The Gilded Age
1870-1900
01. After which of these events was the first transcontinental railroad completed? (A)
end of Civil War (B) discovery of gold in Colorado (C) Spanish-American War (D)
passage of Interstate Commerce Act.
02. The American Federation of Labor was organized to (A) build a new political party
(B) end rivalry between labor unions (C) pressure the government for reforms (D)
represent skilled craftsmen.
03. When a worker, to get a job, is forced to sign an agreement that he will not join a
union, the agreement is called (A) blacklist (B) boycott (C) yellow dog contract (D)
checkoff.
04. The phrase “Robber Barons” refers to the 19th Century businessmen who (A)
became very rich (B) were prominent philanthropists (C) used unethical business
practices (D) controlled holding companies.
05. What was the chief reason for the growth of monopolies in the latter part of the 19th
century? To (A) improve the quality of products (B) end price cutting competition (C)
reduce manufacturing costs (D) oppose strong labor unions.
06. The railroads were important to America’s industrialization because they (A) hired
many new immigrants (B) opened the South to manufacturing (C) sold land to
homesteaders (D) linked together the various new industries.
07. The national government promoted railroad building by (A) free grants of land (B)
selling land to homesteaders (C) a high protective tariff (D) providing protection from
hostile Indians.
08. Which of the following was the result of the other three? (A) interchangeable parts
(B) division of labor (C) mass production (D) assembly line.
09. The results of the Presidential Election (1876) were determined (A) when Congress
barred the votes of all ex-Confederates (B) by the Supreme Court, which barred the
Tilden electors after a lengthy hearing (C) by an electoral commission, which favored the
Hayes` electors (D) none of these.
10. Which of the following was not a valid criticism of the great trusts and holding
companies of late 19th Century America? (A) they were terribly inefficient (B) they
corrupted law enforcement agencies (C) they ruthlessly eliminated competition (D) they
treated human labor as a commodity.
11. The corporation differs from the individual proprietorship in that (A) only the
corporation uses scientific management (B) a corporation has a limited liability (C) there
is often no contact between the owners and workers of a corporation (D) a worker can
never become part owner in a corporation.
12. American industrial development was aided by the development of a new,
inexpensive method of producing steel called (A) Faraday process (B) Edison process (C)
Bessemer process (D) smelting process.
13. In the corporation type of business organization, the actual owners are (A) charter
holders (B) board of directors (C) stockholders (D) president and vice president.
14. Big business agreed to divide all their business opportunities among themselves by
forming (A) interlocking directorates (B) holding companies (C) trusts (D) pools.
15. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was successful in (A) regulating corporations (B)
outlawing holding companies (C) establishing a precedent for later legislation (D) all of
these.
16. The social activities of most farm families in the late 1800s were centered in (A) big
cities (B) the home (C) the church (D) the school.
17. Interest rates on Western farm mortgages were high in the late 1800s because (A)
farming was considered risky (B) money brokers charged commissions (C) money was
expensive or “tight” (D) all of these.
18. Working together in organizations, farmers established associations to assist them
in buying and selling that were called (A) supermarkets (B) co-operatives (C) produce
markets (D) Farm alliances.
19. The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) was significant because it was the first time
that (A) an attempt was made by government to cope with the problems of interstate trade
(B) farmers won a legal victory (C) the federal government established a regulatory
commission (D) all of these.
20. Members of the Greenback Party would most likely include (A) business leaders
who wanted “hard” currency (B) merchants who wanted controlled money (C) laborers
who wanted higher salaries (D) farmers who wanted more money in circulation
21. Bimetallism is a system under which (A) an alloy of silver and another metal is
used for coins (B) an alloy of gold and another metal is used for coins (C) gold and silver
are both used as security for the national currency (D) none of these.
22. Which of the following came last? (A) “Cross of Gold” speech (B) Benjamin
Harrison defeated by Cleveland (C) Bland-Allison Act (D) Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
23. New owner worker relations in factories came about during the latter half of the
1800s because (A) owners hired managers to run the plants (B) factories became much
larger (C) workers had little influence over working conditions (D) all of these.
24. American workers objected to the Contract Labor Law because it (A) allowed
employers to hire workers in Europe to come to America (B) came close to establishing a
slave labor system (C) provided unfair competition (D) all of these.
25. All of the following are ways in which industry fought against unions except: (A)
closed shop (B) lockout (C) blacklist (D) yellow dog contracts.
26. Between 1865-1897, the federal government was dominated by (A) 3rd Parties (B)
Republican Party (C) Democratic Party (D) Tammany Hall.
27. Immigrants in northern cities usually voted for (A) Republicans (B) Democrats (C)
3rd Parties (D) radicals.
28. The “Whiskey Ring” scandal involved (A) blackmail (B) fraud (C) extortion (D) all
of these.
29. The reason for the difficulty in deciding the correct electoral votes in the election of
1876 was that two different sets of returns were received from (A) Florida (B) Louisiana
(C) South Carolina (D) all of these.
30. The results of the election of 1892 were influenced by (A) Populist Party (B) Free
Soil Party (C) Progressive Party (D) Greenback Party.
31. The Great Plains stretched from (A) Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains (B)
Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River (C) 100th meridian to the Rocky
Mountains (D) Mississippi River to the 100th meridian.
32. The governments Indian policy in the late 1800s included (A) moving the Indians to
reservations (B) making Indians wards of the government (C) “Americanizing” the
Indians (D) all of these.
33. The economic interests of which of the following groups would most likely conflict
with the others? (A) homesteaders (B) cattle ranchers (C) hunters (D) miners.
34. The weapon that helped to “settle” the Great Plains was (A) Bow and arrow (B)
revolver (C) Gatling gun (D) bayonet.
35. All of the following help explain the trend toward consolidation of corporations
except: (A) the desire to end cutthroat competition (B) the hope of making better use of
products (C) the wish to buy larger quantities of raw materials at lower prices (D) the
hope of securing better relationships with customers and employees.
36. The amazing growth of cities in the latter half of the 19th century was the result of
all the following except: (A) the discovery of new sources of power (B) application of
new inventions and processes (C) invention of the automobile (D) expansion of
transportation and commerce.
37. Which of the following is not correctly paired (A) George Pullman/ electric elevator
(B) Cyrus Field/transatlantic cable (C) Alexander Graham Bell/telephone (D) Christopher
Sholes/typewriter.
38. The corporation has an advantage over the partnership because it has (A) limited
liability (B) perpetual life (C) access to capital through sale of stock (D) all of these.
39. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was unsuccessful in its intent to prevent (A) monopoly
(B) trusts (C) business consolidation (D) all of these.
40. Many of the farmers problems in the 1800s were caused by (A) overpopulation on
the farms (B) the free enterprise economy (C) overproduction and falling prices (D)
underproduction and European competition.
41. Samuel B. Morse revolutionized communication with the (A) telephone (B)
telegraph (C) phonograph (D) steam locomotive.
42. The first national farm organization was called (A) the 4H Club (B) Populist Party
(C) Patrons of the Soil (D) the Grange.
43. Which of the following groups of people exerted the most influence upon
government policies between 1865-1900? (A) farmers (B) business leaders (C) organized
labor (D) socialists.
44. The Interstate Commerce Act included all of the following provisions except: (A)
pooling arrangements were illegal (B) railroads could not make loans (C) railroads could
not grant rebates (D) railroads were required to post their rates.
45. Farmers blamed their problems on all of the following except: (A) factory workers
(B) distributors (C) railroads (D) eastern capitalists.
46. Those who favored “cheap money” opposed (A) the Resumption Act (1875) (B) the
Bland Allison Act (C) free silver (D) issuance of Greenbacks.
47. The majority of the reforms proposed by the Populist Party (A) were forgotten as
the party declined (B) were later won under other political parties (C) were undesirable in
a democratic country (D) were just campaign promises.
48. Technological unemployment means that (A) workers do not have the proper
education to hold jobs (B) workers do not have the proper technical skills to hold jobs (C)
machines replace workers jobs (D) there are too many technical workers for too few jobs.
49. All of the following were complaints of workers during the late 1800s except: (A)
fringe benefits (B) unsafe working conditions (C) low wages (D) long hours.
50. A court order requiring someone to perform an act or refrain from performing an
act is called (A) writ of certiori (B) injunction (C) contempt of court (D) judgment.
51. Similarities between the political parties during the period after the Civil War
included all of the following except: (A) use of slogans (B) name-calling (C) failure to
address issues (D) ability to use the Civil War as an issue.
52. “Waving the bloody shirt” meant (A) indifference to third party movements (B)
Laissez-faire (C) appealing to American patriotism (D) none of these.
53. Which of the following was not a scandal during the Grant Administration? (A)
Credit Mobilier (B) Salary Grab (C) Watergate (D) Whiskey Ring.
54. Which of the following was well known as a reformer? (A) William Tweed (B)
William Belnap (C) Jay Gould (D) Rutherford B. Hayes.
55. Which of the following won the popular vote but not the Presidency? (A) Grant (B)
Lincoln (C) Cleveland (D) Garfield.
56. Which of the following was a third party which had considerable influence in the
Election of 1892? (A) Progressive (B) Greenback (C) Populist (D) Socialist.
57. Which of the following was the weapon that helped frontiersmen win the West? (A)
sledgehammer (B) barbed wire (C) cannon (D) repeating rifle.
58. Which of the following is a good example of how the government tried to
“Americanize” the Indians? (A) Dawes Act (B) Custer’s Last Stand (C) Sherman Act (D)
Oklahoma land rush.
59. The improvement of farm implements during the late 1800s helped to make farming
more profitable. Which of the following is the best example of this? (A) “Sooners” (B)
double barreled whipsnap (C) long rifle (D) double disk harrow.
60. Which of the following was responsible for the laying of the transatlantic cable? (A)
Edison (B) Bell (C) Field (D) Carnegie.
61. All of the following are examples of the new business consolidation except: (A)
partnership (B) pool (C) trust (D) corporation.
62. Which of the following was a major weakness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? (A)
a loose definition of terms (B) loopholes for big business (C) failure of the government to
enforce the act (D) composition of the Supreme Court.
63. Which of the following never made any attempt to give money back to society
through good works? (A) Vanderbilt (B) Carnegie (C) Gould (D) Rockefeller.
64. Which of the following is the best definition of common law? (A) case studies (B)
interlocking directorates (C) judge made law (D) a system of law based on tradition,
custom and court precedents.
65. Which of the following was a legal method of business consolidation after 1890?
(A) trust (B) pool (C) holding company (D) interlocking directorate.
66. The returns from the census (1870) showed that (A) the United States was
overpopulated (B) the urban population was growing faster than the rural population (C)
the census takers were deficient in counting skills (D) none of these.
67. Most farmers had (A) easy living (B) a hard and lonely life (C) a highly cultured
society (D) a high level of education.
68. The Interstate Commerce Act forbade all of the following except: (A) pooling (B)
rebates (C) right to refuse service to anyone (D) long haul/short haul abuse.
69. All of the following were problems for American farmers during the latter part of
the 1800s except: (A) overproduction (B) mortgages (C) high interest rates (D) the
Granger Movement.
70. The main complaint of most workers during the latter half of the 19th century was
(A) low wages (B) lack of job security (C) business cycle (D) company towns.
71. Which of the following did the most to improve the conditions of urban workers?
(A) unions (B) company towns (C) the Federal government (D) benevolent owners.
72. Where were tensions greatest in the industrial community in the late 1800s? (A)
small towns (B) small factories (C) on the Pacific Coast (D) in the mass production
industries.
73. The Haymarket Affair was (A) a dispute over double coupons (B) a riot during a
mass meeting in Chicago (C) end of the closed shop (D) none of these.
74. The purpose of the Morrill Act (1862), was to (A) set up colleges that would give
people practical training (B) increase federal revenue (C) stabilize the nation’s banking
system (D) halt the growth of monopolies.
75. The device which the “Robber Barons” eventually discovered to be most effective
in controlling the largest number of companies with the least investment was the (A) trust
(B) holding company (C) corporation (D) foundation.
76. During the labor disputes of the latter 1800s, the Federal government was (A) prolabor (B) anti-labor (C) neutral (D) laissez-faire.
77. The “new” immigration of the late 1900s came primarily from (A) the Orient (B)
Italy, Greece and Slavic countries (C) the British Isles (D) Scandinavian countries.
78. The first major break in the United States Congress’ policy of laissez-faire toward
big business came with the passage of the (A) Sherman Anti-Trust Act (B) Sherman
Silver Purchase Act (C) Interstate Commerce Act (D) Pendleton Act.
79. The most notable accomplishment of the Chester A. Arthur administration was the
(A) settlement of a series of strikes that were paralyzing the nation (B) passage and
enforcement of the Bland-Allison Act (C) maintenance of the appointive and dismissal
powers of the Executive against the efforts of the legislative branch to destroy them (D)
establishment of the Civil Service Commission.
80. Which of the following writers was concerned with social justice? (A) Henry
George (B) Upton Sinclair (C) Frank Norris (D) all of these.
81. “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor the cross of thorns, you shall not
crucify mankind upon a cross of gold,” was said by (A) Grover Cleveland (B) John Peter
Atgeld (C) William Jennings Bryan (D) Eugene V. Debs.
82. The last great rush for land took place in (A) Nebraska (B) Arizona (C) Oklahoma
(D) North Dakota.
83. The major significance of the Turner “Frontier Thesis” in the 1890s was that (A) it
converted many historians to his interpretations as a key to understanding United States
history (B) Americans were forced to face the fact that the “safety valve” of the frontier
no longer existed (C) Americans were bolstered in their prejudices against Europe, and
could now believe that America had a society distinct from the “Old World” (D) the
American people were made to realize that they still had a frontier in Alaska.
84. During his first term, Grover Cleveland was credited with all of the following
except: (A) active efforts to aid the victims of the factory system (B) increasing the size
of the civil service (C) efforts to lessen the hostility of the South toward the Union D)
opposing the attempts of the Grand Army of the Republic to drain the Treasury surplus
for veterans pensions.
85. All but one of the following major transportation developments took place before
the 20th Century except: (A) railroad (B) stagecoach (C) steamboat (D) airplane.
86. In the years after 1840, the pattern of Western settlement was greatly affected by
(A) opening of the Erie Canal (B) purchase of Alaska (C) discovery of gold in South
Dakota (D) building of the transcontinental railroad.
87. The Pendleton Act was passed by Congress in response to (A) assassination of
President Garfield (B) the “Cross of Gold” speech (C) annexation of Texas (D) passage
of the New Deal.
88. In the Presidential campaign (1884), James G. Blaine lost New York, and therefore
the election, because (A) Tammany Hall abandoned him (B) he failed to disavow a slur
against Irish Catholics made in his presence (C) his party’s attack on Grover Cleveland as
the father of an illegitimate child backfired (D) he made a speech in which he referred to
the Democratic Party as the party of “Rum, Romanism and Rebellion.”
89. In the 40 years after Reconstruction, fundamental changes in the American system
were brought about as a result of federal legislation in all of the following cases except:
(A) immigration (B) civil service (C) interstate commerce (D) civil rights.
90. The most effective strikebreaking tool was (A) court injunction (B) use of “scabs”
(C) intervention of federal troops (D) Interstate Commerce Act.
91. “A dark page in the history of the Presidency” referred to the Presidency of (A) U S
Grant (B) Chester Arthur (C) Grover Cleveland (D) Andrew Johnson.
92. The Credit Mobilier scandal involved (A) transcontinental railroad (B) the Whiskey
Ring (C) Indian Affairs (D) none of these.
93. Rutherford B. Hayes succeeded Grant as President even though he (A) was
involved in corruption (B) was not a Republican (C) had never held political office (D)
received a smaller percentage of the popular vote than his opponent.
94. The Pendleton Act was associated with (A) laissez-faire government policy (B)
civil service (C) election fraud (D) currency problems.
95. All of the following were reasons for the widespread corruption after the Civil War
except: (A) money was being spent freely by state and federal governments (B) some
unscrupulous business leaders and government officials engaged in dishonest practices
(C) the Pendleton Act was passed (D) state and local political machines took control of
governments and ran them for their own benefit.
96. All of the following statements are true about the construction of the
transcontinental railroad except: (A) it was completed in 1869 (B) it was welcomed by
the Plains Indians (C) it was built by two companies, the Union Pacific and the Central
Pacific (D) its Western terminus was Sacramento.
97. The Plains Indians were doomed when (A) the buffalo herds were killed off (B)
gold was discovered (C) white settlers crossed their lands (D) the tribes began fighting
each other.
98. Which of the following did not contribute to the decline of the Western cattle
industry in the late 1800s? (A) a decline in livestock and meat prices (B) invasion of the
West by sheepherders (C) drought (D) lack of transportation facilities.
99. The last great rush for land involved Indian land and took place in the present state
of (A) Kansas (B) Oregon (C) Texas (D) none of these.
100. To encourage the building of railroads, the government provided (A) land grants
(B) right of way (C) loans (D) all of these.
101. The Credit Mobilier scandal involved (A) public utilities (B) the Bureau of Indian
Affairs (C) railroad construction (D) excise tax on distilled liquor.
102. In the late 19th century, those politicians who campaigned by “waving the bloody
shirt” were reminding voters (A) of the treason of Southern Democrats during the Civil
War (B) that the Civil War had been caused by the election of a Republican president (C)
of the graft-filled carpetbagger governments of the Reconstruction South (D) of the
catering to freed slaves by Radical Republicans during Reconstruction.
103. The Presidential elections of the 1870s and 80s (A) were all won by Republicans
(B) aroused great interest among voters (C) were rarely close (D) usually involved sharp
partisan differences over the issues.
104. “Spoilsmen” was the label attached to those who (A) expected government jobs
from the party’s elected officeholders (B) ravaged the pristine environment of the
“golden West” for their own profit (C) manipulated railroad stocks to their private
advantage (D) supported civil service reform.
105. Those who enjoyed a successful political career in the post-Civil War decades were
usually (A) reformers (B) incorruptible (C) party loyalists (D) political independents.
106. The Compromise of 1877 resulted in (A) a promise by the Republicans to protect
the civil rights of Blacks in the South (B) the election of a Democrat to the presidency
(C) passage of the Bland-Allison Act (D) the withdrawal of federal troops from the
South.
107. Labor unrest in the 1870s and 80s led Congress to pass laws prohibiting laborers
from (A) immigrating from Ireland (B) forming unions (C) immigrating from China (D)
going out on strike.
108. The Pendleton Act required appointees to public office to (A) take a competitive
examination (B) present a written recommendation from a congressman or senator (C)
agree to make financial contributions to their political party (D) pledge independence
from either major political party.
109. The major campaign issue of the 1888 presidential election was (A) civil service
reform (B) tariff policy (C) the currency question (D) foreign policy.
110. In late 19th Century elections, which of the following would not support the
Democrats? (A) the South (B) northern industrial cities (C) immigrant groups (D) the
Midwest.
111. In the latter decades of the 19th century, it was generally true that the locus of
political power was (A) the president (B) the federal courts (C) the federal bureaucracy
(D) Congress.
112. Which of the following was not true of most of the presidents of the 1870s and
80s? (A) were Civil War veterans (B) were Republicans (C) opposed high protective
tariffs (D) won narrow victories.
113. The federal government helped subsidize transcontinental railroad construction in
the late 19th century by providing the corporations with (A) cash grants from new taxes
(B) land grants (C) cash grants from higher tariffs (D) reduced prices on iron and steel.
114. The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from
business combinations was the (A) Federal Trade Commission (B) Consumer Affairs
Commission (C) Interstate Commerce Commission (D) Federal Anti-Trust Commission.
115. Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area
and share the profits were called (A) pools (B) trusts (C) rebates (D) interlocking
directories.
117. Which of the following is least like the other three? (A) lockout (B) yellow dog
contract (C) closed shop (D) blacklist.
118. In the late 19th century, tax benefits and cheap nonunion labor attracted what type
of manufacturing to the “New South?” (A) textiles (B) steel (C) capital goods (D)
electrical appliances.
119. Generally, the Supreme Court in the late 19th century interpreted the Constitution
in such a way as to favor (A) labor unions (B) corporations (C) state regulatory agencies
(D) governmental power over the economy.
120. By 1900 organized labor in America (A) had temporarily ceased to exist (B) had
enrolled nearly half the labor force (C) was accepted by the majority of employers as a
permanent part of the new industrial economy (D) had begun to develop a positive image
with the public.
121. The first transcontinental railroad was completed by the construction efforts of the
Union Pacific and the (A) Santa Fe (B) Northern Pacific (C) Central Pacific (D) Southern
Pacific.
122. Which of the following was not a factor promoting the growth of manufacturing in
post-Civil War America? (A) plentiful cheap labor (B) available investment capital (C)
abundant natural resources (D) effective government planning.
123. The Knights of Labor were weakened by (A) its refusal to endorse social reform
and the eight hour day (B) stiff competition from the National Labor Union (C) its
association in the public mind with the Haymarket Riot (D) the increase in immigration.
124. Most “New Immigrants” (A) eventually returned to their country of origin (B) tried
to preserve their “old” country culture in America (C) were subjected to stringent
immigration restriction laws (D) were quickly assimilated into the mainstream of
American life.
