FIU’s Climate Action Plan
September 15, 2009
FIU President’s Climate Commitment Task Force
1
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Letter to Reader
Executive Summary
Introduction
Campus Emissions
Transportation Mitigation Strategies
GreenRide Carpool Program
Expanded Campus Shuttle System
Valet Parking
Miami Dade Transit Passes
Building and Energy Mitigation Strategies
Green Building Construction – LEED
Energy Star Procurement
Varamatic Lightmaster
5-Year Energy Conservation Plan
Summer Four-Day Work Week Energy Savings Program
Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Equipment
Dyson Airblade Hand Dryers
Solid Waste Mitigation Strategies
Recycling Program
Offsets
Other Sustainable Efforts
Recycled Paper Products
Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Chemicals
Green Cleaning of Parking Garages
Student Sustainability Initiatives
Education, Research, and Community Outreach Efforts
Financing
Tracking Progress
State of Florida Sustainability Initiatives
Acknowledgements
References
Appendix
Presidents Climate Commitment Task Force Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report
American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment
Facilities Management Department 5-Year Energy Conservation Plan
University Custodial Services, Recycling & Solid Waste Management Recycling
Program Outline
Important Terms
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2
Florida International University
September 16, 2009
Dear Reader:
I am writing to express my concern about the threat global warming poses to
our society and to the future of our children. Global warming is happening
much faster than initially predicted, giving us only a few critical years before
changes in our atmosphere become irreversible.
More than 2,000 scientists contributing to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) have made it clear that cuts of at least 50% to 70% in
global greenhouse gas emissions are necessary to allow our climate to restabilize.
Here at Florida International University, we have vowed to take action and limit
the impact that our administration, staff, faculty, and students have on our
environment. In 2007, our fourth president, Modesto “Mitch” A. Maidique,
signed the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment,
paving the way for environmental sensitivity in our university and our
community. This act is a testament to FIU’s desire to promote conservation,
efficiency, and clean renewable energy. We have a small window of opportunity
to take action before our imprint on the earth becomes a destructive one.
Given the expertise of our faculty, staff, and students, FIU is well suited to
meet this challenge and set an example for our community.
In an effort to assist us in doing all that we can do on behalf of our
environment, we urge you to ask the government to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in the following areas:
1. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions from coal fired power plants
2. Reducing emissions from the transport sector
3. Funding initiatives for alternative and renewable energy technology
4. Incentives for the uptake of renewable energy
5. Removal of subsidies for fossil based fuel sources
University Park, PC 528, Miami, Florida 33199 • (305) 348-2111 • Fax: (305) 348-3660 • TDD via FRS 1-800-955-8771
Equal Opportunity/Equal Access Employer and Institution
Florida International University
I understand that focusing on climate change is just one of many issues during
these difficult times, but it is an issue that when properly addressed, will set
the tone for tackling other challenging issues faced by our community.
Sincerely,
Mark B. Rosenberg
University Park, PC 528, Miami, Florida 33199 • (305) 348-2111 • Fax: (305) 348-3660 • TDD via FRS 1-800-955-8771
Equal Opportunity/Equal Access Employer and Institution
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
This report outlines greenhouse gas emissions of Florida International University, as well as the
University’s plan to reduce its environmental impact. It takes into consideration findings from
the FIU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Summary Report submitted last year by the FIU Presidents
Climate Commitment Task Force.
The greenhouse gas inventory concluded that transportation (specifically from student
commuters) is the largest source of emissions at FIU, and purchased electricity the second
largest. The greenhouse gas inventory was an initial summary of FIU’s emissions and is a living
document. It is updated as more accurate data and new information is found and reported to the
American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment every two years. From the
inventory the President’s Climate Commitment Task Force decided that 2007 should be the
benchmark year based on completion of data. FIU’s 2007 total emissions were 154,327 metric of
tons carbon dioxide equivalent values (MTCDE).
Three emission reduction scenarios are being explored that allow for growth to be accounted for
while still achieving reductions. The three reduction scenarios are: 1) a reduction of 25% below
2007 levels, 2) 20% below 2007 levels, and 3) 15% below 2007 levels. All achieve reductions by
2030, with climate neutrality as a goal as soon as possible thereafter. 2020 is another benchmark
year. There should be a 10% reduction in emissions by 2020 in all three scenarios. Below is a
graph that outlines the reduction scenarios as well as a business as usual track.
Reduction Scenarios
250000
BAU
150000
25% reduction by 2025
100000
20% reduction by 2025
15% reduction by 2025
50000
0
20
10
20
12
20
14
20
16
20
18
20
20
20
22
20
24
20
26
20
28
20
30
MTCDE
200000
Years
5
Reductions will be achieved through mitigation strategies in the areas of transportation, building
and energy, solid waste, and offsets. Other notable areas include sustainable efforts, and student
sustainability initiatives. These strategies will be funded through related FIU departments, grants,
and possibly a student greenfee.
FIU has already made great strides in making sustainability a part of the curriculum. Over 50
classes in over 10 departments are offered with a focus on sustainability or the environment. FIU
is exploring the option of making a sustainability requirement for graduation.
There are many student groups, programs, and centers at FIU that integrate sustainability into
their missions. For example, Students for Environmental Action and the Student Government
Association (SGA) work with the FIU President’s Climate Commitment Task Force to ensure
sure that students have input and are aware of initiatives. Additionally, research centers and
programs such as FIU’s Applied Research Center (ARC), Program for Adaptation to Climate
Change and Extreme Events (PACE), The Global Water Sustainability Program (GLOWS), and,
the Institute for Sustainability Science in Latin America and the Caribbean (ISSLAC) have a
sustainability component. A driving force behind the signing of the American College and
University Presidents Climate Commitment and the development of the Task Force was the
Faculty Senate Building and Environment Committee. They will continue to play a crucial role
in the implementation of the Climate Action Plan and integration of sustainability in the
curriculum. These groups, programs, and centers offer a way for students, faculty, staff,
administration, and community members to be involved and learn about sustainability.
The Climate Action Plan will guide FIU into a more sustainable future through education,
research, and mitigation strategies. The report found that achieving reductions are economically
feasible, and require the dedication of the entire FIU community.
6
Table of Contents
Introduction
Florida International University is an urban, multi-campus, research university serving South
Florida, the state, the nation, and the international community. With over 39,000 students, 8,500
faculty and staff, and 135,000 alumni, FIU is the largest public university in South Florida.
Based on enrollment, FIU is one of the 25 largest universities in the nation.
The University has two primary campuses to serve the South Florida community. Modest A.
Maidique Campus (MMC) is the main campus located in western Miami-Dade County; it also
includes three off-campus sites. The total acreage of MMC is approximately 378.4 acres. The
second primary campus is the Biscayne Bay Campus (BBC) located in Northern Miami on
Biscayne Bay. This campus is smaller consisting of approximately 195.0 acres. FIU is
characterized as a commuter school with only about 3,000 students living on campus. The
University also has an academic site in Broward County, FIU Broward Pines Center. A major
research facility, the 40 acre Engineering Center is located near the Modesto A. Maidique
campus. FIU also has a center located in downtown Miami that offers graduate level business
courses for busy professionals.
Modesto Maidique Campus
7
Biscayne Bay Campus
Both MMC and BBC continue to grow academically and physically with new programs and
buildings added every year. In 2006 FIU opened the College of Law, and added Rafeal DiazBallart Hall to MMC, and also opened two new dormitories. In 2007 FIU opened the Graduate
School of Business Building, and in 2008 plans were approved for FIU’s College of Medicine
that will be housed at MMC. Currently a building for the College of Nursing and Health
Sciences is under construction as well as a new parking garage. The action plan takes into
account the growth of FIU while reducing emissions. New buildings must be designed with
sustainability in mind, and, according to university and state-wide regulations, achieve at least a
LEED Silver certification.
8
The graph below shows the steady increase of growth in gross square footage of FIU campus
buildings annually.
* Based on Facilities Management Department data
Currently, FIU locally operates and maintains 120 permanent buildings, containing over 7
million gross square feet. The Facilities Management Department is responsible for the overall
development, design, operation, and maintenance of the University’s physical facilities. The
department is committed to providing quality sustainable facilities.
9
Table of Contents
Campus Emissions
The FIU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report1 was conducted in 2008 as FIU’s first significant step
towards quantifying the campus’ environmental impact through greenhouse gas emissions. This
inventory serves as the catalyst to the process for future reduction strategies as Florida
International University moves towards achieving emission reductions. The inventory also
helped to identify the major challenges specific to FIU and assist in suggesting ideas to reduce
emissions in the future.
Emissions were calculated using Clean Air – Cool Planet’s Campus Carbon Calculator version 5.
This model takes into account the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the individual
greenhouse gases, and converts them into metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent values
(MTCDE). The Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report submitted September 15, 2008 covers
operational FIU data between fiscal years 1996-2007. However, data prior to 2000 was not
readily available and incomplete in several areas. It should be noted that there are a number of
limitations inherent in the Clean Air-Cool Planet model and the data available.2 Scope three also
has a high degree of data and/or methodological uncertainty. The inventory was an initial
summary of Florida International University’s greenhouse gas emissions. It is considered to be a
living document and is being updated as new information and better data becomes available
The FIU President’s Climate Commitment Task Force decided that fiscal year 2007 would be
used as FIU’s emissions baseline year because of completeness of datasets. Data for 2008 and
2009 is currently being collected and input into the Clean Air – Cool Planet Campus Carbon
Calculator. The model has many data input categories, but not all are applicable to FIU.
Categories for which data were collected for are:
GHG Emissions Categories Applicable to FIU
Institutional Data
Budget
Population
Energy
Purchased
Electricity
Chilled Water
Produced
Transportation
University Fleet
Student/Faculty/Staff
Commuting miles
Solid Waste
Landfill waste
with CH4
Recovery
Refrigeration
Pounds of
HCFC-22
Offsets
FIU Preserve
Physical Size
The inventory breakdowns emissions into three scopes; scope one contains direct transportation,
such as the university fleet, and refrigerant and chemical usages. Purchased electricity is
1
FIU Presidents Climate Commitment Task Force Greenhouse Gas Inventory Summary Report
Complete information on Clean Air – Cool Planet Campus Carbon Calculator and limitations of the model and
data can be found in FIU Presidents Climate Commitment Task Force Greenhouse Gas Inventory Summary Report,
September 15, 2009
2
10
contained in scope two, and scope three contains commuters and solid waste emissions. Scope
one only contains 1% of total MTCDE emissions, scope two contains 43% of total MTCDE
emissions, and scope three, being the largest, contains 56% of total MTCDE emissions.
Key findings from the inventory show that energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
have increased as the student population and campus infrastructure has expanded.
Transportation emissions relative to student commuting is the most critical issue that Florida
International University faces in moving toward emissions reduction.
The findings from the greenhouse gas inventory proved assumptions that commuting accounted
for the majority of emissions. FIU is considered a commuter school. Due to its urban location in
Miami, Florida, most of the students do not reside on campus.
The chart below shows emissions of the different greenhouse gases by different categories within
