GEOGRAPHY 2412 ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE FALL 2007 Instructor: Lecture: Office: Office hours: CU Learn Site: Professor E. Yeh Tues, Thurs, 11-11:50am, Muenzinger E050 Guggenheim 103A, 303-492-5438, yehe@colorado.edu Tuesdays, 1-3 pm, or by appointment Instead of a class website, this class will use CU Learn. Log into CU Learn http://culearn.colorado.edu with your identikey and password and click on the link for Geography 2412. Please check this site frequently! All class materials, including this syllabus, homework assignments, announcements, and readings not in the text will be placed on CU Learn. Updates and possible adjustments to both the readings and the lecture schedule will also be announced there. You are responsible for being aware of these changes. In addition, you can keep track of your own assignment grades for the class through CU Learn. Teaching assistants and sections: Lead TA: Abby Hickcox, abby.hickcox@colorado.edu, Section 107 * primary contact for clicker questions * TAs: Amy Zader, amy.zader@colorado.edu, Sections 108, 111 Jessica Schwarz, Jessica.schwarz@colorado.edu, Sections 103, 113 Joshua Taylor, Joshua.S.Taylor@colorado.edu Sections 102, 112 Julie Shapiro, Julie.shapiro@colorado.edu, Sections 117, 120 Kerry Malm, kmalm@colorado.edu, Sections 101, 115 Daniel McGrath, Daniel.mcgrath@colorado.edu Sections 105, 116 Tony LaGreca, Anthony.lagreca@colorado.edu Sections 109, 114 Tyler Roberts, tyler.roberts@colorado.edu, Sections 104, 106 Yonten Nyima, yundannima.yundannima@colorado.edu Section 110 TA office hours will be handed out in the individual recitation sections and posted on CU Learn. Course topic The goals of this class are to increase your understanding of key contemporary environmental issues and to introduce you to the ways in which the field of geography has approached the interaction between society and nature. In pursuit of these goals, the class will survey global and regional environmental issues and problems, with an emphasis on their social, political-economic, and cultural dimensions. The study of these issues evokes one of the most profound questions of our times: What is, and what ought to be, the relationship between humans and the environment? Throughout the semester, we will address this question through an examination of selected environmental issues, varied social responses to environmental change, and the different ways in which human societies have transformed the earth. We will also ask: How do we understand “nature”? What drives human modification of the earth, and how are specific groups of people differentially affected by those modifications? What kinds of assumptions have led to the creation of certain environmental problems (and for whom are they problems)? What kinds of assumptions underlie our attempts to solve these problems and what differential impacts do efforts to mitigate environmental change have? Topics you will learn about include population and consumption; agriculture; energy; biodiversity and conservation; anthropogenic climate change; and water use. Through this class, you should find that geography offers an integrated way of understanding that is increasingly useful for addressing some of the world’s most pressing problems and their potential solutions. 1 Required textbooks There are two required textbooks, both available at the University Bookstore. Withgott and Brennan. 2007 Essential Environment – The Science Behind the Stories. Second Edition. [“Essential Environment”] Annual Editions – Environment – 07/08. Twenty-fifth Edition. 2007 [“Annual Editions”] In addition, you will also have assigned, required readings, which will be placed on E-reserve and on CU Learn. I-clicker In addition to the readings, you must purchase an I-clicker for this class. Some copies of Withgott and Brennan are packaged together with a $10 coupon for an I-clicker. This is the same I-clicker as is being used across campus, and you only need one for all of your classes. To register your I-clicker after you have clicked it once during lecture, log into CU Connect, click the “Courses” tab and then click on the “CU Clicker registration button.” The frequency for the lecture hall is BB. You will need to remember to set the frequency to BB at the beginning of each lecture (or each time you power it on, if you turn it off during lecture). If your frequency is not set properly, you will know when the light on your clicker flashes red instead of green when you try to click an answer. If your light flashes green, your answer has been received and registered. We strongly recommend that you put your name/email/phone number on your clicker. In case you lose your clicker and need to purchase a new one, let us know so that we can re-register your grades to date to your new clicker. Do not forget to bring your clicker to lecture. There will be clicker questions at all lectures except for days we show films or when there are guest lecturers. We will give everyone a few “free” clicker points to cover the possibility that you may forget to bring