APE Unit 2
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION STUDY QUESTIONS:
1. Analyze the various sources of dissatisfaction suggested as contributing to the sixteenth-century religious upheaval.
2. What was revolutionary about Luther's position on authority in religious matters? What political support did he find
for his program? How did Lutheranism become mixed with political and social upheaval? How did Calvin differ
from Luther in training, background, and personality? How did Calvinism resemble and differ from Lutheranism?
3. Explain the special course of the Reformation in England. What changes occurred under Henry VIII? Edward VI?
Mary? Elizabeth?
4. What common doctrines and beliefs were shared by all Protestants? What observations may be made about the
results of the Protestant Reformation in Europe in 1560? Discuss the thesis that one of the chief motivations for
the Protestant Reformation was economic. Was political.
a. "justification by faith"-g. Schmalkaldic League/ War-m. "predestination"-b. indulgences-h. Peace of Augsburg-n. Henry VIII-c. Ninety-Five Theses-i. "cuius regio eius religio"-o. Act of Supremacy-d. transubstantiation-j. consubstantiation
p. Anglican Church-e. Peasant Revolt-k. predestination
q. Thirty-Nine Articles-f. Anabaptists-l. "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
CATHOLICISM REFORMED AND REORGANIZED STUDY QUESTIONS:
1. Why are the terms "Catholic Reformation" and "Counter Reformation" both justified? Explain the purpose, nature,
and accomplishments of the Council of Trent. How did it reaffirm Catholic doctrine? How did it attempt to
reform Church abuses?
2. Describe the changes in Catholicism at this time with reference to (a) new religious attitudes, (b) missionary
activities, (c) the role of the Jesuits, (d) the "reforming popes."
a. "episcopal" movement-b. justification by works and faith-c. Vulgate--
d. St. Ignatius Loyola-e. Society of Jesus-f. "Spiritual Exercises"--
g. Index of Prohibited Books-h. Spanish Inquisition--
EXPLORATION AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION STUDY QUESTIONS
How and why, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, did a relatively small group living on the edge of the
Eurasian landmass gain control of the major sea-lanes of the world and establish political and economic hegemony on
distant continents?
1. Why did an “age of exploration” begin when it did? Of what significance was Vasco da Gama's discovery of a sea
route to the East? Why was there opposition to the arrival of the Portuguese in India? How did the Portuguese
meet it?
2. How did Columbus react to his "discovery"? How did others in Spain regard the new land?
3. How would you assess the nature of the Spanish empire in America? What unfavorable/favorable aspects would
you mention? Compare and contrast the empires created by Portugal in the East and Spain in America.
4. How did the voyages and discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries add to existing geographical
knowledge?
5. How and why did slave labor become the dominant form of labor organization in the New World? Assess the
European interaction with people of Africa and the Americas
6. What important economic changes in the early modern centuries are summarized under the term "the Commercial
Revolution"?
7. Describe the growth of European population in the sixteenth century and the nature of this growth. Explain the
origins, nature, and effects of the "putting out" or "domestic" system. Of what importance were the needs of the
military in the rise of capitalism? What change in attitudes could be noted toward the lending of money at
interest?
8. Explain the general nature and purpose of mercantilism, citing examples of mercantilist policies and regulations.
What comparison may be made between mercantilism and the New Monarchies? What effect did the economic
changes of the 16th century have upon each?
9. What accounted for the new demand for education?
10. Why did the economic changes of these years affect the rural classes of eastern Europe and of western Europe
differently? With what consequences?
Wars of Religion
11. Why could Philip II rightly regard himself as an international figure? Why was Spain ideally suited to be the
instrument of Philip's ambitions? How would you describe and characterize the general state of political and
religious affairs in Europe in the first years of Philip's reign? What conflict existed between religious and
national loyalties?
12. How permanent were the triumphs of Philip and of the Catholic cause in the years 1567 to 1572? Explain the
political, economic, and religious factors that entered into the revolt of the Netherlands. How did the revolt
merge with the international political and religious struggles in Europe? How would you analyze the reasons for
Spain's decline?
13. To what extent had the monarchy succeeded in imposing unity on France by the second half of the sixteenth
century? Describe the background, nature, and outcome of the civil and religious wars in France in the sixteenth
century.
14. Of what long-range significance was the position taken by the "politiques" in the civil wars in France? How did
Henry IV come to the throne in 1589? What is the deeper meaning of his reputed remark, "Paris is well worth a
Mass"? How did Henry attempt to settle the religious issue? Of what significance was his reign for the
development of the French monarchy?
15. How would you assess the objectives and accomplishments of Cardinal Richelieu? How had the Peace of
Augsburg attempted to settle the religious question in the German states? What developments upset these
arrangements?
16. Analyze the issues of the Thirty Years' War. How did European rivalries and ambitions become linked to the
conflict within Germany? Sketch briefly the events associated with each of the major phases of the Thirty Years'
War.
17. Summarize and evaluate the various aspects of the Peace of Westphalia under the following headings; (a)
religious settlement, (b) territorial changes, (c) constitutional issues within the Holy Roman Empire. Of what
significance was the Peace of Westphalia for modern international relations? Evaluate the broad significance of
the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia? What seems to have been the net result of the wars of
religion?
1.
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16.
da Gama
St. Francis Xavier
Magellan
"planting"
Treaty of 1494
conquistadores
Black Legend
encomienda
mestizos
price revolution
entrepreneur
Medici
Fugger
usury
commercial capitalism
mercantilism
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23.
24.
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30.
31.
32.
internal tariffs
chartered trading companies
Poor Law of 1601
robot
Ursuline sisters
Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
Escorial
Duke of Alva
Council of Troubles
Lepanto
William the Silent
Mary Queen of Scots
Union of Utrecht
Sir Francis Drake
Huguenot
Catherine de Medici
33. Admiral de Coligny
34. St. Bartholomew's Day
Massacre
35. Edict of Nantes
36. Peace of Alais
37. Holy Roman Empire
38. Ferdinand II
39. Frederick V
40. Protestant Union
41. defenestration of Prague
42. Edict of Restitution
43. Wallenstein
44. Gustavus Adolphus
45. Peace of Westphalia