125. The American Protection Association (A) preached through the social gospel that
churches were obligated to help new immigrants (B) was led for many years by Florence
Kelley and Jane Addams (C) supported immigration restriction laws (D) established
settlement houses in many cities to aid the new immigrants.
126. Religious “modernists” (A) found ways to reconcile Christianity and Darwinism
(B) railed against the philosophy of the social gospel movement (C) tended to ignore
evidence of social and economic injustice (D) denounced the Christian Scientists and
Salvation Army as “ungodly.”
127. In education, the post-Civil War era witnessed (A) an increase in compulsory
school attendance laws (B) the collapse of the Chautauqua movement (C) rejection of the
German system of kindergartens (D) a slow rise in the illiteracy rate.
128. Henry George argued that the unearned windfall profits of those who did not work
for them should be (A) distributed to public works through private philanthropy (B)
saved and invested by private bankers (C) looked upon as the inevitable consequences of
the “survival of the fittest” (D) confiscated by government taxation.
129. The Comstock Law was intended to advance the cause of (A) racial equality (B)
sexual purity (C) temperance (D) women’s suffrage.
130. That a “talented tenth” of American Blacks should lead the race to full social and
political equality with whites was the view of (A) George W. Carver (B) Booker T.
Washington (C) Dwight L. Moody (D) W.E.B. DuBois.
131. The philosophy of pragmatism maintains that what is important is (A) the logically
correct formulation of a theory (B) the practical application of an idea (C) forgoing
materialism in favor of high ideals (D) how you think, not what you do.
132. Which of the following was not a theme of late 19th century American novels? (A)
rugged realism (B) the American West (C) romantic sentimentality (D) the corrupting
influences of the city.
133. The “New Immigration” to America after 1880 (A) were mostly Protestant (B)
were usually literate (C) were usually from northern and eastern Europe (D) tended to
settle in northeastern cities.
134. The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Native American (A)
impoverishment (B) annihilation (C) assimilation (D) culture.
135. The enormous mineral wealth taken from the mining frontier (A) solved the Indian
“problem” (B) solved the currency problems (C) helped finance industrialization (D)
profited individual prospectors but not corporations.
136. The Homestead Act assumed that public land would be administered in such a way
as to (A) raise government revenue (B) promote frontier settlement (C) conserve natural
resources (D) favor large scale “bonanza” farms.
137. A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was (A) the
high price of land (B) the low market value of grain (C) the scarcity of water (D)
overcrowding.
138. Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier
were (A) eastern city dwellers (B) eastern farmers (C) recent immigrants (D) Blacks.
139. The “89ers” headed West to (A) pan gold in California (B) mine the Comstock
Lode in Nevada (C) claim land in Oklahoma (D) raise cattle in Montana and Wyoming.
140. Which of the following was not a factor which contributed to the eventual
subjugation of the Plains Indians? (A) the arrival of the railroad in the West (B)
introduction of European diseases (C) near extermination of the buffalo (D) the obvious
advantages of assimilation to Anglo culture.
141. Which of the following can be described as both a cause and a result of the rapid
development of the West after 1860? (A) tax supported schools (B) exploitation of
mineral resources (C) high prices for basic farm products (D) improved transportation.
142. Determining which candidate was elected (1876) was complicated by the fact that
(A) the Democratic Party was still torn by sectional disputes (B) there were two
conflicting sets of returns from several states (C) the electoral votes of several states were
divided between the two major candidates (D) there was no constitutional provision for
separate balloting for President and Vice President.
143. The eastern terminus of the first transcontinental railroad was (A) Chicago (B) St.
Louis (C) Omaha (D) Kansas City.
144. The great transcontinental railroads helped to develop the West by (A) pressing the
government to develop a free land policy (B) calling attention to the need for establishing
state governments in California, Nebraska, Oregon & Nevada (C) selling the land they
had obtained as government subsidies at low prices on easy terms (D) urging the
government to confine western Indians to reservations.
145. The story of advancing civilization has been to a large extent a story of man
changing his environment to suit his needs. Which of the following caused the greatest
change in the natural environment? (A) mining (B) fur trading (C) farming (D) cattle
ranching.
146. During the 30 years after the Civil War, the most clear-cut issue between
Democrats and Republicans was (A) the gold standard (B) the tariff (C) civil service
reform (D) slavery.
147. Which of the following best describes the policy of the government toward the
railroads after 1860? (A) purchase of the railroads by the government after they had been
privately financed and constructed (B) the sale of government constructed railroads to
private companies (C) granting of government subsidies to privately owned and
constructed railroads (D) complete laissez-faire toward both ownership and construction
of railroads.
148. There was frequent conflict (1865-1885) between ranchers and homesteaders
because the (A) former opposed the extension of railroad transportation (B) former had
filed claims for most of the good homesteads (C) latter fenced their lands and deprived
the herds of free pasturage (D) farmers were interested in raising corn and alfalfa, the
important fodder crops for the large herds.
149. What group has generally been most in favor of tariff protection? (A)
manufacturers (B) merchants and ship owners (C) tobacco growers (D) small farmers.
150. The first group to benefit substantially financially from government aid was (A)
laborers by minimum wage laws (B) manufacturers by tariff laws (C) farmers by crop
price supports (D) mine owners by government purchase of metals.
151. Which of the following was first used by business interests to reduce competition?
(A) the trust (B) the cartel (C) the holding company (D) the pool.
152. An important difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation
of Labor was that the latter (A) organized unskilled workers (B) had greater control over
local unions (C) included railroad workers (D) consisted of unions, rather than individual
workers.
153. Which of the following was the least consideration of businessmen in the late 19th
century? (A) securing government aid and tariff protection (B) avoiding the ill effects
that improved means of production might have on social conditions (C) curbing the
growth of labor unions (D) eliminating competition through combination.
154. The most fundamental improvement in railroad transportation has been (A) diesel
engine (B) Pullman sleepers car (C) air brake (D) refrigerator car.
155. What was the chief threat to democratic government in the United States 18751900? (A) failure to Americanize immigrants (B) abuse of the Negro’s right to vote (C)
influence of big business on government (D) lack of education of lower class people.
156. To which region did immigrants of the late 1800s settle in the largest numbers? (A)
Southeast & Midwest (B) Midwest & Central Atlantic (C) Central Atlantic & New
England (D) New England & Pacific Coast.
157. Following the Civil War, a significant factor contributing to the remarkable
domination of industry by gigantic business enterprises was the (A) release of 4 million
Negro slaves for free cheap labor (B) unlimited supply of free land for exploitation (C)
American foreign policy of isolation (D) influx of immigrant labor.
158. The first group of immigrants to be barred from the United States was (A)
illiterates (B) Chinese (C) Southern Europeans (D) elderly people.
159. The mechanization of agriculture reduced which of the following? (A) amount of
capital needed to begin farming (B) number of small farms (C) production of surpluses
(D) number of tenant farmers.
160. Frontier conditions survived longest in (A) Pacific Northwest (B) the Northwest
Territory (C) Texas (D) the Great Plains.
161. The settling of the West contributed to industrialization by providing industry with
more (A) laborers (B) inventions (C) raw materials (D) urban centers.
162. Which of the following was not responsible for the rapid growth of American
industry after the Civil War? (A) release of slave labor to work in factories (B) discovery
of vast sources of raw material for exploitation (C) investment of European capital in this
country (D) passage of laws favorable to the development of industry.
163. Which of the following refers to discrimination in freight rates? (A) interlocking
directorate (B) mandate (C) pooling (D) rebate.
164. Which of the following means of communication was developed first? (A)
telephone (B) telegraph (C) airplane (D) radio.
165 Without the Southerners in Congress during the Civil War and after the federal
government was able to (A) tax the South (B) promote business and western settlement
(C) trade with Britain (D) build new cities.
166. An important reason why big business was not subject to any effective regulation in
the late 1800s was that (A) court decisions nullified state and federal regulatory
legislation (B) business lobbies were so strong that state and federal legislative bodies
could not pass such laws (C) the public was not yet aware of the need for regulation (D)
the Constitution does not give Congress the power to regulate commerce between the
states.
167. The Bessemer process was a method of producing (A) oil (B) steel (C) cotton cloth
(D) electricity.
168. Three important Supreme Court decisions in the 1880s and 1890s (A) limited fees
charged by railroads (B) restricted the power of state governments to regulate railroads
(C) put a ceiling on railroad wages (D) supported government regulation of railroads.
169. In 1869, Omaha, Nebraska and Sacramento, California were connected by (A)
steamship lines (B) railroad (C) Pony Express (D) canals.
170. The invention of the dynamo made possible the widespread use of (A) steam power
(B) standard gauge rail width (C) internal combustion engine (D) electrical power.
171. The first invention that allowed people to communicate quickly, over long
distances was the (A) telegraph (B) telephone (C) standard gauge railroad (D)
phonograph.
172. Limited liability encourages investment by reducing the (A) risk (B) tax on profits
(C) tax on inheritance (D) government regulation of business.
173. Corporations have more stability than other types of business organization because
the are (A) insured by the federal government (B) not affected by the death of an owner
(C) not backed by capital (D) owned entirely by state governments.
174. The theory that government should not impose regulations on business is called (A)
low tariff policy (B) subsidy theory (C) laissez-faire (D) trust.
175. Tariffs help a country’s businesses by (A) taxing imports (B) reducing foreign
competition (C) reducing domestic competition (D) encouraging investment.
176. Who built Standard Oil into a giant of American industry? (A) Rockefeller (B)
Carnegie (C) Post (D) Singer.
177. Who built United States Steel into a giant of American industry? (A) Rockefeller
(B) Carnegie (C) Post (D) Singer.
178. Those who enjoyed a successful political careers in the Gilded Age were usually
(A) reformers (B) incorruptible (C) party loyalists (D) political independents.
179. The Presidential elections of the Gilded Age (A) were all won by Republicans (B)
aroused great interest among voters (C) were rarely close (D) usually involved sharp
partisan differences over issues like currency policy and civil service reform.
180. Which one of the following is least related to the other three? (A) Jim Fisk (B)
“Black Friday” (C) Jay Gould (D) “Ohio Idea”.
181. Most of the Presidents 1870-1900 (A) were Civil War veterans (B) were
Republicans (C) won narrow victories (D) all of these.
182. In the late 1800s, Democrats could count on the support of (A) the South (B)
northern industrial cities (C) immigrant groups (D) all of these.
183. In the Gilded Age, “hard money” policies were reflected in (A) the Resumption Act
(1875) (B) Interstate Commerce Act (C) “Greenbacks” (D) none of these.
184. Which of the following was in a different political party from the other three? (A)
U S Grant (B) Rutherford Hayes (C) Grover Cleveland (D) Benjamin Harrison.
185. In the late 1800s, it was generally true, that the locus of political power was (A)
Congress (B) the President (C) the Supreme Court (D) the Federal Bureaucracy.
186. The major campaign issue (1888) was (A) civil service reform (B) tariff policy (C)
the currency question (D) foreign policy.
187. The Pendelton Act required appointees to public office to (A) take a competitive
examination (B) present a written recommendation from a congressman (C) agree to
make a financial contribution to their political party (D) pledge independence from either
major political party.
188. Which of the following was assassinated in office? (A) Rutherford Hayes (B) James
Garfield (C) Chester Arthur (D) Benjamin Harrison.
189. The only railroad built without government aid was the (A) New York Central (B)
Northern Pacific (C) Great Northern (D) Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe.
190. The national government helped finance railroad construction in late 1900s by
providing railroads with (A) cash grants from new taxes (B) land grants (C) cash grants
from higher tariffs (D) reduced prices on iron and steel.
191. Agreements between railroads to divide the business in a given area and share the
profits were called (A) pools (B) trusts (C) rebates (D) interlocking directorates.
192. Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroads first were attempted by
(A) Congress (B) Supreme Court (C) state legislatures (D) President Cleveland.
193. The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from
business combinations was the (A) Federal Trade Commission (B) Interstate Commerce
Commission (C) Consumer Affairs Commission (D) Federal Anti-Trust Commission.
194. Which amendment was especially helpful to big corporations when defending
themselves against regulation by state governments? (A) 14th (B) 15th (C) 16th (D) 17th.
196. In the late 1800s, tax benefits and cheap labor attracted which of the following to
the “New South”? (A) textiles (B) steel (C) capital goods (D) electrical appliances.
197. Generally the Supreme Court in the 19th Century interpreted the Constitution in
such a way as to favor (A) labor unions (B) corporations (C) state regulatory agencies (D)
government control of the economy.
198. Railroads in the late 1800s significantly stimulated (A) agriculture (B) urbanization
Industrialization (D) all of these.
199. Among the factors promoting the growth of manufacturing in post Civil War
America were (A) plentiful cheap labor (B) available investment capital (C) abundant
natural resources (D) all of these.
200. The Morrill Act (1862) (A) established women’s colleges like Vassar (B) required
compulsory school attendance through high school (C) granted public lands to states to
support higher education (D) mandated racial integration in public schools.
201. The Republican majority in the 1890 “Billion Dollar” Congress saw its most
serious problem as the (A) Treasury surplus (B) Populist Movement (C) Currency
question (D) frequency and violence of labor disputes.
202. The Republican majority in the 1890 “Billion Dollar” Congress solved its most
pressing problem by (A) lowering tariff rates (B) adopting the free and unlimited coinage
of silver (C) enacting new spending provisions to compensate Civil War veterans (D)
ousting “Czar” Reed from the position of Speaker of the House.
202. The Populist Party candidate (1892) was (A) James B Weaver (B) William Jennings
Bryan (C) Adlai Stevenson (D) Thomas B Reed.
203. President Cleveland’s initial response to the Depression (1893) was to ask Congress
to repeal the (A) Pension Act of 1890 (B) McKinley Tariff (C) Jim Crow Laws (D)
Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
204. President Cleveland’s insisted that the solution to the Depression (1893) was for the
Federal Government to adopt (A) the gold standard (B) bimetallism (C) free silver (D)
the major planks of the Populist Party Platform of 1892.
205. President Cleveland tried to solve the Treasury crisis (1893) by (A) raising tariff
rates (B) adopting bimetallism (C) borrowing gold from private bankers (D) signing the
gold standard into law.
206. Which of the following expressed the least sympathy with workers who were hard
pressed by the Depression (1893)? (A) John P Atgeld (B) Richard Olney (C) Eugene
Debs (D) Jacob Coxey.
207. The Pullman Strike witnessed the first instance of (A) government use of a court
injunction to break a major strike (B) management’s agreeing to recognize the right of
workers to organize unions (C) government use of federal troops to end a labor strike (D)
violence during a labor strike.
208. In the Election of 1896, the major issue became (A) the restoration of the protective
tariff (B) enactment of an income tax (C) government welfare programs for those
unemployed because of the Depression (D) free and unlimited coinage of silver.
209. In the Presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant (A) transformed his personal
popularity into a large majority in the popular vote (B) owed his victory to the votes of
former slaves (C) gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whites (D)
all of the above.
210. As a result of the Civil War, (A) the population of the United States declined (B)
political dishonesty grew while honesty in business rose (C) waste, extravagance,
speculation, and graft reduced the moral stature of the Republic (D) the great majority of
political and business leaders were corrupt.
211. In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by
“waving the bloody shirt” were reminding voters (A) of the “treason” of the Confederate
Democrats during the Civil War (B) that the Civil War had been caused by the election of
a Republican President (C) of the graft-filled “radical” regimes in the Reconstruction
South (D) of the catering to freed slaves by radical Republicans during Reconstruction.
213. One weapon used to put “Boss” Tweed, the leader of New York City’s infamous
Tweed Ring, in jail was (A) the pictures of political cartoonist Thomas Nast (B) bribes
(C) the raising of tax assessments of his supporters (D) passage of an ethics law.
214. The Credit Mobilier scandal involved (A) public utilities (B) the Bureau of Indian
Affairs (C) railroad construction (D) excise taxes on distilled liquor.
215. In an attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of Credit
Mobilier (A) left the country (B) belatedly started to follow honest business practices (C)
sold controlling interest in the company to others (D) distributed shares of the company’s
valuable stock to key congressmen.
217. President Ulysses S. Grant was reelected in 1872 because (A) the Democrats and
Liberal Republicans could not decide on a single candidate (B) he promised reforms in
the political system (C) he pleaded for a clasping of hands across “the bloody chasm”
between the North and South (D) his opponents chose such a poor candidate for the
Presidency.
218. One cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was (A) the reissuance of millions of
dollars in greenbacks (B) the erection of more factories than existing markets would bear
(C) an extremely high rate of inflation (D) formation of the Greenback Labor Party.
219. One result of Republican “hard money” policies was (A) the formation of the
Greenback Labor Party (B) damage to the country’s credit rating (C) the return to the
“Dollar of Our Daddies,” silver dollars, as the dominant coin in circulation (D) the defeat
of a Democratic House of Representatives in 1874.
220. As a solution to the Depression of 1873, debtors suggested (A) a policy of deflation
(B) passage of the Resumption Act of 1875 (C) inflationary policies (D) restoring the
government’s credit rating.
221. When it came to economic issues during the Gilded Age, the Democrats and the
Republicans (A) had few significant differences (B) agreed on currency policy but not the
tariff (C) were separated by substantial differences (D) held similar views on all issues
except for civil service reform.
222. The Presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s (A) were all won by Republicans
(B) aroused great interest among voters (D) were rarely close (D) usually involved sharp
partisan differences over issues like currency policy and civil-service reform.
223. One reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor of the Gilded
Age was (A) differences on economic issues between the parties (B) sharp ethnic and
cultural differences in the membership of the two parties (C) battles between Catholics
and Lutherans (D) differences on the issue of civil service.
224. During the Gilded Age, the life blood of both the Democratic and the Republican
parties was (A) the Grand Army of the Republic (B) the Roman Catholic Church (C)
political patronage (D) big city political machines.
226. The major problem in the 1876 Presidential election centered on (A) who would be
the Speaker of the House (B) the two sets of election returns submitted by the southern
states (C) Samuel Tilden’s association with corrupt politicians (D) President Grant
running for a third term.
228. In the 1898 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that (A) AfricanAmericans could be denied the right to vote (B) segregation was unconstitutional (C)
“separate but equal” facilities were constitutional for African-Americans (D) the
Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to African-Americans.
229. Abraham Lincoln was the first President to be assassinated while in office; the
second was (A) Rutherford Hayes (B) James Garfield (C) Chester Arthur (D) Benjamin
Harrison.
230. Labor unrest in the 1870s and 1880s resulted in (A) the legislation of unions and
strikes (B) a ban on Irish immigration (C) the use of federal troops during strikes (D)
congressional acts to ban strikes.
231. In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California in the 1880s, the United States
Congress (A) passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America
(B) did nothing, as it was California’s problem (C) banned the Kearyneyites in San
Francisco (D) sent many Chinese back to their homeland.
232. President James A Garfield was assassinated (A) as a result of his service in the
Civil War (B) because he was a Stalwart Republican (C) because he opposed Civil
Service Reform (D) by a mentally deranged, disappointed office seeker.
234. With the passage of the Pendleton Act, politicians now sought money from (A) new
immigrants (B) Civil Service workers (C) the small army of factory workers they now
had to mobilize (D) big corporations.
235. The 1884 election contest between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland was
noted for (A) its emphasis on issues (B) low voter turnout (C) the personal attacks on the
two candidates (D) a landslide victory for the reform-minded Republicans.
236. Which one of the following Gilded Age Presidents had a party affiliation different
from the other three? (A) Ulysses S. Grant (B) Rutherford Hayes (C) Grover Cleveland
(D) Benjamin Harrison
237. As President, Grover Cleveland’s hands-off approach to government gained the
support of (A) Civil War prisoners (B) the Great Army of the Republic (C) business
people (D) workers.
238. On the issue of the tariff, President Grover Cleveland (A) supported high rates (B)
advocated a lower rate (C) had no opinion (D) followed the advice of his party.
240. In the latter decades of the 1800s, it was generally true that the locus of political
power was (A) Congress (B) the President (C) the federal courts (D) the federal
bureaucracy.
241. The sequence of service of the “forgettable presidents” of the Gilded Age was (A)
Hayes, then Harrison, then Arthur, then Garfield (B) Garfield, then Hayes, then Harrison,
then Arthur (C) Garfield, then Arthur, then Hayes, then Harrison (D) Hayes, then
Garfield, then Arthur, then Harrison.
242. The Liberal Republican movement favored (A) an end to military Reconstruction in
the South (B) civil-service reform (C) cheap money (D) all of these.
243. In the Gilded Age, “hard-money” policies were reflected in (A) the Resumption
Act of 1875 (B) the “Crime of 73” (C) contraction (D) all of these.
244. Most of the Presidents of the 1870s and 1880s (A) supported high protective tariffs
(B) were Civil War veterans (C) were Republicans (D) all of these.
245. During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons (A) rejected government
assistance (B) built their railroads with government assistance (C) relied exclusively on
Chinese labor (D) refused to get involved in politics.
246. The national government helped finance transcontinental railroad construction in
the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with (A) cash grants from
new taxes (B) land grants (C) cash grants from higher tariffs (D) reduced prices on iron
and steel.
247. The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the (A) New
York Central (B) Northern Pacific (C) Great Northern (D) Atchison, Topeka, and Santa
Fe.