it once or twice, but if you forget frequently, your clicker grade will suffer. You do not need to bring the clicker to recitation. Further instructions and resources for help with clickers can be found on CU Learn. Readings Lecture readings, as listed in the class schedule, are to be done before coming to lecture that day. Clicker questions may be based on those readings. Recitation readings are to be done before your recitation for that week. Course Structure Lectures on Tuesdays and Thursdays will cover key points that will build upon the reading that you have already done for that day. On occasion, I will show a relevant film related to the topic of the day. Exam questions will be taken from lectures, guest lectures, films, as well as the textbook. Lecture attendance and clickers Your attendance is expected at the lecture section. I will ask 2-4 clicker questions, usually at the beginning and/or end of each lecture. A receiver will be connected to a laptop and this system will be used to record your answers. I will use these responses to guide the lecture, clarify confusing material, and assess comprehension of previous lectures and required readings. These questions during lecture (correct answer = 2 pts; wrong answer = 1pt) constitute 10% of your final grade. If you must miss class unavoidably on a few occasions, make sure to get notes from a classmate. Lecture notes An outline of what will be covered in lecture will be put up on CU Learn by 9am the day of class, to make them available for pre-lecture printing. These notes are NOT a substitute for lecture attendance but rather are simply an aid to note-taking. Lecture notes will not be put up on days when there are films or guest lecturers. All films shown will be available in the Norlin Media Library. Recitations, held once a week, are your opportunity to clarify any questions you may have about the lectures, and to discuss your views of contemporary environmental issues presented in lecture. This is also your opportunity to develop and defend your position through discussion and debate. On a few 2 occasions, recitation instructors will teach a topic related to lecture material. In general, the recitations will review material covered in the previous week’s lectures, though there will be exceptions to this. Prior to your recitation section each week, you will be variously required to read an article or chapter, and/or prepare a written assignment, and/or prepare answers to questions that will be used as your notes for discussion/debate (but not turned in). The specific requirements for each week are listed in the schedule below. Six sets of discussion/debate preparation questions will be due throughout the semester. Although these do not need to be handed in, your recitation instructor will check to see if you have done them, and if you have not, or have done them only very superficially (such that you are unable to participate intelligently in discussion) points will be deducted from your participation grade for that day. This is to ensure that recitation discussions and debates are worthwhile. Finally, there will be seven written assignments that will be due in recitation. These will be posted on CU Learn and you must turn them in during class. The purpose of these written assignments is to deepen your understanding of the material presented in lecture, and again, to prepare you for recitation discussion. Be sure to look very carefully at the assignments the week before they are due, so that you can ask any questions you may have about them in recitation. Unless otherwise noted, these written assignments are to be typed. For assignments which require short answers, you can enter the answers directly on the page downloaded from the website, and print it out. For each day that your assignment is late, you will lose 10% of your grade. Your attendance is required during recitation. Lecture, recitation, and critical thinking Some of the topics covered in this class can be controversial. The lecture will provide facts, frameworks, and a guide to interpretation of these topics. Students are welcome to offer additional points, but please note that, given the sheer size of the class, it is during discussion sections and through the students’ written answers that each student will have the greatest opportunity to confront issues and defend particular positions. Hopefully, over the course of the semester, each student’s personal position will develop or evolve, or perhaps even change. The only important thing is that each student develops a position that can be defended in the face of critique and facts. Developing your ability to articulate your position, in both discussion and in written from, is developing the ability to think critically. This ability, regardless of what one’s position may be, will be a very useful tool in further university coursework as well as life after college. Assignments and grades are as follows: There will be a good deal of work and reading for this class. A good rule of thumb is that three hours of work are necessary for each