Rome Objectives
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Identify the location of Rome
Describe the geography of Rome
Identify the Etruscans, Romulus, Remus, Council of Plebes, Laws of the 12 Tables, Tiberius Gracchus, Marius,
Sulla, Octavian Augustus, Caligula, Nero, Hadrian, Diocletian, Constantine, Jesus of Nazareth, Pontius Pilate,
Edict of Milan, Spartacus
Define clientage, consul, praetor, patricians, plebians, optimates, populares, latifundia, Pax Romana, sumptuary
laws, circus maximus, law of succession, jurists, Law of Nations
Identify the opponents of the Punic Wars
Describe what happens in the Punic Wars (1,2,3)
Identify the members of the First Triumvirate and the Second Triumvirate
Describe what led to the downfall of the First Triumvirate
Explain why there were penalties for bachelors, widowers, and small families
Explain the significance of the games at the Colosseum
List 2 problems with the Romans hiring German mercenaries to fight in their army
Explain why the Roman religion did not survive
Identify Mithra and his correlations to Christianity
Explain what contributions Constantine and Theodosius made to Christianity
List the four main causes for the fall of Rome
Rome
Geography
Located in Italy –
Mountains, but not isolated
River valleys (Po and Tiber Rivers) –
Sea, but
Central location
Early Settlers
Greeks and Etruscans
Greek colonization
Writing, art,
Etruscans
Lived north of Rome
Accomplishments
cities –
government –
religion
add Greek religion –
Gauls
Legend
Romulus (first king) and Remus (brother)
Roman Republic
Government: republic –
The Roman Confederation
Level one:
Level two:
Level three:
Soldiers and foreign policy
Defeated soldiers
Good for
Roman Executive Officers
Consuls (2) –
Duties :
Praetor –
Social Groups
Patricians –
Power to
Clientage –
Plebians –
Farmers,
Attempts to gain power
Withdrawal from the state
Council of Plebes
Created to
Makes and proposes laws
Laws of the12 Tables –
First time Plebians could appeal
ALL citizens equal under the law
Punic Wars
Rome vs. Phoenicians
#1. Rome vs. Carthage
Rome:
Carthage:
issue:
#2. Rome vs. Carthage
issue:
Hannibal takes the war to Rome: Romans near defeat but…
Hannibal lacks men
Rome takes Spain
Hannibal has to
Battle of Zama
#3. Rome vs. Carthage
Romans ‘destroyed’ Carthage
Burned their
Expansion
Into
Rome’s justification –
Expansion –
Increasingly
Internal instability?? –
Senate –
Optimates vs. Populares
OptimatesPopulares –
Issues:
Small farmers
Military term:
Land deteriorated –
Latifundia
Slaves and
Cash crops
Day laborers –
Reformers
Tiberius Gracchus
Bypassed Senate
Land reform –
Senators hostile –
Gaius Gracchus continues
Roman Military Defeats
Signal a
Consul Marius “Win the War” campaign
Victory in Africa
Defeat the Celts –
Creation of a
Loyalty oaths
Volunteers
Marius is very popular
Council of Plebes
Give him Sulla’s
Sulla wages a
Victory
Dictator to “reconstitute the Republic”
Reign of terror,
Retirement
Goal achievement
Real example –
Civil wars and a scramble for power
First Triumvirate
Crassus –
Pompey –
Julius Caesar –
All get new, lucrative military commands
Crassus – Syria, Pompey – Spain, Caesar – Gaul (France)
Crassus killed in battle
Competition between
Senators vote
Caesar refuses
March on Rome –
Caesar becomes dictator
For life
Increased the Senate to 900
Citizenship to
Planned
Too much
Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus
“Beware the Ides of March”
March 15
Assassination
Second Triumvirate (three vs. Caesar’s killers)
Octavian –
Marc Antony –
Allied with the
Lepidus –
Battle of Actium–
Octavian
The Roman Empire
Pax Romana –
Octavian Augustus
Social legislation to
Luxury out, simplicity in
Sumptuary
Adultery –
Penalties for
Upper class
Usually fined
Augustus’ Rome
Cosmopolitan, ethnic sections
Overcrowded, noisy, dangerous
No traffic
Responsibility to the poor
Food and entertainment
Over 100
Circus Maximus –
Rome’s
300,000
Theaters –
Gladiatorial shows
Colosseum –
Dawn to dusk
Hold 50,000 people
Slaves,
Popularity and patronage
Criminals vs. wild animals
Animal contests
Games –
Augustus dies but no law of succession –
Tiberius – good emperor
Augustus’
Caligula –
Appointed his horse
Assassinated by
Claudius –
NeroBloodthirsty and violent
Suspected
Eliminated the
Extravagances
Civil War
First year was a year of
Era of Five Good Emperors
Respect for
Cooperate
End
Peace –
Building programs –
Vespasian –
Trajan –
Hadrian –
Withdrawal
Fortify the
No strategic
Gradual Decline 
Emperor Caracalla
Citizenship to all
Chaos and civil war
Military strength –
Invasions –
Plagues –
Decline in
Army?? –
Restablilize by control and coercion
Diocletian
Divides the
Constantine
Move capital to
Romulus Augustus
Deposed, Rome sacked by Vandals
Germanic tribes
Eastern Empire carries on….
Rome and Christianity
Rome Religion –
Extremely
Borrowed much
However
Without these
Mystery religions – Mithraism
Mithra –
SundayRoman involvement with the Jews begins
Judea –
Divisions within
Jesus of Nazareth
Humility,
Radicals
Roman authorities –
Jewish leaders –
Put on trial by…
Procurator Pontius Pilate
Ordered to
After death –
Paul of Tarsus
Spread to
Spreads slowly along Roman roads
Written
Romans pay
Easy communication –
Roman fear
Secret meetings and exclusivity
Christians refusal to
Treason –
Nero –
Roman destruction of Jerusalem
Last persecution of Christians – Diocletian
Constantine –
Edict of Milan –
Theodosius
Rome’s Legacies
1. Cities –
Uniformity –
2. Prosperity – highest level of trade but…
Unbalanced
3. Greek influence continues
Greek slaves –
Greek tutors
Art, philosophy, and religion
4. Roman Law
Jurists –
Emperor –
Law of Nations –
5. Women’s lives improve
At marriage,
Own,
Divorce rights
Business
No longer
Education stressed
6. slavery
no people
source
public treasury
poor treatment
Sicily–
Spartacus–
Defeated
7. Christianity
State religion
Established
Pope –
Causes for the Fall of Rome
1. Military Causes –
a. Roman army
b. Hired mercenaries
2. Political Causes
a. Government lost
b. Frequent
c. Division
3. Economic Causes
a. Heavy taxes
b. Slave labor
4. Social Causes
a. Decline in
Not really a dramatic “fall” –
Many things did not change