each scope for 2007. Total emissions for the year 2007 were 154,327 MTCDE. Student
11
commuters accounted for 73,735 MTCDE, and purchased electricity accounted for 66,665
MTCDE. These two categories will be the focus for emission reductions in the future.
Overview of 2007 Annual Emissions
MODULE
WORKSHEET
UNIVERSITY
Select Year -->
Summary
Overview of Annual Emissions
Florida International University
2007
Purchased Electricity
Energy
Consumption
CO2
CH4
N2O
Other
Chemicals
MMBtu
kg
Kg
kg
kg
873,011
Purchased Steam/Chilled Water
-
66,394,307
-
716
-
eCO2
eCO2
Short
Tons
Metric Tonnes
860
73,485
66,665
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Non Co-Gen
Co-Gen Electric
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Co-Gen Steam
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,200,888
13,508
84,364,056
951,374
16,590
176
5,722
61
95,281
86,439
1,073
974
1,024,377
71,965,109
14,146
4,879
81,277
73,735
163,003
-
11,447,573
-
2,268
-
782
-
12,931
11,731
-
-
-
-
47,450
-
1,203
1,091
170
154
Stationary Sources
Transport Total
University Fleet
Student Commuters
Faculty/Staff
Commuters
Air Travel
Agriculture Total
Solid Waste
-
Refrigeration
Total
2,073,900
Offsets
150,758,363
64,756
6,582
-
154,350
170,139
(26)
'Green' Electric
Credits
Composting
Forest Preservation
Net Emissions
(23)
-
(23)
(26)
154,327
170,113
*CA-CP Campus Carbon Calculator
The Climate Action Plan will look at three different emissions reduction scenarios. The first
scenario represents aggressive reductions, which will place FIU at 25% below 2007 levels by
2030. The second scenario represents moderate reductions that will place FIU at 20% below
2007 levels by 2030. Finally, the third scenario represents baseline reductions that will place FIU
at 15% below 2007 levels by 2030. The “business as usual” track is outlined in the executive
summary to compare to the different reduction scenarios. 2020 is another benchmark year to
make sure FIU is on track to meet the goals set. There should be a 10% reduction in emissions by
2020 in all three scenarios. These reduction scenarios are the stepping stones for climate
neutrality to be achieved as soon as feasible.
12
Energy use accounted for 43% of total emissions in 2007. Air conditioning and ventilation,
accounts for the majority of the energy used by FIU. Many steps are already in progress to
reduce energy consumption at FIU as reflected in 2009 on the graph below.
FIU Total kWh
120000000
100000000
kWh
80000000
60000000
kWh
40000000
20000000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Fiscal Years
* Based on Facilities Management Department Data
Energy production accounts for a large amount of emissions in this country because of the fuel
used. The combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, to produce electricity release many
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. FIU receives its electricity from Florida Power and Light
Company (FPL). FPL uses a diversified fuel mix and claims to be one of the cleanest in the
nation. Their current fuel mix is outlined in the chart below. Natural Gas currently generates the
majority of energy produced by FPL. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel, while coal is the
dirtiest fossil fuel because it releases the most emissions. Nuclear energy releases no direct
greenhouse gases, but it is a controversial fuel because of risk and safety factors, and storing and
disposing of nuclear waste. FPL plans to expand their nuclear facilities in the future. Renewable
energy only accounts for a very small amount of FPL’s fuel mix. Many renewable projects have
been undertaken that may eventually grow this number. FPL promotes conservation and
efficiency practices, and believes that greater use of conservation and cost-effective renewable
resources is good for our nation and that the ongoing evaluation of emerging clean energy
technologies is a worthy pursuit.3
3
FPL Alternative Energy
13
FPL Diversified Energy Mix kWh Produced
Nuclear
19%
Natural Gas
54%
Purchased
Power
Oil 15%
Coal
6%6%
*Sources of generation for 12 months ending August 2008 4
The chart below outlines comparable buildings at FIU and their electricity usage.
Building Square Feet and Average Yearly kWh
Gross Square
Average Yearly kWh
Building Name
Feet
totals
MMC Housing
865,901
9,625,683
Green Library
357,181
5,000,920
Primera Casa
224,229
4,859,400
Graham Center
303,840
3,636,320
Chemistry & Physics
130,857
3,304,400
Health and Life Sciences
237,581
2,294,280
Engineering Building
112,754
2,267,600
Rafeal Diaz-Ballart Hall Law Building
153,768
2,188,560
U.S. Century Bank Arena
121,158
2,018,000
BBC Housing
146,353
1,747,630
* Based on FY 2009 Facilities Management Department Data
4
Energy News FPL
14
Table of Contents
Transportation Mitigation Strategies
GreenRide Carpool Program
Florida International University adopted a carpool program in mid 2008 called GreenRide.
GreenRide is a web-based application that promotes the use of alternative transportation on
campus. The GreenRide Carpool Program provides a solution that reduces transportation related
greenhouse gas emissions and tracks the savings. The program allows users to search for other
carpool members by selecting location, schedules, and lifestyle preferences. Users will remain
anonymous until users decide to form a group. Users can view potential ride matches from a
map.
It's easy and quick to use.
GreenRide carpool Program also benefits members of the FIU community by providing close
parking for carpoolers. In order to use this privileged parking, a GreenRide decal must be
obtained and properly displayed.
After one year of GreenRide being available to the FIU community, there are nearly 1,000
people
Registered, and about 300 GreenRide parking decals have been issued. This mitigation has
proved to be cost effective by reducing the amount of cars on campus and reducing the demand
for more parking.
FIU is continuing to promote GreenRide to expand its use. It has received considerable publicity
in the first year from flyers, websites, articles, and signs on the parking spaces. Now that the FIU
community knows about it, we are hoping that more people will take advantage of this
opportunity.
Expanded Campus Shuttle System
The University continues to operate the shuttle bus system through the CATS Shuttle and the
Golden Panther Express Shuttle. The shuttles run between the FIU campuses and provide
students, faculty, and staff with an alternative to driving. If demand arises in the future, the
Department of Parking and Transportation at FIU will explore the option to expand and add
more shuttles.
Bio-diesel Fleet
In 2008 the University purchased 100% Bio-diesel buses for the CATS Shuttle System. This
commitment marks a major environmentally sustainable advance for the university fleet. In
January 2009, the entire university diesel fleet switched to 20% Bio-diesel. EPA studies have
shown a decrease of emissions from vehicles running on Bio-diesel. 100% bio-diesel reduces
hydrocarbon emissions by about 70%, carbon monoxide emissions by about 50%, and almost
completely eliminates sulfur emissions. Hydrocarbon emissions are reduced by about 20% in
vehicles running on 20% bio-diesel, and carbon monoxide emissions are cut by about 10%.5
The Fresh Food Company operated by Aramark and Panther Dining currently collect used
cooking oil and recycles it to a company that produces Bio-diesel. A program that would bring
production of the bio-diesel from the used cooking oil on campus is currently being explored.
This would give students and professors hands on experience and research opportunities, while
providing bio-diesel for the fleet.
5
A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions
15
Valet Parking
Cars are most inefficient when they are driving around at low speeds like when drivers are
looking for parking. Valet parking allows the car to be parked quickly in a close spot reducing
emissions from the car. Valet parking became available in front of the Graham Student Center on
MMC Campus in 2009.
Miami-Dade Transit Passes
The University continues to offer and promote half price student transit passes for Miami-Dade
Transit. Promoting public transportation will ease the commute as the South Florida population
continues to grow, and reduce the number of cars on the road.
The University is discussing possible future partnership with Miami-Dade Expressway
Authority, Miami-Dade Transit Authority, Florida Department of Transportation, The City of
Sweetwater, and Miami-Dade County Parks and Recreation which would significantly reduce
emissions from transportation.
16
Table of Contents
Building and Energy Mitigation Strategies
Green Building Construction – LEED
The U.S. Green Building Council states that, “buildings in the U.S. are responsible for 38% of
the carbon dioxide emissions, and 39% of the energy use.”6 Certified green buildings can save
money, reduce greenhouse gas emission, and create a healthier environment for the workers, the
residents, and the community. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Green Building Rating System is a voluntary, consensus-based national rating system for
developing high-performance, sustainable buildings. LEED addresses all building types and
emphasizes state-of-the-art strategies in five areas: sustainable site development, water savings,
energy efficiency, materials and resources selection, and indoor environmental quality. LEED
standard buildings are healthier for the environment and for human health.7
FIU has committed to green building construction. Buildings where planning has just begun are
striving for LEED Silver certification. This includes newly planned facilities such as the Student
Academic Support Center, and the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). The SIPA
building will also have photovoltaic solar panel on the roof. The University has also committed
to strive for possible LEED Silver Certification on new construction projects that are already
under design for example, the new School of Nursing.
Energy Star Procurement
As part of the multifaceted push to make energy efficiency a major priority at FIU, The
University is increasing its use of products bearing the Energy Star logo. Energy Star is a
government-backed program to provide products with increased energy efficiency. It is a joint
program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy
helping us all save money and protect the environment through energy efficient products and
practices. Energy Star rated appliances will help lower energy demands from FIU, reducing
emissions.
Varmatic Lightmaster
FIU is exploring the option of installing The Varmatic Lightmaster; it is an energy saving
lighting optimizer by J Core. The four parking garages and the parking garage in the building
phase would be the possible installation sites of this system. The system has the ability to reduce
energy use from lighting up to 30%, and has the ability to increase the lifespan of associated
equipment like lighting hardware, and also has a built in savings calculator.8 This will reduce
electricity consumption, saving the University money and also reduce emissions related to
energy consumption and production.
6
McLaren, Warren
Intro – What LEED Is
8
JCore Varamatic Lightmaster Profile
7
17
5-Year Energy Conservation Plan (Facilities Management)9
The Facilities Management Department has completed a 5 Year Energy Conservation Plan.
There are many projects in different phases of this plan.
Completed projects:
 Installed an Energy Management System that centrally controls the temperature and
lighting in 95% of the buildings on campus; the other 5% are freestanding units.
 FIU replaced all ballasts with T8 fluorescent tubes and electronic ballasts which use
fewer watts than their predecessors.
 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) setback modes have been raised from
75°F to 80°F achieving an energy savings of 3% to 5%. With this, an automatic
notification software system has been installed to monitor HVAC loads. This alerts FIU
technicians of any malfunctions or drastic changes so costly damages to the system can
be prevented.
 Chiller temperatures were raised from 44°F to 48°F with an estimated energy savings of
2% to 4%.
 As a result, FIU has achieved energy savings of 7% to 10% by adjusting temperature in
buildings to 75°F.
Resource Conservation Initiatives
 Phased out units have been replaced by new units, which have higher energy efficiency,
and consume less Kw/Ton consumption.
 A variable speed air handler automatic system regulates the fan speed depending on the
total load of the system, making it more efficient.
 New variable speed transport systems and building pumps for chilled water are more
efficient by automatically adapting to pumping volumes depending on the system’s load.
 FIU has expanded recycling on campus to include the housing complex and the Graham
Student Center. Recycling amounts increased drastically in 2009 and reduced the amount
of landfill bound waste. Furthermore, efforts have been increased to encourage recycling
on campus.
 Water usage from retention ponds for irrigation has allowed FIU to save on water usage
since there is no cost to use this onsite source.
Projects in Progress: Energy Management – Phase II:
 Motion detector lighting switches are being installed in offices and classrooms. By using
motion detection switches in offices, a reduction in electricity consumption is expected,
when spaces are not being used. New buildings will be equipped with these devices and
Facilities Management is in the process of installing them in buildings where office space
is significant.
 The PC Building (administration building) on MMC and ACII building on BBC will be
added to the Energy Management System. This will allow them to be centrally
controlled, and lights will be automatically turned off during night hours to achieve
energy savings.
9
Complete 5-Year Energy Management Plan can be obtained by contacting FIU Facilities Management Department
18