hour of in-class time, or in other words 9 hours a week outside of this class. You should review the material continuously throughout the semester and ask questions about material that you do not understand. Budget your time accordingly. Recitation written assignments: Best 6 out of 7, Attendance, participation in recitation discussions, etc. Clicker questions in lecture Mid-term examination Final examination 6 x 5% = 30% 20% 10% 20% 20% 100% Examinations The mid-term exam will be held on Thursday October 18 in class. The final exam will be held Saturday December 15 at 10:30am. The format of the exams will be true-false and multiple-choice. The final will not be cumulative in the traditional sense. It will likely use terms and concepts that you learned in the first half of the class, but will test your knowledge of material taught after the mid-term. 3 Both exams will test understanding of the concepts and processes presented in lectures and readings, and discussed in recitation sections. In general no make-up exams will be given. Therefore, please note the date/time of the mid-term and final, and make your travel plans around it, not the other way around. The only exceptions to the make-up exam policy are as follows: (1) The University allows students with 3 or more exams scheduled for a single day to take one of them on an alternate day. The University deadline to let me know that you want to exercise this option for either the mid-term or final is Friday, October 5. However, the sooner, the better. (2) Students with serious religious observance conflicts must notify the TA or professor by September 13. This scheduling will be resolved according to the University’s Religious observances policy (see below). (3) In cases of serious illness with medical documentation, students may be permitted to reschedule after discussion with the professor. Missing an exam for any other reason will result in a grade of 0 for that exam. 4 CLASS SCHEDULE This schedule of lectures and readings is subject to modification during the semester. WEEK ONE Introduction – NO RECITATIONS THIS WEEK Tues Aug 28 Introduction to class and go over syllabus Thurs Aug 30 Reading: Cultures of nature; thinking about society and the environment “Introduction,” Jennifer Price, Flight Maps: Adventures with nature in modern America. 1999. Perseus Books. Pp. xv- xxii (on CU Learn AND E-reserve) and Essential Environment, pp. 15-21, 35 (start at “US Environmental Policy”)-42 (stop at “The Environmental Policy Process”) Extra credit option: 6pm tonight: “The Global energy crisis: climate change, mitigation and adaptation.” UMC Room 235, Extra credit if you attend and write a 1-2 page typed summary of the arguments of each of the five panelists (2-4 points added to midterm grade, depending on how thoughtful and well written your summary is). If you choose this option, turn your summary in to your TA next week. WEEK TWO Human transformations of the earth Recitation reading: “A brief natural history of the plastic pink flamingo,” Jennifer Price, Flight Maps; Adventures with nature in modern America. 1999. Perseus Books. Pp. 111-165. Tues Sept 4 Reading: Human transformations of the earth Essential Environment, pp. 49-52 (stop at “Chemistry and the Environment”); 60-73 (start on p.60 at “How environmental systems work. You can skip “Plate tectonics shapes earth’s geography on p. 71) Thurs Sept 6 Reading: Human transformations of the earth (continued) Annual Environments, Article 5, “The climax of humanity,” pp. 45-47 WEEK THREE Population and consumption Recitation reading: Essential Environment, pp. 193-199; 203 (start with “Urban centers have mixed Consequences for the environment”) – 205 (stop at “Forestry and resource management”). Pay attention to the debate on p. 197. Assignment 1 due in recitation: Ecological footprint (EXCEPT FOR MONDAY RECITATIONS) Tues Sept 11 Reading: Biogeochemical cycles; Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Annual Editions, Article 6. “Population and consumption: what we know, what we need to know,” pp. 52-58; and Essential Environment, pp. 3-7, 24-33; 123-126; 136-139 [NOTE: Wed Sept 12 is deadline to drop without “W” appearing on transcript and without being assessed for tuition/fees] 5 Thurs Sept 13 Reading: Population and Consumption; IPAT; Development as problem or solution? Annual Editions, Article 4, “Do global attitudes and behaviors support Sustainable development?” pp. 30-44. WEEK FOUR Population/consumption (continued); tragedy of the commons Recitation reading: Ronald Bailey, 2002. “Wilting Greens” in Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Environmental Issues, pp. 34-36. Assignment 1 due for Monday recitation Discussion/debate preparation 1 must be completed before, and brought to, your recitation Tues Sept 18 Reading: Consumption and population, continued, Malthus, food and famine Annual Editions, Article 19, “Dryland development: success stories from West Africa” pp. 151-161. Thurs Sept 20 Film on consumption – Affluenza WEEK FIVE Property rights/ Agriculture Recitation reading: Essential Environment, pp. 126-136 Assignment 2 due in recitation: Population/consumption/tragedy of commons Tues Sept 25 Reading: Tragedy of the commons? : Property rights in problems and solutions Hardin, Garrett. