Name ___________________________________________
Bio A Biochemistry Study Guide – Test Tuesday Nov 26
1.
List the 5 main elements found in living organisms. CHNOPS
2.
What makes a molecule organic? It needs C and H (and O in living things)
3.
Why does carbon readily combine with other elements? (it has 4 valence electrons and can covalently bond easily
4.
What are the three main shapes of molecules that covalent bonds between carbons can make?
Straight chain, branched, cyclic
5.
What is a macromolecule?
A large molecule. We generally use that term to refer to carbohydrates,lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
6.
Compare/contrast monomers and polymers
Polymers are very large and are repeating units of monomers. Monomers must be able to join in long
chains to create polymers.
7.
What are the four organic macromolecules in living things?
Protein, Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic acids
8.
Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis
a. Which is building up? Dehydration Synthesis
b.
Which is breaking down? Hydrolysis
c.
What is added/subtracted from the substrate? Water
Carbohydrates
9.
What are the three elements found in carbohydrates and what proportion are they found in a monosaccharide?
CH2O
10. What are the uses of carbohydrates in animals? In plants?
Instant energy (monomers) ST storage (starch) structure (exoskeletons)
11. Compare/contrast monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are a single unit of a carbohydrate, dissolve in water and are sweet
Polysaccharides do not dissolve, are long chained, and are not sweet.
12. Draw a glucose molecule. You need to be able to recognize this molecule as it is super important!
See the drawings I gave you or your table
13. Describe what happens during a dehydration synthesis (aka condensation) reaction in regards to glucose and the
formation of polysaccharides. Draw it happening between two monosaccharides, and don’t forget the water!
14. What are the three main types of complex carbohydrates (aka polysaccharides) that are made by plants and animals
and what is each used for?
Glycogen – Short term energy storage in animals (liver and muscle) – made in animals
Chitin - structural in animals (exoskeleton (crab, shrimp, cockroach
Starch – Short term energy storage – made by plants
Cellulose – cell walls – made by plants
15. What is the significance of the way cellulose monomers are bonded together when it comes to an animal trying to
digest cellulose?
The way the glucoses are joined is different. Because of this, a different enzyme is required to break down
cellulose (which animals don’t make).
16. How have certain types of animals (think termites and cows!) gotten around the indigestible nature of cellulose?
Animals such as cows, horses, sheep, goats, and termites have symbiotic bacteria in the
intestinal tract. These symbiotic bacteria possess the necessary enzymes to digest
cellulose in the GI tract. They have the required enzymes for the breakdown or hydrolysis
of the cellulose;
Lipids
17. What elements are found in lipids? Is there a set ratio?
CHO, no
18. Why is there more potential energy in lipids than in carbohydrates (per gram)?
There are many more C-C bonds in a lipid (as compared to glucose or protein, so it stores more energy.
19. What are the main uses of lipids in animals and plants?
Insulation, make steroids, cushioning, cell membrane, energy storage
20. Why do animals use lipids instead of glycogen for long term energy storage?
1 gram of lipid stores 9 calories..so you get more calories stored in lipids for the same amount of “space
and weight”.
21. Be able to identify the following. You won’t be asked to draw them, but you must be able to recognize them, so
draw them now just to be sure. You will also need to be able to tell me about their functions, so do that here, too.
Fatty acid (saturated and unsaturated)
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Triglyceride
Steroid (cholesterol)
Phospholipid show one of these and how they group in a membrane
22. Explain a dehydration synthesis reaction by combining 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. Label the end product
See number 21
23. Are lipids polar or non-polar and what does this mean in regards to H20?
Non-polar, will not dissolve in water
24. What are poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated fats contain one (mono) or more (poly) C-C double bonds .
Proteins
25. How many amino acids are there? 20
26. What elements are found in amino acids? (significance for diet?) CHONS- we must obtain essential amino acids
(those our body cannot produce) from the food that we eat. Amino acids are the building blocks for muscles,
tendons, hormones, antibodies, and other proteins, and without them we could not function
27. Why are some aa essential and some non-essential? See above
28. Draw an amino acid and identify the carboxyl group and the amino groups.
29. What is a peptide bond and how is peptide bond formation different than dehydration synthesis in carbohydrates and
lipids?
Bond between two amino acids. It does not form between two OH groups, but forms between the OH on a carboxyl
group of one amino acid (COOH) and the amine group of a second amino acid (NH2) A hydrogen is removed from the
NH2 group and an OH from the carboxyl group. The bond formed is between a carbon and a Nitrogen .
30. Describe the four levels of a protein’s structure.
Primary – polypeptide
Secondary – alpha helices and beta pleats (Hydrogen bonding
Tertiary – 3D structure, many proteins are functional with this structure
Quaternary – several tertiary structures form a protein
31. What does the term “denaturation” mean in regards to proteins? How does it affect protein function?
Tertiary structure falls apart and the protein no longer has function
32. How do living organisms “know” the order of amino acids when putting together (synthesizing) new proteins?
Nucleic Acids
33. What are they used for?
Store information used to make proteins
34. What is the monomer unit?
nucleotide
35. What are the two types of nucleic acids?
RNA And DNA
36. Be able to identify STRUCTURAL differences between DNA and RNA
1 strand vs. 2, ribose sugar vs, deoxyribose, ACGU vs. ACGT (and location..DNA only in nucleus, RNA
can be anywhere!)
STUDY YOUR NOTES AND PACKETS!!!!!!! ANYTHING IN NOTES/BOOK IS FAIR GAME!