Percentage of U. S. Population, Age 25 to 64, with High School Diploma and
Bachelors Degree, by Survey Year and Sex, 1962 - Present.
100%
90%
80%
HSGrad - Men
70%
HSGrad - Women
BA+ - Men
Percent
60%
BA+ - Women
53%
50%
50%
40%
30%
20%
13%
10%
7%
0%
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Year
Analyses conducted in-house by RSF Staff. 1962-2011 Current Population Survey data obtained from http://cps.ipums.org/cps/ housed at the University of Minnesota Population
Center (see King, et al. 2010).
Percentage of U. S. Population, Age 25 to 64, with High School Diploma and
Bachelor's Degree, by Birth Cohort and Sex, 1900 to Present.
100%
HSGrad - Men
90%
HSGrad - Women
BA+ - Men
80%
BA+ - Women
70%
Percent
60%
50%
40%
33%
30%
28%
20%
10%
0%
1890
8%
6%
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Birth Year
Analysis conducted in-house by RSF Staff. 1962-2011 Current Population Survey obtained from http://cps.ipums.org/cps/ housed at the University of Minnesota Population
Center (see King, et al., 2010).
Percentage of US Population, Age 25+, with Bachelor's Degree or
Higher, by Race/Ethnic Origin, 1940 - 2011.
60
White
50
NH-White
Black
Asian
40
Percent
Hispanic (Any Race)
30
20
10
0
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Year
Data Source: http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/data/cps/historical/index.html.Table A-2. Percent of People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed College,
by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2011.
$110,000
Mean Real Income (in 2011 $) by Educational Attainment, Age 25-64, 1970 2011 .
< High School/ No Degree
High School
$100,000
Some College/ Associate
$90,000
BA/BS Degree
Post-BA/BS
$80,000
Total
Real Income (in 2011 $)
$71,966
$70,000
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
$53,027
$39,207
$30,000
$23,568
$20,000
$10,000
$0
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Year
Analysis conducted in-house by RSF Staff. Current Population Survey data are drawn from http://cps.ipums.org/cps/ housed at the Minnesota Population Center (King, et al.
2010).
Percentage of Students Entering and Completing College, and College
Persistence, by Income Quartile
(Persistence is the percentage of those who complete divided by those who entered)
90%
80.0%
Enter College
80%
Complete College
70%
67.5%
College Persistence
60.0%
60%
Percent
53.3%
50%
47.0%
54.0%
44.7%
40%
30%
32.0%
31.0%
29.0%
21.0%
20%
10%
9.0%
0%
Bottom Quartile
2nd Quartile
3rd Quartile
Top Quartile
Income Quartile
Data Source: Bailey, M., and S. Dynarski. 2012. Inequality in Postsecondary Education. In G. Duncan and R. Murnane (eds.), Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and
Children's Life Chances. Russell Sage Foundation. (Figures 6.2, 6.3, 6.4).
Drop-Out Rates of 15 to 24-Year Olds Who Dropped Out of Grades
10-12, by SES and Race/Ethnicity, 1972-2009.
18
Percentage Leaving School w/out HS Diploma or GED
Low SES
16
High SES
NH-White
14
NH-Black
12
Hispanic
10
8
6
4
2
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Year
Chapman, C., Laird, J., Ifill, N., and KewalRamani, A. (2011). Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2009 (NCES 2012-006). U.S.
Department of Education. Washington, DC: NCES. (http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch).
Average Difference in Standardized Test Scores
1.4
Estimated Gaps in Reading Achievement Between High-Low Income (90/10
Ratio) and Black-White Students, by Birth Year, 1940-Present.
Income Gap
1.21
1.23
1.2
Race Gap
1.0
0.8
0.69
0.6
0.64
0.4
0.2
0.0
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Reardon, Sean F. 2011. The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor. In G. Duncan and R. Murnane (eds.) Whither Opportunity? NY, NY: Russell
Sage Foundation.
Math Gaps, in Standard Deviation Units, by Grade Level by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics: SES, Race/Ethnicity and Sex.
0.50
0.25
0.18
0.11 0.13
0.00
-0.03
Math Gap
-0.25
-0.50
-0.50
-0.54 -0.54
-0.62
-0.75
-0.72
-0.85
-0.79
-0.77
-1.00
Kindergarten
5th Grade
-1.25
-1.24
-1.34
-1.50
8th Grade
-1.31
-1.38
12th Grade
-1.75
Bottom and Top SES Quintiles
Blacks and Whites
Hispanics and Whites
Boys and Girls
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Drawn from Figures 3.2 and 4.2 in Duncan and Murnane (eds.), Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. NY, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Enrichment Expenditures on Children (in $2008), 1972-2006, Top vs. Bottom
Income Quintiles.
$10,000
Bottom 20%
$9,000
$8,872
Top 20%
$8,000
$6,975
Expenditures (in $2008)
$7,000
$6,000
$5,650
$5,000
$4,000
$3,536
$3,000
$2,000
$1,264
$1,000
$1,173
$1,315
$835
$0
1972-73
1983-84
1994-95
2005-06
Year
Source: Duncan, G. J., and R. J. Murnane. 2012. Pp. 3-27 in G. J. Duncan and R. J. Murnane (eds.), Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances.
NY, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. [See Figure 1.6]
Percentage of Population of Select Countries with Bachelor's Degrees or
Higher, by Age.
50%
45%
Age 25-34
Age 35-44
Age 45-54
Age 55-64
45%
40%
36%
36%
36%
35%
34%
35%
32%
32%
30%
Percent
30%
26%
24%
25%
20%
20%
19%
19%
18%
20%
20%
21%
16%
14%
15%
12%
10%
10%
5%
0%
Italy
France
Finland
Germany
Sweden
United
Kingdom
Australia
Denmark
Canada
Norway
United
States
Country
Data Source: Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators - © OECD 2011 (www.oecd.org). Indicator A1: To What Extent have People Studied? Table A1.3a. Population with
Tertiary Education (2009).