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science. 163: 1243-1248. and Feeny, D., F. Berkes. B.J. McCay & J. Acheson (1988) “The Tragedy of the commons: 22 years later” Green Planet Blues. Edited by Ken Conca, Michael Alberty and Geoffrey D. Dabelko. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 53-62. Tues Sept 27 Property rights (continued); Agriculture – environmental effects, the Green Revolution Reading: Essential Environment, pp. 141-167; and “Where have all the farmers gone?” Brian Halwell, World Watch Sept/Oct 2000. WEEK SIX Agriculture/water Discussion Preparation 2, which you need to bring to recitation will require that you answer questions by reading the following websites: http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1687&Itemid=1189 http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/files/Utilities/Water_Conservation/DroughtPlanVol1.pdf http://www.hydrosphere.com/projects/boulder_drought_plan.htm http://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/water/wateruse.php 6 Tues Oct 2 Agriculture (continued)- genetically modified organisms; industrial agriculture Reading: Annual Editions, Article 8, pp. 66-70 Thurs Oct 4 Agriculture – organics; sustainable agriculture WEEK SEVEN Water Assignment 3 due in recitation: Water (bring your answers to recitation) Discussion/debate preparation 3: Genetically modified organisms Tues Oct 9 Reading: Water – hydrological cycle Essential Environment, pp. 240-252 Annual Editions Article 20, pp. 162-171 [NOTE: Wed Oct 10 is the drop deadline for NON- Arts & Sciences students] Thurs Oct 11 Water (continued) privatization and scarcity WEEK EIGHT Midterm week Tues Oct 16 MID-TERM REVIEW Thurs Oct 18 MID-TERM WEEK NINE Climate Change and climate justice Discussion/debate prep 4 Climate change science – evidence, mechanisms, impacts Tues Oct 23 Reading: Essential Environment, pp. 271-275 (stop at “Outdoor air pollution”); 278 (start at “Burning fossil fuels produces industrial smog”) – 284; 288-299. Annual Editions, Article 10 “The Irony of climate”, pp. 79-82; Thurs Oct 25 Environmental Justice (Maxine Burkett, CU School of Law) Reading: WEEK TEN In the wake of the storm: Environment, disaster and race after Katrina” http://www.russellsage.org/news/060515.528528, pp. 1-42. Climate change, continued Assignment 4 due in recitation: toxics/environmental justice Tues Oct 30 Climate change, continued – vulnerability, responses Reading: 1. Annual Editions, Article 26, “The Tipping Point”, pp 221-224. 7 2. Annual Editions, Article 10 “The Irony of climate”, pp. 79-82; 3. “Dangers and thresholds in climate change and the implications for justice” Stephen Schneider and Janica Lane, in Fairness in Adaptation to Climate Change, pp. 23-51. Thurs Nov 1 Reading: Climate change – Kyoto and beyond, climate justice 1. Annual Editions, Article 27 “Swift boating, stealth budgeting, and unitary executives”, pp. 225-228 and 2. “Introduction: Wet feet marching” in A climate of injustice: Global inequality, North-South Politics and Climate Policy, pp. 1-19. [Note: Friday Nov 2 is drop deadline for students in the college of Arts & Sciences] WEEK ELEVEN Climate change (continued)/automobility Assignment 5 due in recitation: climate change Discussion/debate preparation 5: climate change Tues Nov 6 Post-Kyoto action at various scales – international, national, regional, local No reading Thurs Nov 8 Cultures of nature: the automobile and American nature No reading WEEK TWELVE Automobility and Energy: petro-politics and renewables Assignment 6 due in recitation: Automobile essay Discussion/debate preparation 6: ANWR (must be completed before, and brought to, your recitation) Recitation reading: Essential Environment, pp. 319-326 (Nuclear energy) Tues Nov 13 Automobility/conventional energy Conventional energy Reading: Essential Environment, pp. 301-319 (stop at “Nuclear Power”) Thurs Nov 15 Robert Gough – renewable energy on native American lands Reading: Annual Editions, Article 12, “More profit with less carbon”, Article 13, “Wind power: obstacles and opportunities” and Article 16, “Sunrise for renewable energy?” pp. 96-114; 123-125. NO CLASS WEEK OF NOVEMBER 20 – FALL BREAK/THANKSGIVING 8 WEEK THIRTEEN Conventional energy Discussion preparation 7: renewable energy (must be completed before, and brought to, your recitation) Recitation reading: Essential Environment, pp. 329-351 Tues Nov 27 Petropolitics No Reading Thurs Nov 29 Reading: Cultures of nature/biodiversity: indigenous knowledge and ethnobotany Film: The Shaman’s apprentice Annual editions, Article 18, “Markets for Biodiversity services” pp 139-147 Essential Environment, pp 169-189 WEEK FOURTEEN Biodiversity/Parks and wilderness Recitation reading: “ ‘Are you an environmentalist or do you work for a living?’: Work and nature” Richard White. 1996." In William Cronon (ed). Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the human place in nature. p. 171-183. Tues Dec 4 Biodiversity Reading: Thurs Dec 6 Reading: WEEK FIFTEEN “Introduction: From common ground” and “Conclusion: Exceptions and the rule” Dispossessing the wilderness: Indian removal and the making of the national parks. Mark David Spence, Oxford UP, 1999. pp. 3-8; 133-139. The trouble with wilderness: parks and dispossession “Vanishing (Remaining)” by Rebecca Solnit, Savage Dreams: A journey Into the hidden wars of the American West. 1994, pp. 268-293. Wrap-up Assignment 7 due in recitation: Environmentalisms Tues Dec 11 Is green consumerism the answer? Thinking about the way forward/wrap-up Reading: Michael Maniates 2002. "Individualization: plant a tree, buy a bike, save the world?" in Thomas Princen, Michael Maniates, Ken Conca, eds., Confronting Consumption. Cambridge: MIT Press: 43-66. AND Essential Environment, p. 372-378 9 Thurs Dec 13 REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM Final Exam: Saturday, December 15th, 10:30am – 1:00pm, same classroom (Muen E050) Bring a #2 pencil and eraser to all exams! CAMPUS POLICIES AND HELPFUL HINTS HOW CAN I DO WELL IN THIS CLASS? Attend all lectures and recitations. Participate actively in recitation, having thought about readings ahead of time. Keep up with the required readings. Turn in all recitation assignments the day they are due. On recitation assignments, pay attention to proper grammar, punctuation and writing style, to use of ideas learned in class, as well as to the persuasiveness of your argument. Your TAs are here to help! Ask questions during recitation; visit their office hours immediately if you have trouble with the material. The earlier you see them, the more they can help you. Take effective notes on readings and lecture. In taking notes, identify key arguments, important points, themes, trends, and concepts. Read over your notes and see if they make sense. If not, or if you have any remaining questions. ask your TA or the professor. A good way to study for exams is to pretend you are the instructor and write your own test questions. Once you’ve written the questions, answer them yourself without referring to the book. Campus Policies Accommodations for students with disabilities If you qualify for accommodations because of a disability, please submit to your TA or the professor a letter from Disability Services as soon as possible, and certainly no later than October 2 (the 6th week of class), so that your needs may be addressed. Disability Services determines accommodations based on documented disabilities. (303-492-8671, Willard 322, www.Colorado.edu/disabilityservices) Religious observances Students whose religious obligations conflict with scheduled exams or will significantly impact required attendance in lectures or recitation must notify the professor or TA as soon as possible. If this is the case, the student and professor will meet and work out a mutually satisfactory agreement for the particular situation. However, it is the student’s responsibility to examine the course schedule immediately for anticipated conflicts and notify the professor or TA by Thursday September 13 at the latest. Discrimination and harassment Any student who believes s/he has been the subject of discrimination or harassment based upon race, color, national origin, sex, age, disability, religion, sexual orientation, or veteran status should contact the Office of Discrimination and Harassment (ODH) at 303-492-2127 or the Office of Judicial Affairs at 303492-5550. Information about the ODH, the relevant campus policies, and the campus resources available to assist individuals regarding discrimination or harassment can be found at http://www.colorado.edu/odh. Honor Code and authorized assistance 10 All students of the University of Colorado at Boulder are responsible for knowing and adhering to the academic integrity policy of this institution. Violations of this policy may include: cheating, plagiarism, aid of academic dishonesty, fabrication, lying, bribery, and threatening behavior. All incidents of academic misconduct will be reported to the Honor Code Council (honor@colorado.edu; 303-725-2273). Students who are found to be in violation of the academic integrity policy will be subject to both academic sanctions from the faculty member and non-academic sanctions (including but not limited to university probation, suspension, or expulsion). Other information on the Honor Code can be found at http://www.colorado.edu/policies/honor.html and at www.colorado.edu/academics/honorcode/ The Honor Code Pledge reads: “On my honor, as a University of Colorado at Boulder student, I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this (test) (paper) (work) (assignment)” For this class, authorized assistance will be limited to your own personal knowledge during exams, and your own written work on all written assignments. When preparing the weekly recitation assignments, you may discuss the readings and the answers to your questions with others but your written