Chapter 16—Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing
Communications
True/False Questions
1. Marketing communications are only carried out prior to the sale to the consumer. False (moderate)
p. 303
2. The source’s expertise, trustworthiness, and likeability determine the level of source credibility. True
(moderate) p. 307
3. The percentage-of-sales method is a promotional budgeting method that forces management to spell
out assumptions about the relationship among dollars spent, exposure levels, trial rates, and regular
usage. False (difficult) p. 308
4. One downside to using public relations and publicity is the lack of credibility. False (moderate) p.
309
5. The objective-and-task method for budgeting requires management to spell out its assumptions about
the relationship among dollars spent, exposure levels, trial rates, and regular usage. True (moderate)
p. 309
6. Any paid form of nonpersonal promotion of ideas, goods, or services where the originator of the
promotion is known is called public relations and publicity. False (easy) pp. 309-310
7. When developing an advertising program, the five critical Ms are mission, money, media, message,
and measurement. True (moderate) p. 312
8. Reminder advertising works best for new products. False (easy) p. 313
9. Japanese ads tend to be less direct and appeal more to the emotions, when compared to U.S. ads.
True (moderate) p. 314
10. Audiences can be measured according to circulation, which is the number of physical units carrying
the advertising. True (moderate) p. 316
11. The cost-per-thousand for a medium that reaches 10,000,000 people at a cost of $135,000 is $13.50.
False (moderate) p. 317
12. Pulsing calls for spending all of the advertising dollars in a single period. False (moderate) p. 317
13. Pulsing is continuous advertising at low-weight levels reinforced periodically by waves of heavier
activity. True (moderate) p. 317
14. Copy testing is always done before ads are run. False (easy) p. 318
15. A firm that wants to attract new triers, reward loyal customers, or increase the repurchase rate of
occasional users would be best served by sales promotion. True (moderate) p. 318
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16. A coupon is a type of consumer promotion that provides a price reduction after the purchase rather
than at the retail store. False (easy) p. 318
17. Although sales promotions are short-term in nature, they can be “consumer franchise building” if they
reinforce understanding about the brand. True (moderate) p. 319
18. Public relations is an ineffective tool in the launch of a new product. False (moderate) p. 322
19. Public relations involves a variety of programs that are designed to promote or protect a company’s
image or its individual products. True (moderate) p. 322
20. Direct mail marketing can include the use of e-mail, voice mail, and fax mail. True (moderate) p.
325
Multiple Choice Questions
21. The first step in the development of effective communication is _______________.
a.) identifying the target audience (moderate) p. 303
b.) determining the communication objectives
c.) designing the message
d.) setting the budget
e.) selecting the communication channels
22. _______________ is the set of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a person holds regarding an object.
a.) Image (easy) p. 304
b.) Atmosphere
c.) Event
d.) Media
e.) Message
23. An ad in Surfer Girl magazine says, “ Mr. Zog’s sex wax gloms onto your stick better and longer than
any other wax.” This is an example of a(n) _______________ appeal.
a.) moral
b.) emotional
c.) cognitive
d.) social
e.) rational (moderate) p. 305
24. Michelin Tires has commercials featuring diaper-clad babies sitting in Michelin tires. A voiceover
tells you the tires are more expensive than many brands but that what is riding on them is priceless.
This is an example of a(n) _______________ appeal.
a.) moral
b.) emotional (easy) p. 306
c.) social
d.) discriminant
e.) rational
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25. Ads that state you should buy Harley Davidson because it is made in America are using a(n)
_______________ appeal.
a.) moral (moderate) p. 306
b.) emotional
c.) social
d.) rational
e.) cognitive
26. The ad says, “ For about the cost of a cup of coffee a day, you can make little Pablo’s life so much
better.” This is an example of a(n) _______________ appeal.
a.) rational
b.) practical
c.) reciprocal
d.) emotional (moderate) p. 306
e.) provocative
27. The headline for an ad reads, “ Power Bars give you all you need—when you need it!” This is an
example of a(n) _______________ appeal.
a.) rational (moderate) p. 306
b.) practical
c.) reciprocal
d.) emotional
e.) provocative
28. Source credibility is a function of the source’s _______________.
a.) personal, social, and moral influences
b.) quality of expression—both verbal and nonverbal
c.) likeability, expertise, and trustworthiness (difficult) p. 307
d.) recognizability, trustworthiness, and reputation
e.) knowledge, reputation, and perceived expertise
29. A pharmaceutical drug rep giving her sales presentation to the office manager and the doctor is using
a(n) _______________ communication channel.
