellowstone National Park created, President Grant reelected,
Congress ends Freedman's Bureau, General Amnesty for Confederates, Amnesty
Act is passed, Crédit Mobilier scandal investigated, Susan B Anthony fined $100 for voting, Japanese army reform begins, Wilhelm Wundt publishes Foundations of Physiological Psychology, South African constitution established, Oscar II becomes King of Sweden; Twain publishes Roughing It
1873 Colt revolver peacemaker invented, End of reign of Able King Mindon Min in
Burma, War between Asante kingdom and Britain begins in Africa, UK declares war on Ghana for trading slaves, Indian Wars – Modoc, New Spanish republic,
Indian Wars – stronghold, Vienna stock crash results in long depression , Royal
Canadian Mounted Police created, Modoc War ends with capture of Captain Jack,
Jesse James train robbery, First clash between Custer and Sioux, Germans leave
France, US stock market crash, DDT developed, Mardi Gras evolves as Rex, King of Carnival first named – Krewe of Comus lampoons Darwinism * Grant says
Utah must be dealt with to congress, Garfield writes about mixed feelings for
Mormons
Women's Temperance Movement begins unofficially, American Association for the Advancement of Science demands preservation of resources, death of Italian poet and novelist Anessandro Manzoni, death of English novelist Edward George
Bulwer-Lytton, death of John Stuart Mill, death of Napoleon III (Charles Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte) in England, death of Scottish explorer David Livingston, death of French writer of detective fiction Emile Gaboriau, death of French explorer in China Francois Garnier, CA/OR quake est at 7.3, Comstock Act bans contraceptives and obscene material sent through US postal service, Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis patent riveted pants, Republic proclaimed in Spain, Thiers falls and MacMahon elected French president, Finandial panic in Vienna and New
York, Abolition of slave markets and exports in Zanzibar, Germans evacuate
France, Famine in Bengal, Paul Heyse writes, death of Italian writer Alessandro
Manzoni, JS Mill writes autobiography + dies, Rombaud writes, Tolstoi writes
“Anna Karenina”, Walter Peter writes about he Renaissance, Herbert Spencer writes about sociology, Hippolyte Taine writes about contemporary France,
Cezanne paints “The Straw Hat”, Corot paints “Soucenir d’Italie”, Manet paints
“Le bon Bock”, Senaper designs new Burgtheater in Vienna, Bruckner composes in Vienna, Carl Rosa Opera Company founded in England, Delibes composes in
Paris, Rimsky-Korsakov composes in St. Petersburg, Tchaikovsky composes in

Moscow, Jean Charcot writes about problems with the nervous system, James
Clark Maxwell writes about Electricity and magnetism, Color photographs first developed, death of Justus von Liebig the German chemist, Austrian explorers
Payer and Weyprecht discover Franz Josef Land the islands of the Arctic Ocean,
Gunsmith form of E Remington and sons begins to produce typewriters, Wilhelm
Wundt writes about physiological psychology, American Football clubs adopt uniform rules, The cities of Buda and Pest unite to form capital of Hungary,
Initiation of modern cricket county championship. Germany adopts mark as unit of currency, Building of Severn Tunnel in England, Vienna World Exhibition,
Major WC Wingfield in Britain introduces moder game of lawn tennis at garden party under the name Sphairstike, Grant says Utah must be dealt with to congress,
Garfield writes about mixed feelings for Mormons, Brahms composes, Degas paints, Depression in US economy, Steel plow is developed, Brigham Young ill, calls 5 counselors Apr 8, Church reaches 100,000, France begins occupatoin of
Tongking, Dutch attack Aceh sultanate in SE Asia, Bismarck negotiates League of the Three Emperors, End of reign of Savoy in Spain and military dictatorship enthrones Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II; Panic results in depression for six years;
Japan on verge of war with China over Korea
1874 End of war between Asante and British in Africa (Ashanti war), end of first reign of Gladstone as British Prime Minister, Beginnings of Mande state in old Mali under Samori Ture, Africa, Disraeli’s second and last government of Britain begins and lasts 6 years, Prince David Kalakaua becomes ruler of Hawaii until
1891, Baton Rouge LA Flood, Measles outbreak on Fiji, NY gets the Bronx,
Hawaii annexed by US treaty, Blue jeans created, Home rule granted in Ireland *
Saints lobby against tougher antipolygamy legislation – President signs Poland
Bill, Jul - Pittsburgh flash floods kill 134, "Evangeline" plays as
Burlesque/Vaudeville performance, Chautauqua movement (summer camps and vacations) started, Official start of Women's Christian Temperance Movement,
Ann Moses (Annie Oakley) begins to shoot for profit around home (age 15)
– circus shooter Frank Butler meets loses to woos and later marries her, death of
German composer Peter von Cornelius, Paris opens exhibition on impressionist painting, Robert Frost born, Riveted Levis marketed, end of William E Gladstone as British Prime Minister, Disraeli becomes prime minister (again), Political disturbances in AR, Swiss Constitution revised, Prince of Wales (future King
Edward VII) visits France, Britain annexes Fiji, Alfonse XII son of Queen
Isabella II proclaimed King of Spain, Alarcon writes, Flaubert writes, Thomas
Hardy writes, Victor Hugo writes, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch writes novel
(masochism), Verlaine writes, Ernst Haeckel writes, Henry Sidgwick writes, First impressionist exhibition in Paris, Max Liebermann paints “Women Plucking
Geese”, Renoir paints “La Loge”, Brahms composes, death of German composer
Peter Cornelius, Hermann Gotz composes, Moussorgsky composes, Paris Opera completed, Smetana composes, Johann Strauss II composes, Verdi’s Requiem composed, Excavation of Olympia begins, Billroth discovers streptococci and staphylococci, AT Still founds osteopathy, H Solomon introduces pressurecooking for canning, Union Generale des Postes established in Berne SWI,
Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in NY by ET Gerry, civil

marriage compulsory in Germany, Tichborne claimant Arthur Orton found guilty of perjury, First American zoo in Philadelphia, Miss Mary E Outerbridge sees tennis played in Bermuda and introduces game into US, sighting of monster Ponik in Lake Pohenegamook CAN – manatee-like with black spiny fin, Saints lobby against tougher antipolygamy legislation – President signs Poland Bill, Drought in
West US, Hansen first makes clinical description of leprosy, Gladstone ends first reign as Prime Minister, Disraeli's second reign as Prime Minister, barbed wire invented, United Order discussed, MA issues 10 hour workday for women May 8,
Mussorgsky and Strauss compose, Disraeli returns as Prime Minister of Britain;
France proclaims self as protector of Chinese Christians; Britain annexes Fiji
1875 Rudimentary sewage system created in London, Japanese legal code drawn up for
13 years, Earthquake and Volcano in Colombia, France becomes Republic,
Kwang-Hsu becomes emperor of China, US government issues report stating
Sioux and Cheyenne are hostile, Treaty of St. Petersburg between Japan and
Russia, Tong Wars in San Francisco (Chinese Mafia) * Grant becomes first U.S.
President to visit Utah, Garfield continues friendship with Cannon, visits Utah again, Apr - NYC gets 3 inches of snow on the 25 th
, Hawaii and U.S. sign peace treaty, death of French painter Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, death of German poet
Eduard Morike, death of Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen, death of French painter Jean François Millet, death of German philosopher and sociologist
Friedrich Albert Lange, death of French composer Georges Bizet, Civil Rights
Act passed, First running of Kentucky Derby (African-American jockey wins),
Decline of the Turkish Ottoman empire, Death of Isaac Merritt Singer the sewing machine guru, Risings in Bosnia and Herzegovinia against Turkish rule – Sultan promises reforms to meet rebel demands, Prince of Wales visits India, Public
Health Act is passed in Britain, Rebellion in Cuba, Britain buys Suez canal shares from Khedive of Egypt, death of English author Charles Kingsley, death of
German poet Eduard Morike, Gabrielle Rejane makes debut at the Theatre
Vaudeville in Paris, Mark Twain writes “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”,
Theosophical Society founded by Helena Blavatsky in New York, Mary Baker
Eddy writes “Science and Health”, Emile Laceleye writes about Protestantism and
Catholicism, Religious orders abiloshed in Prussia, The “Hermes” of Praxiteles found at Olympia Greece, Menzel paints “The Steel Mill”, JF Millet the French painter dies, Monet paints “Boating at Argenteuil”, Bizet composes “Carmen” – death of Bizet in Paris, Ignaz Bruil composes in Berlin, first Gilbert and Sullivan operetta “Trial by Jury”, Karl Goldmark composes in Vienna, Tchaikovsky composes in Boston, PE Lecoq discovers element gallium, London Medical
School for Women opened, Heinrich Schliemann writes “Troy and Its Remains”
Japanese courts of law reformed, London’s main sewage system completed, first roller-skating rink opens in London, Firsst swim across English Channel by
Captain Matthew Webb, Armies – Russia 3.36 million Germany 2.8 million,
France 412 k Britain 113 k, Grant becomes first U.S. President to visit Utah,
Garfield continues friendship with Cannon, visits Utah again, Irish nationalist
Parnel filibusters to prevent discussion of anything but Irish question, Bell invents the telephone Jun 2ish, Suez Canal shares purchased by Britain, Fewer than 1000
Buffalo remain, Resumption Act passed, First Kentucky Derby run May 19, BYA

founded in Provo, Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, New Paris
Opera House opens, Mary Baker Eddy and Tolstoy write, Britain buys Suez Canal shares from Egypt, Japan exchanges Sakhalin with Russia for Kuril Islands, USA begins to restrict immigration by excluding "undesirables" (Chinese), Eastern crisis begins when Bosnia and Herzegovina rebel against Turks, Britain purchases control of Suez Canal, War breaks out in Baalkans and Herzegovinia - then
Bulgaria Montenegro and Serbia all rebel against Turkish Sultan, Third French
Republic organized; German socialists organize,
1876 Drought at horn of AFR for 2 years, Telephone invented by Alexander Graham bell, Queen Victoria declared Empress of India, Japanese pressure forces Korea to open ports to trade, Famine in the Deccan S India results in 2 years and 5 million dead, Turks put down Bulgarian uprising – very violent, Bell invents telephone, reign of President Diaz of Mexico 35 years, Cyclone in Bangladesh Bengal kills
200 K, Drought famine and Cholera in India, Baseball's National League organized, Kit Cody – son of Buffalo Bill dies of scarlet fever – Cody leaves wife
(again) after to join 5 th cavalry where he learns of Custer’s death – in battle he kills an Indian and scalps him – reenacts this for years, death of French author
George Sand, death of Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, N Chinese famine starts killing 10 million and Indian famine kills 10 million by 1879, Gang tries to steal Abraham Lincoln’s body for ransom – foiled, Edward Alexander Boucher becomes first black Doctorate (Yale), Bell invents telephone, NA Otto invents four-stroke combustion engine, Sioux under Sitting Bull rebel, Custer's last stand,
Korean independence, Ethiopians defeat Egyptian forces at Gura, Massacre of
Bulgarians by Turkish troops, Sultan Abdul Aziz deposed – successor Murad V deposed and succeeded by Abdul Hamid II, Serbia declares war on Turkey,
Montenegro declares war on Turkey, CO becomes state, Disraeli made Earl of
Beaconsfield, US Presidential election – Tilden receives more electoral votes than
Hayes, but 20 disputed votes result in special electoral commission, New Ottoman constitution proclaimed, Hilarion Daza named President of Bolivia, Felix Dahn writes German historical novel, Henry James writes, Mallarme writes, CF Meyer writes Swiss historical novel, death of French writer George Sand, FH Bradley writes “Ethical Studies”, Lombrosso writes, Renoir paints “Le Moulin de la
Galette”, Bayreuth Festpielhaus opens with performance of Wagner’s works,
Brahms composes, Leo Delibes writes “Sylvia” ballet, Ponchielli composes in
Milan, Wagner composes “Siegfried”, Robert Koch discovers anthrax bacilius,
Heinrich Schliemann excavates Mycenae, death of Russian socialist writer
Mikhail Bakunin, Deutsche Reichsbank opens, First Chinese railroad completed,
First tennis tournament in US, US National Baseball League founded, Nickel ore found in New Caledonia, Reformatory for juvenile offenders ofunded at Elmira
NY, World Exhibition at Philadelphia, June 25 - Little Big Horn - Custer's last stand, Victoria becomes Empress of India, Rutherford B Hayes elected #19,
Korea becomes independent nation, Serbia declares war on Turkey, Sioux defeat
Custer at Little Bighorn, Co #38, Philadelphia holds Centennial Exposition,
Presidential election disputed, Bell demonstrates the telephone, "Granger Cases" go to court, Mormons begin to colonize AZ, Mar 7 Patent for telephone issued to
AG Bell, Twain writes Tom Sawyer , Five million die from famine in central and

