Cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration and vacuolar degeneration are all
examples of.....
morphologic expression of reversible cell injury
post mortem artefact
early neoplastic change
morphologic hallmarks of cell death
hyaline change
Dystrophic calcification is....
associated with an elevated serum calcium level
commonly observed in the lungs, stomach and small intestine
frequently associated with renal impairment
generally seen in foci of degeneration and necrosis
observed in tissues which normally secrete acid
Concerning autophagy, which statement is incorrect?
The three types of autophagy are macroautophagy, microautophagy,
and chaperone-mediated autophagy.
Is commonly associated with lipofuscin, the residue of auto-oxidized
lipid from membrane remnants.
Eukaryotic cells primarily use two distinct mechanisms for large-scale
degradation, the proteasome and autophagy; but only autophagy has
the capacity to degrade entire organelles.
Appears to be a significant element of the aging process
Autophagy occurs at basal levels in all cell types and contributes to the
routine turnover of cytoplasmic components.
Of the following which is the most likely site for metastatic calcification ?
Lung
Tuberculous granuloma
Liver
Atheroma
Inflammed bursa
With regard to thromboemboli, which statement is incorrect?
Commomnly originates in arteries
Occurs most frequently in the coronary arteries
Are not lethal unless there is extensive infarction
Prolonged bedrest is one of the most common predisposing conditions
Focal fat necrosis is most often associated with which of the following clinical
conditions?
Fibrinous pericarditis
Chronic salpingitis
Acute pancreatitis
Hepatitis
Acute gastritis
Effects of carbon tetrachloride on the liver includes..
fatty change
damage to cell membranes by free radicals
both
neither
The cells of a xanthoma are actually....
adipocytes
macrophages
muscle cells
necrotic
pericytes
Atrophy of a cell, tissue or organ is LEAST likely to be the result of...
prolonged pressure
lack of appropriate hormonal stimulation
lack of innervation
congenital malformation
deficient blood supply
The principal storage form of lipid for energy production in man is...
triglycerides
cholesterol
cholesterol esters
phospholipids
fatty acids
The presence of squamous epithelium in the lower trachea of a 42-year-old
female with a history of smoking is called.....
Dysplasia
Aplasia
Anaplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Following tissue injury, parenchymal cells may be replaced by regeneration
(hyperplasia of remaining parenchymal cells) or by fibrous tissue.
The incorrect statement concerning the above is:
In the central nervous system, fibrous repair predominates over
regeneration.
The capacity of the liver to regenerate is greater than that of the
skeletal muscle.
In the kidney, regeneration of the tubules but not of the glomeruli is
observed.
After Cesarean section, muscle regeneration exceeds fibroplasia.
(fibroplasia=the formation of fibrous tissue)
The following diseases are classified as inborn errors of metabolism
EXCEPT...
Tay-Sachs disease
Wernicke's encephalopathy
metachromatic leukodystrophy
Niemann-Pick disease
A person who is hemizygous for a recessive trait will most likely be....
a carrier
phenotypically normal
male
a hermaphrodite
In the condition called "brown atrophy of the heart", the brownish discoloration
is produced by an increase in perinuclear, membrane-bound particles
containing the pigment....
hematin
cytochrome
hematoidin
lipofuscin
hemosiderin
In apoptosis, the caspase serves to.....
crosslink the proteins
dissolve the cytoskeleton
puncture the cell membrane
recognize a virally-infected cell
tear up the DNA at every 110 base pairs
Each of the following changes is associated with reversible cell injury
EXCEPT...
fatty change
cellular swelling
pyknosis
glycogen storage
hyaline droplets
Which statement is correct
Ducts in breast hyperplasia (black arrows)
Prostate hyperplasia
Lung bronchi (black arrows)
Fatty infiltration
Hyperplasia of the seminiferous tubules of the testis
Epididymis and ductuli efferentes (black arrows)
Seminal vesicle consists of a pair of tubes (black arrows)
Brain abscess is a complication of each of the following EXCEPT...
bacterial endocarditis
bacterial pneumonia
middle ear infection
meningitis
Herpes simplex infection
Lipofuscin pigment present in myocardial cells:
Indicates that these cells have sustained a critical injury
Represents indigestible residues within autophagic vacuoles
Represents an insoluble form of cardiolipin
Is found in the hearts of patients with Alzheimer"s disease
A term birth results in liveborn twins. The babies are both male. One weighs
2100gm and the other 2700gm. The larger baby is plethoric and the smaller
baby exhibits pallor. No congenital anomalies are noted. Over the next year,
the babies develop to become approximately the same size. How are the
differences between these twins best explained?
The mother had an elevated hemoglobin A1C
A chromosomal abnormality is present in one baby
The placenta was monochorionic
One baby was infected with Herpes simplex virus
There was a maternal dietary deficiency of iron
At autopsy the patient's myocardium with H&E stain showed no evidence of
ischemic changes, but there was diffuse intersitital fibrosis. Iron stain of the
myocardium (see attached histopathology) suggests that he most likley had
each of the following EXCEPT....
decreased liver function
decreased serum ferritin
diabetes mellitus
increased brown pigment in the heart muscle fibers
increased pressure in the portal vein
Disuse atrophy might result from:
Decreased secretion of trophic hormones
Ductular obstruction in an exocrine gland
Circulatory disturbances
Stopping of exercise in sportsmen
Glycogen storage diseases include which of the following, except ?
hexoseaminidase A deficiency (Tay-Sachs disease)
glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency (Von Gierke's disease)
muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease)
acid maltase deficiency (Pompe's disease)
debrancher enzyme deficiency, Cori disease
Hemosiderin:
Stored primarily in the brain
Accumulates in atrophic organs in old people
Hemoglobin derived pigment devoid of iron
Brownish pigment
A 21-year-old woman has bilaterally diminished hearing . Audiometry
confirms a conduction hearing loss. She has had several rib fractures, a right
femoral fracture, and a left humeral fracture, as well as a left wrist fracture
over the past 8 years. Her dentist notes deformities of multiple teeth, but no
caries. The sclerae of her eyes demonstrate a faint slate-blue colour. A
biochemical defect in formation of which of the following is most likely to
produce these findings?
Fibronectin
Keratin
Fibrinogen
Hyaluronic acid
Collagen
Elastin
Dermatan sulfate
A patient with chronic hemolytic anemia is found to have pigmented stones in
his gallbladder. The stones were formed due to excessive excretion of...
hemosiderin
hematin
bilirubin
melanin
A cranial epidural abscess is usually mirrored in the cerebrospinal fluid by...
increased cells
elevated protein
decreased protein
elevated glucose
no change in cells, protein or glucose
Failure of an organ to reach full size is...
hypoplasia
atrophy
both
neithe
In which of the following situations is metaplasia most likely to have occurred?
Tanning of the skin following sunlight exposure
Lactation following pregnancy
Vitamin A deficiency
Acute myocardial infarction
Urinary obstruction from an enlarged prostate