a.) personal (moderate) p. 307
b.) expert
c.) advocate
d.) informal
e.) competent
30. How are professionals using the personal influence channel when they encourage their clients to
recommend their services to others?
a.) They are creating opinion leaders.
b.) They are using word-of-mouth referral channels. (difficult) p. 307
c.) They are identifying influential individuals and devoting extra time to them.
d.) They are using believable people in testimonial advertising.
e.) They are communicating through community influentials, such as local talk show hosts and
organizational presidents.
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31. _______________ are occurrences such as news conferences and grand openings designed to
communicate to target audiences.
a.) Atmospheres
b.) Display media
c.) Events (moderate) p. 308
d.) Interactive communication channels
e.) Mood enhancers
32. Newspapers, magazines, and direct mail are all examples of which of the following types of media?
a.) print media (easy) p. 308
b.) broadcast media
c.) electronic media
d.) display media
e.) intermittent media
33. Which of the following types of media best describe audiotape, videotape, CD-ROM, DVD, and Web
pages?
a.) print media
b.) broadcast media
c.) electronic media (easy) p. 308
d.) display media
e.) intermittent media
34. Which of the following is not used as a supporting argument when considering the percentage-ofsales promotional budget setting method?
a.) It makes sales the determiner of promotion. (moderate) pp. 308-309
b.) It links sales to corporate expenditures.
c.) It focuses attention on the relationship of costs and price and unit profit.
d.) It encourages stability when others in the industry spend the same percentage.
e.) Sales and promotional expenditures are related.
35. Ohana Surf, on the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii, is preparing its promotional budget for next year. If
its first step is to forecast next year’s sales, then Ohana is probably using the _______________
method.
a.) percentage-of-sales (difficult) pp. 308-309
b.) affordable
c.) market share
d.) competitive-parity
e.) objective-and-task
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36. Which of the following is a weakness of the percentage-of-sales method of establishing the promotion
budget?
a.) The percentage-of-sales method of establishing the promotion budget assumes the competition
knows what it is doing.
b.) The percentage-of-sales method of establishing the promotion budget is a complicated, timeconsuming process.
c.) The percentage-of-sales method of establishing the promotion budget leads to a budget that
ignores market opportunities. (difficult) pp. 308-309
d.) The percentage-of-sales method of establishing the promotion budget ignores the role of
promotion as an investment in the business.
e.) The percentage-of-sales method of establishing the promotion budget discourages promotional
wars.
37. In an ideal world, which is the preferred method of setting a promotion budget?
a.) percentage-of-sales method
b.) arbitrary allocation
c.) affordable method
d.) competitive-parity method
e.) objective-and-task method (easy) p. 309
38. If Ohana Surf, on the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii, wants to use the promotional tool that will build
the long-term image of the store and give the best cost per exposure, it should use _______________.
a.) direct mail
b.) public relations and publicity
c.) advertising (moderate) p. 309
d.) sales promotion
e.) personal selling
39. The three distinct benefits of _______________ are its ability to communicate, its ability to act as an
incentive, and its invitation to consumers to buy now.
a.) direct mail
b.) sales promotion (moderate) p. 309
c.) advertising
d.) public relations
e.) personal selling
40. If the director of marketing for a textile firm is concerned with the buyer-readiness stages of his
customers, the best promotional tool for him to use would be _______________.
a.) direct mail
b.) public relations and publicity
c.) sales promotion
d.) advertising
e.) personal selling (moderate) p. 310
41. At what stage of buyer readiness is sales promotion the most cost-effective promotional tool?
a.) awareness
b.) comprehension
c.) conviction
d.) ordering
e.) reordering (moderate) p. 310
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42. At what stage of buyer readiness are advertising and publicity the most cost-effective promotional
tools?
a.) awareness (moderate) p. 310
b.) comprehension
c.) conviction
d.) ordering
e.) reordering
43. Hospitals are engaged in intense competition to fill their maternity beds. What type of advertising
would hospitals most likely use for advertising their new amenities like Jacuzzis in every room, filet
mignon or lobster on the menu, and afternoon teas for the new mothers and their families?
