Introduction to Psychology
Spring 2014
Exam 4
Form A
INSTRUCTIONS
1. There is one best answer for each question.
2. Talking or gesturing to another student, looking at another student’s paper, or looking at notes or
texts is considered cheating. Also, you are not allowed to use electronic devices or cell phones
during the exam. If anyone is caught cheating, he or she will receive a zero for this exam. Don’t
Cheat!!!
3. Once you turn in your exam you cannot look at it again, so make sure to answer the questions
carefully.
__________________________
(Name printed)
_________________________
(Section)
Good luck and have a great break!!
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Multiple Choice (2 points each)
1. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate
gratification of basic drives is the
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Erogenous zone
2. According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among
a. Thoughts, emotions, and actions
b. Behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events
c. Id, ego, and superego
d. Self-concept, self-actualization, and self-transcendence
3. The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of
___________ and to overestimate the impact of ____________ in explaining the behavior of
others.
a. Normative influences; informational influences
b. Informational influences; normative influences
c. Personal dispositions; situational influences
d. Situational influences; personal dispositions
4. Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister’s wedding to avoid his family’s
disapproval. Kentaro’s behavior exemplifies the importance of
a. The mere exposure effect
b. Informational social influence
c. Normative social influence
d. Social facilitation
5. Mental health workers label behavior as disordered when it is
a. Aggressive, persistent, and intentional
b. Selfish, persistent, and intentional
c. Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
d. Biologically influenced, unconsciously motivated, and difficult to change
6. Flat affect and catatonia are symptoms most closely associated with
a. Schizophrenia
b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. Bipolar disorder
d. Antisocial personality disorder
7. Which view of self-esteem says that our conception of self is based on how we think other see
us?
a. Comparison view
b. Competence view
c. Reciprocal determinism
d. Looking-glass self
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8. Jenny is a satisficer. This means that
a. She wants the best possible outcomes
b. She does not care about the outcomes of her choices
c. She always has trouble making decisions
d. She just wants her outcomes to be acceptable or good enough
9. We do our best to view ourselves favorably. This is referred to as the
a. Competence view of self-esteem
b. Self-serving bias
c. Spotlight effect
d. Looking-glass view of self-esteem
10. Elissa feels worthless and has trouble concentrating. She is having trouble sleeping and has
completely lost her appetite. She used to enjoy sewing, but no longer finds pleasure in that or
any other activity. Elissa will most likely be diagnosed with
a. Major depressive disorder
b. Bipolar disorder
c. Generalized anxiety disorder
d. Antisocial personality disorder
11. Roger is working on a group project in his philosophy class. Based on principles in social
psychology, you would expect that Roger __________ because of __________.
a. Is doing more than usual; social facilitation
b. Is doing less than usual; social impairment
c. Is doing less than usual; social loafing
d. Is doing more than usual; groupthink
12. ______________ is the phenomenon in which a person fails to take responsibility for either
action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the
responsibility.
a. Diffusion of responsibility
b. Bystander effect
c. Altruism
d. Just world phenomenon
13. Which of the following is not one of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
a. Oral
b. Phallic
c. Latency
d. Cognitive
14. Humans unconsciously mimic others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones. This is referred to
as the
a. Spotlight effect
b. Chameleon effect
c. Mere exposure effect
d. Bystander effect
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15. In Freud’s Psychodynamic theory, which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Libido
16. The distinctive pattern of traits, dispositions, or characteristics that characterize an individual
over time and across situations is referred to as
a. Reciprocal determinism
b. Explanatory style
c. Attribution
d. Personality
17. We think that people pay more attention to us than they actually do. This is referred to as the
a. Spotlight effect
b. Chameleon effect
c. Mere exposure effect
d. Bystander effect
18. Jill is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy. She has experienced excessive worry
almost every day for the past 7 months and cannot identify the source of her worry. She also
feels tense and has trouble sleeping. She will most likely be diagnosed with
a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. Post-traumatic stress disorder
c. Generalized anxiety disorder
d. Schizophrenia
19. One of the best predictors of mental disorder is
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Religion
d. Poverty
20. ________________ is common when completing easy tasks. On the other hand,
________________ is common when completing difficult tasks.
a. Social loafing; social facilitation
b. Social impairment; social facilitation
c. Social facilitation; social impairment
d. Social facilitation; social loafing
21. In Freud’s Psychodynamic theory, which part of the personality acts as a moral center?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Libido
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22. ______________ occurs when the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their
opposites. For example, saying “Oh I hate him” when you really, really like him.
a. Regression
b. Rationalization
c. Repression
d. Reaction formation
23. _____________ are a person’s explanations for their own behavior and the behavior of others.
a. Traits
b. Attributions
c. Prejudices
d. Defense mechanisms
24. Will has a history of violent behavior. He has formed no emotional attachments and feels no
guilt, shame, or empathy. He will most likely be diagnosed with
a. Dissociate identity disorder
b. Schizophrenia
c. Antisocial personality disorder
d. Panic disorder
25. ______________ is the defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a
more acceptable or less threatening object or person.
a. Repression
b. Displacement
c. Rationalization
d. Reaction formation
26. When is self-esteem the highest?
a. Up until the 1st birthday
b. Preschool and kindergarten
c. Middle childhood
d. Adulthood
27. Which type of therapy associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior?
a. Cognitive therapy
b. Behavioral therapy
c. Aversive conditioning
d. Systematic desensitization
28. Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence attraction?
a. Proximity
b. Physical attractiveness
c. Similarity
d. Difference
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29. Elizabeth has an anxiety disorder. Her therapist is teaching her to use progressive relaxation.
She is learning to associate a pleasant and relaxed state with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli. This type of therapy is referred to as
a. Virtual reality exposure therapy
b. Cognitive therapy
c. Systematic desensitization
d. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
30. __________ is an unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
a. Discrimination
b. Social facilitation
c. Conformity
d. Altruism
Short Answer (Point values are written next to each question)
(Please write legibly! If I cannot read your answer, it will be counted as wrong.)
1. What is the person-situation controversy?
[2 pts]
2. What percentage of American adults suffer from a mental disorder in any given year?
[1 pt]
3. List the “Big Five” personality traits suggested by factor analysis. [5 pts]
4. Describe two pieces of evidence that show that children are able to recognize themselves by the age of two. [4
pts]
5. List 3 reasons why people obey when they don’t want to. [3 pts]
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6. List 2 risk factors AND 2 protective factors for mental disorders? [2 pts]
7. List 2 ways to reduce the tendency to make the fundamental attribution error. [2 pts]
8. Describe the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. [2 pts]
9. How do people with depression explain their failures (i.e., what is their explanatory style)? [3 pts]
10. What is the mere exposure effect? [2 pts]
11. What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions? Provide an example of each. [4 pts]
12. What is cognitive dissonance? List 2 things people can do to reduce it. [5 pts]
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13. Describe the pattern of how self-descriptions change throughout the lifespan (from the toddler years through
adulthood). [5 pts]
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