248. One by-product of the development of railroads was (A) a scattering of the U.S.
population (B) fewer big cities (C) the movement of people to cities (D) a reduction in
immigration to the United States.
249. The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post
Civil War years was (A) agriculture (B) mining (C) the steel industry (D) the railroad
network.
250. Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and
share the profits were called (A) pools (B) trusts (C) rebates (D) interlocking directorates.
251. Early railroad owners formed “pools” in order to (A) increase competition by
establishing more companies (B) water their stock (C) divide business in a particular area
and share profits (D) choose the best workers.
254. One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it (A)
revolutionized the business system (B) represented the first large-scale attempt by the
federal government to regulate business (C) actually did nothing to control the abuses of
big business (D) failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses of big business, such as pools
and rebates.
255. After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States (A)
helped build the nation into an industrial giant (B) was not a significant force, since
industrialization required skilled workers (C) came almost exclusively from rural
America (D) increasingly found work in agriculture.
256. One of the methods that post-Civil War business leaders used to increase their
profits was (A) increased competition (B) support for the idea of a centrally planned
economy (C) elimination of as much competition as possible (D) doing away with the
tactic of vertical integration.
257. The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of (A) Jay Gould (B) Henry
Bessemer (C) John P. Altgeld (D) Thomas Edison.
258. J. P. Morgan dealt with his competition by placing officers of his bank on the
boards of companies he wanted to control. This method of control was known as (A) an
interlocking directorate (B) a trust (C) a vertical integration (D) a pool.
259. America’s first billion-dollar corporation was (A) General Electric (B) Standard Oil
(C) United States Steel (D) the Union Pacific Railroad.
260. John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve success in the oil
industry except: (A) employing spies (B) extorting rebates from railroads (C) showing
mercy to his competitors (D) pursuing a policy of rule or ruin.
261. The “Gospel of Wealth”, which associated godliness with wealth, (A) discouraged
efforts to help the poor (B) moved the wealthy to try to help the poor (C) stimulated
efforts to help minorities (D) was opposed by most clergymen.
262. To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment,
which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to (A) help the freedmen to
work in factories (B) incorporate big businesses (C) allow the captains of industry to
avoid paying taxes (D) avoid corporate regulation by the states.
263. The_____ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending
themselves against regulation by state governments. (A) Fourteenth (B) Fifteenth (C)
Sixteenth (D) Seventeenth
265. During the age of industrialization, the South (A) took full advantage of the new
economic trends (B) was treated preferentially by the railroads (C) turned away from
agriculture (D) remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
266. One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of
workers was (A) their moving to the suburbs (B) the need to adjust their lives to the time
clock (C) their relearning the ideals of Thomas Jefferson (D) the narrowing of class
divisions.
267. In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor attracted
manufacturing to the “New South”(A) textile (B) steel (C) capital goods (D) electrical
appliance.
268. The group most affected by the new industrial age was (A) native Americans (B)
African-Americans (C) women (D) southerners.
269. Which one of the following is least like the other three? (A) closed shop (B) lockout
(C) yellow dog contract (D) blacklist.
270. By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to
recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless, (A) labor
unions continued to decline in membership (B) the American Federation of Labor failed
to take advantage of the situation (C) the vast majority of employers continued to fight
organized labor (D) Congress declared the AFL illegal.
271. Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the
Constitution in such a way as to favor (A) labor unions (B) corporations (C) state
regulatory agencies (D) governmental power over the economy.
272. The most effective and longest lasting of the labor unions of the post-Civil War
period was the (A) National Labor Union (B) Knights of Labor (C) American Federation
of Labor (D) Knights of Columbus.
273. By 1900, organized labor in America (A) had temporarily ceased to exist (B) had
enrolled nearly half the industrial labor force (C) was accepted by the majority of
employers as a permanent part of the new industrial economy (D) had begun to develop a
positive image with the public.
274. Some people who found fault with the “Captains of Industry” argued that these men
(A) were basically socialists (B) diminished the workers’ quality of life (C) tried to take
the United States back to its old values (D) failed to develop the industrial system
quickly.
275. Historians critical of the “Captains of Industry” and capitalism concede that class
based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because (A) of greater
social mobility in America than Europe (B) few Europeans brought their political
philosophies to the United States (C)the captains of industry did not allow protest to take
root (D) there were so many inherited fortunes.
276. All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion
except: (A) a large pool of unskilled labor (B) an abundance of natural resources (C)
American ingenuity and inventiveness (D) immigrant restriction.
277. The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880 (A) had experience
with democratic governments (B) though numerous, never constituted a majority of the
immigrants in any given year (C) were culturally different from previous immigrants (D)
received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants.
278. Which one of the following has the least in common with the other three? (A) slums
(B) dumbbell tenements (C) bedroom communities (D) flophouses
279. A “bird of passage” was an immigrant (A) who came to the United States to live
permanently (B) who only passed through America on his or her way to Canada (C) who
was unmarried (D) who came to America to work for a short time and then returned to
Europe.
280. Most New Immigrants (A) eventually returned to their country of origin (B) tried to
preserve their Old Country culture in America (C) were subjected to stringent
immigration restriction laws (D) were quickly assimilated into the mainstream of
American life.
281. According to the “Social Gospel”, (A) workers should be content with their station
in life (B) the church should not concern itself in the social affairs of the world (C) the
lessons of Christianity should be applied to solve the problems manifest in the slums and
factories (D) Christianity would replace socialism.
282. The early settlement house workers, such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley,
helped blaze the professional trail for (A) language specialists (B) social workers (C)
day-care workers (D) criminal psychologists.
283. The religious denomination responding most favorably to the New Immigration
was (A) Roman Catholic (B) Baptist (C) Episcopal (D) Christian Scientist.
284. Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of
the following except: (A) opposed to factory labor (B) used as strikebreakers (C) willing
to work for lower wages (D) difficult to unionize.
285. The American Protective Association (A) preached through the social gospel that
churches were obligated to help New Immigrants (B) was led for many years by Florence
Kelley and Jane Addams (C) supported immigration-restriction laws (D) established
settlement houses in several major cities in order to aid New Immigrants.
286. Religious Modernists (A) found ways to reconcile Christianity and Darwinism (B)
railed against the social philosophy of the Social Gospel movement (C) tended to ignore
evidence of social and economic injustice (D) denounced the Christian Scientists and
Salvation Army as “ungodly.”
287. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (A) was opposed by the religious Modernists
(B) cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible (C) was attacked most
bitterly by orator Colonel Robert Ingersoll (D) helped unite college teachers of biology in
support of “survival of the fittest.”
288. Americans began to support a free public education system (A) to combat the
growing strength of Catholic parochial schools (B) when the Chautauqua movement
began to decline (C) because they accepted the idea that a free government cannot
function without educated citizens (D) when private schools began to fold.
289. In education, the post-Civil War era witnessed (A) an increase in compulsory
school-attendance laws (B) the collapse of the Chautauqua movement (C) rejection of the
German system of kindergartens (D) a slow rise in the illiteracy rate.
290. That a “talented tenth” of American Blacks should lead the race to full social and
political equality with whites was the view of (A) Mary Baker Eddy (B) Booker T.
Washington (C) Dwight L. Moody (D) W. E. B. DuBois.
291. The Morrill Act (1862) (A) established women’s colleges like Vassar (B) required
compulsory school attendance through high school (C) granted public lands to states to
support higher education (D) mandated racial integration in public schools.
292. As a leader of the African-American community, Booker T. Washington (A) helped
found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (B) advocated
social equality (C) discovered hundreds of uses for the peanut (D) grudgingly acquiesced
to segregation.
293. Black leader Dr. W E B DuBois (A) demanded complete equality for AfricanAmericans (B) established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama (C) supported the
goals of Booker T. Washington (D) was an ex-slave who rose to fame.
294. In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women (A) became more
difficult to obtain (B) was confined to women’s colleges (C) became much more
common (D) resulted in the passage of the Hatch Act.
295. Henry George found the root of social inequalities in the behavior of (A) financiers
who invested their capital in the production of goods (B) workers whose labor produced
goods (C) landowners who provided the space for the production of goods (D) managers
who organized the resources of production.
296. The philosophy of pragmatism maintains that what is important is (A) the logically
correct formulation of a theory (B) the practical application of an idea (C) forgoing
materialism in favor of high ideals (D) how you think, not what you do.
297. During the Industrial Revolution, life expectancy (A) decreased (B) changed very
little (C) was much higher in Europe than in the United States (D) measurably increased.
298. In a country hungry for news, American newspapers (A) printed more hard-hitting
editorials (B) became more sensationalistic (C) repudiated the tactics of Joseph Pulitzer
and William Randolph Hearst (D) came to rely less on syndicated material.
299. General Lewis Wallace’s book Ben Hur (A) achieved success only after his death
(B) defended Christianity against Darwinism (C) emphasized that virtue, honesty and
hard work were rewarded by success (D) detailed his experiences in the Civil War.
300. Henry George argued that the unearned windfall profits of those who did not work
for them should be (A) confiscated by government taxation (B) distributed to public
works through private philanthropy (C) saved and invested by private bankers (D) looked
upon as the inevitable consequence of “the survival of the fittest.”
301. American novel writing turned from romantic sentimentality to rugged realism as a
result of the (A) influence of Latin American literature (B) institution of slavery (C)
higher educational level of the authors (D) materialism of industrial society.
302. The long period of Republican dominance that was ushered in by the 1896 victory
of William McKinley was accompanied by (A) diminishing voter participation in
elections (B) strengthening of party organizations (C) greater concern over civil service
reform (D) less concern for industrial regulation.
303. In the decades after the Civil War, the “new morality” was reflected in all of the
following except: (A) soaring divorce rates (B) the spreading practice of birth control (C)
Americans marrying at an earlier age (D) increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.
304. In the course of the late nineteenth century, (A) the birthrate increased (B) the
divorce rate fell (C) family size gradually declined (D) people tended to marry at an
earlier age.
305. Late 19th Century feminists (A) argued that biology gave women a fundamentally
different character from men (B) advocated an early version of day-care centers (C)
temporarily abandoned the movement for women’s suffrage (D) lacked effective
leadership and a sound rationale for the social involvement of women.
306. Carrie Chapman Catt argued that women should be granted the right to vote
because (A) women were in all respects the equal of men (B) the Constitution authorized
it (C) women should at least have the same rights as African-American males (D)
suffrage was a logical extension of a woman’s traditional role in caring for her family.
307. The subject of the Eighteenth Amendment was (A) income tax (B) direct election of
senators (C) women’s suffrage (D) prohibition.
308. New Immigrants coming to America after 1880 (A) were mostly Catholics (B) were
primarily seeking economic opportunity (C) had often been highly mobile before coming
to America (D) all of these.
309. Something “Richardsonian” in the late nineteenth century would be in reference to
a (A) sculpture (B) novel (C) painting (D) building.
310. During industrialization, Americans increasingly (A) had less free time (B) were
more inefficient (C) became less optimistic (D) were failing into the ways of lockstep
living.
311. By 1900, American cities were becoming more (A) heavily populated (B)
segregated by race and ethnic group (C) segregated by occupation (D) all of these.
312. The New Immigrants to America after 1880 (A) were mostly Catholic (B) were
usually literate (C) were from southern and eastern Europe (D) all of these.
313. Many native-born Americans tended to blame the New Immigrants for (A) the
corruption of city government (B) low industrial wages (C) the degradation of life in
American cities (D) importing alien social and economic doctrines.
314. By 1900 congressional legislation barred from immigrating into America. (A)
illiterates (B) the Catholics (C) contract laborers (D) Jews.
315. In post-Civil War America, the Indians surrendered their lands only when they (A)
chose to migrate farther west (B) received solemn promises from the government that
they would be left alone and provided with supplies (C) lost their mobility as the whites
killed their horses (D) were allowed to control the business of supplying the reservations
with food and other supplies.
316. In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military, the (A)
Indians were never as well armed as the soldiers (B) soldiers showed greater mobility
with their swift horses (C) Indians were often better armed than the soldiers (D) Indians
proved to be no match for the soldiers.
317. The Indians battled whites for all the following reasons except to (A) rescue their
women who had been exiled to Florida (B) avenge savage massacres of Indians by whites
(C) punish whites for breaking treaties (D) defend their lands against white invaders.
318. The Plains Indians were nearly exterminated (A) by their constant intertribal
warfare (B) when they settled on reservations (C) after such famous leaders as Geronimo
and Sitting Bull were killed (D) by the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
319. The buffalo were nearly exterminated (A) from over-hunting by the Indians (B) by
the trains racing across the Great Plains (C) through wholesale butchery by the whites (D)
by disease.
320. A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white
relations, was authored by (A) Harriet Beecher Stowe (B) Helen Hunt Jackson (C) Chief
Joseph (D) Joseph F. Glidden.
321. Even the humanitarians who wanted to treat the Indians kindly (A) had little respect
for traditional Indian culture (B) advocated allowing the Ghost Dance to continue (C)
opposed passage of the Dawes Act (D) believed Indians should not be forced to “walk the
white man’s way.”
322. To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following
except: (A) dissolve many tribes as legal entities (B) try to make rugged individualists of
the Indians (C) wipe out tribal ownership of land (D) outlaw the sacred Sun Dance.
323. When the United States government’s outlawed the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in
1890 it led to the (A) Battle of Wounded Knee (B) Sand Creek massacre (C) Battle of the
Little Big Horn (D) Dawes Severalty Act.
324. Arrange the following events in their proper time order: (A) Dawes Severalty Act is
passed; (B) Oklahoma land rush takes place; (C) Indians are granted full citizen ship; (D)
Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life. (A) A, B, C, D (B) B, A, C, D (C) A, D,
B, C (D) D, C, A, B.
325. The enormous mineral wealth taken from the mining frontier (A) solved the Indian
problem (B) solved the currency problem (C) helped finance the Civil War (D) profited
individual prospectors but not corporations.
326. The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian (A) impoverishment (B)
annihilation (C) assimilation (D) culture.
327. The mining frontier played a vital role in (A) bringing law and order to the West
(B) attracting population to the West (C) influencing the government to go off the gold
standard (D) insuring that the mining industry would remain in the hands of independent
small operations.
328. The bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified (A) during the Civil War
(B) as a result of vigilante justice (C) when big business took over the mining industry
(D) as the mining frontier expanded.
329. All of the following groups were cowboys except: (A) Blacks (B) Mexicans (C)
whites (D) Chinese.
330. One problem with the Homestead Act was that (A) public land was sold for revenue
(B) 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains (C)
Midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock due to the stiff competition with the
West (D) the railroads purchased most of this land.
331. The Homestead Act assumed that public land would be administered in such a way
as to (A) raise government revenue (B) conserve natural resources (C) favor large-scale
“bonanza” farms (D) promote frontier settlement.
332. The Homestead Act (A) sold more land to bonafide farmers than to land promoters
(B) was a drastic departure from previous government public land policy (C) was
responsible for the sale of more land than any other agency (D) managed to end the fraud
that was common with other government land programs.
333. A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was (A) the high
price of land (B) the low market value of grain (C) the scarcity of water (D)
overcrowding.
334. The technique of dry farming used by Great Plains farmers (A) was developed in
Russia (B) worked well in dry years (C) involved deep cultivation of the soil (D)
succeeded mostly in wet years.
336. Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier
were (A) eastern city dwellers (B) eastern farmers (C) recent immigrants (D) Blacks.
337. In 1890, when the Superintendent of the Census announced a frontier line was no
longer visible, (A) the Homestead Act was repealed (B) little land remained for public
sale (C) few Americans realized it (D) there were no more isolated bodies of settlement.
338. The “safety-valve” theory of the West (A) exercised a powerful psychological
influence on Americans (B) held true mainly for eastern city dwellers (C) was a myth
with little basis in reality (D) did not apply to new immigrants.
339. Even during depressions, most eastern urbanites remained in the cities for all of the
following reasons except: (A) they did not know how to farm (B) they could not raise
enough money to transport themselves west (C) they could still find employment in the
giant factories (D) they could not afford farm equipment.
340. In the decades after the Civil War, most American farmers (A) grew a single cash
crop (B) diversified their crops (C)became increasingly self-sufficient (D) saw their
numbers grow as more people moved west.
341. With agricultural production rising dramatically in the post-Civil War years, (A)
more farmers were able to purchase land (B) tenant farming spread rapidly throughout
the South (C) bankruptcies declined (D) western farmers prospered while southern
farmers had grave troubles selling their cotton.
342. The root cause of the American farmers’ problem after 1880 was (A) urban growth
(B) overproduction of agricultural goods (C) the declining number of farms and farmers
(D) the shortage of farm machinery.
343. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods
_____, and the price received for these goods _____(A) increased; decreased (B)
decreased;increased (C) increased; also increased (D) decreased; also decreased.
344. Late nineteenth century farmers believed that the primary source of their difficulties
was (A) low tariff rates (B) overproduction (C) the currency supply (D) immigration
laws.
345. The first major farmers’ organizations was the (A) Patrons of Husbandry (B)
Populists (C) Greenback Labor party (D) Farmers’ Alliance.
346. Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interests because they (A) were by
nature independent and individualistic (B) did not possess the money necessary to
establish a national political movement (C) were divided by the wealthier, more powerful
manufacturers and railroad barons (D) were too busy trying to eke out a living.
347. The original purpose of the Grange was to (A) get involved with politics (B)
support an inflationary monetary policy (C) stimulate self-improvement through
educational and social activities (D) improve the farmers’ collective plight.
348. In several states, farmers helped pass the “Granger Laws,” which (A) raised tariffs
(B) lowered mortgage interest rates (C) allowed them to form producer and consumer
cooperatives (D) regulated railroad rates.
349. The Republican majority in the 1890 “Billion-Dollar” Congress saw its most
serious problem as the (A) treasury surplus (B) Populist movement (C) currency question
(D) frequency and violence of labor strikes.
350. As Speaker of the House, Thomas Reed (A) slowed the pace of legislative activity
(B) protected the rights of the Democratic minority in Congress (C) supported speedier
action by Congress (D) saw his power eroded by the Republicans.
351. Under President Benjamin Harrison, the Republicans were eager to spend the
government’s surplus money because they wanted to (A) safeguard the high tariff (B)
win support of the farmers (C) blunt the criticism that they were insensitive to the needs
of labor (D) help ease the hardships caused by the Depression of 1893.
352. The Republican majority in the 1890 “Billion-Dollar” Congress solved its most
pressing problem by (A) lowering tariff rates (B) adopting the free and unlimited coinage
of silver (C) enacting new spending provisions to compensate Civil War veterans (D)
ousting “Czar” Reed from the speakership of the House.
353. Those in the West and South who supported the unlimited coinage of silver hoped it
would lead to all of the following except: (A) higher prices (B) reduced tariff schedules
(C) inflated currency (D) easier debt payments.
354. As a result of the McKinley Tariff, (A) duties on manufactured goods were reduced
slightly (B) Republicans made political gains in Congress (C) farmers received economic
benefits from the Republicans (D) William McKinley, the tariff’s sponsor, lost his seat in
the House of Representatives.
355. The 1892 Populist party’s presidential candidate was (A) James B. Weaver (B)
William Jennings Bryan (C) Adlai Stevenson (D) Thomas B. Reed.
356. The overshadowing issue in the 1892 Presidential campaign focused on the (A)
institution of Jim Crow laws in the South (B) strong appeals to the “bloody shirt” (C)
demand for a graduated income tax (D) high-tariff policies of the Republicans.
357. The epidemic of strikes that swept the country in 1892 (A) refuted the Republican
argument that high tariffs meant high wages (B) spelled the doom of the Populist Party
(C) ensured the defeat of Grover Cleveland for the presidency (D) forced the Democrats
and Republicans to support the free and unlimited coinage of silver.
358. During the 1892 Presidential election, large numbers of white farmers in the solid
South refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because they
(A) had nothing to gain politically (B) had little to gain economically (C) feared losing
political power to Blacks (D) believed too many Populists were former Republicans.
359. All of the following were causes of the Depression of 1893 except: (A) the splurge
of overbuilding and over speculation (B) America’s remaining on the gold standard (C)
labor disorders (D) agricultural difficulties.
360. By supporting the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Grover Cleveland (A)
allowed gold to be bled away from the United States Treasury (B) contributed to a
devastating round of inflation (C) brought on the Depression of 1893 (D) disrupted his
party at the very outset of his administration.
361. President Cleveland’s initial response to the depression that began in 1893, was to
ask Congress to repeal the (A) Pension Act of 1890 (B) McKinley Tariff (C) Jim Crow
laws (D) Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
362. President Cleveland insisted that the solution to the 1893 depression was for the
federal government to adopt (A) the gold standard (B) bimetallism (C) free silver (D) the
major planks of the Omaha platform.
363. As a result of southern Blacks forming the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and
voting for the Populist party in 1892, (A) Blacks gained political offices for the first time
since Reconstruction (B) the white ruling class virtually eliminated Black suffrage in the
South (C) the Jim Crow laws were overturned (D) the Democratic Party lost power in the
South while Republicans gained control in many areas.
364. President Cleveland tried to solve the treasury crisis in 1893 by (A) raising tariff
rates (B) adopting bimetallism (C) borrowing gold from private bankers (D) signing the
Gold Standard Act into law.