a.) descriptive
b.) persuasive
c.) reminder
d.) informative (moderate) p. 312
e.) instructive
44. Within the last couple of years several cosmetics manufacturers have introduced non-clumping
mascara. Revlon was one of those manufacturers. Revlon should use _______________ advertising
to increase selective demand for its non-clumping mascara.
a.) descriptive
b.) persuasive (moderate) pp. 312-313
c.) reminder
d.) informative
e.) instructive
45. Advertising for Advil pain reliever shows how Advil is superior to Tylenol. This is an example of
_______________ advertising.
a.) descriptive
b.) persuasive (moderate) p. 313
c.) reminder
d.) informative
e.) instructive
46. Abercrombie and Fitch could use _______________ advertising to reduce the cognitive dissonance
experienced by someone who recently purchased its brand of high-fashion, high-priced clothing and
wonders if they got the value for their money.
a.) persuasive
b.) comparative
c.) reinforcement (moderate) p. 313
d.) informative
e.) descriptive
47. When setting the advertising budget, management should consider all of the following factors
EXCEPT:
a.) product life cycle stage
b.) market share and consumer base
c.) competition and clutter
d.) product substitutability
e.) width of the company’s product line (difficult) p. 313
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48. In developing a creative strategy, advertisers follow all of the following steps EXCEPT:
a.) message generation
b.) message evaluation and selection
c.) message execution
d.) subliminal implementation (difficult) pp. 313-315
e.) social responsibility review
49. The number of different persons exposed to a particular media schedule at least once during some
specified time is the _______________ of an advertisement.
a.) iteration
b.) frequency
c.) reach (moderate) p. 315
d.) impact
e.) gross rating points
50. The qualitative value of an exposure through a given media vehicle is called _______________.
a.) iteration
b.) frequency
c.) reach
d.) impact (difficult) p. 315
e.) gross rating points
51. Assume you are advertising very expensive authentic Turkish carpets to upscale investors in
Germany. Credibility and prestige are important. The best medium for your advertising message is
_______________.
a.) television
b.) newspapers
c.) magazine (moderate) p. 316
d.) direct mail
e.) radio
52. The owner of a dive shop that provides its customers with scuba training and sells dive equipment
and accessories would like to advertise. He is considering outdoor advertising. Outdoor advertising
would _______________.
a.) give its ad high repeat exposure (difficult) p. 316
b.) provide tremendous audience selectivity
c.) allow the restaurant to create very creative ads
d.) not have to contend with clutter
e.) provide all of the above benefits to the restaurant
53. Audiences can be measured according to _______________, which is the number of physical units
carrying the advertising.
a.) circulation (moderate) p. 316
b.) flighting
c.) effective audience
d.) effective ad-exposed audience
e.) continuity
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54. Audience size can be measured according to how many people with the right target characteristics are
exposed to the ad. This is called _____________.
a.) circulation
b.) audience
c.) effective audience (moderate) p. 317
d.) effective ad-exposed audience
e.) bottom-line measure
55. If a 30-second advertisement during an old Seinfeld rerun costs $160,000 and reaches 8,000,000
people, the cost per thousand for a Coca-Cola ad would be _______________.
a.) $2.00
b.) $5.00
c.) $12.50
d.) $15.00
e.) $20.00 (moderate) p. 317
56. The media timing pattern in which advertising is run evenly throughout a given period is called
_______________.
a.) flighting
b.) concentration
c.) pulsing
d.) bursting
e.) continuity (moderate) p. 317
57. A Thai restaurant buys an ad in every issue of its small town’s weekly newspaper, and two lunchtime
ads every day on the local radio station. The owner has used this pattern of advertising for many
years. Which of the following terms best describes the Thai restaurant’s media timing?
a.) flighting
b.) concentration
c.) pulsing
d.) bursting
e.) continuity (moderate) p. 317
58. Which of the following calls for spending all of the advertising dollars in a single period?
a.) bursting
b.) continuity
c.) pulsing
d.) concentration (moderate) p. 317
e.) flighting
59. An advertiser on a limited budget that schedules media so that a heavy dose of advertising is followed
by a period of no advertising is using a pattern called _______________.