southern India, Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone, Nikolaus Otto invents internal combustion engine in Germany, Samurai forbidden to wear swords in Japan, Turks suspend constitution; CO enters union; Custer's Last Stand at Battle of Little Bighorn (Jun 25); Greenback Party strengthens in US,
Philadelphia Centennial Expo marks beginning of eclecticism and skyscrapers;
Victoria names empress of India
1877 Sound recording invented, end of reform for US South, Satsuma rebellion in
Japan results in death of Samurai, Edison invents record player, Tsunami in Chile,
Volcano in Ecuador, Drought, famine and Cholera in India, Drought and famine in China, Federal troops withdraw from Louisiana, era of lynchings throughout the South begins, Mexican President Porfirio Diaz gains power, UT – John D Lee executed in Panguitch UT, death of French historian and statesman Adolphe
Thiers, death of American historian John Lothrop Motley, death of French painter
Gustave Courbet, death of American painter Homer D. Martin, Hayes ends reconstruction, Sioux chief Crazy Horse killed after resisting arrest at Ft.
Robinson NE, Edison invents phonograph, British annex S Africa, Porfirio Dìaz gains power in Mexican coup, End of US reconstruction, Edison invents lightbulb,
Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, US electoral commission decides that Hayes 19 th
president, Russia declares war on Turkey and invades Rumania –
Russians cross Danube and storm Kars – Russians take Plevna Bulgaria –
Bismarck declines to intervene – Serbia declares war on Turkey, First Kaffir War,
Satsuma revolt in Japan suppressed, Writers – Gobineau, Ibsen, Henry James,
Zola, Patent Protection law enacted in Germany, Louis Lucien Rochet the Swiss theologian founds “Blue Cross” to fight alcoholism, JCF Zollner writes about spiritualism, death of French painter Gustave Courbet, Winslow Homer paints
“The Cotton Pickers”, Manet paints “Nana” Building of the Rijksmuseum in
Amsterdam, Rodin paints “The Age of Bronze”, Third impressionist exhibition in paris, Brohms composes, Publication of Mozart’s complete works, Camille Saint-
Saens composes, Tchaikovsky compose, Cailletet and Pictet independently liquefy oxygen, Robert Koch develops bacterial staining techniques, Lord
Rayleigh writes treatise on Sound, Italian astronomer Giovanni V Schiaparelli observes Mars canals, All-England Lawn tennis championship first played at
Wimbleton, Famine in Bengal, First public telephones in US, Frozen meat shipped from Argentina to Europe for first time, Edison invents phonograph,
American Red Cross under direction of Clara Barton, Hayes becomes president
Mar 5 by House Compromise of 1877 ends Southern military , Trans- Continental railroad completed, End of reconstruction in South, Phonograph invented, Chief
Joseph surrenders (Sioux defeated), Granger cases decided, Pres Brigham Young dies 28/29 Aug, John Taylor new LDS pres, Reconstruction officially ends Apr 24 when Northern rule ends, Apr 6 St. George Temple dedicated (1st), Wagner,
Brahms compose, Edison invents the phonograph, Monet paints, Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India in Delhi, 600,000 black students attend schools in the south, Thomas Edison invents the phonograph, great strike begins at
Martinsburg, WV, Last in a series of Russo-Turkish wars begins - creation of the vassal state of Bulgaria, frozen meat shipped for the first time from Argentina to
France, westward migration of agriculturists in US, Japanese Satsuma rebellion -

uprising by Samurai under Saigo Takamori put down by government forces,
Russo- Turkish War ends, Russia gains much from the Treaty of San Stefano,
Porfiro Diaz begins dictatorship of Mexico, British annexes the Transvaal
(Africa), war between Russia and Turkey; troops removed from US South;
Railroad strikes in US; corrupt and hotly contested election in US leads to Hayes presidency; telephone demonstrated
1878 Drought at horn of AFR ends, end of famine in S India Deccan area and 5 million dead, Second Afghan War begins with British invasion of Afghanistan to counter
Russian influence, Congress of Berlin ends Russo-Turkish War and allows for freedom of some Balkan countries, New Caledonian people rebel against French in Oceana, Earthquake in El Salvador, Drought and famine in China * Saints meet with Hayes – Hayes still wants anti-polygamy legislation, <i> H.M.S.
Pinafore</i> debuts, Samoan islands grant use of harbor in Pago Pago to U.S., death of French painter Charles Daubigny, Migration of blacks to Kansas,
Thomas Swan of England invents lightbulb, death of Pope Pius IX – Cardinal
Count Pecci succeeds as Leo XIII, Christian Revival Association in London renamed Salvation Army, death of Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy – son
Humbert I rules, Turks capitulate at Shipka Pass and plead to Russia for peace –
Russians take Adrianople – British fleet arrives at sultan’s request in
Constantinople – “Jingoist” war fever in Britain – Turkish-Russian armistice signed, Greece declares war on Turkey – preliminary treaty of San Stefano between Russia and Turkey – Anglo-Turkish agreement to check Russian advance in Asia minor – Berlin congress discussion of Eastern problems ends with Treaty of Berlin, Attempt to assassinate Emperor William I of Germany, Anti-Socialist
Law enacted in Germany, Beginning of Irredentist agitation in Italy to abtsin
Trieste and South Tirol from Australia, Theodor Fontane writes, death of German dramatist Karl Gutzkow, Thomas Hardy writes, Rene Sully-Prudhomme writes,
Swinburne writes, Ellen Terry joins Irving’s Company at the Lyceum Theater in
London, WEH Lecky writes history of 18 th
century England, Charles Pierce writes about pragmatism, George Romanes writes about Theism, German historian Heinrich Tritschke begins racial anti-Semitic movement and Berlin court preacher Adolf Stoecker founds Christlich-Siziale Arbeiterpartei, Garnier designs the Casino at Monte Carlo, William Morris paints “The Decorative Arts”,
Cleopatra’s Needle (once in Heliopolis) removed from Alexandria to London,
Libel action Whistler v. Ruskin over Ruskin’s essay, AW Ambrose composes,
Gilbert and Sullivan create “H.M.S. Pinafore”, George Grove begins dictionary of music and musicians, David Hughes invents the microphone, first use of iodoform as antiseptic, Mannlicher produces repeater rifle, A.A. Pope manufactures first bicycles in America, Karl Benz the German engineer builds motorized tricycle at 7 mph, Bicycle Touring Club founded in England, CID New
Scotland Yard established in London, Deutscher Fussballverein in hanover founded, Electric street lightning is introduced in London, First European crematorium established at Gotha Germany, Fur farming begun in Canada, Paris
World Expo, Salvation Army becomes known under its new name, Saints meet with Hayes – Hayes still wants anti-polygamy legislation, Chinese famine worst in history, Edison invents lightbulb, Congress passes Bland-Allison Act, Pope

Pius IX dies 7 Feb (see 1846), 20 Feb Pope Leo XIII appointed (Gioacchino
Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci Carpineto), first phone installed in White House
Dec 1, Primary founded Aug 25, Brahms composes, Second Afghan War - Britain fails to subdue Afghanistan, Congress of Berlin confirms independence of Serbia,
Bulgaria and Romania from Turkey, First electric street lighting in London, dissolution of German Social Democratic Party, Congress of Berlin compels
Russia to reduce its recent gains in the Balkans, Britain under Disraeli wins diplomatic victory over Russia, Conservative Macdonald of Canada defeated,
Russia and Balkans win against Turkey Treaty of San Stefano forces Turkey to recognize sovereignty of Balkans, giving Russians some control.; Bismarck tries to eliminate German Socialism
1879 Early lightbulbs invented by Edison in US and Swan in GBR, Zulu war with
British ends with British defeated in one area but victorious in Cetewayo – Zulus massacre British in Isandhlwana, End of second Afghan war, War of the Pacific begins between Chile, Peru and Bolivia, Britain establishes naval station at Samoa, major storm off coast of Scotland produces waterspout that destroys bridge and train * Women Saints petition Hayes not to de-legitimatize children of polygamy, and to not tear families apart, Hayes meets with Saints and proposes amnesty for former polygamists, but Taylor rejects it in fear that it will lead to further persecution and an end to polygamy, Hayes asks European nations to prevent
Saints from emigrating to America, Hayes asks Congress to not allow power to polygamists, May - Irving KS gets two tornadoes in two days, Aug - Massive waterspout off of Barnstable MA, MA law prohibits women and children from working more than a 60 hour week, death of English inventor of penny postage
Rowland Hill, death of German architect Gottfried Semper, death of French painter Honore Daumier, death of Belgian poet Charles de Coster, death of
Scottish chemist that theorized that light and electromagnetism have identical source James Clerk Maxwell, N Chinese and Indian famines kill total of 23 million from 1876, Lewis Latimer invents the electric filament bulb (African
American), British fight Zulu war, Otto Von Bismarck negotiates German-
Austrian alliance, death of French Prince Imperial and son of Napoleon III, Ismail of Egypt deposed and succeeded by Tewfik, French prince imperial – son of
Napoleon III killed in action, Alexander of Battenberg elected Prince Alexander I of Bulgaria, Treaty of Gandamak – Britian occupies Khyber Pass but British legation in Kabul massacred, Alsace-Lorraine declared part of Germany, French
Panama Canal CO. under Ferdinand de lesseps organized, Ibsen writes “A Doll’s
House”, Henry James writes, Meredith writes, RL Stevenson writes, Strindberg writes, Juan Valera writes, FT Vischer writes, Annti-Jesuit Laws introduced in
France, St. Thomas Aquinas proclaimed a Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church,
AJ Balfour writes, Mary Baker Eddy becomes pastor of Chruch of Christ –
Scientist in Boston, Henry George writes, Robert Giffen writes about finance,
Herbert Spencer writes, Treitschke writes history, Bastien-Lepage paints portrait of Sarah Bernhardt, death of French painter Honore Daumier, Renoir paints
“Mme Charpentier and Her Children”, Rodin sculpts “John the Baptist”,
Millocker composes, Suppe composes, Tchaikovsky composes, First electric tram exhibited by EW Siemens at Berlin Trade Exposition, Fahlberg and Remser

discover saccharin, The element scandium discovered by LF Nilson, Collapse of
Tay Bridge in Scotland, London’s first telephone exchange established,
Australian frozen meat on sale in London, British churchman WL Blackley proposes scheme for old-age pensions, Public granted unrestricted admission to
British museum, first large-scale skiing contest at Huseby Hill in Norway,
Women Saints petition Hayes not to de-legitimatize children of polygamy, and to not tear families apart, Hayes meets with Saints and proposes amnesty for former polygamists, but Taylor rejects it in fear that it will lead to further persecution and an end to polygamy, Hayes asks European nations to prevent Saints from emigrating to America, Hayes asks Congress to not allow power to polygamists,
Einstein born, Knights of Labor (Irish Union) founded, Edison perfects electric light Oct 21, first telephone call is made, Reynolds case comes before Supreme
Court, sustaining anti-polygamy laws, Tchaikovsky composes, Edison invents an improved electric light, Ibsen and Dostoyevsky write, Ear of the pacific between
Chile and Bolivia and Peru, French company under Ferdinand de Lesseps is set up to build the Panama Canal, War of the Pacific - Chile gains territories from
Bolivia and Peru, Ryukyu Islands become part of imperial Japan, Dual Alliance
Germany and Austria-Hungary, War of the Pacific in South America, Austria-
Hungary forms alliance with Germany; Germany passes high tariff law; beginning of era of monopolies with Standard Oil Trust; upturn in US economy for four years; Britain and France assume joint control over Egypt; Stanley (of
Livingstone fame) sent back to Congo; Bismarck makes treaty with Austria
1880 Drought at horn of AFR, Beginning of European “Scramble for Africa,” First
Boer War begins, End of Disraeli’s reign in Britain, Australian ranger Ned Kelly is hanged and becomes folk hero, France annexes Tahiti as a colony, Marshfield
MO tornadoes, Emperor Norton I of U.S. dies, total solar eclipse over S France, ragtime “Hot Blues” emerges as a pre-jazz * Hayes appoints anti-Mormon as governor of Utah, Hayes visits Utah, Hayes asks for more anti-Mormon legislation, Apr- Marshal, MO tornado sucks well dry, May - Brackettville, TX flash flood, <i> Pirates of Penzance</i> debuts, U.S. navy reduced to 100 vessels, most of which were rotting and falling apart, death of French composer Jacques
Offenbach, death of English novelist George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), death of
French novelist Gustave Flaubert, death of German painter Anselm Feuerbach, death of Polish violinist and composer Henri Wieniawski, Croatian earthquake,
Britain, France and Belgium battle for African colonies, end of Disraeli as prime minister as he (Lord Beaconsfield) resigns, Cape Parliament rejects echeme for S
African federation, France annexes Tahiti, Transvaal declares self independent of
Britain – Boers under Kruger declare a republic, Pacific War – Chile against
Bolivia and Pery, James A Garfield elected, Disraeli writes, Dostoevsky writes
“The Brothers Karamazov”, death of George Elion (Mary Ann Evans) the English novelist, JC Harris writes Uncle Remus, Jens Jacobson writes, Longfellow writes,
Pierre Loti writes, Maupassant writes, Lew Wallace writes Ben Hur, Zola writes,
Walter Bagehot’s works published posthumousely, John Claird writes about the whilosophy of religion, Cezanne paints “Chateau de Medan”, Cologne Cathedral completed (started 1248), Pissarro paints, Renoir paints, Rodin sculpts “The
Thinker”, Gilbert and Sullivan create “The Pirates of Penzance”, London