365. Which one of the following expressed the least sympathy with workers who were
hard-pressed by the depression that began in 1893? (A) John P. Atgeld (B) Richard Olney
(C) Eugene V. Debs (D) Jacob Coxey.
366. “General” Jacob Coxey and his “army” marched on Washington, D.C. to (A)
demand a larger military budget (B) protest the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (C) demand
that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program (D) stir up
considerable disorder in an effort to overthrow the government.
367. President Grover Cleveland justified government intervention in the Pullman strike
of 1894 on the grounds that (A) the union’s leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist (B)
unions were illegal (C) the strikers had attacked federal troops (D) strikers were
interfering with the transit of the United States mail.
369. The most popular feature of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff was (A) an income tax (B)
the help it gave to sugar growers (C) the drastically lowered tariff (D) raising of the tariff
on agricultural products.
370. The most successful party in the midterm election of 1894 was the (A) Populist (B)
Democratic (C) Republican (D) Greenback Labor.
371. Mark Hanna, the Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of
government was to (A) enrich the politicians (B) aid business (C) “rock the boat” for
prosperity (D) overturn the “trickle down” theory of economics.
372. William Jennings Bryan gained the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party
because he (A) had already gained the nomination of the Populist Party (B) had the
support of urban workers (C) possessed a brilliant political mind (D) supported the
unlimited coinage of silver.
373. The Democratic party nominee for President in 1896 was ____; the Republicans
nominated _____ ; and the Populists endorsed _____ (A) William McKinley; Mark
Hanna; William Jennings Bryan (B) William Jennings Bryan; William McKinley; James
B. Weaver (C) William Jennings Bryan; William McKinley; William Jennings Bryan (D)
Mark Hanna; William Jennings Bryan; William Jennings Bryan.
375. In 1888 and 1892, the major issue of the presidential election was (A) civil-service
reform; free silver (B) tariff policy; free silver (C) free silver; tariff policy (D) antitrust
legislation; tariff policy.
376. One key to the Republican victory in the 1896 Presidential election was the (A)
support of the farmer (B) huge amount of money raised by Mark Hanna (C) use of the
tariff issue (D) wide travel and numerous speeches made by William McKinley.
377. The strongest ally of Mark Hanna and the Republicans in the 1896 Presidential
election was (A) the drop in wheat prices (B) McKinley’s vigorous campaigning (C) fear
of William Jennings Bryan and his support of free silver (D) the nearly unanimous
support of the nation’s trained economists.
378. The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that (A) rural America would
defeat urban America (B) the South remained solid for the Democratic Party (C) a serious
effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes (D) factory
workers would favor inflation.
379. The phrase "robber barons" refers to the 19th century business men who (A)
became very rich (B) were prominent philanthropists (C) used unethical business
practices (D) controlled subsidiary companies.
383. Which of these inventions had the greatest influence upon American industrial
growth after the Civil War? (A) cotton gin (B) steam engine (C) telegraph (D) sewing
machine.
385. Corporation A holds 51% of the stock of Companies A and B. This is an example of
(A) corporate consolidation (B) merger (C) trust (D) holding company.
386. Which group most consistently advocated the high protective tariffs of the period?
(A) manufacturers (B) farmers (C) merchants (D) laborers.
389. The "cattle kingdom" refers to the (A) dairy farms of the midwest (B) large ranches
in Texas (C) meat packing plants in Chicago (D) political influence of farmers and
ranchers.
390. The use of the assembly line in mass production is generally attributed to (A) Henry
Ford (B) Samuel Gompers (C) John D. Rockefeller (D) Andrew Carnegie.
391. The Chisholm Trail was used by the (A) wagon trains to Oregon (B) cattle drives
through Texas (C) settlers entering Kentucky (D) French explorers into the Great Lakes.
392. In the settling of the West, "the Long Drive" refers to the (A) movement of cattle
from Texas (B) wagon trails to Oregon (C) transcontinental railroads (D) first interstate
highway
393. The Granger laws were state laws directed toward helping (A) farmers (B) factory
workers (C) small business men (D) Civil War veterans
394. The phrase "coolies" was used to refer to (A) natives of Alaska (B) Latin American
immigrants (c) Asian refugees (D) Chinese laborers.
395. In the building and financing of the western transcontinental railroads, (A) federal
land grants and loans made possible the completion of all five ma)'or railroads (B) the
land theory of Henry George seemed to be substantiated (C) federal land grants gave the
railroads all of the land within one mile on both sides of the right of way (D) private
capital was primarily response ' for construction of all but one of them.
396. All of the following were characteristic of the developing oil industry, during the
latter half of the nineteenth century, except one. Which is the exception? (A) Because of
modern transportation and interstate pipes, the industry developed in many diverse
geographical areas (B) The chief uses for oil during this period were fuel for lamps and
lubricants for machinery of transport and industry (C) Free competition gave way to a
virtual monopoly by one industry (D) Capitalism resulted from the organizing activities
of Rockefeller.
397. All of the following characterized the steel industry's rise after 1865 except (A)
Rebating and price wars (B) The Bessemer and open hearth processes improved the
quality of steel (C) Coal replaced charcoal in the smelting process (D) Iron deposits were
discovered in the Pittsburgh area.
398. After the Civil War, the most significant technological development for safety in
railroading which made that enterprise an essentially high-speed, bulk carrier was that of
the (A) air brake (B) coal-burning steam locomotive (C) uniform (standard) gauge (D)
introduction of standard time zones.
399. In the rapid industrialization of the United States after 1865, (A) technological
improvements were largely responsible for increasing the output of a nearly constant
labor supply (B) the Civil War was the biggest single stimulant for industrialization (C)
the federal government did not interfere with the natural development of the economy
(D) the mass market was largely a creation of the railroads.
400. The organization of industrial workers during this period was (A) spurred on by the
sharp decline in real wages (B) based on the workers' recognition that they shared a
common interest (C) rendered more difficult by extensive immigration (D) accomplished
with surprisingly little violence.
401. The chief significance of the emergence of the city "boss" and his "machine" lay in
the fact that (A) they were mainly responsible for the deplorable exploitation of the urban
poor (B) they refused to concern themselves with the pressing physical problems, such as
streets, sewers, and franchises (C) they fulfilled needs not being met by existing
institutions (D) they were the one conspicuous success of American government.
402 All of the following help explain why the American Federation of Labor was a
more successful approach to unionization than the Knights of Labor except (A) The K. of
L was less centralized in its organization (B) The A. F. of L concentrated on skilled
workers (C) The K.of L became identified with strike violence (D) The A. F. of L.
strategy emphasized practical goals.
403. Which of the following generalizations is true of organized labor's attempt to
improve its position before 1900? (A) Radicalism was coming to dominate organized
labor (B) Labor's limited success was due to the federal government's role as a neutral or
arbitrator (C) Labor accepted the basic assumptions of capitalism (D) No outstanding
labor leaders ever advocated socialism.
404. In relation to his prices, the farmer's costs during the latter part of the nineteenth
century (A) were lower due to increased mechanization (B) were higher because of poor
transportation facilities (C) were lower because of competition among manufacturers of
farm equipment (D) were higher due to tariffs on farm machinery.
405. During the period 1865-1900, Southern agriculture (A) was based largely on tenant
farming (B) was characterized by a decrease in the size of farms and a much wider
distribution of ownership (C) resulted in a substantial rise in production due chiefly to the
use of farm machinery and fertilizer (D) ceased to be the dominant factor in the Southern
economy as Grady's "New South" idea caught on.
406. The debt status of farmers of the Middle West, West, and South, at the close of the
19th century (A) was of no concern to Easterners, since manufacturing was their chief
concern (B) was indirectly related to state and local taxing policies (C) fluctuated
according to the prices they received for their produce (D) was due, in part, to their
inability to obtain long term loans.
407. Windmills, sod houses, dry farming, and barbed wire are all indications of the fact
that (A) poor soil on the Great Plains required serious readjustments in farming
techniques (B) drought conditions were unvarying on the Great Plains (C) water and
timber deficiencies were characteristic of the Great Plains (D) the cattle industry had
moved to permanent locations on the Great Plains.
408. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, the farmer's selling market (A) was
considerably protected by United States tariffs (B) was weakened by a sharp decline in
farm production (C) was less competitive than his buying market (D) came to be less and
less under the control of individual farmers.
409. In establishing the Negroes' new political role in the South after the Civil War, (A)
Booker T.Washington became the most eloquent Negro leader to advocate political
equality (B) the Negroes were unable to get the support of the poor whites against the
Bourbons (C) Southern conservatives quickly canceled out Negro gains when
Reconstruction ended (D) the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision ignored the
Fourteenth Amendment in supporting Southern restrictions on Negroes.
410. The mining frontier (A) because of the wealth involved, fostered the development
of a fine and sophisticated life in the West (B) progressed from west to east, generally,
reversing the usual frontier pattern (C) failed to develop any institutions to enforce law
and order (D) remained, essentially, a development in which the individual prospector
played the key role.
411. The Federal government's Indian policy [1865-1900] (A) gradually led to a
restrengthening of the tribal basis of organization (B) was resisted longer by Chief Joseph
than by Geronimo (C) replaced tribal ownership of reservation lands by individual
ownership of them (D) centered around treaty-making and the construction of army forts.
412. Which of the following best describes the composition and outlook of one of the
two major political parties, 1877-1900? (A) Republicans "waved the bloody shirt" and
relied on the backing of urban workers (B) The Democratic party had the support of
various economic groups, including immigrant workers of the large Northeastern cities
(C) Republicans had the support of Midwestern farmers, and advocated a revision of the
tariff-, (D) The Democrats depended upon Southern Negro support, while standing for
state rights.
413. As a political issue during the twenty-year period after the Civil War, tariff reform
was (A) negligible due to the action of the Senate (B) the chief issue in the election of
1884 (C) generally opposed by the Democrats (D) never the major concern of any
presidential administration.
414. The various farmers' alliances formed in the 1880's (A) represented the debtor
classes, but made no attempt to include Negroes (B) entered candidates in the 1890
elections, but did not succeed in electing candidates in the Western and Southern states
(C) usually ran separate political tickets in the Western states, but not in the South (D)
drew their strength from the same geographic areas as had the Grange.
415. The Populists' Omaha Platform of 1892 (A) proposed to limit the tenure of the
presidency to three terms (B) emphasized economic reforms but was silent on political
reforms (C) failed to include any planks of concern to the laborer (D) contained proposals
which eventually were enacted into law.
416. Civil service reform movements prior to the late 1880's (A) were led by Southern
agrarians (B) involved farmer-labor movements (C) were led by aristocratic-minded
reformers (D) received their chief support from the Half-Breeds in the Republican party.
417. Post-Civil War reformers' achievements were limited for all of the following
reasons except (A) The executive and legislative branches of the national government
were seldom controlled by the same party (B) Although reformers were successful at the
state level, they were unable to secure regulation at the federal level (C) Business
interests and political bosses opposed the presentation of genuine issues (D) The various
reformers were not united in their interests and goals.
418. Federal legislation regulating railroads after the Civil War, 1877-1900, (A) was
rendered more effective by the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth
Amendment in 1886 (B) permitted the Interstate Commerce Commission to establish
maximum rates (C) was subject in most instances to court action which usually favored
the railroads (D) permitted the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce rulings made
as a result of its investigations.
419. Civil service reform (A) threatened the basis of party machines (B) was opposed by
Arthur as President (C) received the support of the Stalwarts (D) was not supported by
Presidents until after Garfield's assassination.
420. Gasoline did not become an important fuel source until (A) the use of the Bessemer
Process. (B) the invention of a gas-powered internal combustion engine. (C) the
development of the railroad industry. (D) new sources of whale oil were found.
421. America's first major source of energy for industry came from (A) oil. (B) gasoline.
(C) natural gas. (D) coal.
422. The increased use of the telegraph can be attributed to the (A) inventions of
Alexander Graham Bell. (B) Federal government's backing. (C) development of the
Lowell System. (D) discovery of the Mesabi Range.
423. In which state did the oil boom first develop? (A) Texas (B) Indiana (C)
Pennsylvania (D) Kansas
424. Which correctly pairs the industrialist with his industry?
(A) Andrew Carnegie
oil
(B) John D. Rockefeller
steel
(C) Philip Armour
steel
(D) Charles Pillsbury
flour
425. Many of the industrialists, whose names became synonymous with the Gilded Age,
worked to (A) acquire their businesses horizontally, controlling all the oil refineries, or
all steel mills. (B) diversify their interests, owning steel mills and oil refineries, car
plants, and flour mills. (C) control their fields vertically - owning many of the businesses
used to produce a product: refineries, pipelines, distribution center. (D) amass fortunes
with no conscious plan on how to achieve their goals.
426. The biography of which industrialist reads most like a Horatio Alger story? (A)
John D. Rockefeller (B) Andrew Carnegie (C) Henry Ford (D) Philip Armour.
427. During the latter years of the 19th century, people began to feel that the
industrialists were (A) without equal, creating a heaven on earth here in the United States.
(B) out of control, amassing vast fortunes at the expense of the common people. (C)
nothing out of the ordinary in the nation at that time. (D) the saviors of the United States.
428. The Munn u. Illinois decision in 1876, (A) set the precedent upholding laissez-faire
government policies. (B) upheld government regulation of private businesses in the
public interest. (C) ruled railroad pools were constitutional (D) signaled a change to less
government involvement in economic matters.
429. Trusts replaced pools because (A) the trust had greater control of member's actions.
(B) pools were ruled to be constitutional. (C) the public supported trusts more than pools.
(D) pools were only found in the railroad business.
430. The American labor movement t and the public. (A) was strongly supported by the
government (B) developed as a response to industrialization (C) concentrated on
reforming the capitalistic system. (D) was dominated by immigrants who formed an
important part of the Republican party.
431. Which action did Congress take to control the railroads initially? (A) Munn u.
Illinois (B) Interstate Commerce Act (C) Sherman Anti-trust Act (D) Grange laws.
432. Which is a valid statement based on the history of the labor movement in late
nineteenth and early twentieth century America? (A) Majority of workers were
unionized. (B) Primary objective of labor unions was to eliminate class differences. (C)
The Federal Government consistently supported union efforts. (D) Union organization
and tactics differed considerably.
433. By the end of the 19th century, which of these forms of business combination were
unlawful? (A) pools and mergers (B) interlocking directorates and pools (C) holding
companies and trusts (D) pools and trusts.
434. Which method was used in railroad pooling? (A) allowing supply and demand to set
rates. (B) support of the anti-trust movement (C) dividing up territory among member
railroads (D) strengthening the Interstate Commerce Act.
435. By the end of the 19th century, public reaction towards big business was (A)
growing increasingly more positive (B) unconcerned with activities of the trusts (C) in
favor of current business practices (D) increasingly concerned over abusive business
tactics.
436. The primary goal of industrial workers in the 1870's was for (A) more fringe
benefits (B) higher wages and better working conditions (C) a wage and price ceiling (D)
more say in the company's hiring policies.
437. The Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 was (A) effective and rigidly enforced (B)
strongly supported by big business (C) sometimes used to break up strikes (D) ignored
totally by government and business.
438. Between 1865-1900, labor-management disputes were marked by (A) a willingness
to arbitrate on both sides (B) violence on both sides (C) public sympathy for strikers (D)
government mediation.
439. Which is an example of laissez-faire government policy? (A) the Supreme Court's
ruling in Munn v. Illinois (B) the passage of the Sherman Anti-trust Act (C) Alexander
Hamilton's financial plan (D) the passage of the Grange laws.
440. Beyond "bread and butter" unionism, basic reforms suggested by unions included
(A) eight hour work day (B) less Federal regulation of business (C) increased use of child
labor (D) encouraging immigration.
441. The American Federation of Labor is designed on the basis of (A) craft unionism
(B) socialism (C) industrial organization (D) international workers' unity.
442. In the Granger cases of the 1870's involving railroad regulation, Supreme Court
decisions said (A) racial segregation on transportation facilities is unconstitutional (B) the
regulation of business is solely a state power (C) government can regulate private
business in the public interest (D) an end to the influence of the Populists was near.
443. AFL President Samuel Gompers said,The American worker is primarily interested
in his real wages.' Real wages represent (A) the minimum wages demanded by a union
(B) the amount of-dollars the worker receives weekly (C) the amount of dollars the
worker receives annually (D) the amount of goods and services the worker's dollars will
buy.
444. Which statement regarding the working class in the Gilded Age is valid? (A) They
tended to concentrate in suburban neighborhoods (B) The number of industrial workers
decreased as more and more machinery was being used (C) Urban political machines
actively sought the support of the working class (D) Rising wages helped most factory
workers to move into the middle class.
445. Adverse conditions met by the working class included (A) minimum wage
legislation (B) provision for overtime pay (C) sweatshops (D) equal salaries for all
workers.
446 . The social image of the "ideal woman" in the latter half of the 19th century was (A)
similar to the "super-woman" of the 1980's (B) career woman, wife, mother (C) a worker
in traditional female jobs such as a seamstress or domestic breaking into new occupations
such as secretaries, clerical workers, or typists (D) in the home, providing a stable and
comforting influence in the family structure.
447. At the end of the nineteenth century, America was a nation (A) with an older
population struggling with industrialization (B) with a highly sophisticated system of
government care for the elderly (C) where man and women were on equal footing
economically (D) where traditional family patterns were changing in the face of
industrialization.
448. Middle class America in the late 19th century (A) could barely afford to buy the
new luxuries of the industrial age (B) benefited enormously and provided some of the
main purchasing power of the age (C) exerted little or no effect on the total demand for
industrial goods (D) did not purchase as much as the working class.
449. Which shows the change in leisure time during the latter half of the 19th century?
(A) The average work day increased by two hours for a total of twelve hours a day (B)
The popularity of circuses and musical comedies declined (C) Few new forms of
amusement were created at this time (D) Organized sports increased both for participants
and spectators.
450. Yellow journalism can best be compared to (A) the regional writing of Mark Twain
(B) the 'rags to riches" writings of Horatio Alger (C) the sensationalist tactics of Joseph
Pulitzer (D) the publications of the Roycroft Press.
451. American immigration laws during the period 1890-1924 permitted (A) an increase
in the number of agricultural workers in the United States (B) discriminatory practices
against Northern Europeans (C) large numbers of immigrants to enter the country (D)
'new immigrants' easy access to the United States.
452. Which immigration policy differs from the others in terms of how it was created?
(A) Gentlemen's Agreement (B) Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 (C) Chinese
Exclusion Act (D) Emergency Immigration Act of 1924.
453. Which statement concerning immigration to the United States is best supported by
historical evidence? (A) The diversity of the immigrant population created a pluralistic
society (B) The quota laws were designed to prevent discrimination in immigration (C)
Organized labor generally favored unrestricted immigration (D) Industrial growth led to a
decreased demand for cheap labor.
454. Which of the following is true about immigrant housing? (A) Immigrants tended to
live in ethnically homogeneous areas (B) Acculturation was blocked(> by poor living
conditions (C) Segregated ghettos kept immigrants from participating in political life (D)
Schools tended to hold back acculturation.
455. For which reason Did most early-20th century immigrants to the United States
settle in large cities? (A) Cities provided a-wide variety of cultural activities. (B)
Immigrants encountered little prejudice in cities (C) Peasant backgrounds made
immigrants comfortable in urban environments (D) Jobs were available in urban
factories.
456. From the information given in the above chart, which generalization is true? (A)
The death rate for adults and children was the same (B) Baxter Street was a more affluent
neighborhood than Mulberry Street (C) Children under the age of five had a high death
rate (D) Preventive health care was widely available in the two areas.
457. Which is an example of nativist reaction? (A) Immigrants settle in ethnic ghetto
areas (B) Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act (C) Political bosses helping immigrants
in exchange for votes (D) Government receiving stations for immigrants.
458. Which group did not emigrate voluntarily? (A) blacks in the 18th century (B)
Eastern Europeans in the 20th century (C) Irish in the 19th century (D) English in the
17th century.
459. A major problem facing farmers in the latter half of the nineteenth century was (A)
a lack of arable land (B) loss of world markets to foreign competition (C) increased
government interference in production (D) unavailability of modern farm machinery.
460. Which statement is accurate regarding open range practices? (A) Its early use
allowed investors quick profits since overhead costs were low (B) The federal
government's Homestead Act caused cattle ranching to flourish (C) It had little
appreciable effect on the economic development of the West (D) It unified farmers, sheep
herders, and ranchers into a powerful political alliance.
461. The basic premise of historian Frederick Jackson Turner's work is (A) The frontier
is one of a number of important factors influencing the development of American society
(B) The frontier is the single major factor which explains the American character (C)
American development has been motivated first by our European roots and second by the
frontier (D) The role of the frontier in American history has been grossly exaggerated.
462. The utopian solutions to the problems of industrialization during the Gilded Age
were most similar in the works of (A) Henry George and Edward Bellamy (B) Henry
George and Henry Demarest Lloyd (C) Edward Bellamy and Henry Demarest Lloyd (D)
Edward Bellamy and George Westinghouse.
463. "Sod Busters' were (A) new types of cattle being imported from Mexico (B) the
McCormick reaper which allowed for quicker harvests (C) the swarms of locusts that
plagued homesteaders (D) the homesteaders settling the Great Plains.