answers must be your own. You are encouraged to use the services of the writing center (see http://www.colorado.edu/pwr/) and to have someone else proofread or offer suggestions on your writing assignments before submitting them. However, it is a violation of the honor code to cut and paste text from web sites into your written assignments without both quotation marks and proper citation. It is also a violation of the honor code to take writing by your classmates and present it as your own. That is, while it is fine to think about and discuss assignments with your classmates, it is a violation of the honor code to turn in identical written answers. Finally, note that according to the Honor Code, "An assembly of huge blocks of other individuals' existing material, even when cited, does not constitute an appropriate representation of this expectation (that the papers will be written by the student)". The bottom line of the Honor code: if you cheat or plagiarize on any test or assignment, you will receive an F for the class and the violation will be reported to the Honor Council. Classroom behavior Students and faculty each have responsibility for maintaining an appropriate learning environment. Those who fail to adhere to such behavioral standards may be subject to discipline. Professional courtesy and sensitivity are especially important with respect to individuals and topics dealing with differences of race, culture, religion, politics, sexual orientation, gender, gender variance, and nationalities. Class rosters are provided to the instructor with the student's legal name. TAs and the professor will gladly honor your request to address you by an alternate name or gender pronoun. Please advise us of this preference early in the semester so that we may make appropriate changes to our records. See polices http://www.colorado.edu/policies/classbehavior.html and at http://www.colorado.edu/studentaffairs/judicialaffairs/code.html#student_code As common courtesy to fellow students and the instructors, students are requested to pay attention to the following: Turn off all cell phones and pagers before coming to class. Do not talk out of turn. Given the disruption caused by entry and exit from the lecture hall, it is important that all remain in their seats until the lecture is over. Late arrivals and early exits are disruptive and should be avoided if at all possible. If you must leave early, please sit close to the door and leave as unobtrusively as possible. 11 Department of Geography Code of Conduct: In the Department of Geography, instructors strive to create an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect in which learning, debate, and intellectual growth can thrive. Creating this atmosphere, however, requires that instructors and students work to achieve a classroom in which learning is not disrupted. At the most basic level, this means that everyone should attend class, and be prepared with readings and assignments completed, and that students pay attention. This means no conversations with friends, reading the newspaper, coming late, or leaving early. Such behavior is disruptive to the instructor and to your fellow classmates. These basics of classroom etiquette are an important means of building and showing mutual respect. Inevitably, however, disagreements will arise. Sometimes these disagreements will be about content, sometimes about grades or course procedures, and sometimes they will be about the treatment of participants in the class. In order to facilitate the resolution of these disagreements, the following guidelines should be followed. All interactions must be guided by mutual respect and trust. If you are bothered by some aspect of the class, identify what it is that is bothering you and center the discussion on that issue. Address issues that concern you early. Problems are easier to resolve before they fester. Consider whether it is best to address your concerns in class or in a separate appointment with the instructor. Remember, behavior that disrupts your fellow classmates is not acceptable. Abusive speech or behavior will not be tolerated in any interaction between students or between student and instructor. If an instructor feels that your speech or behavior is abusive, you will be asked to leave the room. If you believe an instructor has become abusive, you may leave the room and talk with the department chairperson. Debate and discussion can continue after all parties can proceed with mutual respect. If mutual respect cannot be restored, either you or the instructor may take the issue to the department chairperson or the campus Ombuds Office. The TAs will sometimes walk around the lecture hall to observe use of clickers. If any of the TAs notices a student talking loudly or otherwise disturbing the ability of other students to learn from lecture, they will take the student’s name down to be noted in the student’s grade records for the semester. If a student has more than one such note, we will deduct from the student’s participation grade for each additional incident. 12