a.) bursting
b.) continuity
c.) pulsing
d.) concentration
e.) flighting (moderate) p. 317
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60. __________ is a media timing approach that involves continuous advertising at low-weight levels,
reinforced periodically by waves of heavier activity.
a.) Bursting
b.) Continuity
c.) Pulsing (moderate) p. 317
d.) Concentration
e.) Flighting
61. _______________ is a key ingredient in many marketing campaigns and consists of a diverse
collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate trial, or quicker or greater
purchase, of particular products or services by consumers or the trade.
a.) Advertising
b.) Public relations
c.) Sales promotion (moderate) p. 318
d.) Personal selling
e.) Market segmentation
62. Pepsi is using a sales promotion campaign for AMP, its new energy drink based on its popular
Mountain Dew recipe. Pepsi is running coupons in magazines aimed at teenagers and college
students, offering refund offers for multiple purchases, and mailing samples to homes in selected zip
codes. All of the methods that Pepsi is using are types of _______________.
a.) intermediary promotional activities
b.) trade promotions
c.) public relations activities
d.) functional promotions
e.) consumer promotions (moderate) p. 318
63. All of the following are examples of tools for consumer promotions EXCEPT_______________.
a.) samples
b.) coupons
c.) premiums
d.) prizes
e.) display allowances (moderate) p. 318
64. A firm that wants to attract new prospects, reward loyal customers, or increase the repurchase rate of
occasional users would be best served by _______________.
a.) personal selling
b.) direct marketing
c.) advertising
d.) sales promotion (moderate) p. 318
e.) an unbiased public relations article
65. When a movie studio uses toys in fast food restaurant kid’s meals to advertise their latest movie, they
are using _______________.
a.) tie-in promotions (moderate) p. 320
b.) prize promotions
c.) point-of-purchase promotions
d.) premiums
e.) promotion bundling
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66. Tom’s used _______________ when it placed a coupon for $1.00 off any 12-pack of soda on
packages of its Hot Fries snacks.
a.) a price pack
b.) a prize promotion
c.) a point-of-purchase promotion
d.) a cross-promotion (moderate) p. 320
e.) promotion bundling
67. _______________ involves a variety of programs that are designed to promote or protect a
company’s image or its individual products.
a.) Advertising
b.) Public relations (moderate) p. 322
c.) Sales promotion
d.) Personal selling
e.) Market segmentation
68. When Virginia did its “ Virginia Is for Lovers” campaign to help people think positively about a state
they may have had negative feelings about, this was an example of what type of marketing public
relations?
a.) assisting the launch of new products
b.) assisting in repositioning a mature product (moderate) p. 322
c.) defending products that have encountered public problems
d.) influencing specific target groups
e.) building interest in a product category
69. Public relations is particularly effective in _______________.
a.) building awareness and brand knowledge in new and existing products (difficult) p. 322
b.) reinforcing the buyer’s decision
c.) developing and maintaining a long-term increase in sales
d.) enabling companies to adjust to short-term variations in the supply and demand of their markets
e.) preventing intermediaries from misusing trade promotions
70. The original and oldest form of direct marketing is _______________.
a.) telemarketing
b.) “ junk” mail
c.) the field sales call (moderate) p. 325
d.) catalog marketing
e.) e-marketing
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Essay Questions
71. Tom Elrich is responsible for setting the promotional budget for a microwave dish that cooks bacon
on a rack over a drip pan. It is a new product for the market and for the small plastics manufacturer
that Tom works for. Tom has only a very limited amount of time to set the budget. In a short essay,
explain the different budgeting options Tom has, choose one of the forms, and justify it by discussing
its pros and cons.
Answer:
(1) The affordable method of setting budgets simply determines the amount of budget by how much
the company has available. (2) The percentage-of-sales method sets promotion expenditures at a
specified percentage of sales (either current or anticipated). (3) The competitive-parity method lets
companies set their promotion budget to achieve share-of-voice parity with competitors. (4) The
objective-and-task method calls upon marketers to develop promotion budgets by defining specific
objectives, determining the tasks that must be performed to achieve these objectives, and estimating
the costs of performing these tasks. In selecting one of these methods, competitive-parity is illogical.