Guildhall School of Music founded, death of French composere jcques Offenbach,
Philipp Spitta writes bio of Johann Sebastian Bach, Edison and JW Swann independently divise first practical electric lights, Laveran discovers malaria parasite, Owens College in Manchester becomes a university, Pasteur discovers chicken cholera vaccine, James Winshurst created electrostatic generator, Bingo game feveloped form Italian lotto game of Tombola, Captain CC Boycott the land agent in Mayo Ireland is “boycotted” for refusing to accept rents fixed by his tenants, Carnegie develops first large steel furnace, New York Streets first lit by electric lights, First Test Match between England and Australia, canned fruits and meets first appear in stores, Parcel post introduced in England, Railroads – US
87.8 k Britain 17.9 k France 16.4 k Russia 12.2 k, Skis used in mountaineering in
Norway, World Expo takes place in Melbourne, Hayes appoints anti-Mormon as governor of Utah, Hayes visits Utah, Hayes asks for more anti-Mormon legislation, First Boer War, Disraeli ends second reign as Prime Minister,
Gladstone again, James A Garfield elected #20, Immigration from SE Europe commences, First electric light demo in UT, Broadway first lit by electric lights
Dec 20, First Presidency organized Oct 10 President John Taylor, Irish insurrection, Pavlov's experiments, US reaches 38 states, US Steel production exceeds 1.4 million tons, Bismarck introduces state social welfare system in
Germany, USA has 50,000 telephones (patented 4 years earlier), Agricultural crisis in Italy - many Italians migrate to USA and Argentina, Revival of
Scholasticism - the idea that faith precedes reason, end of "Victorian Age" as
Gladstone returns as Prime Minister of Britain and Disraeli ends rule; US union memberships boom; Greenback Party shows in election in US; second wave of
US prohibition; Italy acquires Eritrea AFR; Burma annexed to India
1881 Cyclone hits Haiphong, First Boer war ends with Transvaal defeating Britain,
Assassination of Czar Alexander II of Russia, Assassination of Garfield in US,
Cyclone in Martinique, Landslide in Switzerland, earthquake in Turkey * Hayes declares himself a success in regards to polygamy – Utah delegate refuses to attend, Garfield comments about “Mormon Church” in inaugural address and
Cannon feels betrayed, but Garfield claims it is all show, Garfield in mourned in
Utah – Pioneer Day cancelled, Rumors spread that Mormons were responsible for death of Garfield – Utah names county after him, Arthur proposes to continue anti-Mormon trend, Apr- 79 day blockade of snow in SD ends, Snow falls in
Guadalajara MEX, Tony Pastor creates family-friendly Vaudeville as he bans blue material and liquor from shows, death of Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle, death of English statesman Benjamin Disraeli, death of French violinist and composer Henri Vieuxtemps, death of Feodor Dostoevsky, death of American
Arctic explorer Isaac Israel Hayes, death of Russian composer Modest Petrovich
Moussorgsky, death of American poet Sidney Lanier, death of American arctic explorer GW De Long, death of English poet AW O’Shaughnessy, tsunami hits
India, UK storms in Eyemouth Scotland kills 189, Cyclone hits Vietnam killing
300,000, Thumb Fire in Michigan kills over 250, TN enacts Jim Crow laws,
Booker T. Washington founds Tuskegee Institute, Clara Barton creates American
Red Cross, First US powerplant, end of Alexander II of Russia, Building of St.
Gotthard Tunnel completed, Transvaal Boers repulse British at Laing’s Nek and

defeat them at Majuba Hill – Treaty of Pretoria Britain recognizes independent
Transvaal Republic, James A Garfield inaugurated – shot and killed by Charles
Giteau and Chester A Arthur presides, death of Lord Beaconsfeild (Disraeli), Bey of Tunis accepts French protectorate, Austro-Serbian treaty of alliance, CS Parnell imprisoned, Leon Gambetta named French Prime Minister, Political parties founded in Japan, death of Dostoevsky, First cabaret “Chat Noir” in Paris,
Flaubert writes, Anatole France writes, Henry James writes, Maupassant writes,
RL Stevenson writes, S’Oyly Carte builds Savoy Theater in London – lit by electricity, Esward Tylor writes “Anthropology”, Persecution of Jews in Russia begins, death of English historian Thomas Carlyle, Ranke writes, Vatican archives opened to scholars, Bocklin paints, Max Liebermann paints, Monet paints “Sunshine and Snow”, Brahms composes, death of Moussorgsky the musician, Offenbach’s work debuts posthumously, Canadian Pacific Railway founded, Natural History Museum in London opens, University College of
Liverpool founded, Freedom of Press established in France, Flogging abolished in
British military, Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of US and
Canada founded, Forst US Lawn Tennis championship, City populations –
London 3.3 million Paris 2.2 million New York 1.2 million, Berlin 1.1 mil Vienna
1 mil Tokyo 800 k St Petersburg 600 k, Hayes declares himself a success in regards to polygamy – Utah delegate refuses to attend, Garfield comments about
“Mormon Church” in inaugural address and Cannon feels betrayed, but Garfield claims it is all show, Garfield in mourned in Utah – Pioneer Day cancelled,
Rumors spread that Mormons were responsible for death of Garfield – Utah names county after him, Arthur proposes to continue anti-Mormon trend, SE and
East US dry, NY City water dries up, Garfield dies, Arthur in office #21, Carver founds Tuskegee Institute, A Century of Dishonor Published, Colorado Utes forced to move to Utah, American Red Cross organized under Clara Barton,
Offenbach composes, Boston Symphony founded, Tsar Alexander II assassinated in St. Petersburg, Alexander III becomes czar, Panama Canal built, Renoir paints and Henry James. Africa's Bey of Tunis accepts French protectorate, emigration of Jews from Russia after first of series of pogroms, End of War of the Pacific in
South America, England recognizes South Africa again, death of Alexander II of
Russia and Alexander III rules; Garfield assassinated in US; Carnegie begins donation of public libraries; France occupies Tunis;Russian Social Democratic
Republic forms
1882 Cyclone hits Bombay, death of Charles Darwin, Triple Alliance is formed between
Germany, Austria and Italy, Mt. Ranier WA erupts * Saints meet with Arthur,
Arthur signs Edmunds Bill, Aug - Northern Lights seen from Oregon to Maine
Congress advocates increase of U.S. naval powers, death of American philosopher
Ralph Waldo Emerson, death of US poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, death of
Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi, death of English naturalist Charles Darwin, death of English novelist Anthony Trollope, death of French author and historian
Count Gobineau, death of English poet and painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti, death of Sir Charles W Thomson the Scottish naturalist, death of English economist and logician W.S. Jevons, death of French statesman Leon Gambetta, 50 lynchings begins a trend, US Congress passes Chinese Exclusion Act, Triple alliance against

France, Electric iron patented by Henry W Seely in NYC, Prince Milan
Obrenovich of Serbia proclaims self king, Kilmainham agreement between Parnel and British government – Feinans murder Lord Frederick Cavendish and TH
Burke in Phoenix Park Dublin – terrorist massacres in Maamtrasne, US bans
Chinese immigrants for 10 years, Triple Alliance between Italy Austria and
Germany, Three-mile limit for territorial waters agreed upon at Hague Convention,
British occupy Cairo, RL Stevenson writes “Treasure Island, Becque writes, Ibsen writes, F Anstey writes, Geroge Bernard Shaw writes, Sardou writes, Bakunin’s writing publishe posthumously, Besant writes, Nietzsche writes, Leslie Stephen writes about ethics, Cezanne paints self portrait, Manet paints, Millocker composes, Tchaikovsky writes 1812 Overture, Gounod composes, Rimsky-
Korsakov composes, Gilbert and Sullivan create “Iolanthe”, Wagner composes,
Berlin Philharmonic founded, Debussy composes, Viennese physician joseph
Breuer uses hypnosis to treat hysteria – start of modern psychoanalysis, Edison designs first hydroelectric plant in WI, English engineer Hiram S Maxim patents recoil-operated machine gun, World Expo in Moscow, Queen Victoria gives
Epping Forest to the nation, American Baseball Association founded, London
Chamber of Commerce established, Charles U in Prague divided into German and
Czech institutions, Bank of Japan founded, First issue of Berliner Tageblatt,
Sullivan beats Paddy Ryan to win heavyweight boxing championship, Saints meet with Arthur, Arthur signs Edmunds Bill, Poet Longfellow dies, Germany, Italy and
Austria form triple alliance, Chinese exclusion act passed, Rockefeller organizes
Standard Oil Trust, First US Power plant opened, Edmunds Act passes in
Congress, Polygamist arrests increase, disenfranchisement Mar 22, Koch discovers tuberculosis germs, Manet paints and Berlin Philharmonic founded, Edison's
Electric Illuminating Co. Supplies power to New York, Attacks on Chinese miners in USA lead to Chinese Exclusion Act, Italy joins Dual Alliance, creating Triple
Alliance, Triple alliance formed with Germany, Austria and Italy
1883 Deadly eruption and tsunami combination – Krakatoa kills 36,000 – skies around the world show red skies untiol Feb 1884, Edison invents marketable light bulb, earthquake in Anatolia Turkey, major landslide in Switzerland, Bill Cody (Buffalo
Bill) starts performing “Wild West” show – not well received at first – took on new manager (Salisbury) and starts making money, BF Keith creates Boston
Museum (Vaudeville) featuring "Baby Alice the Midget Wonder", <i> Ladies
Home Journal</il magazine started, Rebellion on HI leads to temporary occupation, death of English poet Edward Fitzgerald, death of German opera composer Friedrich von Flotow, death of German composer Richard Wagner, death of German composer Robert Volkmann, death of Karl Marx the German political philosopher and socialist, death of Russian author Ivan Turgenev, death of Comte de Chambord heir to French throne, death of French painter and book illustrator Gustave Dore, death of French impressionist painter Edouard Manet, death of English historian JR Green, George Washington Williams publishes
“History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880”, HS Maxim invents machine gun, Carl Gustav de Laval develops impulse steam turbine, First steel skyscraper in Chicago, Nietzsche's "Thus Spake Zaratustra", mexican artist José
Orozco born, Reform of US Civil Service begins, Paul Kruger named President of

South African Republis, Franch gain control of Tunis, death of last male Bourbon
Comte de Chambord, Britain evacuates the Sudan, death of English poet Edward
Fitzgerald, Olive Schreiner writes, Bjornson writes, Maupassant writes, Renan writes, Berhaeren writes, Zola writes, Lester Ward writes, JR Seeley writes, FH
Bradley writes, Nietzsche writes “Thus Spake Zarathustra”, Fabian Society founded in London, Cezanne paints, Renoir paints, Chabrier composes,
Metropolitan Opera House in New York opened, Royal College of Music in
London founded, Delibes composes in Paris, death of German composer Friedrich von Flotow, English scientist Sir joseph Swan produces synthetic fiber, British scientist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) writes about the size of atoms, Robert
Koch describes method of preventive inoculation against anthrax, Bismarck introduces sickness insurance in Germany, Northern Pacific Railroad Line completed, First skyscraper built in Chicago – 10 stories, Orient Express from
Paris to Istanbul makes first run, World Expo in Amsterdam, Brooklyn Bridge NY opens for traffic, End of the Spoils System in US, Tsunamis hit Indonesia, drought hits US Northern Plains, Krakatau erupts August, Karl Marx dies, Composer
Wagner dies, Supreme Court passes Dawes act, re: private ownership of Indian land, Pendleton Act establishes Civil Service, Brahms composes, Daimler patents auto motors, Nietzsche writes and Robert ouis Stevenson creates Treasure Island ,
French culture imposed on African colonies, France begins conquest of
Madagascar, Orient Express brings rail travel between Paris and Constantinople,
Treaty of Hué leads to creation of French protectorates in Annam and Tongking,
Death of Richard Wagner, German composer; Germany passes laws providing worker's insurance; begin small depression in US economy (2 years); Pendleton
Actt is liberal victory in US; France withdraws from Egypt, giving control to
Britain in return for free hand in Morocco
1884 Bad year for tornadoes in US, Dowager Empress Cixi sacks grand council of
China, End of War of the Pacific between Chile, Peru and Bolivia, Davidsboro
GA cyclone, earthquake in Spain * Saints meet with Arthur, but he sends out harsh prosecutor, Annie Oakley and husband works for circus for the year – in
Dec Annie Oakley meets Buffalo Bill but he refuses to have her in show, Mar -
Two steamers crushed by ice in ND, U.S. adopts resolution to not interfere in HI,
US – Butch Cassidy – age 18 leaves Circleville UT, death of German dramatist
Heinrich Laube, death of German poet Emanuel Geibel, death of Gregor Mendel in Austria, death of Czech composer Bedrich Smetana, death of English poet CS
Calvertey, death of English economist and statesman Henry Fawcett, death of
Austrian painter Hans Makert, death of American women’s dress reformer
Amelia Bloomer, Dowager Empress Cixi gains power in China, Britain
Conference partitions colonial Africa, Parson's steam turbine in Britain, General
CG Gordon reaches Khartoum – Mahdi refuses to negotiate and occupies
Omdurman, London convention on Transvaal, Germans occupy SW Africa,
French law excludes members of former dynasties from presidency, Grover
Cleveland elected, Berlin conference of 14 nations on African affairs,
D’Annunzio writes, Jean Moreas writes, Mark Twain writes Huckleberry Finn,
Berlaine writes, Daudes writes, Ibsen writes, Sienkiewicz writes Polish historical novel, Divorce reestablished in France, Kropotkin writes, Herbert Spencer writes,