Buildings will be closed for usage outside of normal operating hours, and when possible
temperatures in the buildings will be increase to 80°F at night and during weekends.
Resource Conservation Initiatives:
 MBTU meters are being installed in all buildings, along with computer software to
capture chilled water usage. This allows loads to be properly monitored and balanced.
 FIU is in the process of signing a contract with Florida City Gas to install natural gas
lines on MMC Campus. The switch from liquid propane to natural gas is expected to save
about $250,000.
 Facilities Management and Aramark (FIU’s major food service provider) are determining
the feasibility of a compost (biogester) technique to reduce food waste costs at FIU’s
Cafeteria.
 Xeriscape landscape materials (less watering and maintenance resources) are being
utilized in as many sites as possible.
 Efficient 1.6 gallons per flush toilets as well as motion detecting or hydraulic timed
faucets are being installed in all restrooms.
 All buildings are being evaluated for effectiveness of existing systems, and then retrocommissioning of existing buildings to make corrections to increase efficiency are being
conducted.
 There is increased usage of recycled materials in carpeting and furniture, as well as
installation of more efficient lighting in all renovated classrooms.
Projects for Future (5 Years): Energy Management – Phase III
 Solar roof panels will be investigated for roof replacement projects and new construction.
The University will use the results of cost-benefit analyses and the availability of funds to
decide the use of this technology.
 Energy audits will be conducted by an independent consultant to identify cost savings
programs on all campuses.
 Air handlers and controls throughout campus will be upgraded to increase efficiencies
and reduce cost.
 Re-roofing projects will add extra insulation to achieve energy efficiency and reduce heat
load.
 Upgrades and redesigns in lab ventilation systems that efficiently improve air quality will
be studied.
Summer Four-Day Work Week Energy Savings Program
In 2008 FIU trialed a four-day, 10 hour day work week. This schedule resulted in energy savings
as well as reducing emissions from commuters. In the seven week trial period, around 36,000
gallons of gasoline were saved from being burned on the commute from employees, and about
324,000 kg of CO2 was saved from being released into the atmosphere. These reductions in
emission generated important savings in the budget because HVAC systems did not have to be
operated the 5th day. The summer four-day work week was authorized to be implemented again
in 2009 since the trial was successful.10
10
Complete data on the 4-day Summer work week can be found by contacting FIU Financial Planning Department
or FIU Facilities Management Department
19
Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Equipment
Most cleaning equipment used by the custodial services unit was purchased with the
environment in mind. For example, all vacuum cleaners have HEPA filtration and carry the
Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label certification. All carpet extraction equipment uses
50% less water than previous models and has dual operating modes (low moisture modes) for
further reduction in energy and water usage. All floor scrubbers use 50% less water than
previous models. Considering that we have a little over 2 million cleanable square feet of
carpeted areas this means a significant reduction in water usage hard floor burnishers also have
HEPA filtration. All trash bags used are 100% biodegradable. Finally, hot water is no longer
used in our cleaning process which is an additional reduction in energy use. This equipment will
not only help with reducing energy consumption, but also all with the amount of wastewater
discharged.11
Dyson AirbladeTM Hand Dryers
The Graham Center Student Union installed Dyson AirbaldeTM hand dryers in the bathrooms to
test them. According to Dyson, the AirbaldeTM use up to 80% less energy than the standard warm
air hand dryers and they also eliminate 99.9% of the bacteria in the air with a HEPA filtration
system. Each AirbaldeTM operates on 1600 Watts and uses 5.33 watts per use and a conventional
warm air dryer operates on 2300 Watts and uses 17.25watts per use. The amount of energy used
annually for the AirbaldeTM hand dryer is significantly less than the warm air hand dryers and
cuts the carbon emissions by more than half.12
11
12
Recycling FIU Facilities Management Department
Dyson AirbaldeTM Hand Dryer
20
Table of Contents
Solid Waste Mitigation Strategies
Recycling Program
Currently FIU recycles a variety of items including, paper, aluminum, plastics, glass, light bulbs,
ballasts, cardboard, wood pallets, batteries, cartridges, car batteries, used oil, oil rags, and used
tires. Tree trimmings are also recycled into wood chips and used around campus as mulch. FIU
broadened the recycling program and switched to single-stream recycling in April of 2009. The
recycling program now includes the Graham Student Center as well as the housing complex.
There was about a 22% increase in the amount recycled from May 2008 to May 2009, and a 7%
drop in solid waste. In 2009 FIU participated in Recyclemania for the first time as a benchmark
school. We saw an increase in recycling at the university because of this, and we plan on
participating in upcoming years. Recycling does not directly affect FIU’s greenhouse gas
emissions, but it will reduce the amount of solid waste produced on campus and lower emissions
that are produced from waste decomposing in a landfill.
Recycling Amounts in Tons
120
100
Tons
80
2008
60
2009
40
20
0
January
February
March
April
May
Months
* Based on Facilities Management Department data
FIU will comply with the Energy Bill of Florida (HB-7135) that mandates all state agencies to
recycle 75% of their entire waste stream by 2020. The Florida Department of Environmental
Protection has been assigned by Governor Charlie Crist to develop an implementation program. 13
13
Recycling FIU Facilities Management Department
21
Table of Contents
Offsets
FIU has a nature preserve on the UP campus. It is approximately 10 acres, and is estimated to
sequester about 23 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year. The nature preserve is used as a learning
tool in many classes and programs that are offered at FIU. The preserve contains scaled versions
of various ecosystems in South Florida. There is also has a butterfly garden on the south side of
it. There are trails through it and signs that identify the plant species.
Future Offsets
FIU will investigate the feasibility of different emission offsets for future reduction. An emission
offset is a representation of an emission reduction somewhere else. The rights of that emission
reduction can be bought and traded to offset emissions of the company or person that bought it.14
14
How Carbon Offsets Work
22
Table of Contents
Other Sustainable Efforts
Recycled Paper products
All paper supplies, toilet tissue, paper roll towel, junior jumbo toilet tissue, and toilet seat covers,
in all rest rooms, on all campuses, are Green Sealed Certified. This means that these products are
not only 100% recycled material, but had a minimal impact on the environment during
harvesting and manufacturing,
Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Chemicals
Most cleaning chemicals used by the Custodial Services Department are environmentally
friendly and are of commercial grade.
Great effort has been spent to remove harsh and harmful chemicals, and in some cases the
manufacturer has been instructed by us to remove certain ingredients from products sold to the
department in order to make them more environmentally friendly.
In addition, most cleaning chemicals currently used to clean our facilities either carry the EPA
“Design for the Environment” certification or the Green Seal™ certification.
As a clarification, Green Seal is an independent organization that certifies products as green and
awards the Green Seal to qualified products. The EPA is the governmental agency that certifies
chemicals as green or environmentally friendly and awards a “Design for the Environment”
certification for qualified products.
All cleaning chemicals used by the Custodial Services Department are correctly blended by the
use of chemical blend centers. This eliminates immediate contact with the chemicals and ensures
proper dilution of the products and prevents over dilution as so often happens when people
manually “eyeball” dilution ratios. This is extremely important, as even “Green” products can be
harmful if not properly used and properly diluted to the correct ratio for its intended use.15
Green Cleaning of Parking Garages
FIU currently has four parking garages at MMC, each with over 1,000 stalls and heavy daily
traffic. The Parking and Transportation Department is investigating a possible contract with a
company that will pressure wash the garages. The machine used to clean the garages will collect
all the wastewater that may contain chemicals such as motor oil and antifreeze and it will be
disposed of it properly. It is important that this wastewater is treated properly and not leached
into our ground water.
Student Sustainability Initiatives
In 2007, a student took on the initiative to improve water conservation in dormitories on campus.
Showerheads were replaced with low-flow showerheads, and faucets were retrofitted with
aerators. The new showerhead saves 50% more water only using 1.5 gallons per minute. The
faucet aerator cut down water usage to 1 gallon per minute. These replacements were given to
FIU through a Miami-Dade County grant created to provide an incentive to conserve water. The
showerheads and faucets came in a kit also including a device to stop running toilets, although
those were not used. 850 faucet aerators and showerheads were replaced in total. The student is
currently working with housing to put the new showerheads and faucet aerators in the remaining
dormitories.
15
Recycling FIU Facilities Management Department
23
Students for Environmental Action (SEA), Emerging Green Builders, Garden Club, Yoga Club,
Preksha Meditation Club, University Health Services, the Wellness Center, Stempel Public
Health Association, Student Dietetic Association, Pathfinders, FIU Panther Dining, FIU Aramark
Landscaping, and FIU Facilities Management teamed up with the Healthy Campus Task Force to
start the FIU Organic Farmer’s Market Consortium. It is held every Wednesday starting at noon
in the center of MMC. Local farmers come to sell their organic fruits and vegetables. There are
also a variety of other items available like fresh baked organic breads, smoothies, and salads. The
Yoga club leads “Yoga on the Lawn” during the time too, and there have also been healthy
cooking demonstrations, and educationals on reducing your carbon footprint. The farmer’s
market is sponsored by FIU’s Stempel Public Health Association and the Wellness Center.
Facilities Management, the Healthy Campus Task Force, and Students for Environmental Action
have placed stickers around light switches around FIU reminding people to turn off the lights
when they leave to conserve energy.
Other mitigation strategies not listed may be explored and implemented in the future to lower
emissions.
24
Table of Contents
Education, Research, and Community Outreach Efforts
FIU is committed to reduce its impact on climate change in the years ahead through
implementation and education of best practices across the university community. FIU offers a
number of courses that contain an environmental or sustainability aspect in many different
programs including; Architecture, Interior Design, Landscape Architecture, Asian Studies,
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biological Science, Economics, Environmental Studies,
Philosophy, Political Science, Religious Studies, Earth Science, Engineering, and Construction.
Below is a partial listing of the courses in these programs.
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ANG 5403 Ecological Anthropology
ANT 3403 Cultural Ecology
ARC 3xxx Green: Designing for Sustainability
ARC 4799 The Architecture and Landscape Architecture of South Florida
ARC 5905 Solar Decathlon
ARC 5xxx Environmental Systems in Architecture 1 and 2
BCN 4561C Environmental Controls
BCN 4564 Environmental Controls in Buildings 2
BCN 4xxx Sustainable Approach to Construction Management
BCN 5585 Sustainable Construction
BSC 5405C Environmental Instrumentation
CWR 3103 Water Resources Engineering
CGN 4xxx Sustainable Building Engineering
ECP 3302 Introduction to Environmental Economics
ECP 4314 Natural Resource Economics
EML 1051C Introduction to Solar Energy Utilization
EML 3450 Energy Systems
EML 4421 Internal Combustion Engines