464. The major topographic areas of the United States, from east to west, are (A)
Appalachian Mountains, Mississippi River area, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains (B)
Appalachian Mountains, Great Plains, Mississippi River area, Rocky Mountains (C)
Mississippi River area, Appalachian Mountains, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains (D)
Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, Mississippi River area, Appalachian Mountains.
465. The Homestead Act of 1862 (A) made it possible for settlers to settle areas east of
the Mississippi River (B) opened up the area west of the Rocky Mountains to settlers (C)
offered free federal land to those willing to settle and work it for at least five years (D)
had little effect on the westward expansion of settlement.
466. In the last half of the nineteenth century, the western frontier (A) was settled slowly
since the demand for urban workers was so great (B) remained virtually inaccessible to
prospective settlers (C) was considered too risky for substantial business development
(D) disappeared rather quickly due to the availability of cheap land.
467. The Indians and settlers came into conflict primarily over differences of (A)
technology of weapons (B) use of horses (C) ownership of land (D) political
organization.
468. A new society in which the government controlled major aspects of the economy
was a plan promoted by (A) Henry Demerest Lloyd (B) Edward Bellamy (C) Henry
George (D) John D. Rockefeller.
469. "Many, if not most, of our Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and
acts of injustice on our part." The author of this statement would most likely agree that
the history of the United States treatment of American Indians was primarily the result of
(A)prejudice toward Indian religions (B) the desire for territorial expansion (C) a refusal
of Indians to negotiate treaties (D) opposing economic and political systems.
470. All the following reasons help to explain the decline of the Populist party after 1896
except the (A) return of farm prosperity (B) growing recognition of the unrealizability of
most Populist goals (C) loss of Populist party identity after fusion with the Democratic
party in 1896 (D) feeling among many Populists that the party had betrayed its original
principles in 1896.
471. The last area of the United States to be settled was the (A) Great Plains (B)
Southwestern Pacific coast (C) Oregon Territory (D) Old Northwest.
472. The conquest of the New West can be thought of as similar to other imperialistic
adventures of the nineteenth century in that (A) the territories settled were ruled by petty
monarchs, mine owners, cattle barons, and large landowners (B) private gain rather than
national glory motivated the conquest (C) the drive behind the movement was the
exploration of a wholly different environment and involved the conquest of another racial
group (D) the federal government funded the adventure.
473. All the following discouraged settlement of the Great Plains area except (A) hostile
Indian warrior tribes (B) land unsuitable for traditional agriculture (C) lack of water (D)
competition among settlers and miners for landholdings.
474. The Indians who inhabited the New West were usually (A) not very dissimilar from
the native tribes of the East (B) nomadic and sometimes quite warlike (C) peaceful,
agricultural, and not very advanced (D) highly skilled and as culturally advanced as the
Aztecs of Central America.
475. In 1851 the federal government adopted a policy toward the Indians of
"concentration" under which (A) individual states would be the agencies for dealing with
them (B) the Indian way of life would be ended (C) tribes would be restricted to areas
that the white man would not violate (D) all the Indian tribes would be concentrated in
Oklahoma.
476. As a result of the Sioux War of 1865-67, the federal government established a
policy of (A) banning white settlers from two regions--the Dakota and Oklahoma
territories (B) integrating Indians into white society on a completely equal basis (C)
confining Indians to small reservations (D) undertaking unrestricted warfare against the
plains Indians.
477. President Grant's "Peace Policy" referred to (A) the concessions he made early in
his Administration to end the wars with northern plains Indians (B) his policy of
assimilating Indians on reservations through white tutors, coupled with persuasion from
the army for resisters (C) his decision to end the authority of the United States army over
Indian affairs (D) the final settlement made with Chief Sitting Bull after Custer's defeat at
Little Big Horn in 1876.
478. Which of the following did not contribute to the disintegration of plains Indian
tribal culture? (A) the slaughter of the buffalo (B) Indian adoption of the horse and gun
(C) humanitarian efforts to civilize the Indians (D) expansion of the railroads.
479. The Dawes Act of 1887 undermined Indian culture by (A) forbidding Indian
religious practices (B) breaking up reservations into individual holdings (C) dissolving
reservations and allowing Indians to settle among whites (D) ordering the education of
Indian children in white schools
480. Chinese immigrants were (A) restricted to California (B) active in California
politics (C) imported as cheap labor for railroad construction (D) less persecuted after the
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
481. During the 1860s and `70s all of the following areas were scenes of major "gold
rush" movements except (A) Nevada (B) Colorado (C) Montana (D) Utah
482. "Placer" mining refers to the technique of (A) washing earth through pans to gather
loose gold (B) extracting iron ore from open pits in the earth (C) using heavy machinery
to dig out gold and separate it from rocks (D) separating oil from shale rock in which it
collects.
483. The biggest single gold and silver bonanza in this country was reaped from (A) the
Comstock Lode in Nevada (B) Sutter's Mill in California (C) Pike's peak in Colorado (A)
the Black Hills of South Dakota.
484. In mining towns, often the only meaningful enforcement of law and order came
from (A) the army (B) mine owners (C) vigilante groups (D) the federal government.
485. The major western American city in the late nineteenth century was (A) Los
Angeles (B) Dodge City (C) Virginia City (D) San Francisco.
486. All of the following account for the advent of the cattlemen's bonanza except the
(A) invention of barbed wire (B) plentifulness of grazing land in the West (C) hardiness
and adaptability of long-horn cattle (D) prices Western cattle could draw in Eastern
markets.
487. The railroad helped produce the cattle bonanza by (A) bringing settlers West (B)
transporting cattle eastward from the western terminus of the drives (C) directly
contributing to the extinction of the buffalo (D) leasing land to cattle barons on which
cattle could be driven.
488. One of the most enduring legacies of the cattle bonanza era was the (A) system of
trails that formed the basis of modern-day interstate highways (B) hostility engendered
between small farmers and large ranchers (C) continuing ecological problem of depleted
grassland in Texas and Oklahoma (D) lore surrounding the cowboy.
489. During the cattle bonanza years, cattlemen's associations functioned to (A) market
the cattle of a particular region (B) bring settlers to the West (C) furnish government in
remote areas (D) lobby for cattlemen's interests in Congress.
490. The years of the great cattle barons and open-range grazing were ended by all of the
following except the (A) rise of sheepherders (B) disastrous losses of cattle during the
winters of 1885-87 (C) fraud, violence, and overstocking of the range by cattlemen (D)
strict government policies to end cattle monopolies and establish federal law.
491. In passing the Homestead Act in 1862, Congress hoped to (A) prevent the
formation of land monopolies by distributing Western lands to small farmers (B)
encourage enlistment in the Union army by the promise of free land (C) aid railroad
construction by large land grants (D) foster competition to attract settlers among large
Western land speculators.
492. The Homestead Act failed to accomplish its purpose for all of the following reasons
except that (A) most tracts given away were too small for individual farms (B) the
federal government failed to protect its land grants against squatter incursions (C) few
people had the capital necessary for resettlement and heavy machinery (D) speculators
managed to buy up or falsify claims to many small holdings.
493. As a result of the Desert Land Act (1877) and the Timber and Stone Act (1878). (A)
thousands of acres of land granted Indians in perpetuity were seized (B) land previously
thought unfit for cultivation was irrigated and opened for settlement (C) cattlemen and
lumber interests increased their landholdings (D) small farmers finally gained a foothold
in the West.
494. The largest land grants made directly by the federal government in the postwar
period went to (A) railroad corporations (B) cattle barons (C) independent farmers (D)
timber and lumber investors.
495. The railroads encouraged Western settlement by offering potential settlers all of the
following except (A) easy credit terms for land purchases (B) cut rates for transport West
(C) agricultural assistance (D) protection from the Indian menace.
496. Mexican-American sheepherders clashed with Anglo cattlemen in (A) Texas and
Oklahoma (B) Arizona and New Mexico (C) California and Utah (D) the Dakota
territory.
497. "Boomers" and "Sooners" were associated with the (A) prospectors for gold in the
Blue Ridge Mountains (B) town-lots speculation in cities on the plains (C) staking of
claims in Oklahoma in the late 1880s (D) massive movements of people into mining
camps.
498. Frederick Jackson Turner's interpretation of the census report of 1890 led Turner to
conjecture that (A) America would lose its laboratory of democracy (B) a long epoch of
American violence would end (C) Americans had to expand beyond the Pacific (D) the
economic independence of the United States would soon disappear.
499. Farmers of the Great Plains benefited from the invention of (A) barbed wire (B) a
new variety of wheat (C) a new kind of plow (D) all of the above.
500. The experiences of Great Plains homesteaders and tenant farmers during the last
decades of the nineteenth century (A) helped to bolster the nineteenth-century
Jeffersonian belief that "honest toil could produce a good life for the virtuous yeoman
farmer (B) encouraged growing numbers of Easterners to strike out for the West (C)
embittered homesteaders and created discontent on the farms (D) increased the numbers
of farmers owning their own land and reduced land monopoly.
501. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the state of the American
economy in the late nineteenth century? (A) In terms of the economic welfare of its
citizens, the United States led all other nations. (B) Despite rapid economic growth, the
United States was still poorer than most European countries. (C) Because of the stimulus
to growth provided by the Civil War, the United States, by all economic indicators, led
every European nation economically. (D) The American economy experienced the fastest
growth rate in gross national product in the world at this time.
502 All of the following factors actually harmed rather than aided American economic
growth in the late nineteenth century except (A) the size of the country (B) high
protective tariffs (C) a devastating civil war (D) a high rate of natural increase in
population.
503. In 1890, the value of the manufactured goods produced in the United States (A)
almost equaled the combined production of France, Germany, and Great Britain (B)
equaled but did not surpass the value of goods manufactured in Great Britain (C) was
exceeded only by the value of the manufactured goods of Great Britain (D) was less than
it had been in 1860.
504. In the United States, unlike Europe, road construction and management was left (A)
mainly to state governments (B) mainly to the federal government (C) mostly to the
private sector (D) exclusively in private bands.
505. The first transcontinental railroad network, completed in 1869, joined the (A)
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe (B) Union Pacific and Central Pacific (C) Southern Pacific
and the Great Northern (D) Northern Pacific and the Southern Pacific.
506. Unlike railroads in the West, those east of the Mississippi (A) were financed mainly
with federal funds (B) were built to serve local needs and promote the interest of
particular cities (C) were financial failures since alternate means of transportation were
available in the East (D) did not exploit the public since cutthroat competition did not
exist there.
507. After the Civil War, the already established railroads of the East faced the problem
of (A) competing with the river traffic (B) dealing with the monopoly power of the
largest of the lines, the Pennsylvania Railroad (C) freeing themselves from excessive
state controls (D) finding ways to consolidate.
508. The railroads played a direct role in the development of the (A) telegraph and
telephone networks (B) interstate highway system (C) steel industry (D) oil industry.
509. The managerial revolution that began in the latter part of the nineteenth century
refers to the (A) rise to power of great entrepreneurs (B) role that government played in
the management of industry (C) shift from owner-managed to professionally managed
business (D) passing of government control from landed interests to entrepreneurs.
510. In the nineteenth century railroads were guilty of all of the following abuses except
(A) organizing in trusts (B) charging discriminatory rates (C) bribing government
officials (D) price fixing.
511. The Supreme Court decision in Munn v. Illinois (1877) was a victory for (A)
proponents of state regulation of private interests (B) advocates of laissez-faire
government (C) railroad interests (D) supporters of public ownership of railroads.
512. In the Wabash Railroad case of 1886, the United States Supreme Court declared
that (A) neither the states nor Congress could regulate private business (B) only Congress
could regulate interstate commerce (C) Congress could regulate any type of private
business (D) the Interstate Commerce Act was constitutional.
513. The Interstate Commerce Act provided for all of the following except (A)
prohibition of discriminatory practices by railroads (B) "reasonable and just" railroad
rates to be published for users (C) enforcement of Commerce Commission decisions by
the courts (D) an end to the cutthroat price competition that had been hampering the
railroads.
514. The Interstate Commerce Act proved significant in that it (A) established a
precedent for cooperation between the federal government and business (B) broke up the
first real monopoly in this country (C) was the first measure to assert the federal
government's right to regulate private enterprise (D) showed that competition in public
transportation could be made to work.
515. The panics of 1857, 1873, and 1893 were alike in that all were preceded by (A)
railroad speculation and overexpansion (B) large withdrawals of foreign capital from
American industry (C) crop failures (D) over borrowing by the states for internal
improvements.
516. All of the following factors contributed to making the United States the world's
greatest steel-production nation by 1870 except (A) technological advances in production
(B) discovery of rich ore deposits accessible to cheap water transportation (C) lack of
competition within the industry because of high capital requirements (D) sufficient
demand in the home market for steel products
517. The U.S. Steel Company represented an innovation in that it (A) was the first
instance in which bankers had taken control of a major corporation (B) brought all
processes necessary to the making of steel--from mining to finishing--under one
corporation(A)s control (C) was the first major corporation to be managed professionally
(D) was organized by a new legal means--the trust
518. Trusts were a legal device by which (A) bankers gained control over industry (B)
independent corporations conspired to fix prices (C) industries centralized their
management (D) a firm gained enough stock in competing companies to control their
policies.
519. The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) declared the illegality of (A) all large-scale
monopolies (B) trusts or monopolies found to be in restraint of interstate or international
commerce (C) pooling agreements, but not trusts and holding companies (D) intrastate
trusts or monopolies.
520. During the 1890s the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Sherman Antitrust Act
(A) made the act virtually null and void (B) uncompromisingly strengthened the act (C)
both encouraged and discouraged the formation of business combinations (D) was so
outrageously pro-business that Congress threatened to pack the court to secure the act's
enforcement.
521. The inventor who freed American industries to develop outside the immediate
vicinity of a supply of energy was (A) Nikola Tesla (B) Thomas Edison (C) Christopher
L. Sholes (D) E. A. Callahan.
522. The individual responsible for the introduction of social Darwinism into America
was (A) Herbert Spencer (B) Henry George (C) Andrew Carnegie (D) Horatio Alger
523. Advocates of social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth believed in all of the
following principles except (A) laissez faire (B) natural selection (C) the responsibility of
the wealthy for the poor (D) the labor theory of value
524. In their criticisms of social Darwinism, Lester Frank Ward and Edward Bellamy
agreed that (A) laissez faire was indeed the best policy, but government had not really
been following that policy (B) the government should play a larger role in the economy
(C) a single tax was needed to redistribute income (D) all industry should be nationalized.
525. Which of the following does not account for the failure of unionism to attract the
mass of workers in the late nineteenth century? (A) the improvement in working
conditions voluntarily initiated by businesses (B) the use of antiunion tactics by business
(C) the steady increase in workers' wages (D) the lack of homogeneity of the work force
526. The majority of employed women in the late nineteenth century were (A) doctors
and lawyers (B) domestic servants (C) government employees (D) office clerks
527. The National Labor Union, founded in 1866, and the Knights of Labor, established
in 1869, were alike in that both (A) emphasized economic rather than political goals (B)
limited membership to skilled workers (C) frowned upon the use of strikes (D) formed
political patties devoted to implementing working class goals
528. Samuel Gompers, who helped found the American Federation of Labor, in 1881,
did not advocate (A) use of the strike (B) concentration on economic goals such as higher
pay and shorter work hours (C) use of the boycott (D) recruitment of unskilled and
minority group members.
529. The fierce controversy over gold versus silver currency was ended by (A) President
Cleveland's support for the gold standard (B) passage of a bimetallic gold and silver
standard in 1896 (C) passage of the Gold Standard Act in 1900 (D) congressional
legislation guaranteeing the 16:1 ratio for silver.
530. All of the following factors contributed to anti-urbanism in nineteenth-century
America except (A) the Jeffersonian tradition (B) hatred of recent immigrants, who were
generally from cities (C) the rural upbringing of the first generation of Americans (D) the
opposition to cities expressed by well-known writers.
531. William McKinley won the election in 1896 mainly because (A) Bryan failed to
win labor's support in the Northeast (B) the National Gold party drew votes from the
Democrats (C) the Populist party withdrew its support from Bryan (D) McKinley
conducted a vigorous cross country campaign.
532. A striking trend revealed by the 1900 census was that (A) a third of the entire
nation's residents were classified as "urban" (B) over 70 percent of the nation's residents
were classified as "urban" and living in a metropolis (C) the urban population growth was
keeping pace with the population moving to the farms (D) the country's farming
population was growing at a rapid rate.
533. The section east of the Mississippi River least urbanized by 1890 was (A) New
England (B) the South-Atlantic area (C) the Middle West (D) the Mid-Atlantic area.
534. Which of the following does not help account for the migration from rural to urban
areas in the late nineteenth century? (A) the continuing farm depression (B) the
availability of factory work in the cities (C) the increased opportunity cities offered to
effect political reform (D) the attractiveness of urban conveniences.
535. The cities of the pre-Civil War era differed from those in the latter part of the
nineteenth century in that the later cities were (A) less spread out (B) less divided by race
and class distinctions (C) more convenient, with little distinction between commercial
and residential areas (D) more fragmented and more tightly structured along class lines
536. The expansion of the "walking city" was made possible by all of the following
developments except (A) the electric trolley (B) cheap housing (C) improved sewage
disposal (D) the extension of public utilities and services.
537. The new immigrants most resembled the preceding immigrant settlers in that they
(A) tended to settle in the same parts of the country as their predecessors (B) came
predominantly from the same areas of Europe (C) shared the same religious and ethnic
backgrounds (D) came from much the same social class with the same goal--to better
their lot in the new land.
538. The new immigrants differed from their predecessors mainly in their (A)
ethnic/religious backgrounds and countries of origin (B) reasons for coming to this
country (C) inability to adapt their skills to the needs of a factory-oriented economy (D)
better preparation to face the challenges of city life.
539. The new immigrants of the 1800s came mainly from (A) Britain. Ireland, and
Germany (B) Scandinavia (C) southern and eastern Europe (D) China and Japan.
540. One immediate effect on American life of the increase of new immigrants was (A) a
swelling of the farm population (B) heightened racial and ethnic bigotry (C) the
overthrow of machine politics in the cities (D) widespread adoption of radical political
programs.
541. In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen wrote about (A) the rejection
of the work ethic by most new immigrants (B) the tendency of the nouveau riche to
compete with one another in displays of wealth (C) the capitalists' expropriation of labor's
profit (D) all of the above.
542. City bosses of the nineteenth century received support from (A) immigrants in need
of social services that the bosses could provide (B) loyal party members who placed
winning above "good government" (C) business people who wanted to secure favors and
exemptions (D) all of the above.
543. Unlike earlier humanitarians, social reformers of the late nineteenth century (A)
came from working-class backgrounds (B) confined their efforts to winning political
gains for recent immigrants (C) worked with the poor in discovering and remedying
social ills (D) linked poverty to moral shortcomings and therefore stressed education as
the solution
544. Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Florence Kelley shared an interest in (A) providing
social services in city slums (B) reforming city government (C) wining equal pay for
women (D) working for church renewal
545. The National Municipal League was quick to endorse all of the following structural
reforms for city government except (A) more mayoral authority (B) the city manager
plan of government (C) separate city and state elections (D) the merit system.
546. Hazen Pingree, Samuel M. Jones, and Thomas L. Johnson went beyond the
demands of most other municipal reformers by advocating (A) complete destruction of
the power of city bosses (B) elimination of city governments in favor of more
decentralized units (C) direct aid to the working class and municipal ownership of
utilities (D) government by experts instead of by unenlightened ordinary citizens.
547. In the late nineteenth century the movement for women's rights grew primarily
because (A) immigrant women were accustomed to a larger social role (B) increased
education and decreased domestic responsibilities freed women for a larger role in
society (C) women became attached to radical political ideas while working in the slums
(D) the idea of economic and political equality for women had finally become
respectable.
548. The major objective of most feminist leaders of the late nineteenth century was
winning (A) equal pay for equal work (B) equal educational opportunities (C) an end to
legal discrimination (D) the vote.
549. Which of the following is not a religious innovation of the latter part of the
nineteenth century? (A) Christian Science (B) the YMCA (C) revivalism (D) the
Salvation Army.
550. The Social Gospel movement influenced American Protestantism in the late
nineteenth century by (A) emphasizing the need for Christians to participate in social
reform (B) defending fundamentalist beliefs against Darwanist doctrines (C) preaching
the social creed of individualism and laissez faire (D) founding pentecostalist sects for
the working classes.
551. The goal of "free education for all" was mainly motivated by the (A) desire to help
minority groups preserve their special identities and heritages within a pluralist American
framework (B) federal government's desire to eliminate social classes (C) precedent set
by Great Britain and other leading European nations (D) expectation that universal
schooling would protect American democracy by assimilating immigrant children.
552. The main effect of leaving responsibility for public education to local communities
was to (A) retard the growth of a truly national culture (B) create unequal educational
opportunities for city and rural students (C) make the goal of assimilation for immigrants
a practical impossibility (D) enrich the cultural heritage of America with many ethnic
traditions.
553. An important trend in publishing at the end of the nineteenth century was (A) the
growth of sensational journalism to attract mass audiences (B) a decrease in the number
of newspapers because of consolidation (C) an increase in the number of magazines
catering to specialized interests (D) the decline in magazine and newspaper readership
because of widespread illiteracy.