Oxford English Dictionary begins publication, Beroge Bernard Shaw becomes member of the Fabian Society, Seurat paints, Burne-Jones paints, Rodin sculpts, death of Austrian painter Hans Makart, Sacconi creates monument to King Victor
Emmanuel II in Rome, Brahms composes, Bruckner composes in Leipzig, Cesar
Franck composes, Massenet composes, CV Stanford composes, Gustav Mahler composes, Viktor Nessler composes, Ilya Mechnikov writes phagocyte theory,
German physicist Arthur Nicolaier discovers tetanus bacillus, Sir Charles Parsons invents practical steam turbine engine, English physicist Sir Oliver Lodge discovers electrocal precipitation, “Le Matin” in Paris issued, First deep tube
(underground railroad) opens in London, Gold discovered in the Transcaal – rise of Johannesburg, Saints meet with Arthur, but he sends out harsh prosecutor,
Greenwich Mean Time created, Huckleberry Finn published, Third Reform Act extends British Franchise, Grover Cleveland elected (first time) #22, Knights of
Labor win Union Pacific strike, Navajo Reservation created, Skyscraper first started in Chicago May 1, Logan Temple dedicated May 17 (2nd), Pasteur inoculate against rabies, Rodin sculpts, Seurat paints and Twain writes
Huckleberry Finn , Berlin Conference on Africa opens, Samori Toure proclaims
Islamic theocracy in Africa, Germany annexes northern New Guinea and the
Bismark Archipelago, Berlin conference divides Africa between European powers,
Construction on first skyscraper in Chicago, Gold rush in Africa's Transvaal region and Boers prepare to fight to keep self-rule, Bismarck of Germany pursues imperialistic powers, french allow organization into trade unions; Germany passes provision in case of factory accidents; Democrat Cleveland first elected; End of
Greenback Party's power in US; Huckleberry Finn published; Russia heads into
Middle East; trade unions legalized in France; Statue of Liberty created
1885 End of last Burmese dynasty, Conference in Berlin regarding African colonization,
Sudanese Muslim leader the Mahdi takes Khartoum from Egypt – General Gordon killed, Foundation of Indian National Congress (India), Third Burmese War begins,
German Karl Benz is first to sell motor cars, Canadian Pacific railroad opens,
Goldfields open in Papua New Guinea, Hurricane in Puerto Rico, Earthquake in
Mexico, Earthquake in Granada Spain, Kashmir India earthquake * Grant writes his summary about belief regarding Mormons, Cleveland speaks about an end to polygamy, Church leaders meet with Cleveland to protest Edmunds Act, Apostles meet with Cleveland and friendships are developed – saints are friendly towards him, Cleveland wants to restrict Mormon Immigration, Sitting Bull joins Buffalo
Bill’s Wild West Show – but only stays one year, Buffalo Bill’s sharp-shooter loses guns in steamboat accident – Annie Oakley reapplies to work with Buffalo
Bill and is hired Apr – Sitting Bull volunteers to adopt Annie Oakley after watching her shoot – dubs her “Watanya Cecilia” (Little Sure Shot), Gilbert &
Sullivan's The Mikado debuts, Congregationalist minister Josiah Strong writes
"Our Country" promoting Anglo-American expansion, UT – Actor John Gilbert born in Logan UT, death of Victor Hugo, death of German genre painter Karl
Spitzweg, death of French author and journalist Edmond About, death of
American poet and novelist Helen Hunt Jackson, death of German-American conductor Leopold Damrosch, death of British soldier Charles G Gordon at the fall of Khartoum, death of English writer of children’s books Juliana Horatia, Sarah

Ann Henly tries to commit suicide by jumping off the Avon bridge but skirts slow down her descent died 62 years later, Cuban Giants becomes first African-
American baseball team, Belgian King Leopold II claims the Belgian Congo as his personal possession, Karl Benz builds first practical auto, Indian National
Congress founded, Daimler creates internal combustion engine and motorcycle,
Shoes mass produced in MA, death of Alfonso XII King of Spain, The Mahdi takes Khartoum – General Gordon killed in fighting – British evacuate Sudan and death of the Mahdi, Congo becomes personal possession of King Leopold II of
Belgium, Germany annexes Tanganyika and Zanzibar, Grover Cleveland inaugurated #22, Britain establishes protectorate over N Bechuanaland – Niger
River region and S New Guiney – occupies Port Hamilton Korea, death of Ulysses
S Grant, death of King Alfonso XII of Spain – Maria Christina the Queen becomes regent, Writers – Paul Bourget, Richard Burton writes the Arabian Nights,
Mauoassant, George Meredith, George Moore, Walter Pater, Tolstoi , Zola,
Becque, H Rider Haggard writes King Solomon’s Mines, death of Victor Hugo,
Henry Maine writes about popular government, Karl Marx’s Das Kapital Part 2 published posthumously, Some splinter groups separate from LDS Church – they insist on polygamy, Albert Sorel writes, death of German painter Carl Spitzweg,
Van Gogh paints “The Potato Eaters”, Cezanne paints, Brahms composes, Cesar
Franck composes, Gilbert and Sullivan create “The Mikado”, Strauss composes,
Karl Auer von Welsbach invents the incandescent gas mantle, Pasteur devises rabies vaccine to cure hydrophobia, Sir Francis Glaton proves individuality of fingerprints, Karl Benz builds single-cylinder engine for motor car, George
Eastman manufactures coated photographic paper, Cape railroad reaches
Kimberlry, First Leipzig Fair, First English electrical tram car in Blackpool, John
M Fox of Philadelphia learns about golf and introduces game to America, Grant writes his summary about belief regarding Mormons, Cleveland speaks about an end to polygamy, Church leaders meet with Cleveland to protest Edmunds Act,
Apostles meet with Cleveland and friendships are developed – saints are friendly towards him, Cleveland wants to restrict Mormon Immigration, Second part of
Marx's Das Kapital published posthumously, Daimler and Benz independently develop gas engines, Pasteur treats boy for rabies, First skyscraper created, Grover
Cleveland in office, Feb 21 Washington Monument completed, "test oath" administered in Idaho to prevent polygamists from voting, Feb 1 Pres. Taylor goes
"underground", polygamists flee to Mexico, Cézanne paints, first American electric street cars, Brooklyn Bridge, Brahm, Home rule bill for Ireland introduced into British Parliament; decline of Knights of Labor membership as American
Federation of Labor organizes; Widespread strikes in US for 8 hour day; Linotype printing introduced; death of Emily Dickinson; negotiation ends conflict between
Russia and Afghanistan; Britain rules lower Burma; Primary education in France made compulsorys and Gilbert and Sullivan compose, Indian National Congress formed in Bombay, Métis revolt fails in Saskatchewan, Completion of the
Canadian Pacific Railroad, Bell and others create American Telephone and
Telegraph Company, British relieve Africa's Khartoum from Mahdist attack,
Daimler and Benz develop automobile in Germany, Japanese migration to Hawaii
Peru and USA, Chinese troops defeat French force at Langson, Tension between

Austria and Russia over Bulgaria destroys League of Three Emperors, President
Taylor goes into hiding, Salisbury replaces Gladstone as Prime Minister of Britain,
Bulgarians unite, Alfonso XII of Spain dies and is succeeded next year by posthumous son Alfonso XIII - Queen Maria Christina serves as regent; upturn in
US economy for 10 years; Great Britain declared protectorate over Nigeria; Berlin
Conference on African Affairs; Congo Free State formed; Russia attacks
Afghanistan
1886 Britain annexes Burma in end of Third Burmese War, Gold found in the Transvaal,
AFL established, Gladstone’s Home Rule for Ireland bill defeated, Charleston SC earthquake kills 60 est 7.3, Storm in Cornwall England, New Zealand eruption
Apr- Massive tornado in MN, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show with Annie Oakley seen by PT Barnum and Twain and a million others in New York, death of
German historian Leopold von Ranke, death of Hungarian composer Franz Liszt, death of Russian dramatist Alexander Ostrovski, death of German poet Josef
Viktor von Scheffel, death of Chester A Arthur #21, death of Scottish medium
Daniel Douglas-Home, death of Hindu saint and teacher Ramakrishna, death of
American architect Henry Hobson Richardson, Philippines – Mt Tarawera erupts killing 120, Knights of Labor balloons in membership, partially because of
African-Americans joining, death of King Louis II of Bavaria, Mexican artist
Diego Rivera born, General Georges Boulanger becomes French War Minister,
British Prime Minister WE Gladstone introduces bill for Home Rule in Ireland, birth of King Alfonso III of Spain – his father died the previous year, Bonaparte and Orleans families banished from France, death of King Louis II of Bavaria-
Otto I rules but uncle Luitpold becomes regent, Alexander of Bulgaria abdicates after coup d’etat – Stefan Stambulov becomes regent, First Indian National congress meets, Writers: Jenry James, Pierre Loti, Nitzsche, Rimbaud, August
Stringberg, Ibsen, Marie Corelli, Andrew Carnegie, Adolf von Harnack, Auguste
Fournier, RL Stevenson writes “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”, Frances Hodgson
Burnett writes “Little Lord Fauntleroy”, death of Russian dramatist Alexander
Ostrovski, death of German historian Leopold von Ranke, death of Hindu Mystic
Ramakrishna, Karl Marx’s Das Kapital published in English, Richard von Krafft-
Ebing publishes “Psychopathia Sexualis”, JS Sargent paints, Seurat paints
“Sunday Afternoon on the Grande Jatte”, Eighth and last Inpressionist Expo in
Paris, Statue of Liberty dedicated, Max Klinger sculpts buts of Beethoven, Rodin sculpts “The Kiss”, Millais paints, Ferdinand Hodler paints, Charles Mustel of
Paris invents the celesta, the element germanium discovered by German chemist
Clemens Winkler, French chemist Henri Moissan produces fluorine, Aminopyrine and acitanelide discovered, Ernst von Bergmann uses steam to sterilize surgical instruments, Charles M Hall (USA) and PLT Heroult (FRA) each produce aluminum by electrolysis, hydroelectric installations begun at Niagara Falls,
Pasteur Institute in Paris founded, American Federation of Labor founded,
Canadian Pacific Railway completed, Severn Tunnel opened, British School of
Archaeology opens at Athens, Amateur Golf Championship first played, English
Lawn tennis Association founded, death of famed Scottish spiritualist Daniel
Dunglas Home – the table mover and reported levitator, Gold discovered near
Johannesburg, S Africa, Decade of drought on Great Plains, First Irish Home Rule