EML 4601 Principles of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
EML 4603 Design of Air Conditioning Systems
EML 4608C Mechanical Systems in Environmental Control
EML 4706 Design of Thermal and Fluid Systems
EML 4xxx Mechanical Engineering Systems and Energy Utilization
ENV 4005L Environmental Laboratory II
ENV 4024 Bioremediation Engineering
ENV 4101 Elements of Atmospheric Pollution
ENV 4330 Hazardous Waste Assessment and Remediation
ENV 4351 Solid Waste Management
ENV 4551 Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment
ENV 4930 Special Topics in Environmental Engineering
EVR 1001 Introduction to Environmental Science Lecture and Lab
EVR 3010 Energy Flow in Natural and Man-made Systems
EVR 3011 Environmental Resources and Pollution Lecture and Lab
EVR 3013 Ecology of South Florida Lecture and Lab
EVR 3029 The Everglades
25
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EVR 3402 Asian Environmental Issues
EVR 3931 Topics in Environmental Studies
EVR 4026 Ecology of Biotic Resources
EVR 4211 Water Resources Lecture and Lab
EVR 4231 Air Resources
EVR 4272 Agroecology
EVR 4274 Sustainable Agriculture
EVR 4312 Energy Resources
EVR 4321 Sustainable Resource Development
EVR 4323 Restoration Ecology
EVR 4352 U.S. Environmental Policy
EVR 4401 Conservation Biology
EVR 4411 Human Organization & Ecosystems Management
EVR 4415 Population & Environment Issues
EVR 4592 Soils & Ecosystems Lecture and Lab
EVR 4594 Analysis of South Florida Ecosystems
EVR 4595 South Florida Environmental Conflicts
EVR 4596 Applied Field Ecology
EVR 4869L Environmental Problem Solving Lab
EVR 4920 Environmental Seminar
EVR 4934 Environmental GIS
EVR 4934 Environment and Health
EVR 4934 Deep Ecology
EVR 5005 Environmental Science and Sustainability
GLY 1010 Introduction to Earth Science Lecture and Lab
GLY 3202 Earth Materials Lecture and Lab
GLY 4822 Introduction to Hydrogeology
HUM 4393 Human Concerns
IND 5645 Structures and Systems 1
INR 4350 International Environmental Politics
LAA 3602 South Florida Landscapes
LAA 3xxx Theory of Planning Design
LAA 5243 Regional Landscape Issues
OCE 3014 Oceanography Lecture and lab
PCB 3043 Ecology Lecture and Lab
PHI 3640 Environmental Ethics
PUP 4203 Environmental Politics
REL 3492 Earth Ethics
REL 5183 Ethics and Environment
SYP 4454 Globalization and Society
SYD 4604 Cities and Sustainability: Latin America, Africa, and Asia in a
Globalizing World
o URP 5316 Environmental and Urban Systems
FIU also offers certificate programs relating to sustainability. The Professional Certificate in
Sustainable Construction provides both traditional students and practicing professionals with an
26
experience that enhances design and management capabilities in the emerging field of study of
sustainable building design and construction. The undergraduate certificate in Agroecology
teaches students to use ecological theory to study, design, manage, and evaluate agricultural
systems that are productive and also resources conserving.
FIU also has student groups that are involved in sustainability. Students for Environmental
Action is a group who is dedicated to help make FIU a more sustainable and environmentally
friendly place. They do this by holding events to educate the community on different sustainable
ideas and practices.16 They also communicate with the Presidents Climate Commitment Task
Force to collaborate ideas and events to reach out to the population. The Student Government
Association has two Environmental Cabinet members that also collaborate with the Presidents
Climate Commitment Task Force.
Florida International University’s Sustainable Green Living Program is a multidisciplinary
student organization, run by FIU Emerging Green Builders, with a coalition of students and
young professionals from engineering, construction management, architecture, business and
others, to promote the integration of technology, entrepreneurship, economic and political
leadership into the green building movement. Their vision is to provide a unique educational and
outreach opportunity to FIU students and professionals to enhance their education and training
through involvement in real-world sustainable green building projects. Their mission is to create
a cohort of emerging green building leaders and to develop opportunities for networking through
the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) and other green building organizations to
generate momentum for the green building industry.
16
SEA Home (Students for Environmental Action)
27
Participants from this group created a team to participate in a solar decathlon. The decathlon
team accepted the 2005 challenge with its sights, not just on building an energy-efficient home,
but on designing and building a residential prototype for sustainable living. Their goal was to
integrate environmentally responsible design with readily available technologies and materials
that can be tailored to fit almost any lifestyle and climate. The solar house placed number one in
the energy balance category in the 2005 National Solar Decathlon.17
FIU Solar House
17
Solar Decathlon Team Site Mission Statement
28
FIU’s Sustainable Green Living Program also created a team to participate in Future House. In
2003, China’s Ministry of Construction authorized a project aimed at integrating new and
renewable energy sources, energy conservation technologies, environmental compatibility,
pollution reduction, and the use of modern digital technologies to create a housing design that
addressed the need for modern housing and reduction of environmental pollution in China. The
Ministry asked for ten demonstration houses from different countries to be showcased at the
2008 Beijing Olympics. The Future House USA project is a consortium of groups including
Alternative Energy Living Foundation (AEL), which is the lead effort as the principal managing
sponsor, FIU as the founding academic sponsor and the National Defense Council Foundation as
the principal general sponsor.18
Future House USA Computer Model
Emerging Green Builders is a coalition of students and young professionals that are intent on
promoting the integration of future leaders into the green building movement. This is done
through extracurricular activities like study assignments, research projects, lectures, hands-on
experiences, and exposure to people working in the field. Emerging Green Builders also offer
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) study sessions to FIU students who
would like to get certified.19
The FIU Garden Club is a subdivision of MANRRS (Minorities in Agriculture, Natural
Resources, and Related Sciences) and is part of the Agroecolgy Department. Their focus is
bringing a sustainable lifestyle to the FIU community by supporting, using, and teaching
sustainable and organic agriculture and stewardship of the earth. The FIU Garden Club has an
organic community garden where students, faculty, and staff can learn about sustainable
gardening. They have plans of expanding their garden to include aquaculture with a pond project,
fruit grove, and a meditation garden. They also collaborate with Aramark where they collect all
the organic food waste from the cafeteria for a composting project. The FIU Garden Club
participates weekly in the FIU Organic Farmer’s Market Consortium where they sell organic
smoothies and in the future will be selling herbal plants.
18
19
Future House USA Introduction
Emerging Green Builders Home
29
FIU’s Applied Research Center (ARC) focuses on five core research units: environmental
stewardship, waste management, energy security, defense technology, and water treatment. The
Center's mission is to solve complex issues in these core areas through innovative cooperative
research and entrepreneurship. In carrying out this mission, the Applied Research Center is
committed to providing training opportunities to the University's uniquely diverse student body
under the mentorship of the Center's internationally recognized engineers and scientists.20
The Program for Adaptation to Climate Change and Extreme Events (PACE) of FIU is a newly
launched research program at the Department of Environmental Studies and the Laboratory for
Social Behavior Research at IHRC. Recently they conducted a survey of experts serving the
Florida Keys – management personnel, environmental specialists, policymakers, and community
leaders at the local, state, regional, and national level. The survey results show that the 225
experts that participated were concerned about climate change and would support proactive
measures to minimize adverse affects. PACE plans to continue work with the Florida Keys on
this project.
The Global Water for Sustainability (GLOWS) program is a consortium led by FIU and financed
by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) that is working to increase
social, economic, and environmental benefits to people of the developing world through clean
water, healthy aquatic ecosystems and sustainable water resources management. Launched in
early 2005, GLOWS works on-the-ground to implement improved practices, build local capacity
through multi-level training activities, and share lessons learned and advancements in IWRM
practice with local and global partners.21
FIU’s Latin America and Caribbean Center was founded in 1979. FIU has one of the largest
concentrations of Latin American and Caribbean studies scholars of any university in the
country. Our faculty associates range across many fields and have produced important works on
such topics as migration, US-Latin American relations, trade and integration in the Americas,
indigenous cultures, economic stabilization and democratization, sustainable development,
environmental technology, and arts and humanities.22 LACC's newest addition, the Institute for
Sustainability Science in Latin America and the Caribbean (ISSLAC), studies the patterns of
interactions between nature and society in this region of the world. It combines new
methodological approaches and problem-driven, interdisciplinary research to gain a more
complete understanding of these interactions. The need for this kind of applied research is
especially urgent in developing countries, which are most vulnerable to the stresses produced by
rapid social and environmental change. The institute’s goal is the implementation of integrative,
place-based research that combines the physical, natural and social sciences in the pursuit of
rigorous scientific research that also contributes to solutions to local, regional and global
environmental problems.23
20
PACE - Program for Adaptation to Climate Change and Extreme Events
About GLOWS
22
About LACC
23
Institute for Sustainability Science
21
30
Table of Contents
Financing
Current mitigation strategies have been funded by the University in the appropriate departments.
There are many grants available for sustainability projects, and FIU is exploring the option of
grants to help fund sustainability and mitigation projects.
Many universities and colleges across the country have implemented a green fee that purchase
renewable energy and go to funding sustainability efforts on campus. FIU is currently exploring
a green fee and supports the Florida Green Fee Coalition24. FIU is investigating a fee of one
dollar per semester per student. This fee would create a large amount of money that would act as
grants for sustainability projects that students, faculty or staff would propose and implement. A
green fee committee would be created to oversee the use of the money. The committee would
consist of administration, faculty, staff, and students.
24
Florida Green Fee Coalition
31
Table of Contents
Tracking Progress
FIU will track emission reduction progress on two different levels. Projects will be tracked on
individual levels and emissions will be tracked for the university as a whole. A greenhouse gas
inventory will be updated as needed and reported a minimum of every two years. FIU has an
interim goal of a 10% reduction below 2007 levels by 2020. Meeting this goal will ensure we are
on track to meeting the overall goal of one of our reduction strategies.
Currently FIU uses the Clean Air – Cool Planet Campus Carbon Calculator to input and store
data, FIU just begun work on creating a custom database that will track and analyze data. The
Climate Commitment Task Force thought that it would be a great learning opportunity for FIU
students to create this database for us instead of outsourcing it. Dr. Yimin Zhu will be leading a
team of students to create this database.
Discussions are taking place on creating an office of sustainability at FIU. Investigations on how
other universities have set up offices of sustainability to get an idea of what will work for our
university community. The office would take over tracking progress, creating and assisting
implementation of mitigation strategies, and collaborating with other departments and groups on