554. Largely as a result of German influence, higher education in the late nineteenth
century stressed (A) teacher training (B) graduate study and scientific investigation (C)
practical subject matter (D) rote learning and the lecture method.
555. The major effect of the Morrill Act of 1862 on education was to (A) pay for the
building and staffing of high quality graduate schools (B) help establish public
elementary and secondary schools in the Middle West (C) encourage the rise of landgrant colleges, which emphasized teaching of agriculture and mechanical arts (D)
stimulate the opening of several Eastern women's colleges.
556. In art and architecture, the "Gilded Age" generally produced (A) spare, classical
lines (B) works expressing a modernist impulse (C) works glorifying the working man's
spirit (D) excessively ornamental pieces.
557. Which of the following architects was associated with the development of the
skyscraper and advocated that a building's function should determine its form? (A) John
Wellborn Root (B) Henry Hobson Richardson (C) Louis H. Sullivan (D) Frank Lloyd
Wright.
558. One literary style that emerged from the Gilded Age was (A) realism (B)
romanticism (C) idealism (D) surrealism.
559. The faction that wrested control of both the Democratic and Populist patties in 1896
was composed mainly of (A) labor supporters (B) silverites (C) greenbackers (D)
Southern Bourbons.
560. The phrase "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold" referred to (A) the
antireligious movement of secularists and agnostics during the late 1890s (B) the
religious revival of the Social Gospel advocates (C) President McKinley's rebuttal to
gold-standard advocates (D) William Jennings Bryan's opposition to the gold standard in
the presidential campaign of 1896.
561. Between 1877 and 1896 the American electorate might best be described as (A)
optimistic, since many of the reforms advocated since the Civil War seemed on the brink
of being realized (B) loyal to one of the two major parties and in favor of the Status quo
(C) indifferent, since none of the issues being discussed seemed worthy of attention (D)
ideologically oriented and given to factionalism and distrust of all organizations,
including patties.
562. The Republican sources of electoral power tended to come mainly from all except
(A) Northeastern industrialists (B) Southern farmers (C) blacks (D) the Grand Old Army
of the Republic.
563. The Stalwarts and the Half Breeds were (A) factions of the Republican party that
represented no real differences in principles (B) spoilsmen who aligned themselves
alternately with the Republicans and the Democrats (C) Northeastern Democrats who
drew support mainly from big business (D) Southern and Western Democrats who united
in opposition to Republican monetary and tariff policies.
564. Democratic sources of electoral support came mainly from all of the following
except (A) Southern farmers (B) urban immigrant groups (C) blacks (D) machine
politicians
565. From 1876 to 1900 almost all presidential and vice-presidential candidates of both
parties were chosen from the (A) Middle West and Far West (B) Northeast and South (C)
Northeast and Middle West (D) Northeast and Far West.
566. In the post-Reconstruction era, what was the relation between the executive and
legislative branches? (A) All Presidents subordinated themselves to Congress and made
no attempt to regain the power lost during the Johnson Administration. (B) Chief
Executives generally dominated Congress because, in their role as party leader, they had
power over the patronage. (C) Congress, fearing to take a stand on issues that could
inflame public opinion, willingly accepted presidential leadership. (D) Congress was
generally supreme, but various Presidents, including Hayes and Cleveland, attempted to
reassert executive authority.
567. The group of Republicans known as the "Mugwumps" united over the issue of (A)
initiating government social welfare programs (B) expanding the currency for debtor
relief (C) improving the condition of labor (D) eliminating the spoils system.
568. Greenbackers opposed the policy of resumption because it would
(A) cause inflation (B) devalue the price of silver and thus hurt Western mine interests
(C) contract the currency and appreciate its value at the expense of debtors (D) place the
burden of repaying state debts on farmers and small merchants.
569. What was the "Crime of `73"? (A) abolition of government purchase and coinage of
silver (B) use of federal troops to halt a railroad strike (C) passage of the Bland-Allison
Act setting minimum standards for the purchase of silver (D) passage of an
extraordinarily high protective tariff in 1873.
570. The Pendleton Act, providing for a federal civil service, was passed largely as a
result of the popular outcry over (A) Stalwart abuses of power while serving in appointed
posts (B) the assassination of Arthur (C) abuse of the patronage by every President since
Grant (D) the assassination of Garfield.
571. The immediate effect of passage of the Civil Service Act (1883) was to (A) end the
power of the boss-dominated machines (B) subject all federal jobs to civil-service merit
qualifications (C) make merit the basis of appointment for only one out of every ten
government jobs (D) extend presidential power by allowing the Chief Executive to
appoint personnel to classified posts.
572. Grover Cleveland, the only Democrat elected President between 1860 and 1912,
achieved office in 1884 when (A) defection by the Mugwumps divided the Republican
party (B) reform groups finally managed to unite behind a single candidate (C) the
country blamed its economic woes on Republican hard-money policies (D) the Populist
candidate drew enough votes away from the Republican party to ensure a Democratic
victory.
573. As a result of Grover Cleveland's stand on the tariff issue in 1887 (A) the tariff was
lowered significantly (B) Cleveland jeopardized his chances for reelection and gained no
significant tariff reduction in return (C) the Mugwumps returned to the Republican party
and helped elect Harrison President in 1888 (D) Congress levied the highest tariff in
American history.
574. As a result of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) (A) currency was expanded
and the Populist party disintegrated (B) the silver standard replaced the gold standard (C)
a compromise was reached on the currency issue that satisfied both silverites and goldstandard advocates (D) the government purchased more silver but with "hard money,"
thus defeating the act's purpose of expanding the currency.
575. The net effect of the McKinley Tariff (1890) was to (A) raise the cost of most
imports and thus hurt farmers (B) raise duties on agricultural exports and thus help
farmers (C) lower the rates imposed on manufactured imports and thus hurt labor (D)
lower the rate on goods from Latin America and thus foster good hemispheric relations.
576. The problems of American agriculture and its farmers during the last half of the
nineteenth century included all except (A) steadily dropping farm prices (B) a shrinking
world market (C) spreading debts and mortgages (D) increasingly expensive machinery.
577. The first farmers' organization devoted to economic self-help and political agitation
for farmers' goals was the (A) National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union (B)
Populist party (C) Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union (D)
Grange.
578. The National Farm Alliance and Industrial Union advocated all of the following
except (A) establishment of a subtreasury system to raise the price of farm commodities
(B) direct election of senators (C) racial integration of public facilities (D) government
control or ownership of railroads and telegraph lines.
579. The Populist movement attracted elements from all of the following movements
except (A) the National Farmers Alliance (B) the Knights of Labor (C) the Municipal
Reform League (D) the Single-Tax movement.
580. A major consequence of the severe Panic of 1893 was (A) a revival of the struggle
between those who wanted free silver coinage and those who favored the gold standard
(B) the repeal of the gold standard in 1896 (C) new federal activism in regulating
railroad~, banks, and other major industries to stabilize the economy during the 1890s
(D) increased popularity for President Cleveland through his handling of the depression.
581. "Coxey's Army" was composed of (A) the pro-silverites who lobbied in Congress,
led by "foxy Coxey" (B) unemployed men who marched on Washington in 1894 to plead
for work and monetary relief (C) the supporters of William Jennings Bryan in 1896 (D)
Civil War veterans who besieged Washington for pension funds.
582. One new feature of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 was the provision for (A)
across-the-board cuts in the rates of agricultural products (B) a reciprocity clause with
other nations (C) a subtreasury system for farm produce (D) an income tax on incomes
over $4,000.
583. The congressional election of 1894 was significant because it (A) gave the Populists
control of the Rouse of Representatives (B) gave the Democratic President a working
Democratic majority in Congress, the first such occurrence in twenty years (C) marked
the fall of the Democrats and the beginning of a long period of Republican ascendancy
(D) signaled the new ascendancy of the West and South over Northeast in Congress.
01. Germany and the United States divided these islands: (A) the Hawaiian. (B) the
Samoan. (C) the Philippine. (D) the Virgin.
02. James G. Blaine wanted the United States to head an informal federation of the (A)
American republics. (B) European nations. (C) Southeast Asian nations. (D) Middle East
nations.
03. In the 1896 election, (A) William Jennings Bryan campaigned throughout the
country. (B) William McKinley stayed at home. (C) William Jennings Bryan ran on two
different party tickets. (D) all of the above were true.
04. The Populist Party in the 1890s wanted all of the following except (A) a graduated
income tax. (B) the subtreasury plan. (C) the direct election of senators. (D) a minimum
wage law.
05. Mark Twain wrote all of the following except (A) Roughing it. (B) The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer. (C) The Gilded Age. (D) The Rise of Silas Lapham.
06. Edward Bellamy saw socialism as the answer to America's. problems in (A)
Progress and Poverty. (B) Looking Backward. (C) Wealth Against Commonwealth. (D)
The Theory of the Leisure Class.
07. All of the following were late 19th century local color writers except (A) Bret
Harte. (B) William Dean Rowells. (C) Joel Chandler Harris. (D) Sarah Jewett.
08. "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as
the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." This statement was made by (A)
Marcus Garvey. (B) Frederick Douglass. (C) W.E.B. DuBois. (D) Booker T. Washington.
09. "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall
not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." These moving words were spoken by (A)
James Weaver. (B) William McKinley. (C) Grover Cleveland. (D) William Jennings
Bryan.
10. "Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which these is no precedent
in the history of the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of
dollars in value, which must, within a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of
dollars' worth of commodities consumed in their production, the existing currency supply
is wholly inadequate to make this exchange; the results are falling prices, the formation
of combines and rings, the impoverishment of the producing class." These abuses were to
be corrected by the (A) Farmers' Alliances. (B) Grange Movement. (C) Progressives. (D)
Populists.
11. "We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the
assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a
badge of inferiority." These words were found in the Court case of (A) Plessy v.
Ferguson. (B) Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust. (C) Hall v. Cuir. (D) United States v.
E. Knight Company.
12. Railroad transportation was facilitated by the building of (A) canals (B) roads (C)
dams (D) bridges.
13. The United States Patent Office in the late 19th century granted (A) fewer patents
than in the early 19th century. (B) many more patents than ever before. (C) a few more
patents than ever before. (D) about the same number of patents as in the previous three
decades.
14. A historian who wrote extensively about immigrants and immigration was (A)
Frederick Jackson Turner. (B) Oscar Handlin. (C) George Bancroft. (D) Henry Adams.
15. Most of the late 19th century immigrants were (A) Jewish. (B) Eastern Orthodox.
(C) Protestant. (D) Roman Catholic.
16. The Agricultural Revolution changed the nature of agriculture from (A) commercial
to subsistence. (B) surplus to subsistence. (C) surplus to commercial. (D) subsistence to
commercial.
17. The "Sooners" refers to those who laid claim to land before it was officially and
legally right to do so in (A) California. (B) Arizona. (C) Oklahoma. (D) Oregon.
18. The farmers in the late 19th century were most upset with the (A) canals. (B) road
tolls. (C) telegraph. (D) railroads.
19. The church founded by Mary Baker Eddy was the (A) Mormon. (B) Unitarian. (C)
Christian Science. (D) Church of Christ.
20. All of the following were late 19th century reformers except (A) William Graham
Sumner. (B) Edwin L. Godkin. (C) Carl Schurz. (D) George William Curtis.
21. All of the following organized sports became popular in late 19th century America
except
(A) baseball. (B) boxing. (C) soccer. (D) football.
22. In the late 19th century, political equality was given to women in (A) New Mexico
and Wyoming. (B) Utah and New Mexico. (C) Oregon and Utah. (D) Utah and
Wyoming.
23. Negro education in the South after the Civil War was aided by the (A) Carnegie
Fund. (B) Peabody Fund. (C) Rockefeller Fund. (D) Ford Fund.
24. The idea of conspicuous consumption was introduced by (A) Thorstein Veblen. (B)
John Commons. (C) Richard Ely. (D) William James.
25. In the late 19th century, when people spoke or wrote about the "millionaire's club,"
they were referring to the (A) United States House of Representatives. (B) United States
Senate. (C) President's Cabinet. (D) Supreme Court.
26. After Reconstruction, the phrase the "Solid South" referred to the South's (A)
tendency to vote for the Republican ticket. (B) refusal to accept the Fourteenth
Amendment. (C) opposition to Civil service reform. (D) tendency to vote for the
Democratic ticket.
27. The political scene in the late 19th century was dominated by the (A) Executive. (B)
Supreme Court. (C) Congress. (D) military.
28. Grover Cleveland vetoed the (A) Pendleton Act. (B) Veterans' Dependent Pension
Bill. (C) Interstate Commerce Act. (D) Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
29. The Pendleton Act established the (A) Civil Service Commission. (B) Interstate
Commerce Commission. (C) Federal Trade Commission. (D) Banking Commission.
30. During Benjamin Harrison's term, all the following legislation was passed by
Congress except the (A) McKinley Tariff. (B) Sherman Silver Purchase Act. (C)
DingleyTariff. (D) Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
31. The assassination of President James Garfield spurred the passage of the (A)
Interstate Commerce Act. (B) Sherman Silver Purchase Act. (C) McKinley Tariff. (D)
Pendleton Act.
32. In the 1884 election, James Blaine was hurt by the (A) Murchison letter. (B)
Mulligan letters. (C) the split in the Democratic party. (D) civil service issue.
33. In the 1888 election, Grover Cleveland was hurt by the (A) Mulligan letters. (B)
Murchison letter. (C) civil service issue. (D) split in the Democratic party.
34. In the 1880 election, the Republicans divided into two groups called the (A)
Mugwumps and Goldbugs. (B) Stalwarts and Half-Breeds. (C) Mugwumps and
Stalwarts. (D) Half-Breeds and Mugwumps.
35. In the 1884 election, the Republicans supporting Democratic candidates were
known as (A) Mugwumps. (B) Goldbugs. (C) Silverites. (D) Half-Breeds.
36. Charles Guiteau assassinated President Garfield over the (A) tariff issue. (B)
bankissue. (C) patronage issue. (D) greenback issue.
37. The legal basis for ending the Pullman strike was that it (A) interfered with the
United States mail system. (B) violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. (C) ran contrary to
the Fourteenth Amendment. (D) created a secondary boycott.
38. The Haymarket Riot caused a great deal of concern because it (A) made the federal
government appear powerless. (B) was led by communists. (C) showed the failure of the
police force. (D) raised the specter of revolution.
39. All of the following were major political issues in the late 19th century except (A)
the tariff. (B) the bloody shirt. (C) banking. (D) the currency.
40. The most popular late 19th century proposal for restricting the entrance of certain
immigrants into the United States was the (A) poll tax. (B) literary test. (C) loyalty test.
(D) quota system.
41. All of the following were city bosses except (A) Tim Sullivan. (B) "Hinkydink"
Kennan. (C) Thomas Reed. (D) William Tweed.
42. The Knights of Labor was hurt by all of the following except its (A) no dues policy.
(B) restrictions against non-skilled workers. (C) seeming inattentiveness to bread and
butter issues. (D) industry-wide membership policy.
43. The Court case that showed how difficult it was to obtain a conviction under the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act was (A) Munn v. Illinois. (B) Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and
Trust. (C) United States v. E. C. Knight Company. (D) In re Debs.
44. In the late 19th century, the two organizations devoted to restricting the entrance of
certain immigrants were the (A) Immigration Restriction League and the American
Protective Association. (B) Ku Klux Klan and the Immigration Restriction League. (C)
Knights of Labor and the Ku Klux Klan. (D) American Protective Association and the Ku
Klux Klan.
45 During the 1893-95 depression, Jacob Coxey and his followers demanded that the
federal government (A) restrict immigration. (B) provide jobs for the unemployed. (C)
regulate railroads. (D) lower the tariff.
46. A leading unionizer and socialist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was (A)
Uriah Stephens. (B) Terence Powderly. (C) Eugene Debs. (D) Samuel Gompers.
47. In 1895, the Supreme Court declared the income tax unconstitutional in (A) United
States v. E. C. Knight Company. (B) In re Debs (C) Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust.
(D) Munn v. Illinois.
48. Cities became better places to live in the late 19th century for all of the following
reasons except (A) lighting. (B) sewage systems (C) disease control. (D) police and tire
departments.
49. To many, railroads became the "demons of America" for all the following reasons
except their (A) rebates. (B) inexpensive rates for short hauls. (C) land ownership. (D)
sidings for important industries.
50. George Westinghouse assisted railroad transportation by his invention of the (A)
locomotive. (B) sleeping car. (C) passenger car. (D) air brake.
51. Two inventions in the late 19th century which assisted general office work were the
(A) copying machine and typewriter. (B) fountain pen and dictaphone. (C) typewriter and
fountain pen. (D) dictaphone and typewriter.
52. The biggest boost to communication in the late 19th century was the invention of
(A) the telegraph. (B) the telephone. (C) the dictaphone. (D) Morse code.
53. The federal government assisted railroad construction in the second half of the 19th
century by (A) cash subsidies. (B) land grants. (C) tax relief. (D) government-backed
bonds.
54. The major silver find in the 19th century was at (A) Comstock. (B) Pike's Peak. (C)
Little Big Horn. (D) Sutter's Mill.
55. The first group of immigrants to be discriminated against by law were the (A)
Chinese. (B) Japanese. (C) Greeks. (D) Italians.
56. The iron and steel capital of the United States during the late 19th century was (A).
Cleveland. (B) Birmingham. (C) Chicago. (D) Pittsburgh.
57. The most famous cattle trail was the (A) California. (B) Santa Fe. (C) Chisholm.
(D) Spanish.
58. The Civil Rights Cases of 1883 declared unconstitutional the (A) Dred Scott v.
Sandford decision. (B) Plessy v. Ferguson decision. (C) Civil Rights Act of 1875. (D)
Fourteenth Amendment.
59. The basic government policy toward the American Indian during the late 19th
century was (A) concentration. (B) removal to reservations. (C) assimilation. (D) removal
to west of the Mississippi.
60. Charles Darwin's theory, when transformed into Social Darwinism, was used as a
justification for (A) government intervention. (B) growth of labor unions. (C) growth of
Big Business. (D) free coinage of silver.
61. The Dawes Severalty Act (A) regulated business. (B) regulated interstate
commerce. (C) provided for paper currency. (D) provided for Indian land ownership and
citizenship.
62. Two African American leaders who demanded full political and civil rights for
African Americans were (A) Booker T. Washington and Thomas Fortune. (B) W.E.B.
DuBois and Thomas Fortune. (C) Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. (D)
Thomas Fortune and Booker T. Washington.
63. One of the most famous American impressionist painters in the late 19th century
was (A) Thomas Eakins. (B) Mary Cassatt. (C) Frederic Remington. (D) Winslow
Homer.
64. One of the most famous late 19th century portrait painters was (A) John Singer
Sargent. (B) John Singleton Copley. (C) Benjamin West (D) Frederic Remington.
65. James Whistler's famous portrait of his mother is known as (A) American Gothic.
(B) Arrangement in Grey and Black. (C) American Mona Lisa. (D) Lady in Black.
66. Henry Demarest Lloyd's book, Wealth Against Commonwealth, was a critique of
(A) Standard Oil. (B) the meat-packing industry. (C) corrupt city government. (D) the
railroads.
67. The Naturalist writers felt that a person's fate was determined by (A) heredity. (B)
luck (C) environment. (D) the railroads.
68. Painters identified with the Realism School in the late 19th century were (A) Mary
Cassaft and Frederic Remington. (B) Thomas Eakins and Winslow Homer. (C) Thomas
Eakins and Mary Cassatt. (D) Winslow Homer and Mary Cassatt.
69. The historian who wrote about the importance and influence of the frontier in
American life was (A) Henry Adams. (B) Frederick Jackson Turner. (C) George
Bancroft. (D) William Dunning.
70. The historian who wrote a nine volume history of the United States in the late 19th
century was (A) Henry Adams. (B) Frederick Jackson Turner. (C) George Bancroft. (D)
William Dunning.
71. A leading writer in the late 19th century Naturalist School was (A) William Dean
Howells. (B) Mark Twain. (C) Stephen Crane. (D) Bret Harte.
72. Joel Chandler Harris is known for his (A) rags to riches stories. (B) fairy tales. (C)
cowboy stories. (D) Uncle Remus stories.
73. The local color writers used (A) classical models and regional dialect. (B) local
scenes and regional dialect. (C) local scenes and classical models. (D) none of the above.
74. Leading magazines of the late 19th century included all of the following except (A)
Munsey's. (B) Time. (C) McClure's. (D) Ladies Home Journal.
75. Because of massive industrialization, all of the following had their real beginning in
the post Civil War era except (A) mail order houses. (B) department stores. (C) credit
cards. (D) five and ten cent stores.
76. In the late 19th century, the majority of people attended (A) elementary school only.
(B) elementary and secondary school. (C) secondary school and university. (D)
vocational school.
77. In the post Civil War period, all of the following developments occurred in
journalism except (A) comics and photographs. (B) advertising. (C) advice columns. (D)
chain newspapers.
78. In the late 19th century, the Protestant and Catholic churches began to view poverty
and its problems as their legitimate concern and expressed this concern, respectively,
through the (A) Social Gospel arid the Renrum Novarum. (B) Social Gospel and Knights
of Colombus. (C) Renrum Novarum and Masons. (D) Masons and Knights of Columbus.