Bill fails to pass, Gladstone resigns second reign as Prime Minister, Statue of
Liberty completed Oct 2, Americans capture Geronimo, American Federation of
Labor founded, Presidential Succession Act passed, Haymarket Riot occurs in
Chicago protesting for 8 hour day, LDS women protest loss of vote, AFL created,
Statue of Liberty created, Nietzsche and Rousseau (Henri) write. Upper Burma annexed by the British, world's first real oil-tanker launched in GER, Britain completes annexation of Burma, Discovery of gold in Transcaal initiates intensive mining in southern Africa
1887 Flat records invented, celluloid invented, Yellow River floods, Bulgaria elects
Ferdinand of Coburg king and becomes leading Balkan state, Kaifeng China flood on Yellow River kills between 900 K and 2 million – 2 nd
deadliest, Attempted assassination of Tsar Alex III by Lenin’s brother * Edmunds-Tucker Act passes
Congress – it becomes law without Cleveland’s signature, Buffalo Bill’s Wild
West Show heads for England - During Royal Jubilee, Queen Victoria and other royalty go to see Buffalo Bill and Wild West Show – young Lillian Smith also joins show as sharpshooter – Annie Oakley starts lying about age, Oscar Wilde and crown heads of Europe attend, Annie Oakley gains favor with British which annoys Lillian Smith and Buffalo Bill, after months of conflict Annie Oakley parts company with Wild West Show, Jan - Snowflakes "as large as milk pans" fall in
MT, May – Turtle encased in ice falls over Bovina, MS, Interstate Commerce Act,
Hatch Act provides money for agricultural experimentation, Pearl Harbor naval base established in HI, death of German philosopher and poet F.T. Vischer, death of German arms manufacturer Alfred Krupp, death of Polish novelist Joseph
Ignatius Kraszewski, death of Scottish physicist Balfour Stewart, death of German painter Hans von Marees, death of American poet and essayist Edward Rowland
Hill, Ecuador – Cotopaxi erupts killing 1000, Theatre Royale fire in England kills possibly hundreds, Heinrich Hertz generates e-m wave, Earmuffs patented, First
Colonial Conference opens in London, Queen Victoria celebrates Golden Jubilee,
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected King of Bulgaria, Gen. Boulanger fails in coup in Paris, Union Indo-Chinoise organized by France, death of German author FT Vischer, Hall Caine writes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle writes “A Study in
Scarlet” – first Sherlock Holmes book, Strindberg writes, Thomas Hardy writes,
Conrad Ferdinand Meyer writes, Herman Suderman writes, Sardou writes “La
Tosca” play, Antoine founds Theatre Libre in Paris, Sir Thomas More beatified by
Pope Leo XIII, I Donnelly writes regarding Shakespeare, Van Gough paints, death of Russian composer Aleksandr Borodin, Sir John Stainer composes, Chabrier composes, Richard Strauss composes, Verdi composes “Otello”, Gilbert and
Sullivan create “Ruddigore”, Ignace Paderewski gives first recital in Vienna,
Bruckner composes, Joseph Lockyer writes about the chemistry of the sun,
Phenacetin – analgesic drug – discovered, Emil Berliner improves phonograph sound quality, Edison and Swan combine to produce Ediswan electrical lamps,
HW Goodwin invents celluloid film, LL Zamenhof devises Esperanto, death of
German undustrialist Alfred Krupp, Edmunds-Tucker Act passes Congress – it becomes law without Cleveland’s signature, In Banjos Spain two greenish children with metallic clothes found near a cave – the boy died and when the girl could learn Spanish she said they were pushed from their land of twilight through

“something” and into the cave, Verdi composes, Huge flood hits China - 900,000 die, Victoria's Golden Jubilee, Independent Labor Party in England, Dawes Act promotes individual ownership of Indians, Interstate Commerce Commission is created, Hatch act is passed, Edmunds-Tucker Act passes Congress taking property from Church - Anti-Polygamy, Pres John Taylor dies in hiding Jul 25,
Wilford Woodruff becomes leader of Church, LDS Women lose suffrage, Thomas
A Edison receives patent for "kinetoscope" for motion pictures, Jun 3 Charles O
Card heads to Alberta - establishes Cardston, Indo-Chinese unioncreated by
France, German reinsurance Treaty with Russia, Holland (Netherlands) suffrage extended, Britain bans mines from hiring children; Germany passes legislation for industrial regulation; Interstate Commerce Commission formed to regulate railroads; Triple alliance with Italy and Germany stalls French expansion in N
Africa; Naval base established at Pearl Harbor
1888 Princess-Regent Isabel abolishes slavery in Brazil , “Great blizzard” hits US East and TB, pneumonia and diarrhea follow and 400 die, “Schoolhouse Blizzard” kills 235, later subway and buried utilities are built to combat similar problems –
NYC gets steam, Drought at horn of AFR for 5 years, deadliest hailstorm on record hits Moradabad India region, end creation of new Japanese legal code, end of rule of Antonio Guzman over Venezuela, Kaiser William II reigns in Germany until 1918, Slaves freed in Brazil, hailstorm hits India, Wilhelm II becomes
Kaiser of Germany when father William I and then brother Frederick III dies –
Hohenzollern dynasty * Cleveland gives anti-polygamy speech, Mormons are treated less harshly, and so turn themselves in., Harrison pledges to stamp out polygamy, Annie Oakley performs on Vaudeville but shooting wasn’t popular,
Jan - "Snowhouse Blizzard" strands many children in the Dakotas. Over 200 die,
Apr 30 - Hailstorm kills 200+ in India, Aug - Hurricane produces tornadoes in
Chesapeake Bay, Nov - Late season hurricane hits Nantucket and cape Cod, up to
Nova Scotia, death of German author Theodor Storm, death of FW Raiffeisen the
German economist who proposed cooperative saving banks, death of German botanist Heinrich de Barry, death of author Louisa may Alcott in America, death of American bestselling novelist EP Roe, death of Dutch painter Anton Mauve, death of Russian explorer of Central Asia NM Przhevalski, Nikola Tesla invents induction electrical motor, Emile Berliner invents flat-disc recording, Princess
Isabel of Brazil abolishes slavery, US National Geographic Society founded,
Revolution in Brazil frees slaves, Eastman makes hand-held camera, Van Gogh's
"Sunflowers", American dramatist O'Neill born, death of Prussian leader William
I, Lobengula King of Matabele accepts British protection and grants Cecil Rhodes mining rights, Sarawak accepts status of British protectorate, Beneral Boulanger retired from French army and elected to French Chamber of Deputies, Suez Canal convention, Benjamin Harridon elected President of the US, Writers: Maurice
Barres, Edward Bellamy, Kipling, Maupassant, Quiller-Couch, Mark Rutherford,
Verlaine, Zola, AW Pinero, Oscar Wilde, Georges Courteling, Theodor Fontaine, death of English author Matthew Arnold, death of German novelist Theodor
Storm, James Bryce writes about the American Commonwealth, Bernard
Bosanquet writes, GJ Romanes writes about mental evolution in man, James
Martineau writes “The Study of Religion”, James Ensor paints “The Entrance of

Christ into Brussels”, Van Gogh paints “The Yellow Chair”, Toulouse-Lautrec paints “Place Chichy”, Gilbert and Sullivan write, Tchaikovsky composes,
Rimsky-Korsakov composes, Fustav Mahler becomes musical director of
Budapest opera, Nikola A Tesla constructs electric motor (manufactured by
George Westinghouse), George Eastman perfects “Kodak” box camera, JB
Dunlop invents pneumatic tire, Heinrich Hertz and Oliver Lodge independently identify radio waves as belonging to same family as light waves, Football League founded, Lawn Tennis Association founded, “Jack the Rupper” murders six women in London, Cecil Rhodes amalgamated Kimberley diamond companies,
Aeronautical Exhibition in Vienna, “Financial Times” in London published, first beauty pagent held in Spa, Belgium, Fridjof Nansen leans an exploration party across Greenland on snowshoes, Ruins of Ikhnaton’s city discovered, Cleveland gives anti-polygamy speech, Mormons are treated less harshly, and so turn themselves in., Harrison pledges to stamp out polygamy, Ruins of Ikhnaton's city discovered, March NE US gets "Great White Hurricane" storm 10.7 degrees F,
Kodak camera introduced, Benjamin Harrison elected #23, May 17 Temple:
Manti temple dedicated 3rd, may 11 Blizzard of 88 killed 400 in E US,,Kaiser
Wilhelm II crowned, Van Gogh paints Sunflowers Rimsky-Korsakov and
Tchaikovsky compose, Dawes Act authorizes president to terminate native
American governments, Cuneiform tablets discovered in Egypt detailing reign of
Ikhnaton, Brazilian emancipation of slaves complete, blizzard shuts down New
York City; Republican Harrison elected; Australian (secret) ballot in US
1889 British create official cubic inch, End of reforms in Brazil as Pedro II deposed,
New Meiji constitution for Japan, First Pan-American conference held in
Washington DC, Brazil becomes a republic, Malietoa Laupepa king of Samoa recognized by Britain, US and Germany who serves as joint supervisors of Samoa,
Johnstown PA flood worst in US killing 2200, Harrison appoints anti-Mormon officials, by now, FDR had seen a polygamist family and later jokingly called it the “Good Neighbor Policy”, Buffalo Bill calls back Annie Oakley to perform in
Paris – Lillian Smith no longer with show – Paris Expo performances near new
Eiffel Tower – King of Senegal tries to buy Annie Oakley to hunt lions - King of
France tries to hire her for army – legend becomes semi-fiction – Prince Wilhelm of Germany supposedly participates in an act, Mar- 141 inches of snow fall in
Ruby, CO, Julo - 19 inches of rain falls in 2 hours in WV, flash flooding results,
Mother Francis Xavier Cabrini emigrates from Italy to found hospitals and orphanages in US, Hawaiian islands annexed formally to the U.S., Minor skirmish between Great Britain, Germany and US at Samoa called off due to typhoon, death of French painter Jules Dupre, death of poet Robert Browning, death of
French man of letters PAM de Villiers de L’Isle Adam, death of Austrian playwright Ludwig Anzengruber, death of Father Damien who cared for lepers on
Molokai, death of English poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, Frederick Douglass serves as minister to Haiti, death of American outlaw Belle Starr, Brazilian republic founded, Eiffel tower, end of Milan IV of Serbia, Austrian Crown Prince
Archduke Rudolf commits suicide at his hunting lodge at Mayerling, Dakotas
Montana and Washington become states, Benjamin Harrison inaugurated #23,
Gen Boulanger flees from France, Milan Obrenovich abdicates from Serbian

throne in favor of his son, birth of Hitler, London Dock strike, Cecil Rhodes of
South Africa granted British Royal Charter, Pedro II of Brazil abdicates – Brazil proclaimed a republic, Johannes IV Emperor of Abyssinia dies – succeeded by
Menelik II, Writers, J.M. Barrie, Bjornson, Andre Gide, Gerhart Hauptman,
Jerome K Jerome, Maurice Maeterlinck, WB Yeats, Bertha von Suttner, Mark
Twain (Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court), RL Stevenson, Anatole
France, Hermann Sudermann, Henri Bergson, TH Huxley, Van Gogh paints
“Landscape with Cypress Tree”, Alexander Gustave Eiffel designs his tower,
Cesar Franck composes, Richard Strauss composes his “Don Juan”, Gilbert and
Sullivan create, Catholic U in Washington DC opens, GV Schiaparelli discovers rotations of Mercury and Venus, Frederick Abel invents cordite, Von Mehring and Minkowski prove insulin secreted by pancreas, London County Council formed, Barnum and Bailey’s Circus opens in Olympia London, Fr. Panama
Canal Company goes bankrupt, first May Day celebration in Paris, Punch card system created by H Hollerith, Harrison appoints anti-Mormon officials, by now,
FDR had seen a polygamist family and later jokingly called it the “Good
Neighbor Policy”, May 31 Johnstown, PA flood kills 30,000, Insulin discovered,
Jane Addams sets up Hull House in Chicago, Harrison in office, ND and SD admitted #29 and #40 MT #41 WA #42, OK opened for settlement, Department of Agriculture created, Endowment House in SLC torn down Nov, Eiffel Tower opens May 6, President Wilford Woodruff sustained Apr 7, Johnstown
Pennsylvania Flood kills 30,000, Strauss composes, Brazil expels emperor, becomes Republic, Paris' World's Fair and Eiffel Tower, Rodin sculpts The
Thinker , Brazilian empire succeeded by Republic of the United States of Brazil,
Italy establishes first colony in Eritrea, Africa. Chief Abushiri, Swahili leader is executed, Meiji constitution of japan announced (until 1945), Britain guarantees dominance of Royal Navy; Brazilian monarchy overthrown and republic proclaimed; Germany establishes indurance for all working men; MT, ND, SD,
WA enter union; motion pictures invented; Italy takes Somaliland, AFR;
Germany tries to take Samoa by force but agreement reached between America and Britain
1890 Drought in S AFR, End service of Bismarck as chief minister of Germany as he is dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm, End of wars against US American Indians in
Western US, first Japanese general election, New Orleans LA flood * Manifesto –
Harrison suspicious, massacre at Wounded Knee, Vaudeville consolidates with
Keith and Albee's "United Booking Artists" and "Vaudeville Manager's
Association", "Australian" or secret ballot voting adopted for US citizens, Captain
Alfred Mahan writes book promoting U.S. sea expansion of its navy, death of
English theologian John Henry Cardinal Newman, death of Swiss novelist
Gottfried Keller, death of German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, death of
Belgian composer Cesar Franck, death of Sitting Bull, death of Irish-American poet John Boyle O’Reily, CA quake est 6.3, Christmas becomes national holiday in US, US massacres 300 Lakotas and chief Big Foot in an attempt to suppress the
“Ghost Dance”, End of Russian expansion in Asia, Sioux massacred at Wounded
Knee, death of Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh, Swiss government introduces social insurance, Britain exchanges Heligoland with Germany for Zanxibar and

