SEVENTH GRADE STUDY GUIDE
SENTENCE
A sentence must have a:
1. Capital letter at the beginning
2. Period at the end
3. Subject
4. Verb
5. Complete Thought
*Subject + Verb + Complete Thought = Sentence
TYPES OF SENTENCES
*Declarative - Makes a statement
*Imperative - Gives a command/Makes a request (The subject is “you.”)
*Interrogative - Asks a question
*Exclamatory - Expresses strong feeling
PARTS OF SPEECH DEFINITIONS
NOUN - a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea
PRONOUN - a word used in place of a noun
ADJECTIVE - a word that modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun
VERB - a word that shows action or otherwise helps to make a statement
ADVERB - a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb
PREPOSITION - a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
some other word in the sentence
CONJUNCTION - a word that joins words or groups of words
INTERJECTION - a word that expresses strong emotion
NOUNS
all people (except short words like “she”)
all places
all things
all ideas
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*Proper nouns are capitalized. Common nouns are not capitalized.
*Follow the words a, an, the
Follow possessives (examples - his, her, my, our, their, its, your)
Found at the end of prepositional phrases
*Compound Nouns
- two words that make up one noun
- earthquake, high school, son-in-law
*Collective Nouns
- a word that names a group of something without adding an “s”
- crowd, army, class
PRONOUNS
Replace nouns (usually short words)
*Words ending in one, body, and thing (someone, somebody, something)
Words ending in self or selves (himself, themselves)
Antecedent
- the noun the pronoun replaces
*Examples of indefinite pronouns (know ten without suffixes for the quiz)
another
anybody
anyone
anything
several
much
neither
nobody
no one
none
both
few
many
some
all
each
either
everybody
everyone
any
everything
little
nothing
one
more
other(s)
somebody
someone
something
most
*Examples of personal pronouns
(possessive pronouns are underlined – they are sometimes referred to as adjectives)
I
me
my
mine
you
your
yours
it
its
he
him
his
she
her
hers
their
theirs
they
them
we
which
whose
us
our
ours
*Examples of interrogative pronouns
who
whom
what
*Examples of demonstrative pronouns
this
that
these
those
ADJECTIVES
Describe nouns and pronouns
*Answer the questions Which, How many, How much, What kind of
Usually found
- Before nouns
- After little verbs
- Middle of prepositional phrases (between the preposition and the noun or pronoun)
*A, an, and the are called the Articles (they are adjectives)
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*Proper Adjectives – Adjectives that are capitalized. Example: Italian food
VERBS
Show action (action verbs) *END IN “ED”
Test - Fill in the blank with a verb: Let’s _________________.
Show a “state of being” (linking verbs)
Help the main verb (helping verbs)
*Helping verbs (Big 5 - 4 groups of 3 - 3 groups of 2)
am
is
are
was
were
be
being
been
has
have
had
do
does
did
may
might
must
can
could
shall
should
will
would
“Not” is not a verb
Ask “Who (or what) did what” -- what they did is a verb
ADVERBS
Describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
Answer when? where? how? how often? to what extent?
Steps to finding adverbs:
1. Ask who or what the sentence is about (subject).
2. Ask what did the subject do (verb). If the subject didn’t do anything, look for
memorized verbs.
3. Ask when did the subject do the action (adverb).
4. Ask where did the subject do the action (adverb).
5. Ask how did the subject do the action (adverb).
6. Look for any other –ly words.
7. Find adjectives – ask how.
8. Look at the adverbs – ask how.
Adverbs will interrupt verb phrases
will not go
has never won
will always lose
had never seen
Often end in -ly
easily, happily, excitedly, lazily, probably, uncontrollably
Most common adverbs (need to memorize)
too, very, quite, rather, not, never, almost, so, really, always, often, a lot
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PREPOSITIONS
Much like adverbs - can say when or where in more than one word
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun
Sentences still make sense when the prepositional phrase is taken out
*Need to memorize list of prepositions:
aboard
about
above
across
according to
after
against
along
amid
among
around
at
as
because of
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
by
by means of
like
during
except
for
from
in
in addition to
in front of
in spite of
instead of
inside
into
throughout
near
of
off
on
on account of
out
out of
over
past
since
through
to
toward
under
underneath
unlike
until
up
upon
with
within
without
CONJUNCTIONS
Join words, groups of words, or sentences
Each side of the conjunction must be equal
ex. he ran and they walked
ex. easily and swiftly
ex. in the park and around the tree
*Types of conjunctions
Coordinating
and, or, nor, for, so, yet, but
Correlative (co-related) - always act in pairs
either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also, whether...or
Subordinate - separate a sentence and a clause in a sentence
after, although, because, before, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, while
ex. Although they lost the game, they still were happy.
INTERJECTIONS
Show emotion or feeling
Usually punctuated with an exclamation point, but can also use a comma
Wow, shh, yippie, hooray, no, swear words
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