campus.
32
Table of Contents
State of Florida Sustainability Initiatives
The State of Florida has also implemented many projects that take on the role of moving to a
sustainable future, and protecting the environment. In 2007, Governor Charlie Crist released a
series of executive orders that addressed climate change and Florida’s actions toward it. Among
the actions in these orders are target dates for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, a
requirement for LEED standard building, and the establishment of the Florida Governor’s Action
Team on Energy and Climate Change. 25 Florida has a Lead by Example program that mandates
sustainable practices like the LEED certification on all new state buildings mentioned earlier.
The state mandated use of energy-saving equipment for all state agencies, departments, and local
governments, and also, where economically feasible, solar energy devices for heating and
cooling, are to be used on buildings. The state requires that vehicles purchased must have the
highest miles per gallon rating in their class, and if possible vehicles must use ethanol and biodiesel fuel. New homes and buildings in the state of Florida must meet energy efficiency
standards. The new building code makes buildings and houses 20% more efficient then the 2007
building standards. The state of Florida is also implementing other sustainable practices like
developing a Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard and creating a “comprehensive energy and
climate change action plan” for the future.26
25
26
State of Florida Executive Orders -7-126 to 07-128
Clean Energy Florida and State of Florida Executive Order 07-128
33
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
FIU Climate Commitment Task Force
William Foster
Marco Benitez
Karen Cochrane
Nick Diciacco
Ali Dutton
Hector Fuentes
Jennifer Mwaisela-Rose
Joost “Joe” Nuninga
Steven Oberbauer
Gregory Olson
Jose Rodriguez
John Stuart
Yimin Zhu
Committee Chair and Executive Director of Parking
and Transportation
Director of Strategic Development, Office of Financial
Planning
Associate Director of Editorial Services
Senior Director of Facilities Operations
Sustainability Program Assistant
Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Associate Vice President of Risk Management and
Environmental Health and Safety
Assistant Director of Custodial Services
Professor of Biological Sciences
Senior Director of Student Affairs
Director of Operations Analysis, Real Estate
Development and Planning
Professor, School of Architecture
Professor of Construction Management
Interim Representatives to the Task Force
Cara Cooper
Jessica Okaty
David Fonseca
Students for Environmental Action President
Students for Environmental Action Vice President
Community Relations and Environmental Affairs Director, Student
Government Association, BBC
Assistance by:
Carlos D’Costa
Bob Griffith
Lissette Hernandez
Celia Izaguirre
Lazaro Rodriguez
Melissa Singh
Yong Tao
Ryan Vogel
Senior Accountant, Facilities Management
Director of Planning, Real Estate Development and Planning
Assistant Director, Parking and Transportation
FIU Garden Club
Assistant Director, Parking and Transportation
IT & Marketing Specialist, Parking and Transportation
Professor, Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Emerging Green Builders, Student Activist
34
Table of Contents
Tentative Reference List
"About LACC". FIU Latin American and Caribben Center.
<http://lacc.fiu.edu/about_lacc/?body=about_fromdirector&rightbody=about_fromdirector
"About GLOWS". Global Water for Sustainability Program.
<http://glows.fiu.edu/glows/AboutGlows/tabid/53/Default.aspx>.
"Clean Energy Florida". Environmental Protection Agency. August, 12, 2009
<http://www.epa.gov/RDEE/energy-programs/state-and-local/states/fl.html>.
"Dyson Airblade Hand Dryer". Dyson. August 3, 2009
<www.dysonairblade.com/homepage.asp>.
"Emerging Green Builders Home". Emerging Green Builders.
<web.eng.fiu.edu/green/index.shtml>.
"Energy News FPL". Florida Power & Light Company.
<http://www.fpl.com/news/news_and_notes/pdf/enewsnov08.pdf>.
"Energy Star Appliances". Energy Star.
<http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=appliances.pr_appliances>.
“A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions”. Environmental
Protection Agency.
<http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/p02001.pdf>.
"Florida Green Fee Coalition". A Project of Florida Alumni and Students for Sustainable
Campuses. <www.floridagreenfee.com>.
"FPL Alternative Energy". Florida Power & Light Company.
<http://www.fpl.com/environment/conservation/alternative_energy.shtml>.
"Future House USA Introduction". Future House USA. <futurehouseusa.org>.
"How Carbon Offsets Work". Carbonfund.org. http://carbonfund.org/site/pages/how_it_works.
"Institute for Sustainability Science". FIU Latin American and Caribbean Center.
<http://lacc.fiu.edu/centers_institutes/?body=centers_isslac&rightbody=centers_isslac>.
"Intro - What LEED is". U.S. Green Building Council.
<http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1988>.
"JCore Varamatic Lightmaster Profile". JCore Lighting for a Green Future.
<http://www.jcoreonline.com/index-2.html>.
35
McLaren, Warren. "U.S. Buildings Account for 40% of Energy and Materials Use".
Treehugger.com. <http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/08/us-buildings-account-for40_percent-of-energy-and-materials-use.php>.
"PACE - Program for Adaptation to Climate Change and Extreme Events". FIU Program for
Adaptation to Climate Change and Extreme Events. <http://climate.fiu.edu/>.
"Recycling". FIU Facilities Management Department. <http://facilities.fiu.edu/>.
"SEA Home". FIu Students for Environmental Action.
<http://www.fiu.edu/~sea/SEA%20Home.htm>.
"Solar Decathlon Team Site Mission Statement". FIU Solar Decathlon Team.
<htd.fiu.edu/fiusolar/index.html>.
"State of Florida Executive Order Number 07-126". State of Florida Office of the Governor.
<http://www.flclimatechange.us/ewebeditpro/items/O12F15073.pdf>.
"State of Florida Executive Order Number 07-127". State of Florida Office of the Governor.
<http://www.flclimatechange.us/ewebeditpro/items/O12F15074.pdf>.
"State of Florida Executive Order Number 07-128". State of Florida Office of the Governor.
<http://www.flgov.com/pdfs/orders/07-128-actionteam.pdf>.
36
Table of Contents
Appendix
Presidents Climate Commitment Task Force Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report
American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment
Facilities Management Department 5-Year Energy Conservation Plan
University Custodial Services, Recycling & Solid Waste Management Recycling
Program Outline
Important Terms
37
60
62
65
71
37
Presidents Climate Commitment Task Force
Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Summary Report
September 15, 2008
38
Table of Contents
I.
Executive Summary
3
II.
Introduction
6
III.
The Inventory Process
8
IV.
Summary of Inventory Results
9
V.
Transportation Emissions Inventory
13
VI.
Non-Vehicular Energy Emissions Inventory
16
VII.
Solid Waste Emissions Inventory
17
VIII.
Refrigerants Emissions Inventory
18
IX.
Glossary of Key Terms
19
X.
Acknowledgements
23
39
I. Executive Summary
Florida International University is taking a leadership role in environmental sustainability.
President Modesto Maidique and the University became a Charter Signatories of the
American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment in 2007.
The American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (“Climate
Commitment”) is a high-visibility effort to address global warming by garnering
institutional commitments to neutralize greenhouse gas emissions, and to accelerate the
research and educational efforts of higher education to equip society to re-stabilize the
earth’s climate.
Building on the growing momentum for leadership and action on climate change, the
Presidents Climate Commitment provides a framework and support for America’s colleges
and universities to go climate neutral. The Commitment recognizes the unique responsibility
that institutions of higher education have as role models for their communities and in
training the people who will develop the social, economic and technological solutions to
reverse global warming.
Presidents signing the Commitment are pledging to eliminate their campuses’ greenhouse
gas emissions over time. This involves:
o Completing an emissions inventory.
o Within two years, setting a target date and interim milestones for becoming climate
neutral.
o Taking immediate steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by choosing from a list
of short-term actions.
o Integrating sustainability into the curriculum and making it part of the educational
experience.
o Making the action plan, inventory and progress reports publicly available.
The college and university presidents and chancellors who are joining and leading the
Commitment believe that exerting leadership in addressing climate change will stabilize and
reduce their long-term energy costs, attract excellent students and faculty, attract new
sources of funding, and increase the support of alumni and local communities.
40
A total of 564 colleges and universities were signatories to the Presidents Climate
Commitment as of September 1, 2008. Additional information of the Climate Commitment
can be found at http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/.
President Maidique, in accordance with the Climate Commitment, established the FIU
Climate Commitment Task Force (“Task Force”) in September 2007. The Task Force is
comprised of students, faculty, staff, and senior administrators. The role of the task force is
to monitor and coordinate the efforts to fulfill the goals of the Climate Commitment and to
assist the University in becoming a leader of environmental sustainability in the community.
The Task Force has been involved in a broad range of environmental and sustainability
issues and programs. These include not only this greenhouse gas emissions report; but also
areas such as transportation, waste management and recycling, LEED construction and
energy star procurement. Complete information on the Task Force can be found at
http://gogreen.fiu.edu.
One of the major initial tasks of the Climate Commitment is to complete an emissions
inventory. Charter signatories, including FIU, are required to complete their initial
greenhouse gas emissions report (“GHG Report”) by September 15, 2008. Signatories are
required to utilize one of several internationally recognized models for calculating GHG
emissions. FIU has utilized the Clean Air-Cool Planet model. CA-CP’s Campuses for
Climate Action program supports institutions in finding and demonstrating energy and
global warming solutions and is in use by more than 800 campuses across North America.2
This GHG Report is an initial summary of FIU’s greenhouse gas emissions. It is considered
to be a living document and will be updated as new information and better data becomes
available. It represents the first significant step towards quantifying the campus’
environmental impact through greenhouse gas emissions. This inventory serves as the
catalyst to the process for future reduction strategies as FIU moves towards achieving
carbon neutrality. This report will also help identify the major challenges specific to our
campus and assist in developing the plan.
The Clean Air- Cool Planet model reports emissions in Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide
Equivalents (MTCDE). This value takes into account the Global Warming Potential (GWP)
of the individual gases recorded and converts the forcing power into carbon dioxide
equivalent values. Additional information about the Clean Air – Cool Planet model can be
found at http://cleanair-coolplanet.org/for_campuses.php.
41
In 2007, Florida International University produced 154,350 Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide
Equivalent (MTCDE) as calculated by the Clean Air-Cool Planet Carbon Calculator. A
breakdown of the source of emissions is presented below:
2007 Emissions Breakdown in MTCDE
Soli d Wa ste
1%
0%
Tran sport Total
56%
*Source: CA-CP V.5.0
Purchase d
Electricity
43%
Refrig erati on
0%
The two primary sources of GHG emissions at Florida International University are
Transportation and Purchased Electricity. Transportation accounted for 56% of GHG
emissions at FIU and Purchased Electricity accounted for 43% in 2007. These two sources
combined represent 99% of GHG emissions at FIU. The complete Clean Air-Cool Planet
Carbon Calculator for FIU can be found at the Task Force website: http://gogreen.fiu.edu.
Over the next year the Task Force and the University will be developing an institutional
action plan. This climate action plan will include a target date as well as interim milestones