Pemba, ID and WY become states, Cecil Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape
Colony, first general election in Japan, William II and Alexander III meet at
Narva, German Social Democrats adopt Marxist program at Erfurt Congress,
Accession of Queen Wilhelmina – Luxembourg separated from Netherlands,
Writers: Knut Hamsun, Tolstoi, Ibsen, Hall Caine, Wilde write “The Picture of
Dorian Gray”, first moving picture shows appear in New York, death of German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, death of Cardinal Newman, Alfred Marshall writes, William Booth writes, JG Frazer writes, William James writes about psychology, Cezanne paints “The Cardplayers”, Frederick Leighton paints “The
Bath of Psyche”, Giobanni Segantini paints “Plowing in the Engadine”, death of musician Cesar Franck, Bruckner composes, Strauss composes, Borodin composes, Mascagni composes, Tchaikovsky composes, TG Curtius produces azoimide from organic sources, Rubber gloves used for first time in surgery at
Johns Hopkins Hospital in MD, Emil von Behring announces discovery of antitoxins, Global influenza epidemics, Daughters of the American revolution founded in Washington, First English electrical power station, Forth bridge opened, first steel-framed building in Chicago, death of American circus proprietor Charles Forepaugh, start of first recorded US bee die-off with
“Disappearing Disease”, Manifesto – Harrison suspicious, Excavations begin in
Java, producing hominid skeletons, Sitting Bull killed by US Authorities, Art
Nouveau movement begins, Tchaikovski presents Sleeping Beauty , "The
Manifesto" ends Polygamy Oct 6, Dec 29 Wounded Knee massacre, Jacob Riis publishes pictures of urban slums, reform movement begins, ID #43 Wy #44,
Sherman Anti-trust Act is passed, McKinley Act passed, Sherman Silver Purchase
Act passes, Utah Free Public School Act passed, Liberal Party wins UT elections,
Ellis Island opened Dec 31, Strauss and Mascagni Tchaikovsky compose, Ibsen writes, Government declares end of Western frontier, Anti-Trust laws first passed to prohibit abuse of big-business power, Irish population of New York twice that of Dublin, Britain gives Germany Heliogoland in exchange for Pembra and
Zanzibar, Hendrik Witbooi leads first Nama rebellion against Germans in SW
Africa, Natural nitrates exported from Chile for use in fertilizers and explosives,
Cheap cotton goods produced in China, India and Japan undercut European industry, Bismarck resigns over differences with Kaiser Wilhelm II, Bismarck of
Germany displaced and new emperor (Kaiser) William II rules, France adopts protective tariffs; ID, WY enter Union, decline of labor parties in US; Sherman
Anti-Trust Act passes in US; Pan-American conference held; Britain and
Germany agree to Britain controlling Uganda, Nyasaland and Zanzibar 0 control through 1895
1891 End of reign of King David Kalakaua of Hawaii, Franco-Russian agreement for 3 years, Civil War in Chile, Earthquake in Japan est 8 kills over 7200, Plessy v
Ferguson in New Orleans filed * Harrison visits Utah, grants amnesty to Joseph F.
Smith, President withdraws timberlands from public sale, death of Prussian general Helmuth von Moltke, death of Phineas T. Barnum the American showman, death of Russian novelist I.A. Goncharov, death of American author
James Russell Lowell, death of founder of Theosophical Society Helena Petrovna
Blavatsky, death of English reformer and philosopher Charles Bradlaugh, death of

Spanish novelist Pedro Antonio de Alarcon, death of French composer Leo
Delibes, suicide of French soldier and popular hero Georges Boulanger, death of
Portuguese poet Antero de Quental, First black hospital in Chicago, Trans-
Siberian railroad started, death of French poet Arthur Rimbaud, death of French painter Georges Seurat (age 33), Triple Alliance between Germany Austria and
Italy renewed for 12 years, Kaiser William II visits London, Franco-Russian entente, Young Turk Movement formed in Geneva hoping to secure liberal reforms, Writers: Maurice Barres, James Barrie, Donan Doyal (Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes), Thomas Hardy (Tess of the S’Ubervilles), Frank Wedekind,
Kipling, Sardou, Selma Lagerlof, Shaw, Goldwin Smith, RW Church
(posthumously), JT Grein founds Independent Theatre Society in London, death of American author Herman Melville, death of French poet Arthur Rimbaud,
Papal encyclical on conditions of the working class, Gauguin settles in Tahiti,
Van Gogh exhibits at the Salon des Independents (posthumously), Henri
Toulouse-Lautrec produces his first music hall posters, Gustav Mahler composes,
Karl Zeller composes, Rachmaninoff composes, Samuel P Langley writes about aerodynamics, Beginnings of wireless telegraphy, Trans-Siberian railroad construction begins, All-Deutchland Verband (League) founded, In libel action
Gordon-Cummings v. Lycett concerning cheating at cards the Prince of Wales admits he played baccarat for high stakes, Widespread famine in Russia,
Earthquake in Japan kills about 10,000, in Java Dutch anthropologist Eugene
Dubois discovers Pithecanthropis erectus (Java Man), WL Judson invents clothing zipper, Harrison visits Utah, grants amnesty to Joseph F. Smith, British sailor
James Barltey found alive inside a sperm whale’s stomach,
Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes written, Edison invents kinetoscope (moving p, Return of rule of
Macdonald as premier of Canada, Denmark passes pension act, Britain provides free education to elementary school childrenictures), Morrison invents electric car,
Farmers form Populist Party (National Union), Reservation established for Paiutes,
UT People's Party disbanded, RE becomes charter member of National Council of
Women in US, Trans-Siberian railroad begun
1892 Drought at horn of AFR ends, Shredded Wheat invented, Oil City PA flood,
Landslide in France, storm off Portugal * Harrison tells U.S. Marshal in Utah to listen to Mormons, Harrison asks Mormons to pray for dying wife – she dies anyway, and condolences are sent, Basketball invented in Springfield, MA,
Federal employees given 88 hour workdays
McKinley Tariff Act allows Cuban sugar into the US, promoting Cuban trade,
UT – Butch Cassidy works as butcher in Rock Springs, death of English poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, death of German composer Robert Franz, death of
German electrical engineer EW Siemens, death of Baptist preacher Charles H
Spurgeon, death of American financier Jay Gould, death of German explorer in
Africa Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer), death of Scottish philosopher George C
Robertson, three notable CA quakes – largest 7.8, ITA raises marrying age for females to 12, Baltimore’s Afro-American publication founded, Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine, Ellis Island begins to operate as port of entry for immigrants, Abercrombie and Fitch begins operation, Twefik Khedive of Egypt dies – Abbas II rules, Giolitti becomes Premier of Italy, Prince Ito becomes

Premier of Japan, Gladstone becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain, Witte named Russian Minister of Finance, Britain and Germany agree on Cameroons,
Grover Cleveland elected, Pan-Slav conference held in Krakow, Keir Hardie becomes first Labour member of Parliament, Writers: Knut Hamsun, Gerhart
Hauptmann, Bernard Shaw, Kipling, Israel Zangwill, Zola, Maeterlinck, Oscar
Wilde, Ibsen, English music-hall star Lottie Collins sings “Ta-ra-ra boom-de-ay”, death of Walt Whitman, death of French historian Ernest Renan, Emily Faguet writes, GJ Romanes writes, Monet begins series of pictures on the Rouen
Cathedral, Toulouse-Lautrec paints “At the Moulin Rouge”, Bruckner composes,
Lleoncavallo composes “I Pagliacci”, Tchaikovsky writes “The Nutcracker” ballet, Dvorak becomes director of New York National Conservatory of Music,
CF Cross and EJ Bevan discover viscose (manufacture of rayon), Diesel patents his internal-combustion engine, First automatic telephone switchboard introduced, death of inventor EW Siemens, Iron and steel workers strike in US, Cape-
Johannesburg railroad completed, first cans of pineapples, “Gentlemen Jum”
Corbett defeats John L Sullivan to win heavyweight boxing title, Harrison tells
U.S. Marshal in Utah to listen to Mormons, Harrison asks Mormons to pray for dying wife – she dies anyway, and condolences are sent, I Pagliacci written,
Cézanne and Toulouse Lautrec paint, Modern Olympics Nov 25 proposed, Heir
Prince Albert Victor "Eddy" in England dies, Grover Cleveland elected (2nd run)
#24, long distance call by AG Bell, Govt. Sets up center on Ellis Island, Pledge of
Allegiance written, Homestead Steel Strike occurs, World's Fair opens in Chicago,
Democrats win power in UT, Articles of Incorporation for Relief Society filed,
Three million acres of land in Oklahoma opened for white settlement, Brigham
Young Academy opens in Provo, Ellis Island immigration center opened, Riots at
Homestead involve steel strikers and Pinkerton detectives, France destroys the
Tukulor empire of Mali, Jesse Reno patents first escalator, Gladstone returns to
Prime Ministry in Britain; Cleveland reelected in US; Populist Party grows in US from farmer's discontent; Germany and France allies
1893 Diesel invents engine, World expo in Chicago, SLC temple dedicated, Votes for women introduced in New Zealand, University of Wales founded at Aberystwyth,
Charleston SC cyclone, New Orleans cyclone * Partial amnesty for polygamists… some, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show returns to US for Columbian expo in
Chicago – banned from grounds as “too crass” – so across the street 3 million come – immigrants appreciate greatly – across the street Historian F Turner declares the frontier dead – Wild West Show gains more attraction than expo – expo contains electric lights and kinetoscope by Edison, Jan - Temperature rises 42 degrees in 15 minutes at Ft. Assiniboine MT (up to 37 degrees
Fahrenheit), Aug - 4 hurricanes in Atlantic at the same time - a record until 1998,
Grand Isle Hurricane brings 22 foot surge to LA coast killing 2000 Oct, World's
Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) in Chicago revolutionizes architecture,
Frank Lloyd Wright begins profession in Chicago, Begin mild US economic depression that lasted until 1898, death of French composer Charles Gounod, death of French psychiatrist Jean Martin Charcot, death of French thinker and historian Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, death of Anglo-American actor Edwin Booth, death of American Episcopal Bishop Phillips Brooks, death of English poet and

essayist John Addington Symonds, death of Russian composer Peter Ilich
Tchaikovsky, First open-heart surgery by Daniel Hale Williams (African-
American), death of Guy de Moupassant the French writer, Irish Home Rule defeated, Independent Labour Party formed at conference in Bradford England under Keir Hardie, Hawaii proclaimed a republic – annexed by treaty to US in
Feb – treaty withdrawn in March, Franco-Russian alliance signed, Trial over
Panama Canal corruption in Paris, Natal granted self-government, Revolt against
British South Africa Company in Matabele – crushed by Starr Jameson – occupation of Bulawayo, Second Irish home Rule Bill passed by Commons but rejected by Lords, Swaziland annexed by Transvaal, France acquires protectorate over Loa, writers: Anatole France, Mark Rutherford, Courteline, Pinero, Wilde,
Max Halbe, Gerhart Hauptmann, Arthur Schnitzler, Sardou, Sudermann, FH
Bradley, WT Stead, death of French author Hippolyte Taine, death of Maupassant,
“Art Noveau” appears in Europe, death of Charles Gounod composer, Dvorak composes, Sibelius composes, Tchaikovsky composes, Engelbert Humperdinck composes, Puccini composes, Verdi composes “Falstaff”, Karl Benz constructs his four-wheeled car, death of French psychiatrist J.M. Charcot, Henry Ford builds his first car, Inperial Institute in London founded, Manchester Ship Canal completed, Fridtjof Nansen begins unsuccessful expedition to the North Pole,
Corinth Canal in Greece opened, Lingest recorded boxing fight between Andy
Bowen and Jack Burk in New Orleans – lasts over 7 hours, World Expo in
Chicago, Lada Margaret Scott wins first British golf championship, HMS Victoria collides with HMS Camperdown due to mistake in geometry – 90 degrees versus
180 degrees, Partial amnesty for polygamists… some, Engelbert Humperdink,
Puccini,Verdi, Tchaikovsky compose, Crane writes Red Badge of Courage Wilde writes, Second Irish Home Rule Bill fails to pass, Worst financial depression -
Americans blame gold standard, stock market crash results in 4 years of depression, Cleveland back in office, Silver Purchase Act repealed, Chicago
World's Fair, SL Temple open house, Rawlins Bill admitting UT passes Congress,
Personal property of Church returned, first ordinances in SL temple May 23-24,
Apr 6 SL temple dedicated, Jan 4 Amnesty to all Polygamists bef Nov 1 1890 by
Benjamin H Harrison Temple: Salt Lake 4, French suppress Fon warriors of
Dahomey AFR, Pullman Strike in US; severe Panic depression for four years in
US; Queen Liliuokalani dethroned as HI annexed partially
1894 Fire in Wisconsin, Hinckley Fire in MN kills 418, SLC city county building completed, French set up protectorate in Dahomey (Benin) W Africa, War between Japan and China, end of Franco-Russian agreement as treaty not renewed,
12 million die in plague outbreak in India, Canton and Hong Kong plague kills between 80,000 and 100,000, Home Rule for Scotland * Cleveland pardons those disenfranchised under anti-polygamy laws, Edison films Annie Oakley shooting,
Election-day Snowstorm hits CT, Home Insurance Building (skyscraper) built in
Chicago, Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act places 40% tariff on raw sugar, causing poverty for Cuba, Sino-Japanese war begins, death of Hungarian freedom fighter
Lajos Kossuth, death of English historian James Anthony Froude, death of
German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, death of Russian pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein, death of English poet and daughter of Gabriele