79. Jesus' life as an example of day to day living was best portrayed in a book by
Charles Sheldon entitled (A) How to Win Friends and Influence People. (B) Meditations.
(C) Pay Day Someday. (D) In His Steps.
80. In the period after the Civil War, poverty was often equated with (A) environment.
(B) genetic inheritance. (C) lack of education. (D) sin.
81. In the late 19th century, the adult education of the earlier Lyceum Movement was
adopted by the (A) labor unions. (B) Chautauqua Movement. (C) colleges and
universities. (D) Social Gospel Movement.
82. In the post Civil War period, the courts, the government, and Big Business curbed
some efforts at social legislation by using the (A) Thirteenth Amendment. (B) Fourteenth
Amendment. (C) Sherman Anti-Trust Act. (D) First Amendment.
83. The Supreme Court ruled that placing a celling on the number of hours workers
could be required to be on the job deprived them of their liberty in the case of (A) Munn
v. Illinois. (B) United States v. E.C. Knight Company. (C) Lochner v. New York. (D)
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust.
84. All of the following were noted religious figures of the late 19th century except (A)
Washington Gladden. (B) Dwight Moody. (C) Elmer Gantry. (D) Henry Ward Beecher.
85. The American Federation of Labor succeeded as a union for all of the following
reasons except that (A) it dealt with bread and butter issues. (B) it collected dues on a
regular basis. (C) the workers were unionized by industry. (D) the workers were
unionized by craft.
86. The industry in the late 19th century which resisted labor's demands in the
Homestead strike was (A) coal. (B) textiles. (C) steel. (D) garment.
87. The New South refers to (A) southern plantations after the Civil War (B) the
industrial South. (C) the South during Reconstruction. (D) southern states west of the
Mississippi.
88. Molly Maguires can best be described as (A) reformers in the late 19th century. (B)
Irish law enforcement officers in Boston. (C) members of a secret society in the coal
mining regions of Pennsylvania. (D) members of a secret society in the South.
89. Samuel Gompers was best known for his work as president of the (A) National
Labor Union. (B) Knights of Labor. (C) American Federation of Labor. (D) Patrons of
Husbandry.
90. The statement "I will fight no more forever" was said by (A). Geronirno. (B)
Samuel Gompers. (C) Chief Joseph. (D) Terence V. Powderly.
91. The Great Plains area of the United States had not been settled prior to the Civil
War primarily because there was a (A) scarcity of water and timber. (B) lack of adequate
transportation. (C) failure of the government to survey the land. (D) lack of law
enforcement officers.
92. The author of A Century of Dishonor was (A) Henry Ward Beecher. (B)
Washington Gladden. (C) Helen Hunt Jackson. (D) Mark Twain.
93. A Century of Dishonor condemned the United States policy toward the (A) African
Americans. (B) Hispanics. (C) Eskimos. (D) Native Americans.
94. In the late 19th century, German education introduced to the United States the (A)
Ph.D. degree. (B) gifted and talented pull out programs. (C) classical curriculum. (D)
community college.
95. In the late 19th century, many of the major cities of the United States established
(A) symphony orchestras. (B) bands. (C) chamber music societies. (D) string quartets.
96. The style of architecture associated with the late 19th century was (A) Federal. (B)
Greek revival. (C) Victorian Gothic. (D) rococo.
97. The following were local color writers of the North, South, and West, respectively
(A) Henry Adams, Sidney Lanier, and Mark Twain.
(B) Sarah Jewett, Joel C. Harris, and Bret Harte.
(C) Stephen Crane, Joel C. Harris, and Bret Harte.
(D) Stephen Crane, Joel C. Harris, and Mark Twain.
98. In the late 19th century, many cities in the United States established public libraries
through the generosity of (A) John D. Rockefeller. (B) Daniel Drew. (C) James B. Duke.
(D) Andrew Carnegie.
99. The American author most associated with comparing and contrasting American
and European cultures was (A) Henry James (B) William James. (C) Mark Twain. (D)
Stephen Crane.
100. The two people who looked for a solution to America's problems through the single
land tax and socialism, respectively, were
(A) Edward Bellamy and Thorstein Veblen.
(B) Henry George and Edward Bellamy.
(C) Thorstein Veblen and Horace Greeley.
(D) Horace Greeley and John S. Sherman.
101. American higher education in the late 19th century witnessed the development of
all the following except (A) graduate education. (B) more electives. (C) more women's
colleges. (D) more emphasis on the classics.
102. In sociology, Lester Frank Ward introduced the concept of (A) Reform Darwinism.
(B) Social Darwinlsm (C) collectivism. (D) individualism.
103. One of the leading new economists of the late 19th century was (A) Henry
Demarest Lloyd. (B) William Graham Sumner. (C) Richard Ely. (D) Christopher
Columbus Langdell.
104. In the new social sciences of the late 19th century, there was an intense interest in
studying (A) institutions. (B) tribal origins. (C) classical civilizations. (D) primitive
societies.
105. The two famous American pragmatists were (A) Charles Pierce and Horatio Alger.
(B) Horatio Alger and William James. (C) Charles Pierce and William James. (D) Henry
James and William James.
106. Pragmatism as a philosophy proclaims that the
(A) truth is constant, unchangeable and non-verifiable.
(B) validity of an idea is determined by its results when acted upon.
(C) universe is a closed system where man is predetermined by natural forces.
(D) universe is a closed system where man is predetermined by supernatural forces.
107. The Morrill Act passed during the Civil War resulted in the establishment of (A)
many women's colleges. (B) land grant colleges. (C) semmanes. (D) law schools.
108. Joseph Glidden's contribution to the growth of the West was (A) barbed wire. (B)
the windmill. (C) irrigation techniques. (D) the steel plowshare.
109. All of the following led to the end of the cattle drives and small ranches except (A)
falling beef prices. (B) droughts. (C) blizzards. (D) government regulations.
110. Abilene, Dodge City, and Wichita were (A) mining towns. (B) cultural centers. (C)
cow towns. (D) state capitals.
111. Two people who developed the process of making iron into steel were (A) Cyrus
McCormick and William Kelly. (B) Henry Bessemer and George Westinghouse. (C)
Henry Bessemer and William Kelly. (D) Andrew Carnegie and Henry Bessemer.
112. The first two attempts to curb laissez-faire were the (A) Sherman Anti-Trust Act
and the Pendleton Act. (B) Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. (C)
Pendleton Act and the Interstate Commerce Act. (D) Sherman Silver Purchase Act and
the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
113. The three national labor unions established in the late 19th century were the (A)
United Mine Workers, the Knights of Labor, and the Congress of Industrial
Organizations. (B) Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the
Congress of Industrial Organizations. (C) National Labor Union, the Knights of Labor,
and the American Federation of Labor. (D) National Labor Union, the United Mine
Workers, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
114. The labor union in the late 19th century open to both the skilled and unskilled
workers was the (A) Knights of Labor. (B) American Federation of Labor. (C) Patrons of
Husbandry. (D) National Labor Union.
115. The two famous labor strikes of the post Civil War period in which federal troops
were called in were the
(A) Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 and the Railroad Strike of 1877.
(B) Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 and the Pullman Strike of 1894.
(C) Railroad Strike of 1886 and the Pullman Strike of 1894.
(D) Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Pullman Strike of 1894.
116. The "fifty-niners" refers to those who sought gold in (A) Idaho. (B) Pike's Peak. (C)
Sutter's Mill. (D) Alaska.
117. The Comstock Lode was discovered in (A) California. (B) Nevada. (C) Colorado.
(D) Arizona.
118. The Mormon community prospered because of its (A) ideal geographic conditions.
(B) polygamy. (C) irrigation canals. (D) investment capital.
119. The federal government passed the Anti-Bigamy Act in 1862 because of the (A)
Shakers. (B) Quakers. (C) Christian Scientists. (D) Mormons.
120. Labor organizers in the late 19th century included all of the following except (A)
Samuel Gompers. (B) Henry Frick. (C) Uriah Stephens. (D) Terence Powderly.
121. Grover Cleveland's support for congressional repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase
Act alienated the (A) South and West. (B) Northeast and West. (C) South and Northeast.
(D) Mid-Atlantic and South.
122. The late 19th century was noted for its (A) rapid urbanization. (B) good working
conditions. (C) vast number of secondary school graduates. (D) liberal attitude toward
sex.
123. The historians Charles and Mary Beard, in examining post Civil War America,
emphasized the importance of which of the following factors in determining an
individual's viewpoints? (A) religion. (B) race. (C) economics. (D) education.
124. The architect who wanted "form to follow function" in the late 19th century was
(A) Louis Sullivan. (B) Frederick Olmstead. (C) John W. Root. (D) John Roebling.
125. The new immigrants of the late 19th century came to the United States because of
(A) population growth in Europe. (B) economic opportunity. (C) resentment against
European military service and political oppression. (D) all of the above.
38. When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies
to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons for their request except that
it was (A) too risky without government help. (B) too costly without government help.
(C) too costly to move people in some areas without government help. (D) too
unprofitable in some areas without government help.
39. During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons (A) rejected government
assistance. (B) built their railroads with government assistance. (C) relied exclusively on
Chinese labor. (D) refused to get involved in politics.
40. The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in
the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with (A) cash grants from
new taxes. (B) land grants. (C) cash grants from higher tariffs. (D) reduced prices for
iron and steel.
41. Match each railroad company below with the correct entrepreneur.
A. James J. Hill
1. Central Pacific
B. Cornelius Vanderbilt
2. New York Central
C. Leland Stanford
3. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
4. Great Northern
(A) A-4, B-2, C-1
(B) A-3, B-4, C-2
(C) A-2, B-1, C-3
(D) A-4, B-3, C-1
42. The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the (A) New
York Central. (B) Northern Pacific. (C) Great Northern. (D) Atchison, Topeka, and
Santa Fe.
43. One by-product of the development of the railroads was (A) a scattering of the U.S.
population. (B) fewer big cities. (C) the movement of people to cities. (D) a reduction
in immigration to the United States.
44. The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post
Civil War years was
(A) agriculture.
(B) mining.
(C) the steel industry.
(D) the railroad network.
45. The United States changed to standard time zones when (A) Congress passed a law
establishing this system. (B) the major rail lines decreed the division of the continent into
four time zones so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks. (C) factories
demanded standard time schedules. (D) all of the above.
46. Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and
share the profits were called (A) pools. (B) trusts. (C) rebates. (D) interlocking
directorates.
47. Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to (A) increase competition by
establishing more companies. (B) water their stock. (C) divide business in a particular
area and share profits. (D) choose the best workers.
48. Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in
the form of action by (A) Congress. (B) the Supreme Court. (C) state legislatures. (D)
President Cleveland.
49. The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from
business combinations was the (A) Federal Trade Commission. (B) Interstate
Commerce Commission. (C) Consumer Affairs Commission. (D) Federal Anti-Trust
Commission.
50. One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it (A)
revolutionized the business system. (B) represented the first large-scale attempt by the
federal government to regulate business. (C) actually did nothing to control the abuses of
big business. (D) failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses of big business, such as
pools and rebates.
51. After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States (A)
helped to build the nation into an industrial giant. (B) was not a significant force,
because industrialization required skilled workers. (C) came almost exclusively from
rural America. (D) increasingly found work in agriculture.
52. One of the methods by which post Civil War business leaders increased their profits
was (A) increased competition. (B) support for the idea of a centrally planned economy.
(C) elimination of as much competition as possible. (D) elimination of the tactic of
vertical integration.
53. Match each entrepreneur below with the form of business combination with which
he is historically identified.
A. Andrew Carnegie
1. interlocking directorate
B. John D. Rockefeller
2. trust
C. Pierpont Morgan
3. vertical integration
4. pool
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A-2, B-4, C-1
A-3, B-2, C-4
A-3, B-2, C-1
A-1, B-3, C-2
54. Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is
historically identified.
A. Andrew Carnegie
B. John D. Rockefeller
C. J. Pierpont Morgan
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1. steel
2. oil
3. textiles
4. banking
A-1, B-3, C-2
A-2, B-4, C-3
A-3, B-1, C-4
A-1, B-2, C-4
55. The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of (A) Jay Gould. (B) Henry
Bessemer. (C) John P. Altgeld. (D) Thomas Edison.
56. J. P. Morgan monitored his competition by placing officers of his bank
on the boards of companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a(n)
(A) interlocking directorate. (B) trust. (C) vertical integration. (D) pool.
57. America's first billion-dollar corporation was (A) General Electric. (B) Standard
Oil. (C) United States Steel. (D) The Union Pacific Railroad.
58. The first major product of the oil industry was (A) kerosene. (B) gasoline. (C)
lighter fluid. (D) natural gas.
59. The oil industry became a huge business (A) with the building of electric generator
plants. (B) when it was taken over by the government. (C) with the invention of the
internal combustion engine. (D) when diesel engines were perfected.
60. John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve success in the oil
industry except (A) employing spies. (B) extorting rebates from railroads. (C) showing
mercy to his competitors. (D) pursuing a policy of rule or ruin.
61. The gospel of wealth, which associated godliness with wealth, (A) discouraged
efforts to help the poor. (B) inspired the wealthy to try to help the poor. (C) stimulated
efforts to help minorities. (D) was opposed by most clergymen.
62. To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment,
which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to (A) help freedmen to work
in factories. (B) incorporate big businesses. (C) allow the captains of industry to avoid
paying taxes. (D) avoid corporate regulation by the states.
63. The __________ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when
defending themselves against regulation by state governments. (A) Fourteent (B)
Fifteenth (C) Sixteenth (D) Seventeenth
64. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was primarily used to curb the power of (A)
manufacturing corporations. (B) labor unions. (C) state legislatures. (D) railroad
corporations.
65. During the age of industrialization, the South (A) took full advantage of the new
economic trends. (B) received preferential treatment from the railroads. (C) turned away
from agriculture. (D) remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
66. The South's major attraction for potential investors was (A) readily available raw
materials. (B) a warm climate. (C) good transportation. (D) cheap labor.
67. In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor attracted
__________ manufacturing to the "new South." (A) textile (B) steel (C) capital goods
(D) electrical appliance
68. Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as (A) high-wage positions.
(B) unacceptable. (C) salvation, since the jobs and wages were steady. (D) institutions
that broke up families.
69. One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of
workers was (A) their movement to the suburbs. (B) the need for them to adjust their
lives to the time clock. (C) the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas Jefferson. (D)
the narrowing of class divisions.
70. The group most affected by the new industrial age was (A) Native Americans. (B)
African-Americans. (C) women. (D) southerners.
71. To provide workers with job security, reformers wanted to introduce all of the
following except (A) job protection. (B) wage protection. (C) establishment of a
workers' political party. (D) temporary unemployment compensation.
72. The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented (A) a revival of the colonial feminine
ideal. (B) an unromantic portrayal of the modern woman. (C) an exploitive version of a
woman as a sex object. (D) an independent and athletic "new woman."
73. Most women workers of the 1890s worked for (A) independence. (B) glamour. (C)
economic necessity. (D) the service sector.
74. Which one of the following is least like the other three? (A) closed shop (B)
lockout (C) yellow dog contract (D) blacklist
75. Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the
Constitution in such a way as to favor (A) labor unions. (B) corporations. (C) state
regulatory agencies. (D) governmental power over the economy.
76. Match each labor organization below with the correct description.
A. National Labor Union
B. Knights of Labor
C. American Federation of Labor
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1. the "one big union" that championed producer
cooperatives and industrial arbitration
2. a social-reform union killed by the depression of the
1870s
3. an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter
working hours, and better working conditions
A-2, B-1, C-3
A-3, B-2, C-1
A-1, B-2, C-3
A-1, B-3, C-2
77. In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union won (A) an eight-hour
day for all workers. (B) government arbitration for industrial disputes. (C) equal pay for
women. (D) an eight-hour day for government workers.
78. One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was (A) AfricanAmericans. (B) Chinese. (C) women. (D) Irish.
79. The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would
disappear when (A) the government owned the means of production. (B) labor
controlled the government. (C) workers accepted the concept of craft unions. (D) labor
would own and operate businesses and industries.
80. The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be
preserved from corrupt monopolists (A) when Republicans were removed from office.
(B) with the economic and political independence of the workers. (C) with the
destruction of the American Federation of Labor. (D) by the development of strong craft
unions.
81. One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its (A) lack of class
consciousness. (B) support of skilled workers. (C) failure to admit women to its ranks.
(D) abandonment of the concept of independent producers.
82. The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post Civil War period was
the (A) National Labor Union. (B) Knights of Labor. (C) American Federation of
Labor. (D) Knights of Columbus.
83. By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to
recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless, (A) labor
unions continued to decline in membership. (B) the American Federation of Labor failed
to take advantage of the situation. (C) the vast majority of employers continued to fight
organized labor. (D) Congress declared the AFL illegal.
84. By 1900, organized labor in America (A) had temporarily ceased to exist. (B) had
enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor force. (C) was accepted by the majority of
employers as a permanent part of the new industrial economy. (D) had begun to develop
a positive image with the public.
85. Some people who found fault with the captains of industry argued that these men
(A) were basically socialists. (B) diminished the workers' quality of life. (C) tried to
take the United States back to its old values. (D) failed to develop the industrial system
quickly.
86. Historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism concede that classbased protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because (A) America
has greater social mobility than Europe has. (B) few Europeans brought their political
philosophies to the United States. (C) the captains of industry did not allow protest to
take root. (D) many Americans inherited fortunes.
87. All of the following were important factors in post Civil War industrial expansion
except (A) a large pool of unskilled labor. (B) an abundance of natural resources. (C)
American ingenuity and inventiveness. (D) immigration restrictions.
88. The first transcontinental railroad was completed by the construction efforts of the
__________ and __________ railroads. (A) Union Pacific (B) Northern Pacific (C)
Santa Fe (D) Southern Pacific
25. In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they
(A) chose to migrate farther west.
(B) received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and
provided with supplies.
(C) lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses.
(D) were allowed to control the supply of food and other staples to the reservations.
26. In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military, the (A)
Indians were never as well armed as the soldiers. (B) soldiers showed great mobility on
their swift horses. (C) Indians were often better armed than the soldiers. (D) Indians
proved to be no match for the soldiers.
27. The Indians battled whites for all the following reasons except to (A) rescue their
women who had been exiled to Florida. (B) avenge savage massacres of Indians by
whites. (C) punish whites for breaking treaties. (D) defend their lands against white
invaders.
28. Match each Indian chief below with his tribe.
A. Chief Joseph
1. Apache
B. Sitting Bull
2. Cheyenne
C. Geronimo
3. Nez Perce
4. Sioux
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A-1, B-2, C-3
A-3, B-4, C-1
A-2, B-4, C-3
A-4, B-3, C-2
29. As a result of the defeat of Captain William Fetterman's command, (A) the
government built new forts on the Bozeman Trail. (B) the Great Sioux Reservation was
guaranteed to the Sioux tribes. (C) the Bozeman Trail was reopened. (D) white settlers
abandoned the Dakota Territory.
30. The Plains Indians were nearly exterminated (A) by their constant intertribal
warfare. (B) when they settled on reservations. (C) after such famous leaders as
Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed. (D) by the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
31. The Nez Perce Indians of Idaho were goaded into war when (A) the Sioux sought
their land. (B) gold was discovered on their reservation. (C) the federal government
attempted to put them on a reservation. (D) the Canadian government attempted to force
their return to the United States.
32. The buffalo were nearly exterminated (A) as a result of being overhunted by the
Indians. (B) by the trains racing across the Great Plains. (C) through wholesale butchery
by whites. (D) by disease.
33. A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white
relations, was authored by (A) Harriet Beecher Stowe. (B) Helen Hunt Jackson. (C)
Chief Joseph. (D) Joseph F. Glidden.
34. The humanitarians who wanted to treat the Indians kindly (A) had little respect for
traditional Indian culture. (B) advocated allowing the Ghost Dance to continue. (C)
opposed passage of the Dawes Act. (D) believed that Indians should not be forced to
"walk the white man's way."
35. To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following
except (A) dissolve many tribes as legal entities. (B) try to make rugged individualists
of the Indians. (C) wipe out tribal ownership of land. (D) outlaw the sacred Sun Dance.
36. The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890
resulted in the (A) Battle of Wounded Knee. (B) Sand Creek massacre. (C) Battle of the
Little Big Horn. (D) Dawes Severalty Act.
37. The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian (A) impoverishment. (B)
annihilation. (C) assimilation. (D) culture.
38. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Dawes Severalty Act is
passed; (B) Oklahoma land rush takes place; (C) Indians are granted full citizenship; (D)
Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life.
(A) A, B, C, D
(B) B, A, C, D
(C) A, D, B, C
(D) D, C, A, B
39. The enormous mineral wealth taken from the mining frontier (A) solved the Indian
problem. (B) solved the currency problem. (C) helped to finance the Civil War. (D)
profited individual prospectors but not corporations.
40. The mining frontier played a vital role in (A) bringing law and order to the West.
(B) attracting population to the West. (C) influencing the government to go off the gold
standard. (D) ensuring that the mining industry would remain in the hands of
independent, small operations.
41. Bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified (A) during the Civil War. (B)
as a result of vigilante justice. (C) when big business took over the mining industry. (D)
as the mining frontier expanded.