for achieving climate neutrality. It will also describe planned actions to make climate
neutrality and sustainability a part of the curriculum and/or other educational experience for
all students as well as actions to expand research, community outreach and/or other efforts
toward the achievement of GHG reductions for the institution and/or the community and
society. Finally, the plan will describe mechanisms for tracking progress on goals and
actions.
42
II. Introduction
The Presidents Climate Commitment is a call to action. Participating institutions will develop a plan
within two years of signing the commitment that prescribes a strategy toward achieving climate
neutrality by a specific target date. The initial steps toward the development of this plan are the
creation of institutional structures charged with the plan’s implementation, and a comprehensive
inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by the campus that will be updated
periodically. Colleges and universities involved in the Climate Commitment must also develop
methods of easily and accurately tracking the institution’s carbon footprint, and provide intermittent
reports of progress to the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education
(AASHE) once the plan has been drafted.
Upon signing the Presidents Climate Commitment, President Maidique created the
Presidents Climate Commitment Task Force, an association of members and students from
different divisions within FIU campuses. This inventory report is a synopsis of the campuswide inventory of Greenhouse gases emissions, being the first critical step in the process
outlined in the Presidents Climate Commitment.
Global Warming Potential
Global warming potentials (GWPs) are used to compare the abilities of different greenhouse
gases to trap heat in the atmosphere. They are based on the radioactive efficiency (heatabsorbing ability) of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as the decay
rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years)
relative to that of CO2. The GWP provides a construct for converting emissions of various
gases into a common measure referred to as Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
(MTCDE). The GWP then reflects the radiative forcing or relative power of a gas relative to
CO2. It refers to the total contribution to global warming resulting from the emissions of one
unit of gas relative to one unit of carbon dioxide.
Primary Greenhouse Gases
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Anthropogenic carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through
the burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, trees and wood
products, and also as a result of other chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement).
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or “sequestered”) when it is absorbed
as part of the biological carbon cycle.
• Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal,
natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other
agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste.
43
• Nitrous Oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial
activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
• Fluorinated Gases: Hydro fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride
are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial
processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for ozone-depleting
substances (i.e., CFCs, HCFCs, and halons). These gases are typically emitted in
smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes
referred to as High Global Warming Potential Gases (“High GWP gases”). On campus,
these gases are associated with refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
Atmospheric Lifetimes & Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Primary
Greenhouse Gases
Gas
Atmospheric Lifetime
(years)
GWP (100 year
interval)
50-100
1
Methane (CH4)
9-11
21
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
120
310
HFC-134A
15
1,300
HFC-404A
48
3,260
3200
23,900
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Sulfur Hexafluoride
(SF6)
*Source: CA-CP V.5.0
44
III. The Inventory Process
Inventory Methodology
There are seven categories of data within the Clean Air-Cool Planet Carbon Calculator;
institutional data, energy, transportation, agriculture, solid waste, refrigeration, and GHG
offsets. Each of these categories is broken down into sub categories and not all subcategories
apply to every institution. For example, FIU has no agriculture emissions.
The complete Clean Air-Cool Planet Carbon Calculator for Florida International University
can be found at the Task Force website: http://gogreen.fiu.edu.
Temporal Boundaries
This inventory covers operational FIU data between fiscal years 1996-2007. However, data
prior to 2000 was not readily available and is incomplete in several areas.
Limitations of the Model (Clean Air-Cool Planet Campus Calculator) and data
It should be noted that there are a number of limitations inherent in the Clean Air-Cool
Planet model and the data available. This GHG Report is an initial summary of Florida
International University’s greenhouse gas emissions. It is considered to be a living
document and will be updated as new information and better data becomes available.
An example of the limitations of the model and data available is found in transportation. It
was necessary to extrapolate and make a number of assumptions in calculating the average
trip distance to FIU. The methodology, developed using data supplied by the Registrar, is
based on researching zip codes of faculty, students and staff and then computing an average
distance for persons in that zip code. This approach, while sound, is limited. In the
upcoming year the Task Force plans to develop more accurate measurement instruments
that would be supported by additional survey, research and empirical data that would focus
in more detail on commuting patters, modes of transportation, carpooling preferences, type
of vehicle driven and better origination and destination data.
The University is also developing better tracking mechanisms in a number of areas. For
example, data is not currently available on the number of air miles traveled. A system to
collect this travel data has been established and will be available.
It is also important to understand that that the Clean Air-Cool Planet model is specifically
designed to measure emissions. It does not directly measure or track other important
environmental programs, such as recycling, that are major initiatives at FIU. Information
on these activities and initiatives can be found at the Task Force website:
http://gogreen.fiu.edu.
45
IV. Summary of Inventory Results
Total Emissions in MTCDE
The greenhouse gas emissions inventory revealed the Florida International University
generated approximately 155,000 MTCDE in 2007. The emissions generated during the
period 1997-2007 increased in proportion to the growth in student enrollment and new
facility construction.
The two primary sources of GHG emissions at FIU are Transportation and Purchased
Electricity. Transportation accounted for 56% of GHG emissions at FIU and Purchased
Electricity accounted for 43% in 2007. These two sources combined represent 99% of GHG
emissions at FIU. The complete Clean Air-Cool Planet Carbon Calculator for Florida
International University can be found at the Task Force website: http://gogreen.fiu.edu.
Total Emissions in (MTCDE)
*Source: CA-CP V.5.0
*Data of solid waste and refrigerants and other chemicals start in year 2000*
46
Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions (kg CO 2)
Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions in (kg)
160,000,000
Solid Waste
140,000,000
Transportation
On-campus Stationary
120,000,000
Purc hased Steam and Chilled w ater
Purc hased Electric ity
100,000,000
80,000,000
60,000,000
40,000,000
20,000,000
0
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Year
*Source: CA-CP V.5.0
Total Methane Emissions for years 2000-2006 in (kg)
Total Methane Emissions (kg CH 4)
200,000
180,000
Solid Waste
Agric ulture
160,000
Transportation
On-campus Stationary
140,000
Purc hased Steam and Chilled w ater
Purc hased Electric ity
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
*Source: CA-CP V.5.0
40,000
20,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
47
2007 Summary Chart of Emissions
MODULE
WORKSHEET
UNIVERSITY
Summary
Overview of Annual Emissions
Florida International University
2007
Select Year -->
Energy
Consumption
CO2
CH4
N2O
Other
Chemicals
MMBtu
kg
kg
kg
kg
eCO2
eCO2
Short
Tons
Metric Tonnes
873,011
66,394,307
716
860
73,485
66,665
Purchased Steam/Chilled Water
-
-
-
-
-
-
Stationary Sources
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
95,281
86,439
1,073
974
81,277
73,735
12,931
11,731
-
-
1,203
1,091
170
154
Purchased Electricity
Non Co-Gen
Co-Gen Electric
Co-Gen Steam
Transport Total
University Fleet
Student Commuters
Faculty/Staff
Commuters
Air Travel
Agriculture Total
Solid Waste
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,200,888
13,508
84,364,056
951,374
16,590
176
5,722
61
1,024,377
71,965,109
14,146
4,879
163,003
-
11,447,573
-
2,268
-
782
-
-
-
47,450
-
Refrigeration
Total
2,073,900
Offsets
150,758,363
64,756
6,582
-
154,350
170,139
(26)
'Green' Electric
Credits
Composting
Forest Preservation
Net Emissions
(23)
-
(23)
(26)
154,327
170,113
*Source: CA-CP V.5.0
48
Total Emissions by Campus’ Offsets (MTCDE)
18 0,00 0
To tal
Total Em issions (Metric Tonnes eCO2 )
16 0,00 0
To tal Offsets
14 0,00 0
Net Emiss ions
12 0,00 0
10 0,00 0
80 ,000
60 ,000
40 ,000
20 ,000
0
19 97
19 99
20 01
20 03
20 05
20 07
Year
*Source: CA-CP V.5.0
49
V. Transportation Emissions Inventory
Introduction
Transportation is the one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the world
today. It represents the greatest source of emissions and also the greatest area of
opportunity for improvement at FIU.
University Fleet Data
In 2007, Florida International University’s fleet included shuttle buses, golf carts, cars,
trucks, and vans. These vehicles were fueled by gasoline and diesel fuel. These vehicles
are used primarily around the FIU campuses, except for the shuttle buses, which travel
between the campuses. FIU currently contracts a charter bus vendor to make trips
between the University Park Campus and Biscayne Bay Campus. Two buses make 40
trips between the two campuses each weekday. In 2007, FIU’s fleet produced 974 metric
tons of CO2, compared to nearly 85,000 metric tons of CO2 put out by commuters in the
same year.
Total Transportation Emissions in 2007
Energy
Consumption
MMBtu
1,024,377
CO2
Kg
71,965,109
CH2
N2O
kg
14,146
kg
4,879
eCO2
short
tons
80,610
eCO2
metric
tons
73,735
Student Commuter Data
FIU has a large commuter population, so it was no surprise that commuters are the
biggest source of carbon emissions. Collecting data and analyzing it proved to be the
most difficult part of this inventory. It is, based on empirical data and extrapolation,
estimated that 97% of students commute by personal vehicle and nearly 95% of the total
student population commutes in a personal vehicle alone.
50
Data Collection
The Office of the Registrar provided zip code information for each student. It should be
noted that for privacy purposes no name or personal information was included. A
calculation of the number of students living in each zip code and the distance from that
zip code to campus was determined resulting in an average mileage of approximately 13
miles (13.14 miles) per trip, per student.
2007 Student Commuter Emissions
In 2007, 97% of the student population commuted by personal vehicle to campus. That
number, put with the fact that they are driving approximately 26 miles to and from FIU
each day in the major source of carbon emissions. As stated in the chart below, commuter
students put 73,129 metric tonnes of eCO2 into the atmosphere in 2007. This accounts for
nearly half of all carbon emissions from FIU.
Limitations of the data
As noted earlier, there are limitations on the data collected in this area. Historically, data
has not been collected on commuting patterns, number of trips per day, types of vehicles
driven, carpooling or mass transit preferences, etc. A major initiative of the Task Force
in the upcoming year will be the development of better data collection.
2007 Faculty/Staff Commuter Emissions
The faculty and staff commuter miles were calculated the same way as with the students.
The Human Resources Office provided a zip code for each employee and it was then
determined how far that zip code was from the university and multiplied it by the number
of people living in that zip code. We found that faculty and staff commute further than
students do. The average trip is approximately 17 miles per trip for faculty and staff.
Emissions from faculty and staff commuters account for approximately 13.5% of total