Rossetti Christina Rossetti, assassination of fourth President of French Republic
Sadi Carnot, death of English critic and essayist Walter Pater, death of German physicist August Kundt, death of French composer Emmanuel Chabrier, death of
American actor Steele Mackaye, US federal income tax revived, Congress repeals
Enforcement Act, making it easier to disenfranchise black voters, death of
Scottish author Robert L Stevenson, Dreyfus Affair in France, death of German physicist Heinrich Hertz, Starr Jameson completes occupation of Matabeleland,
German-Russian commercial treaty, Uganda becomes a British protectorate, MF
Sadi Carnot assassinated by an Italian anarchist, Japanese troops in Seoul Korea and Japan declare war on China and defeat Chinese at Port Arthur, French army
Captain Alfred Dreyfud arrested in treason charge and deported to Devil’s Island
French Guiana, Prince Hohenlohe becomes German Chancellor, death of Czar
Alexander III son Nicholas II rules in Russia, death of Hungarian patropt Lajos
Kossuth, death of American author Oliver Wendell Holmes, death of writer
Robert Louis Stevenson, Writers: Knut Hamsun, Gerhart Hauptman, George du maurier, G and W Grossmith, Anthony Hope, Kipling (The Jungle Book), George
Moore, SB Weyman, Zola, Bernard Shaw, Benjamin Kidd, Sidney and Beatrice
Webb (trade unions), Pollock and Maitland, Edison opens kinetoscope parlor in
New York, Aubrey Beardsley creates drawings to Oscar Wilde’s “Salome”,
Matthew Corbett paints “Morning Glory”, Gustave Caillebotte’s collection of impressionist paintings rejected by the Musee Luxembourg in Paris, Degas paints
“Femme a sa toilette”, Sibelius composes “Finlandia”, Debussy composes,
Massenet composes, Richard Strauss composes, Death of Anton Rubinstein the
Russian composer, death of inventor Hermann von Helmholtz, Swedish explorer
Sven Hedin travels in Tibet, Louis Lumiere invents the cinematograph, Yersin and Kitasato independently discover plague bacillus, Berliner uses horizontal gramophone disc instead of cylinder as record for sound reproduction, Lord
Rayleigh and William Ramsay discover argon, Flagstaff Observatory in AZ erected, New York Jockey Club founded, Death duties (inheritance tax) introduced in Britain, Baron de Coubertin founds committee to organize modern
Olympic games, Cleveland pardons those disenfranchised under anti-polygamy laws, Dvo ák composes, Debussy, Kipling and Shaw write, Dreyfus affair,
Chinese-Japanese War begins as Korean uprising against China begins. Korea was trading with Japan and this led to conflict between Japan and China, Tsar
Nicholas II begins rule of Russia, third part of Marx's Das Kapital published posthumously, Sino-Japanese War begins, Wilson- Gorman Tariff passes,
Pullman Strike occurs, Pres Cleveland allows UT delegation to constitutional convention, President Grover Cleveland grants amnesty to those banned the vote under anti-polygamy laws, Law of adoption (sealing to authorities) ends, Height of Railroad age, 3,400 special deputies sworn in to break the Pullman strike in US,
Britain occupies Uganda, Sino-Japanese War - Japan victories at Port Arthur and
Battle of the Yalu River, Sino-Japanese War China defeated, Franco- Russian military alliance is announced after France aids Russian famine and to combat
Triple Alliance threat, Korean independent and Taiwan ceded to Japan on Chinese defeat, End of Gladstone's third? Reign as prime Minister, death of Alexander III

of Russia-calls for unification; War between China and Japan over Korea; anti-
Semitism in France with Dreyfus case
1895 X-Ray invented, Utah’s constitution created, Women vote in UT, Joseph F Smith criticizes members of Democratic Party and some members take this as
Republican endorsement, Jameson raid into Transvaal, Japanese win Chinese-
Japanese war and occupy Korea, Lumiere brothers invent film projector in France,
Assassination of Bulgarian prime minister Stambuloff, Marconi invents the wireless, first X-Rays, Tsar Nicholas II coronated – thousands trampled – wife cousins to Kaiser, Feb - 24 inches of snow falls in Rayne, LA 196 shows by Wild
West Show, William Randolph Hearst purchases the New York Journal which specialized in sensational news stories, Marconi begins wireless telegraphy, U.S. increases building of "Great White Fleet" of naval vessels, Cubans rebel against
Spain, war ensues, End of Sino-Japanese war results with Japan getting control of
Korea, China left for empirial powers to rush in, Skirmish between British
Guyana and Venezuela arbitrated by U.S. under Monroe Doctrine, death of
German author Gustav Freytag, death of German socialist Friedrich Engels, death of French microbiologist Louis Pasteur, death of French author Alexander Dumas, death of Russian novelist Nikolai Semenovich Leskov, death of English historian
Sir John Seeley, death of German novelist and eccentric (Masochism) Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, MO quake est 6.6, start of Australian heat wave killing 437,
Germany patents pith helmets that store water, but dysentery kills, US federal income tax declared unconstitutional, Booker T. Washington delivers Atlanta
Compromise speech, accepting segregation in favor of advancement economically,
Cuban independence fighter Jose Marti killed in battle , Lumières presents public cinema in France, Chinese defeated by Japanese at Wei-hai-Wei – end of
Chinese-Japanese war and Formosa and Port Arthur ceded to Japan but returned to China in exchange for indemnity – Queen of Korea assassinated with Japanese help, British South Africa Company territory south of Zambezi becomes Rhodesia,
Stefan Stambulov the Bulgarian Premier assassinated, Armenians massacred in
Turkey – Sultan Abdul Hamid II promises reforms in Turkey, Italians defeated by
Abyssinians at Amba Alagi, Starr Jameson’s raid into Transvaal, Cuba fights
Spain for independence, death of American librettist Oscar Hammerstein, First public film show in Paris, Writers: Hilaire Belloc, Joseph Conrad, Sienkiewicz,
Henry james, george Moore, HG Wells (The Time Machine), WB Yeats, Thomas
Masaryk, Karl Marx (Posthumously), London School of Economics and Political
Science founded, Cardinal Vaughan lays foundation stone of Westminster
Cathedral, death of English scientist TH Huxley, Art Nouveau style predominates,
Kathe Kollwitz makes prints “Revolt of the Weavers”, Tchaikovsky’s
Swan Lake” performed, Mahler composes, Richard Strauss composes, Robert
Newman arranges concerts in London, Wilhelm Kienzl composes, Wilhelm
Rontgen discovers X-rays, Marconi invents radio telegraphy, Sigmund Freud writes, death of Louis Pasteur, Auguste and Louis Lumiere invents motion-picture camera, Konstantin Isiolkovksi formulates principle of rocket reaction propulsion,
C von Linde constructs machine for liquefaction of air, King C Gilette invents safety razor, death of German socialist Friedrich Engels, Peter Latham of Britain becomes world lawn tennis champion, Kiel Canal of germany opened, Oscar

Wilde’s unsuccessful libel action against Marquis-of-Queensberry, American
Bowling Congress formed to govern the game, First professional football game played in US at Latrobe PA, First US Open Golf Championship held, Cuba revolts against Spain, US supports intervention, End of Chinese-Japanese War providing for an independent Korea. China turns Taiwan over to Japan - later returned to China under force, Friedrich Engels dies, Marconi works the wireless radio, X rays discovered by Roentgen, Louis Pasteur dies, Mar 22 first motion picture shown in a theater in Paris, Marconi invents wireless telegraphy, Cubans revolt against Spain, UT Constitutional Convention held Mar, Nov - Constitution ratified, Male residents get to vote, NY creates Dept of Sanitation, First auto race
Nov 28 in Chicago, Dec 9 First Stake in Mexico created, Jun 9 First Stake in
CAN created at Cardston, Utah Constitutional Convention created, Strauss composes, Homer paints, Roentgen discovers X rays, Malayan rubber plantations begin production, Treaty of Shimonoseki - China cedes Taiwan and Pescadores to
Japan, Sun Yixan attempt at revolution in Guangzhou fails, US promotes Monroe
Doctrine in conflict between Britain and Venezuela; treaty of Shimonoseki between China and Japan humiliates China; War for Cuban Independence started; unions super-organize in France
1896 Bad year for tornadoes in US, end reign of Nasir-ud-Din of Persia, France takes
Madagascar, Ethiopian ruler Menelik crushes Italian army at Adowa, British persuade Malay states to form federation, St. Louis MO tornado, tsunamis in
Japan, Plessy v Ferguson ruling in New Orleans * Cleveland admits Utah as 45 th state, Church property returned, McKinley wins election, in spite of 83% of Utah voting for Bryan, College of New Jersey becomes Princeton U, Apr- Sandusky
OH gets F4 tornado, May - Most violent week of tornado activity in US history in
Great lakes region, May - St. Louis tornado drives wood through steel, End of minor US depression, UT - miners limited to 8 hour day, “Wild Bunch” formed in
Brown’s Park UT by Butch Cassidy and the Sun Dance Kid, death of American author Harriet Beecher Stowe, death of German pianist Clara Wiek-Schumann, death of French author Edmond de Goncourt, death of Austrian composer Anton
Bruckner, death of German chemist Friedrich August von Kekule, death of
English painter John Everett Millais, death of Archbishop of Canterbury Edward
White Benson, death of English painter and sculptor Lord Leighton, death of
Alfred Nobel – founder of Nobel Peace Prize and inventor of TNT, death of
French-English artist and novelist George du Maurier, death of German historian
Heinrich von Tritschke, death of English poet and artist William Morris, death of
Brazilian composer A Carlos Gomez, death of German philosopher Richard
Acenarius, death of French lyric poet Paul Verlaine, end of Australian heat wave killing 437, Japanese quake and tsunami – very strong, shortest war ever –
Zanzibar v. Britain lasts 38 minutes, start of Indian famine killing 19 million by
1902, Plessy v. Ferguson allows “separate but equal”, death of German aviation pioneer Otto Lilienthal, end of Nasr-ed-Din the Shah of Persia, Greece - Olympic games revived, Early zippers patented by Whitcomb Judson, Brooks Brothers introduce button-down collars for polo players, Starr Jameson surrenders at
Doornkop – Kaiser William II sends “Kruger telegram” – Cecil Rhodes resigns premiership, military alliance between Transvaal and Orange Free State –