42. All of the following groups were cowboys except (A) blacks. (B) Mexicans. (C)
whites. (D) Chinese.
43. One problem with the Homestead Act was that (A) public land was sold for
revenue. (B) 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great
Plains. (C) midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock because of stiff
competition with the West. (D) the railroads purchased most of this land.
44. The Homestead Act assumed that public land would be administered in such a way
as to (A) raise government revenue. (B) conserve natural resources. (C) favor largescale "bonanza" farms. (D) promote frontier settlement.
45. The Homestead Act (A) sold more land to bona fide farmers than to land
promoters. (B) was a drastic departure from previous government public land policy. (C)
was responsible for the sale of more land than any other agency. (D) managed to end the
fraud that was common with other government land programs.
46. A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was (A) the
high price of land. (B) the low market value of grain. (C) the scarcity of water. (D)
overcrowding.
47. In the long run, the group that did the most to shape the modern West was (A)
trappers. (B) miners. (C) hydraulic engineers. (D) cowboys.
48. The "eighty-niners" headed west to (A) pan gold in California. (B) mine the
Comstock Lode in Nevada. (C) claim land in Oklahoma. (D) raise cattle in Montana and
Wyoming.
49. Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier
were (A) eastern city dwellers. (B) eastern farmers. (C) recent immigrants. (D) blacks.
50. In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a frontier line was
no longer visible, (A) the Homestead Act was repealed. (B) little land remained for
public sale. (C) few Americans realized it. (D) there were no more isolated bodies of
settlement.
51. Even during depressions, most eastern urbanites remained in the cities for all of the
following reasons except that (A) they did not know how to farm. (B) they could not
raise enough money to transport themselves west. (C) they could still find employment
in the giant factories. (D) they could not afford farm equipment.
52. The city served as a major "safety valve" by providing (A) a home for new
immigrants. (B) recreational activities for its inhabitants. (C) a home for failed farmers
and busted miners. (D) none of the above.
53. The area of the country in which the federal government has done the most to aid
economic and social development is the (A) West. (B) North. (C) South. (D) East.
54. The real "safety valve" in the late nineteenth century was (A) the city. (B) the
Western frontier. (C) Canada. (D) Hawaii.
55. In the decades after the Civil War, most American farmers (A) grew a single cash
crop. (B) diversified their crops. (C) became increasingly self-sufficient. (D) saw their
numbers grow as more people moved west.
56. The root cause of the American farmers' problem after 1880 was (A) urban growth.
(B) overproduction of agricultural goods. (C) the declining number of farms and
farmers. (D) the shortage of farm machinery.
57. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods
__________, and the price received for these goods __________. (A) increased;
decreased (B) decreased; increased (C) increased; also increased (D) decreased; also
decreased
58. Late-nineteenth-century farmers believed that their difficulties stemmed primarily
from (A) low tariff rates. (B) overproduction. (C) the currency supply. (D) immigration
laws.
59. With agricultural production rising dramatically in the post-Civil War years, (A)
more farmers could purchase land. (B) tenant farming spread rapidly throughout the
South. (C) bankruptcies declined. (D) western farmers prospered, while southern
farmers had grave troubles selling their cotton.
60. Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interests because they (A) were
by nature independent and individualistic. (B) did not possess the money necessary to
establish a national political movement. (C) were divided by the wealthier, more
powerful manufacturers and railroad barons. (D) were too busy trying to eke out a living.
61. The first major farmers' organization was the (A) Patrons of Husbandry. (B)
Populists. (C) Greenback Labor party. (D) Farmers' Alliance.
62. The original purpose of the Grange was to (A) get involved in politics. (B) support
an inflationary monetary policy. (C) stimulate self-improvement through educational and
social activities. (D) improve the farmers' collective plight.
63. In several states, farmers helped to pass the "Granger Laws," which (A) raised
tariffs. (B) lowered mortgage interest rates. (C) allowed them to form producer and
consumer cooperatives. (D) regulated railroad rates.
64. The Farmers' Alliance was formed to (A) provide help to northern farmers. (B)
provide opportunities for higher education. (C) take action to break the strangling grip of
the railroads. (D) help landless farmers gain property.
65. The Farmers' Alliance was weakened by all of the following except (A) internal
divisions. (B) the exclusion of black farmers. (C) ignoring the plight of landless farmers.
(D) the failure to target landowners.
68. The decline of the Long Drive and the cattle boom resulted from (A) settlement of
homesteading farmers. (B) severe winter weather. (C) overgrazing and overproduction.
(D) all of the above.
70. Those who tried to organize the farmers and solve their social isolation and
economic problems included (A) James B. Weaver. (B) Oliver H. Kelley. (C) Mary
Elizabeth Lease. (D) all of the above.
1. The most popular exhibit at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition was (A) an exhibit of
gowns worn by first ladies (B) the Corliss steam engine (C) a demonstration of the radio
(D) a letter by Mark Twain.
2. By the late 1800s, (A) the population of the United States had declined to one-half
of its 1850 number (B) only the West had a large amount of railroad tracks (C) women
could vote in all but the southern states (D) nearly 60 percent of the labor force worked in
nonagricultural jobs.
3. By the late 1800s, railroads (A) had shifted from iron to steel rails (B) had stopped
receiving government subsidies and aid (C) had still not connected the nation
transcontinentally (D) were becoming less important as automobiles and tracks took their
place.
4. Railroads changed American society in every way except (A) tying the United
States into a single commercial and economic unit (B) by stimulating the consumption of
steel (C) by serving as models for other large-scale businesses (D) by deterring
urbanization.
5. Communications in the era between 1860 and 1890 were greatly improved by the
(A) radio and telephone (B) computer and automobile (C) telegraph and telephone (D)
parcel post system and television.
6. By the late 1800s, (A) American corporations were downsizing and becoming less
influential (B) ownership became separated from management in American businesses
(C) the economy had been rationalized so that there were no longer business depressions
(D) political bribery had been stopped.
7. The Industrial Revolution did not (A) deter urbanization in the United States (B)
stimulate marketing innovations and assembly-line techniques (C) separate the workplace
from home (D) stimulate a decrease in family size.
8. The Metropolitan Opera opened in 1883 primarily because (A) the new "captains of
industry" believed American culture needed to he elevated (B) the old symphony hall was
too crowded and aesthetically unappealing (C) the old economic elite refused to share
control of the Academy of Music with the new economic elite (D) the economic elite of
New York City wanted to make New York City the art capital of the world
9. The creation of the Metropolitan Opera in 1883 and the publication of the Social
Register in 1888 reveal (A) the importance of religion in American society (B) the impact
of immigration (C) class fluidity and mobility (D) the increased feminization of
American culture.
10. According to Andrew Carnegie in the "Gospel of Wealth," (A) the government
should tax the wealthy and redistribute wealth in the United States (B) the rich should use
all of their money to ensure a good life for their families (C) the federal government had
an obligation to fund the arts in an American democracy (D) philanthropists should
funnel gifts to schools, hospitals libraries, and museums.
11. By the late 1800s. an adequate labor force for industries existed because of (A) the
impact socialist had made in improving factory working conditions (B) government
subsides of employees' pay (C) declining life expectancies in the Limited States (D)
immigration.
12. Regarding labor, Andrew Carnegie (A) believed that the government should
regulate all aspects of employer and employee relations (B) believed that workers were
inferior people and deserved minimal wages (C) praised labor unions and proclaimed his
support of them (D) insisted that workers must join socialist communes.
13. Andrew Carnegie responded to the Homestead strike of 1892 by (A) using
immigrants and blacks to reopen the steel mills (B) increasing wages and making the mill
safer (C) agreeing to a stock-share plan (D) asking President Cleveland to send in troops.
14. In the late 1800s, industrial workers faced all of die following problems except (A)
frequent unemployment with no access to private or governmental relief (B) the piecework system which drove diem to work faster (C) a shortage of workers which increased
the number of hours worked (D) injuries caused by using unfamiliar and unsafe machines
15. Labor unions found organization difficult in the United States because (A)
Americans had a tradition of radical socialism, and labor unions seemed too conservative
(B) most Americans lacked a class consciousness (C) the government competed in
offering incentives to workers (D) there were no charismatic labor leaders.
16. The National Labor Union (A) became a powerful political force during the election
of 1872 (B) supported the Republican party in the 1880s and 1890s (C) urged workers
controlled cooperatives (D) called for national strikes in 1887.
17. The Knights of Labor (A) is the only labor union established in the 1800s that still
exists today (B) accepted the wage system and simply wanted to modify it (C) urged its
members to become violent in their opposition to capitalism (D) wanted all workers to
join one union.
18. The American Federation of Labor (A) urged all workers of the world to unite in
one monolithic union (B) forced all members to vote for the Republican candidate (C)
excluded blacks, recent immigrants, and women from its ranks (D) never sanctioned
strikes.
19. "New immigrants" were predominantly (A) Roman Catholic and Jewish (B) Baptist
and Methodist (C) from northern and western Europe (D) from Asia and Africa.
20. The American Protective Association was primarily (A) intent on keeping Jewish
culture alive in the United States (B) interested in disseminating birth control information
(C) hopeful of controlling the impact of technology (D) anti-Catholic.
21. The newly developed industrial cities of the late 1800s (A) banned all business
enterprises to the suburbs (B) separated people according to ethnicity and social status
(C) eliminated poverty and crime to a remarkable degree (D) feared pollution and
therefore banned trolleys and streetcars
22. The "New South" doctrine (A) weakened the role of orthodox Christianity (B)
championed Republican candidates (C) hoped to use northern capital to industrialize the
South (D) urged social equality for blacks and whites.
23. In the West in the late 1800s, (A) railroads never penetrated into the Great Plains
(B) people refused to move west of St. Louis, Missouri, in large numbers (C) farmers
refused to use new technologies to improve production of agricultural goods (D) the U.S.
Army defeated Native Americans and forced them off their land.
24. According to Maury Klein, most Americans believed that the Industrial Revolution
(A) made America too materialistic and should be curtailed (B) would make America a
more egalitarian society (C) remarkably in creased productivity yet allowed for a
widening gap between the rich and everybody else (D) promoted family values and civic
virtue.
25. People who believed that men such as Cornelius Vanderbilt and Andrew Carnegie
were robber barons emphasized (A) the societal good which came from the Industrial
Revolution (B) the questionable) and unseemly manner in which they gained their wealth
(C) the racism of the early capitalists (D) the growing tendency toward socialism in the
United States.
26. The interpretation of "robber barons" was readily accepted by many at the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution because of (A) the scale of industrial enterprise,
which was unprecedented in American history (B) the religious indifference of most
capitalists (C) the propaganda spread by Marxists (D) the romantic poets who
championed robber barons' heroism.
27. Jay Gould made most of his money in (A) communications (B) steel (C) oil (D)
railroad.
28. If you believed that John Rockefeller was an "industrial statesman," you would
emphasize (A) that he best embodied a "survival of tile fittest" philosophy (B) the
technological innovations he pioneered (C) the stock-sharing program lie began for
employees of Standard Oil Company (D) how he returned over 60 percent of his profits
to the government in corporate taxes.
29. Standard Oil Trust was formed (A) to fund charitable and religious organizations
supported by John D. Rockefeller (B) to reglate the sale of oil to England and France (C)
as a tax shelter for Andrew Carnegie (D) to centralize control of all facets of the oil
operation
30. An oil company that owned and controlled oil wells, the barrels the oil was put in,
and the railroad that transported the oil would he an example of (A) vertical integration
(B) laissez-faire (C) technological progeny (D) downsizing.
31. More recent interpretations of Rockefeller and Carnegie (A) emphasize the role
religion played in their life (B) celebrate their paternalism (C) urge confiscation of their
families' inherited wealth (D) emphasize organizational and institutional development.
1. In the election of 1880, (A) the Democrats gained control of the House of
Representatives (B) the Democrats gained victory in the Electoral College (C) both
parties focused on personalities and manipulated Civil War imagery (D) less than 50
percent of the eligible voters voted.
2. When James (C) Blame was appointed secretary of state by President Garfield, (A)
the entire Senate Foreign Relations Committee resigned (B) Garfield lost control of
patronage in New York City (C) relations with China deteriorated (D) Senator Roscoe
Conkling was furious.
3. Enactment of the Pendleton Act was directly caused by (A) the assassination of
President Garfield (B) the Panic of 1873 (C) the monopoly created by Standard Oil
Company (D) the election of 1880 being sent to the Electoral College.
4. Politics in the late 1800s was characterized by all of the following except (A) weak
presidents (B) policy taking precedence over patronage (C) a dominating Congress (D)
extraordinarily high voter turnout.
5. In the late 1800s political parties (A) wrote specific and controversial platforms (B)
selected revolutionary candidates (C) addressed substantive issues (D) consisted of
coalitions of regional interests and ideological groups.
6. In the election of 1884, (A) inflation of the currency dominated all other issues (B)
the socialist third party won over 30 percent of the votes (C) the candidates' morality and
public behavior were emphasized (D) Populists won over 30 percent of the popular vote.
7. Presidential elections in the late 1800s (A) were a good form of mass entertainment
(B) were ignored by the masses (C) saw Democrats gain control or the White House from
1868 to 1900 (D) kept morality out of campaign discussions:.
8. In the late 1800s most Democrats (A) reminded the nation that they were the party
of Lincoln (B) supported tariffs and subsidies for big business (C) favored states' rights
and limited government (D) supported social welfare legislation.
9. In the late 1800s, most Republicans (A) feared industrialization and wanted the
government to control its growing power (B) favored a high protective tariff (C)
Supported high corporate and individual federal taxes (D) supported social welfare
legislation.
10. The major issue in the Presidential election of 1888 was (A) foreign policy (B)
income taxes (C) currency (D) the tariff.
11. In the late 1800s, the Republican party attracted (A) middle class, northern
Protestants (B) white southerners (C) newly arrived immigrants (D) urban political
bosses and their machines.
12. Mugwumps believed that (A) they and they alone, as men of talent, should manage
the government (B) all men were created equal and were equally worthy of power (C) the
"new" immigration wave was good for America because it made the nation more
ethnically diverse (D) civil service reform was a ruse that would not really reform the
government.
13. In the late 1800s farmers were troubled by all of the following except (A)
government indifference (B) international competition (C) high income taxes (D)
indebtedness incurred from farm machinery purchases.
14. The crop-lien system (A) emphasized diversification of crops (B) redistributed land
to poor black and white farmers after the Civil War (C) mortgaged unharvested crops (D)
was a farmer-owned cooperative.
15. The Grange (A) was mostly worried about the blurring of the separation between
church and state (B) urged farmers to stay out of politics so as not to antagonize political
elites (C) was blamed for the Haymarket Square riot in 1886 (D) successfully pushed
state laws which regulated railroads and warehouses.
16. The Farmers Alliance movement favored (A) farmers voting for Republican
candidates (B) government-subsidized warehouses to store crops and borrow up to 80
percent of their value (C) government ownership of land and the means of production (D)
government-sanctioned production limits to end overproduction.
17. In the South in the late 1800s, many whites (A) feared the Populist party would
unite poor blacks and whites (B) turned to the Republican party (C) urged creation of an
all-white third party (D) believed it was time for social equality for blacks and whites.
18. First and foremost among Populists meeting in Omaha in 1892 were (A) women's
rights activists (B) African-American civil rights activists (C) farmers (D) bankers.
19. The Omaha Platform of 1892 did not call for (A) free and unlimited coinage of
silver (B) government ownership of railroads (C) enactment of an income tax (D) a
voting rights act to protect blacks' and immigrants' voting privileges.
20. In the election of 1892, (A) the Populist party was the first third party since the
Civil War to gain electoral votes (B) Republicans gained control of the White House and
Congress (C) Populists offered a southern presidential and vice presidential candidate (D)
Democrats called for creation of the welfare state.
21. All of the following helped reelect Grover Cleveland in 1892 except (A) discontent
over the McKinley Tariff (B) anger at the "Billion Dollar Congress" (C) his strong
leadership during the Spanish-American War (D) labor strikes and unrest.
22. President Cleveland believed that the Panic of 1893 had been caused by (A)
excessive corporate taxes (B) the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (C) protective tariffs
which were too low (D) expenditures in the Spanish-American War.
23. As president, Grover Cleveland never (A) praised "Coxey's Army" for its grassroots political activism (B) persuaded Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase
Act (C) used troops to break the Pullman strike (D) allowed the Treasury to purchase
gold from Wall Street financiers to bolster the federal gold reserve.
24. The real winners of the 1894 congressional elections were (A) Democrats (B)
Republicans (C) Populists (D) Greenbackers.
25. As the 1896 election approached, the campaign focused on (A) income taxes (B)
the currency issue (C) foreign policy (D) regulation of corporations by government.
26. In 1896 William McKinley and the Republicans (A) urged that one-half of all lands
taken from Native Americans be returned (B) supported government ownership of
railroads (C) favored government regulation of corporations (D) supported unequivocally
the gold standard.
27. In the election of 1896, (A) William Jennings Bryan traveled over eighteen
thousand miles and crisscrossed the country (B) William McKinley traveled over
eighteen thousand miles and crisscrossed the country (C) Populists officially endorsed no
presidential candidate (D) the nation chose the most radical candidate to become
president.
28. In 1896 "fusion" referred to a combination of (A) Democrats and Greenbacks (B)
Republicans and Greenbacks (C) Democrats and Populists (D) Republicans and
Populists.
29. By 1900 a new political order emerged which was characterized by (A) the
continued influence of Populism (B) judicial supremacy (C) Congress gaining more
power than the president (D) the Republican party as the choice of the majority of the
electorate.
30. Politics from 1900 to 1920 changed as (A) the highest voter turnout in American history
occurred (B) parties focused on educating voters through more distribution of literature (C) party
bosses lost power and prestige (D) the two-party system was replaced by a multiparty system
31. According to historian Robert S. Salisbury, the Republican party in the late 1800s (A) was
totally controlled by corporate elites and cared only for the rich (B) was interested only in states
`issues arid needs and was ~strictly provincial" (C) championed an activist, positive government
(D) was more racist than the Democratic party
32. In the Gilded Age, federal land grants to railroads and subsidies to merchant marines would
most likely be supported by (A) Democrats (B) Greenbacks (C) Populists (D) Republicans.
33. In the Gilded Age, Republicans usually supported all of the following except (A)
tariffs to aid American industry (B) high corporate taxes (C) civil rights for blacks (D)
freedom of religion.
34. Which of the following is true? (A) Many more Americans participated in politics
during the Gilded Age than do in the modern era. (B) This era had many strong and
capable presidents, unfortunately, Congress seldom supported the executive. (C) Most of
the Gilded Age presidents were Republicans. (D) The policies of this era could be
described as generally laissez-faire.
35. How did the farming regions of the Great Plains differ from the farms of the South
and the West? (A) In the South and West, there were more large plantation style farms,
whereas the Plains farmers tended to own small to moderate sized outfits. (B) Much more
of the Great Plains land was farmed by large landowners employing seasonal workers
than in the South and the West. (C) The farms of the Great Plains and the South and West
were similar, both having about 20 percent of the land owned by corporations. (D) The
Plains farmers were relatively unaffected by railroad price increases, while southern
farmers were heavily dependent on rail transportation.
36. This president fought to recover and manage western lands. (A) Grover Cleveland
(B) Benjamin Harrison (C) James Garfield (D) Chester Arthur
37. During the administration of this president, the tariff on manufactured goods
increased and army pensions almost doubled. (A) Grover Cleveland (B) Benjamin
Harrison (C) James Garfield (D) Chester Arthur
38. How would farmers in the American Midwest most likely have felt about the tariff?
(A) They would have supported tariffs because they bring the price of locally
manufactured goods down. (B) They would have supported tariffs because they raise the
price of market crops. (C) They would have opposed tariffs because they increase the
price of manufactured goods. (D) They would have opposed tariffs because they hinder
foreign trade.
39. Why was the Interstate Commerce Act passed? (A) to regulate tariffs (B) to regulate
railroads (C) to undercut the Wabash Railroad (D) to regulate trade
40. Which of the following would most likely have been a Gilded Age Republican? (A)
a Jewish woman (B) an atheist (C) an Irish Catholic (D) a prohibitionist
41. Which issue caused the most difficulty for American farmers during the Gilded
Age? (A) tariffs too low to protect American trade (B) inaccessibility of credit (C)
transportation of crops to market (D) excessive debt
42. Which farmer would be more likely to join the Grange? (A) a tenant farmer in New
England (B) a prosperous farmer in the Midwest (C) a dirt farmer in the South (D) a
marginal farmer in Oregon
43. Which farmer would have been more likely to join the Alliance? (A) a southern
tenant farmer (B) a prosperous southern plantation owner (C) a corporate farmer in the
Plains area
44. Independent parties (A) never achieved much political success. (B) swept the 1896
elections. (C) attracted large-scale businessmen frustrated with government interference.
(D) gained support from farmers in the late 1800s.
45. This president was not elected. (A) Grover Cleveland (B) Benjamin Harrison (C)
James Garfield (D) Chester Arthur
46. Jerry Simpson and Mary Elizabeth Lease were (A) educational reformers. (B)
agrarian radicals. (C) prohibitionists (D) civil rights advocates.