The objective-and-task, while a sound method, is time-consuming. Of the two remaining methods,
the affordable method is probably the easiest to use. It does completely ignore the role of promotion
as an investment and the immediate impact of promotion on sales volume. The percentage of
anticipated sales method is useful because it encourages management to think in terms of promotion
cost, selling price, and profit per unit, but the question is does Tom have time to accurately predict
sales? On the negative side, this method uses circular reasoning. It leads to the same thing as the
affordable method—a budget based on available funds not market opportunities. Most students, if
they reason through what they know about budgeting, should select affordable method given the
circumstances.
(difficult) pp. 308-309
72. The venture capital group has just given a small publishing house $2.1 million to help the publisher
continue to grow. The managers/owners decide they need to spend about $500,000 on getting the
word out about the company. JoAnn remembers from a marketing class she took in college something
about “ reach, frequency, and impact” when it comes to choosing your media for a promotional effort.
She asks you, a friend, if you remember these words and what they might mean for how she chooses
to spend her promotional budget. Respond to JoAnn’s question in a brief essay.
Answer:
Reach refers to the number of different persons or households that are exposed to a particular media
schedule at least once during a specified period.
Frequency refers to the number of times within a specified period that an average person or household
is exposed to the message.
Impact refers to the qualitative value of an exposure through a given medium.
When planning her media, JoAnn should realize that there will be trade-offs among these elements.
Reach is most important when launching new products, but frequency is most important when there
are strong competitors and a complex story to tell. It generally takes several exposures to get a person
to pay attention to an ad and remember it, so JoAnn will need to take that into account when planning
her media usage.
(moderate) p. 315
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73. Machaca-filled burritos have long been a favorite dish at Mexican restaurants in southern Arizona.
Maria Gutierrez decided to market this traditional treat regionally under the brand name Mama G’s.
She sells a package of dehydrated machaca meat with a stack of flour tortillas and some envelopes of
her favorite salsa. Discuss the five major decisions that she had to make when developing the
advertising program for Mama G’s.
Answer:
The five major decisions that Gutierrez had to make are known as the five Ms. First, she had to decide
on Mission – what were her advertising objectives? Second, she had to create primary demand for
her product in the area of the country that was unfamiliar with it. Then she had to determine a sales
level that she wanted to accomplish with a specific audience in a specific period of time. Her next
issue was Money. How much should she spend on budget? How should she determine that amount?
Then she needed to consider her Message. What message should be sent? Should she focus on the
good taste, the nutritional value, the product’s heritage, or some other feature? After deciding on her
copy, pictures (if any), headlines etc., she would need to select her Media. Where would she run her
advertisements? What combination of media would she use? Would she use sales promotions and
public relations along with advertising? Her final decision would have to do with Measurement.
How would she evaluate the results of her advertising efforts? How would she ascertain that she got
value from her advertising expenditures?
(moderate) p. 312
74. In a short essay, discuss the three types of advertising objectives in terms of their impact on product
life cycle.
Answer:
Informative advertising would be most likely used in the introductory stage when the advertiser needs
to create primary demand. As the competition heats up in the growth stage, advertisers rely heavily
on persuasive advertising. With mature products, some advertisers rely on reminder advertising. In
the decline stage, the advertising budget is typically decreased. Sometimes there is no advertising at
all for products in the decline stage. More commonly reminder advertising is used to let the
consumer know the product is still available, or persuasive advertising such as “ Try it Again” is
used.
(moderate) pp. 312-313
75. Only-Documentaries.com ran an ad in Mother Jones magazines in which it announced it had nearly
every video documentary in print and many no longer in print—all available for rental. The
advertisement cost $16,000. Since the goal of this ad was to make people aware that OnlyDocumentaries.com rents and sells videos, it would want to measure the effectiveness of the ad. How
could it measure the communication effect of the ad? How could it measure the sales effect of the
ad? Given Only-Documentaries.com’s advertising objective, which measure would be more
important?
Answer:
Communication-effect research seeks to determine whether an ad is communicating effectively by
using copy testing. It would have been done before the ad was run in the magazine. There are three
ways it could be done. The direct rating method asks consumers to rate alternative ads – all
marketing the same product. A portfolio test would have asked consumers to view a portfolio of ads.
Consumers are then asked to recall the ads and their contents. The question is, “Did our ad stand out
from the clutter?” Laboratory tests could also be used. This type of test monitors the physiological
reactions to ads.