Matabele revolt in Rhodesia put down by Baden-Powell, UT becomes state, Italy defeated by Abyssinians at Asowa – Italy sues for peace and withdraws its protectorate from Abyssinia, New evidence for the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus suppressed in France, Nasr-ed-Din Shah of Persia assassinated, France annexes
Madagascar, Further massacres of Armenians in Constantinople, Kitchener begins campaign against the Mahdi in Sudan, Russia and China sign Manchuria
Convention, Czar Nicholas II visits Paris and London, William McKinley elected
#25, death of writer Verlaine, death of American novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, death of French author Edmond de Goncourt, death of English writer William
Morris, Pierre Louys writes, RM Riike writes, Chekhov writes, Henri Bergson writes, Five annual Nobel Prizes established in physics physiology medicine chemistry literature and peace, foundation of Zionism as Theodor Herzl writes,
Frederick Leighton paints “Clytie”, national portrait gallery moved to
Westminster, Cartoonist Phil May joins “Punch”, German art magazines appear in
Munich, death of musician Anton Burckner, Sidney Jones composes, death of
German pianist Clara Wick-Schumann, Edward MacDowell composes “Indian
Suite”, Richard Strauss composes “Also Sprach Zarathustra”, Puccini composes
“La Boheme”, Hugo Wolf composes, Giordano composes, last Gilbert and
Sullivan composition “The Grand Duke”, William Ramsay discovers helium,
Enrest Rutherford finds magnetic detection of electrical waves, Niagara falls electrical plant opens, death of Alfred Nobel French physicist AH Becquerel discovers radioactivity, first English all-steel building, Alfred Harmsworth issues news “Daily Mail”, first modern Olympics held in Athens, “Persimmon” wins
Derby – horse owned by Prince of Wales, First Alpine ski school founded in
Austria, Royal Victorian Order founded, Beginning of Klondike gold rush at
Bonanza Creek CAN, Cleveland admits Utah as 45 th
state, Church property returned, McKinley wins election, in spite of 83% of Utah voting for Bryan,
Brahms and Puccini compose, Gauguin paints, Alfred Nobel dies, first US showing of motion pictures, First real Olympics in modern times in Athens, Utah becomes 45th state Jan 4, William McKinley elected #25, Congress declares Jim
Crow laws legal in Plessy v Ferguson, Bryan is free silver candidate, Gold discovered in the Klondike Aug 17, 8 hour work day becomes law, Formal fast
Sunday initiated Nov 5, Congress gives Church property rights again, Duryea
Motor Wagon Co. Makes first Motor vehicle, gold discovered in the Yukon,
Ndebele massacre whites and their African supporters in Matebeleland, China, through Li Hongzhang, permits Russia to build railroad across Manchuria, Malay states of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang are federated, Ethiopian defeat of Italians at Adowa secures 40 years of independence, Holland
(Netherlands) extends suffrage; UT enters union; Democrats win presidency with
McKinley, Labor groups gain power in Democratic Party; Italians defeated in
Abyssinia AFR; Gold rush in Klondike
1897 WV Elva Zona Heaster-Shue found dead, and afterward her ghost appears to her mother proclaiming murder. Hercorpse is exhumed and shown to have a crushed windpipe, Assam India quake and Sanriku tsunami kills 1500 est. 8.3, Slavery banned in Zanzibar, New Zealand introduces eight-hour working day and retirement pensions, Eruption in Philippines at Mt. Mayon killing 1335,

McKinley meets with Saints, cannot make the trip to Utah, appoints LDS for position, Dingley Terriff raises rates to 57%, Gold discovered in Alaska, UT -
Actress Betty Compson born in Beaver UT, Butch Cassidy and “Wild Bunch” rob mining camp at Castle Gate – camp at Hanksville’s Robbers Roost, death of
Swiss art historian Jakob Burchardt, death of Scottish novelist Margaret Oliphant, death of Heinrich von Stephan the German statesman and promoter of the First
International Postal Union, death of George M Pullman the designer of railroad cars, death of German composer Johannes Brahms, death of American economist
Henry George, death of French novelist Alphonse Daudet, small CA quake 6.3,
WEB Du Bois and Rev. Alexander Crummell establish African Negro Academy,
British J.J. Thompson discovers electron, Emile Durkeim's "Suicide", William
Falkner born, Crete proclaims union with Greece – Turkey declares war with
Greece and is defeated in Thessaly – armistice followed by Peace of
Constantinople, William McKinkey inaugurated, King of Korea proclaims self emperor, Mathieu Dreyfud discovers that the document on which his brother
Alfred was convicted was written by major MC Esterhazy – Dreyfus affair?,
Germany occupoes Kiao-Chow in N China, Russia occupoes Port Authur, death of French novelist Anphonse Daudet, Writers: Joseph Conrad, John Galsworthy,
Stefan George, Kipling (Captains Courageous), Strindberg, HG Wells (The
Invisible Man), Edmond rostand (Cyrano de Bergerac), Shaw, Sidney and
Beatrice Webb, Havelock Ellis, death of Swiss art historian Jakob Burckhardt,
Matisse paints “Dinner Table”, Rodin sculpts “Victor Hugo”, Rudolph Dirks debuts “Katzenjammer Kids” comic strip, Henri Le Douanier Rousseau paints
“Sleeping Gypsy”, Sir Henry Tate donates Tate gallery to British people, Max
Klinger paints, Pissarro paints, death of Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler conducts Vienna Opera, Vincent d’Indy composes, Ronald ross discovers malaria bacillus, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) studies cathode rays, Julius Hann writes
“Handbook of Climatology” J.J.Thompson discovers electron, Severe famine in
India, World Expo in Brussels, founding of Royal Automobile Club in London,
Sultin of Zanzibar abolishes slavery, Zionist Congress in Basel Switzerland under
Herzl and Nordau, Wueen Victoria’s diamond jubilee, McKinley meets with
Saints, cannot make the trip to Utah, appoints LDS for position, US intervenes in
Cuban conflict. Spain grants Cuba self- government, but riots break out, Brahm dies, Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, Congress passes the Dingley Tariff, Oct 15
Church announces it would issue bonds to lighten the debt, President Wilford
Woodruff dies Sep 2, President Lorenzo Snow ordained Sep 13, Apr 24 Spain declares war on US, Soft coal miners go on strike as United Mine Workers, winning an 8 hour day, Church membership reaches 250,000, Strauss and Sousa compose, Pathan uprising on nw frontier in India put down, Death of Johannes
Brahms, Laurier if Canada creates tariff deal with Britain; end of Panic
(depression) in US - six year upturn
1898 Utahns volunteer in Spanish American war, In China, Dowager Empress Cixi crushes reform attempts, US annexes Hawaii, Drought and famine in India *
McKinley appoints George Albert Smith (not an apostle then) to U.S. Land Office in Utah, Annie Oakley volunteers to lead women sharpshooters into Spanish
American war, Jan - F4 tornado strikes Fort Smith AR,

Feb - First female cyclone named in Australia as Eline hits, SD adopts initiative and referendum processes for balloting, Teddy Roosevelt leads and organizes the
"Rough Riders", U.S. sympathies turn toward Cuba and against Spain as
American business interests suffer from the revolt, Feb - news articles showing anti-American sentiment from Spain published, Feb - Battleship Maine sunk in
Cuban harbor, Sec. of Navy Theodore Roosevelt publicly criticizes McKinley for not declaring war, Mar - U.S. sends ultimatum to Spain, which is accepted April 9,
Apr 19 - - war declared on Spain, Jul - U.S. acquires Wake island, Aug - Manila,
Philippines surrenders to U.S., Oct - Spain and U.S. enter treaty negotiation,
Philippines rebel against U.S. rule, death of British statesman William Gladstone, death of German statesman Otto von Bismarck, death of German novelist
Theodor Fontane, death of Swiss author Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, death of
French painter Gustave Moreau, death of German botanist Ferdinand Julius Cohn, death of Eduard Remenyi the Hungarian violinist who toured with Brahms, death of author Lewis Carrol (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), death of Belgian painter and engraver Felician Rops, death of English painter and designer Edward Burne-
Jones, death of false claimant to the Tichborne estates Arthur Orton, death of
German novelist and Egyptologist Georg Ebers, death of American temperance worker and reformer France E Willard, death of Scottish novelist William Black, death of French poet Stephane Mallarme, two notable CA quakes, John Merrick founds North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance, starting a push for black businesses in Durham, NC, General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippines independent of
Spain, Chinese "100 Days" reforms repressed – end of Emperor Kwanag Hsu,
Spanish American War - US gains Cuba and Puerto Rico, Curies discover radium and polonium, Major Esterhazy acquitted in Dreyfus forgery trial – Zola publishes open letter to French President and is impridoned – Colonel Henry admits forgery of a document in Dreyfus case, Paul Kruger reelected President of Transcaal,
Russia obtains lease of Port Arthur China – Britain obtains lease of Kowloon,
Kitchener wins battles at Atbara river and Omdurman and reaches Fashoda, US declares war on Spain over Cuba – Spanish fleet destroyed at Manila – Treaty of
Paris – Spain cedes Cuba Puerto Rico Guam and Philippines for 20 million, death of Bismarck, death of Gladstone, Empress Elizabeth of Austria murdered by
Italian anarchist in Geneva, Kaiser Wilhelm visits Palestine and Syria, “The
Boxers” anti-Western group forms in China, death of author Stephane Mallarme, death of German novelist Theodor Fontane, Authors: Knut Hamsun, Anthony
Hope, Thomas Hardy, JK Huysmans, Henry James (Turn of the Screw), HG
Wells (War of the Worlds), Oscar Wilde, Shaw, Bismarck, death of Belgian painter Felicien Rops, Mackintosh School of Art in Glasgow opens, Toscanini appears at La Scala in Milan, Ramsay discovers inert atmospheric gasses of xenon krypton and neon, Japanese bacteriologist Shiga discovers dysentery bacillus
(Shigella), German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds his airship, Photographs first taken utilizing artificial light, Paris metro opens, following construction of
Brooklyn and Williamsburg Bridges New York’s five boroughs decide to unite as
New York, McKinley appoints George Albert Smith (not an apostle then) to U.S.
Land Office in Utah, US sends the Maine to Cuba, blown up Feb 15... Battle of
San Juan hill July, Dec 10 Treaty of Paris 1898 ends Spanish American War, US

annexes Hawaii, Spanish-American War after Spain crushes Cuban rebellion, US gets Philippines, Guam, Wake, Puerto Rico Spanish- American War, President
Lorenzo Snow re-affirms tithing May 8, Marie and Pierre Curie discover Radium,
Rostand writes Cyrano de Bergerac , Rimsky-Korsakov and Strauss compose,
Britain creates W African Frontier Force, Kitchener defeats Mahdists at
Omdurman and defuses Fashoda incident in Africa- clash between French and
British military missions in Sudan causes mutual hostility, McKinkey declares war on Spain, Spain loses Philippines, US gains Hawaii; treaty signed for division of Portuguese colonies in Africa; due to Chinese poverty, ports leased to Germans and British - including Hong Kong
1899 Drought at horn of AFR, Second Boer War in S Africa begins, France proclaims protectorate in Laos, Australian and New Zealand troops sent to Boer War,
"Storm King" blizzard hits East Coast from FL to ME, British withdraw from Samoa, leaving control to U.S. and Germany until WWI, death of Johann
Strauss the “Waltz King”, death of French drama critic Francisque Sarcey, death of British naval officer Philip Howard Colomb that devised the signaling system, death of German statesman Leo Count von Caprivi, death of Horatio Alger the
American author of novels for boys, death of American lawyer and agnostic
Robert G Ingersoll, death of American evangelist Dwight L Moody, death of
American playwright Augustin Daly, death of French impressionist Alfred Sisley, death of Austrian operetta composer Karl Millocker, storm in Norway kills 30,
Alaskan quakes est. at 7.9 and 8.5, National Afro-American Council calls for day of fasting to protest lynchings and massacres, Scott Joplin presents “Maple Leaf
Rag”, Guglielmo Marconi sends first radio signal across English Channel, US refuses to recognize Philippines as independent – war ignited, death of RW
Bunsen inventor of the burner, death of Italian painter Giovanni Segantini, rubber-heel shoes patented, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan convention, Philippines demand independence from US, Johannesburg Uitlanders complain to Queen
Victoria against Boers, Bloemfontein Conference on Transvaal – Paul Kruger’s ultimatum provokes Boer War between Britain and the Boers – Boers defeated at
Glencoe – Boer General Piet Joubert wins Battle of Nicholson’s Nek and takes
Ladysmith in Natal – British are defeated at Stormberg Magersfontein and
Colenso (“Black Week”) Canadian and Australian volunteers land in S Africa,
First Peace Conference at the hague, French annul Dreyfus judgement and orders retrial – Dreyfus pardoned by presidential decree, Kaiser Wilhelm II visits
England, Germany secures Baghdad Railroad contract, Karl Kraus begins to publish “Fackel” in Vienna, Authors: Hofmannsthal, Arthur Schnitzler, Pinero,
Ibsen, Stefan george, Andre Gide, Ki[ling, Tolstoi, Oscar Wilde (The Importance of being Earnest”, HS Chamberlain, John Dewey (School and Society), Ernst
Haeckel, Alexander Bain, James Ward, Pope Leo XIII condemns the
“Americanism” if Isaac Thomas Hecker, death of Italian painter Giovanni
Segantini, death of French painter Alfred Sisley, Elgar composes Sibelius composes, bruckner composes, death of Johann Strauss, death of Karl Millocker the Viennese composer, Richard Strauss (not Johann the dead) composes,
Rutherford discovers alpha and beta rays in radioactive atoms, Pringsheim and
Lummer start radiation studies, First magnetic recording of sound, London

Borough councils established, by this time the Monster of Lough Auna in Iraland and Angeoa at Iliamna Lake in Alaska seen – both horse-like, Battle of Colenso during Second Boer War results in humiliating British defeat, S African State wars against the British, Philippines rebel against US control, Scott Joplin and others popularize Ragtime music, Boer War in S. Africa, First Hague Conference meets, Open Door policy proclaimed allowing trade with China, Feb 10 Spanish-
American war officially ends, Ravel and Schoenberg, Sibelius and Joplin compose, Boer War, Second Anglo-Boer War - British overcome Afrikaners,
Boer War begins as African republics send Britain an ultimatum to be left alone;
Boer War begins in southern Africa; Hay proposes Open Door doctrine toward
China; Britain withdraws from Samoa