transportation emissions.
The percentage of faculty and staff that takes the bus or carpool is a smaller percentage
than that of the students. Only 1% of faculty and staff carpool and only 2% take public
transportation.
51
Transportation Emissions by sector in 2007
Fleet
Energy
CO2
CH4
N2O
MMBtu
13,508
Kg
951,374
kg
176
kg
61
eCO2
Metric
tons
974
1,024,377
71,965,109
14,146
4,879
73,735
163,003
11,447,573
2,268
782
11,731
1,200,888
84,364,056
16,590
5,722
86,439
Commuters
Students
Faculty/
Staff
Total
Transport
2007 Transportation Emissions Breakdown:
85.3% Student Commuters
13.57% Faculty Staff Commuters
1.12% Fleet
52
VI. Non-Vehicular Energy Emissions
Purchased Electricity
Non-vehicular emissions are the second largest source of emissions at Florida
International University. In 2007 it accounted for 43% of total emissions. Non-vehicular
emissions include energy purchased by the University. Emissions from energy production
are from the combustion of different type of fuels. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous
oxide are the main greenhouse gasses associated with production of energy.
The University
FIU gets its electricity from Florida Power and Light Company. FPL uses many different
types of fuel to provide power to their customers. Energy emissions are based on the
amount of fuel purchased per fuel type. In 2007 FPL’s fuel breakdown was 52% natural
gas, 19% nuclear energy, 15% purchased power, 8% oil, and 6% coal. FIU purchased
96,736,716 kWh from FPL in 2007.
Purchased Electricity Emissions in 2007
Energy
Consumption
CO2
CH2
N2O
MMBtu
873,011
Kg
66,394,307
kg
716
kg
860
eCO2
metric
tons
66,665
53
VII. Solid Waste Emissions Inventory
Introduction
According to the EPA, landfills produced close to 24% of the total anthropogenic methane
(CH4) emissions in the United States during the year 2005. As the organic (carbon
containing) matter in solid waste decomposes in a landfill it produces methane, a greenhouse
gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. The emissions factor is applied to annual tons
of waste to generate emissions totals.
FIU has a comprehensive recycling program. This program is currently undergoing a major
expansion. This enhanced program will minimize the amount of FIU’s solid waste that is not
recycled. Additional information on this program and other solid waste initiatives at FIU can
be found at http://gogreen.fiu.edu.
Methane Emissions for years 2000-2006 in (kg)
Total Methane Emissions (kg CH 4)
200,000
180,000
Solid Waste
Agric ulture
160,000
Transportation
On-campus Stationary
140,000
Purc hased Steam and Chilled w ater
Purc hased Electric ity
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
54
VIII. Refrigerants Emissions Inventory
Introduction
Refrigerant gases are a significant factor in global warming because of their high global
warming potentials (GWP). Per the Montreal Protocol, ozone depleting chemicals and gases
are being phased out. Substitutes include HFC’s and PFC’s, many of which still have high
GWP’s.
Refrigerant gas emissions occur because of equipment leaks or because of normal
recharging. During mechanical failure, gas can leak out of refrigeration or air-conditioning
equipment and must be replenished before the equipment is returned to service. Section 608
of the Clean Air Act institutes regulation of refrigerant and air conditioning equipment leaks
by instituting recycling and recovery management, sales restrictions, and safe disposal
measures. Refrigerant gases make up a very small percentage of Florida International
University’s total carbon footprint.
Quantification of refrigerant emission impacts is made more complicated when operating
efficiency variables are considered. For example, a gas may have a high GWP (global
warming potential), but operate at an efficiency level that negates the production of other
GHG used to power the equipment. Thus, although they have higher global warming
potentials, some gases allow the equipment to operate more efficiently, requiring less energy
to operate.
Data Collection
Refrigerant emissions data was taken from the annual emissions reports filed by Florida
International University’s Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EHS). In assumption,
all academic departments, Campus Facilities Management and University Housing forward
their emissions data to EHS. EHS then consolidates the data for inclusion in the annual
report.
55
IX. Glossary of Key Terms3
Carbon dioxide:
A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the ambient air. Carbon dioxide
is a product of fossil fuel combustion. Although carbon dioxide does not directly impair human
health, it is a greenhouse gas that traps terrestrial (i.e., infrared) radiation and contributes to the
potential for global warming. See global warming.
Carbon dioxide equivalent:
A metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon
their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as
“million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCDE).” The carbon dioxide equivalent
for a gas is derived by multiplying the tons of the gas by the associated GWP. (MMTCDE =
(million metric tons of a gas) * (GWP of the gas))
eCO2:
CO2 Equivalents. A metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse
gases based upon their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide equivalents are
commonly expressed as “metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCDE).” The carbon
dioxide equivalent for a gas is derived by multiplying the tons of the gas by the associated GWP.
(MTCDE = (million metric tons of a gas) *
(GWP of the gas))
Climate change:
The term “climate change” is sometimes used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but
because the Earth’s climate is never static, the term is more properly used to imply a significant
change from one climatic condition to another. In some cases, climate change has been used
synonymously with the term, global warming; scientists however, tend to use the term in the
wider sense to also include natural changes in climate. See climate, global warming, greenhouse
effect, enhanced greenhouse effect, radiative forcing.
Cogeneration:
Production of two useful forms of energy such as high- temperature heat and electricity from the
same process. For example, while boiling water to generate electricity, the leftover steam can be
sold for industrial processes or space heating.
Global warming:
The progressive gradual rise of the earth’s surface temperature thought to be caused by the
greenhouse effect and responsible for changes in global climate patterns. An increase in the near
surface temperature of the Earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result of
natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the warming predicted to occur as a
result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases.
56
Global Warming Potential (GWP):
The index used to translate the level of emissions of various gases into a common measure in
order to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the
changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWP’s are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing
that would result from the emissions of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from emission
of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a period of time (usually 100 years).
Greenhouse effect:
The effect produced as greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the
Earth’s atmosphere, but prevent part of the outgoing infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface
and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. This process occurs naturally and has kept
the Earth’s temperature about 59 degrees F warmer than it would otherwise be. Current life on
Earth could not be sustained without the natural greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse Gas:
Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include water
vapor, carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons
(HCFCs), ozone (O 3), perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). See
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, ozone, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs):
Compounds containing hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and carbon atoms. Although ozone
depleting substances, they are less potent at destroying stratospheric ozone than
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They have been introduced as temporary replacements for CFCs
and are also greenhouse gases.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs):
Compounds containing only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They were introduced as
alternatives to ozone depleting substances in serving many industrial, commercial, and personal
needs. HFCs are emitted as by-products of industrial processes and are also used in
manufacturing. They do not significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are
powerful greenhouse gases with global warming potentials ranging from 140 (HFC-152a) to
11,700 (HFC- 23).
Infrared radiation:
The heat energy that is emitted from all solids, liquids, and gases. In the context of the
greenhouse issue, the term refers to the heat energy emitted by the Earth’s surface and its
atmosphere. Greenhouse gases strongly absorb this radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere, and
radiate some back towards the surface, creating the greenhouse effect. See radiation, greenhouse
effect, enhanced greenhouse effect, global warming.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
The IPCC was established jointly by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World
Meteorological Organization in 1988. The purpose of the IPCC is to assess
FIU Climate Action Plan
57
information in the scientific and technical literature related to all significant components of the
issue of climate change. The IPCC draws upon hundreds of the world’s expert scientists as
authors and thousands as expert reviewers.
Leading experts on climate change and environmental, social, and economic sciences from some
60 nations have helped the IPCC to prepare periodic assessments of the scientific underpinnings
for understanding global climate change and its consequences. With its capacity for reporting on
climate change, its consequences, and the viability of adaptation and mitigation measures, the
IPCC is also looked to as the official advisory body to the world’s governments on the
state of the science of the climate change issue. For example, the IPCC organized the
development of internationally accepted methods for conducting national greenhouse gas
emission inventories.
Methane (CH4):
A hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential most recently estimated
at 21. Methane is produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in
landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of
natural gas and petroleum, coal production,
and incomplete fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric concentration of methane as been shown
to be increasing at a rate of about 0.6 percent per year and the concentration of about 1.7 per
million by volume (ppmv) is more than twice its pre-industrial value. However, the rate of
increase of methane in the atmosphere may be stabilizing.
Metric Ton:
Common international measurement for the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions. A metric ton
is equal to 2205 lbs or 1.1 short tons.
MMBtu:
One Million Btus. A Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of
water one degree of Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O):
A powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential most recently evaluated at 310.
Major sources of nitrous oxide include soil cultivation practices, especially the use of
commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass
burning.
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs):
A group of human-made chemicals composed of carbon and fluorine only. These chemicals
(predominantly CF4 and C2F6) were introduced as alternatives, along with
hydrofluorocarbons, to the ozone depleting substances. In addition, PFCs are emitted as byproducts of industrial processes and are also used in manufacturing. PFCs do not harm the
stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases: CF4 has a global warming
potential (GWP) of 6,500 and C2F6 has a GWP of 9,200.
FIU Climate Action Plan
58
X. Acknowledgements
The members of the President’s Climate Task Force are acknowledged and thanked for their
collegial spirit, hard work and commitment. A particular note of thanks to Ali Dutton and
Susana Neira, the student research assistants for the Task Force, who compiled and authored the
majority of this Report.
Task Force Appointees