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Communication-effect research is important, but given Only-Documentaries.com’s objective, saleseffect research would have been more useful. Only-Documentaries.com wants to know what sales
were generated by the ad. The historical approach to sales-effect research involves correlating past
sales to past advertising expenditures using advanced statistical techniques. Experimental design is
another type of sales-effect research. It requires an advertiser to set up tests in which the impact of
various levels of sales expenditures are tested to determine the sales impact of each. OnlyDocumentaries.com would be likely to use the historical approach to determine the effectiveness of
its ad.
(difficult) p. 318
Mini-Cases
Mini-Case 16-1
Aspirin is so potent that many in the health professions contend that if it were invented today, it would be
only available by prescription. In 1897, Felix Hoffman chemically concocted the first synthetic aspirin
compound, known as acetylsalicylic acid. At the time he was working for the Bayer Company. In 1899
Bayer Aspirin was introduced. It was the first tablet ever to be marketed as a water-soluble pill. Fifty
billion aspirins are consumed worldwide annually. A variety of painkillers line the store shelves today,
but only aspirin is proven to have long-term cardiovascular and anticancer benefits. In spite of these
positive aspects to the product, a concern that aspirin might contribute to Reye’s syndrome in children, a
disease that affects the brain and liver, has led to aspirin having an identity crisis. There is a generation of
individuals who have grown up assuming other drugs have completely replaced aspirin. Ask someone for
a aspirin these days, and you’re likely to receive a Tylenol. Aspirin manufacturers are trying to educate
people that simple aspirin can help keep them alive.
76. Refer to Mini-Case 16-1. Consumers who buy aspirin because the they have run out but not because
they have a current need for the product are probably going through which response hierarchy
sequence?
a.) learn-feel-do
b.) learn-do-feel (difficult) p. 304
c.) learn-feel-do-feel
d.) can-do-will-to-do
e.) do-feel-learn
77. Refer to Mini-Case 16-1. The headline of an Anacin advertisement reads “ The taking of one aspirin
daily may prevent heart attacks.” This ad is using a _______________ appeal.
a.) moral
b.) decoded
c.) cognitive
d.) social
e.) rational (moderate) p. 305
78. Refer to Mini-Case 16-1. What type of communication should the aspirin industry use if its goal is to
promote the benefits of aspirin in a manner that it seems to allow the industry to have little or no
control over the message content?
a.) advertising
b.) direct marketing
c.) sales promotion
d.) public relations and publicity (moderate) p. 322
e.) personal selling
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Mini-Case 16-2
Sedona Advertising is developing a marketing campaign for a Latter-Day Skates, a skateboard
manufacturer. The greatest emphasis has been placed on the design of a series of ads featuring the riders
using their boards in thrilling, extreme riding situations. The agency has pretested the recall of these print
ads. As part of the ad evaluation process, the agency determined the Latter-Day’s share of voice is 6
percent and its share of market is 4.4 percent for its last ad campaign during which it spent $35,000. As
part of this integrated marketing campaign, Sedona is also designing sales promotion activities. LatterDay wants to link the sales of its best selling long boards to its new line of Vert-Rider specialty boards
without cannibalizing sales of the established product. This is the first ever line of skateboards designed
with vertical riding in mind. As Sedona gears up for this campaign, the owner of Latter-Day Skates
announces he really wants to build community awareness of what the company does, especially its
charitable work. This new promotional task is being added after most of the budget has already been
allocated. Sedona Advertising is searching for a way to meet the owner’s goals within his current budget.
79. Refer to Mini-Case 16-2. What would be the most likely advertising objectives for the two products
listed?
a.) informative for the Vert-Riding lines; reminder for the best-selling long boards (difficult)
pp. 312-313
b.) persuasive for both
c.) persuasive for the new product; reminder for the best-selling long boards
d.) informative for both products
e.) persuasive for the new product; informative for the best-selling long boards
80. Refer to Mini-Case 16-2. The ads for the new Vert-Rider board are using what type of appeal?
a.) rational
b.) emotional (easy) p. 306
c.) moral
d.) casual
e.) multinational
81. Refer to Mini-Case 16-2. The most probable way for Sedona to help Latter-Day Skates get the word
out about their charitable work and still stay within the budget is to use _______________.
a.) direct selling
b.) sales promotions techniques
c.) outdoor advertising
d.) public relations (moderate) p. 322
e.) copy testing
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