Charles Scurr, Task Force Chair, and Associate Vice President, Real Estate Development
and Planning

Jennifer Mwaisela-Rose, Associate Vice President Risk Management and Environmental
Health and Safety

Nick Diciacco, Senior Director Facilities Operations

David Fonseca, Director Community and Environmental Affairs, SGA-BBC

Bill Foster, Director Parking and Traffic

Marbely Hernandez/Arthur “AJ” Meyer, President SGA- University Park

Stephen Millspaugh, Director Purchasing Services

Steven Oberbauer, Professor Biological Sciences

Gregory Olson, Senior Director Wolfe University Center

John Stuart, Associate Professor Architecture
Task Force Participant Members

Karen Cochrane, Interim Director, Editorial Services

Dr. Hector Fuentes, Civil and Environmental Engineering

Maria Marasigan, President Students for Environmental Action (SEA)

Liane Martinez, Associate Vice President Strategic Development

Susana Neira, Undergrad Architecture Senior

Jose Rodriguez, Director Operations Analysis, Real Estate Development and Planning

Joost Nuninga, Assistant Director, University Custodial Services

Dr. Yong Tao, Professor, Mechanical and Materials Engineering
FIU Climate Action Plan
59
Research Assistants

Ali Dutton, Undergrad Environmental Studies Senior

Susana Neira, Undergrad Architecture Senior
Data Inventory Sub-Committee

Jackie Barba, Assistant Director in the Dept. of Human Resources

Bill Foster, Director Parking and Traffic

Jennifer Mwaisela-Rose, Associate Vice President Risk Management and Environmental
Health and Safety

Srilakshmi Medam,

Joe Nuninga, Assistant Director of University Custodial Services
__________________________
Information for this section of the report and more complete information of the Climate Commitment can be found at
http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/
2 Information for this section was taken from the Clean Air-Cool Planet website: http://cleanair-coolplanet.org/for_campuses.php
3 Information for this section was taken from the Clean Air-Cool Planet website: http://cleanair-coolplanet.org/for_campuses.php.
FIU Climate Action Plan
60
American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment
We, the undersigned presidents and chancellors of colleges and universities, are deeply
concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of global warming and its potential for largescale, adverse health, social, economic and ecological effects. We recognize the scientific
consensus that global warming is real and is largely being caused by humans. We further
recognize the need to reduce the global emission of greenhouse gases by 80% by mid-century at
the latest, in order to avert the worst impacts of global warming and to reestablish the more
stable climatic conditions that have made human progress over the last 10,000 years possible.
While we understand that there might be short-term challenges associated with this effort., we
believe that there will be great short-, medium-, and long-term economic, health, social and
environmental benefits, including achieving energy independence for the US as quickly as
possible.
We believe colleges and Universities must exercise leadership in their communities and
throughout society by modeling ways to minimize global warming emissions, and by providing
the knowledge and the educated graduates to achieve climate neutrality. Campuses that address
the climate challenge by reducing global warming emissions and by integrating sustainability
into their curriculum will better serve their students and meet their social mandate to help create
a thriving, ethical and civil society. These colleges and universities will be providing students
with the knowledge and skills needed to address the critical, systemic challenges faced by the
world in this new century and enable them to benefit from the economic opportunities that will
arise as a result of solutions they develop.
We further believe that colleges and universities that exert leadership in addressing climate
change will stabilize and reduce their long-term energy costs, attract excellent students and
faculty, attract new sources of funding, and increase the support of alumni and local
communities.
Accordingly, we commit our Institutions to taking the following steps in pursuit of climate
neutrality:
1. Initiate the development of a comprehensive plan to achieve climate neutrality as soon as
possible.
A. Within two months of signing this document, create institutional structures to guide
the development and implementation of the plan.
B. Within one year of signing this document, complete a comprehensive inventory of all
greenhouse gas emissions (including emissions from electricity, heating, commuting, and
air travel) and update the inventory every other year thereafter.
C. Within two years of signing this document, develop an institutional action plan for
becoming climate neutral, which will include:
i. A target date for achieving climate neutrality as soon as possible.
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ii. Interim targets for goals and actions that will lead to climate neutrality.
iii. Actions to make climate neutrality and sustainability a part of the curriculum
and other educational experience for all students.
iv. Actions to expand research or other efforts necessary to achieve climate
neutrality.
v. Mechanisms for tracking progress on goals and actions.
2. Initiate two or more of the following tangible actions to reduce greenhouse gases while the
more comprehensive plan is being developed.
A. Establish a policy that all new campus construction will be built to at least the U.S.
Green Building Council's LEED Silver standard or equivalent
B. Adopt an energy-efficient appliance purchasing policy requiring purchase of
ENERGY STAR certified products in all areas for which such ratings exist.
C. Establish a policy of offsetting all greenhouse gas emissions generated by air travel
paid for by our institution.
D. Encourage use of and provide access to public transportation far all faculty, staff,
students and visitors at our institution
E. Within one year of signing, this document, begin purchasing or producing at least 15%
of our institution's electricity consumption from renewable sources
F. Establish a policy or a committee that supports climate and sustainability shareholder
proposals at companies where our institution's endowment is invested.
3. Make the action plan, inventory, and periodic progress reports publicly available by
providing them to the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education
(AASHE) for posting and dissemination.
In recognition of the need to build support for this effort among college and university
administrations across America, we will encourage other presidents to join this effort and
become signatories to this commitment.27
Signed,
Modest A. Maidique
Florida International University
25 May 2007
P1ease send the signed commitment document to:
College or University Mary Reilly S
Second Nature J8 Tremont St., Suite J120
Boston, MA 02108
or fax to: 320-451-1612
or scan & email to: mrciHy@secol1dnaturc..org
27
The original signed document can be obtained by contacting Alexandra Dutton, FIU Parking and Transportation
Department
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Facilities Management Department
5 Year Energy Conservation Plan
Completed Projects
Energy Management – Phase I
 Energy Management System that centrally controls temperatures in all major buildings.
Central control covers 95% of the buildings and the other 5% are freestanding small
facilities with small A/C units.
 Included the Green Library lighting on the Energy Management System to efficiently
control on-off time intervals.
 The University implemented a four day ten hour week Summer Schedule and the
expected saving from the initiative are in the realm of $250,000 in utilities bills.
 Adjust temperature to 75°F in all buildings.
FIU has achieved savings of 7%-10% with this modification.
 Usage of T8 fluorescent tubes and electronic ballasts in buildings.
FIU started this process ten years ago and has completed the replacement throughout all
campuses. The new standard T8 fluorescent tubes use fewer watts than their
predecessors.
 Night time HVAC Setback mode has been extended.
Estimated savings between 3%-5% are being achieved by raising the temperature from
75°F to 80°F during night hours.
 Raised chiller temperatures from 44°F to 48°F.
We estimate savings of 2%-4% with this increase.
 Electronic software monitoring to alert technicians of HVAC load changes.
With this automatic notification system, FIU technicians are alerted of any malfunctions
or drastic changes so we can prevent costly damages to our systems.
Resource Conservation Initiatives
 Replacement / addition of chillers to energy efficient 134A units.
New chillers are replaced for phased out units with higher energy efficiency with less
Kw/Ton consumption.



Installed variable speed air handler units throughout campus.
This automatic system regulates the fan speed depending on the total load of the system.
Variable speed transport and building pumps for chilled water.
Achieved efficiencies by automatically adapting to pumping volumes depending on the
system’s load.
Efforts have been increased to encourage campus with recycling.
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
FIU has reduced the amounts of dumped solid waste on paper, cardboard, aluminum, and
glass.
Using water from retention ponds for irrigation has allowed us to save on water usage
since there is no cost to use this onsite source.
Projects in Progress
Energy Management – Phase II
 Installation of motion detector lighting switches in offices and classrooms.
By using motion detection switches in offices we are expecting to reduce the electric
consumption when spaces are not being used. New buildings are equipped with these
devices and we are in the process of installing them in buildings where office space is
significant.
 The general lighting at PC Building (administration building) will be added to the Energy
Management System.
Lights will be automatically turned off during night hours to achieve electricity savings.
 Addition of the ACII building on BBC Campus to our current Energy Management
System in order to standardize our systems controls and achieve and measure
efficiencies.
 Closing of buildings for usage outside of normal operating hours.
When possible, buildings temperature is being increased to 80°F at night and during
weekends.
Resource Conservation Initiatives
 All new buildings will be LEED certified and FIU is aiming for a Silver Certification.
Buildings will be more efficient and produce less carbon footprint with the use of better
designs, improved construction techniques, and more efficient materials.
 Installation of MBTU metering at all buildings along with computer software to capture
chilled water usage and be able to balance loads more efficiently and charge non E&G
entities for exact chilled water used.
 Switch from Liquid Propane to Natural Gas on UP Campus.
FIU is close to signing a contract with Florida City Gas to install natural gas lines on UP
Campus. The savings expected with this initiative will be about $250,000.
 Ongoing investigation to determine the feasibility of compost (biogester) technique to
reduce food waste costs at the FIU’s Cafeteria.
This is a joint investigation that involves Facilities Management and Aramark our major
food services provider.
 Implementation of Xeriscape landscape materials (less watering and maintenance
resources) in as many sites as possible.
 Low use water fixtures are being installed in all restrooms.
Installation of efficient 1.6 gpf. toilettes as well as motion detecting or hydraulic timed
faucets.
 Evaluate effectiveness of existing systems and retro-commissioning of existing buildings
to make corrections to increase efficiency.
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
Use of recycled materials in carpeting and furniture as well as installation of more
efficient lighting in all renovated classrooms.
Projects for Future (5 Years)
Energy Management – Phase III
 Investigation of solar roof panels for roof replacement projects and new construction.
Depending on the results of cost-benefit analyses and the availability of funds the
university will decide the use of this technology.
 Conduct energy audits by independent consultant to identify cost savings programs on all
campuses. This would include but not limited to:
⁻ Ice Storage
⁻ Re-heat techniques for humidity control
⁻ Building upgrades – i.e. HVAC System
⁻ Lighting Systems –i.e. LED (Interior lighting)
⁻ Cost-benefit analysis for implementation of initiatives in all buildings
 Upgrade of air handlers and controls throughout campus to increase efficiencies and
reduce cost.
 Re-roofing projects will add extra insulation to achieve energy efficiency and reduces
heat load.
 Upgrades and redesigns in labs ventilation systems that efficiently improve air quality
will be studied.
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University Custodial Services,
Recycling & Solid Waste
Management
Coming soon to FIU:
“Single Stream Recycling”
(See below for further details)
RECYCLING PROGRAM OUTLINE:
NOTE: THE FACILITIES MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT’S RECYCLING
PROGRAM IS EXECUTED BY THE CUSTODIAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT FOR
ALL E&G AREAS.
IN ADDITION THERE ARE MANY OTHER UNITS THAT PLAY A ROLE IN THE
UNIVERSITIES RECYCLING AND WASTE REDUCTION STRATEGIES. THOUGH
NOT ALL WILL BE LISTED HERE A FEW EXAMPLES ARE: THE UTILITIES
DEPARTMENT THAT PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLL IN ENERGY REDUCTION, THE
PLUMBING DEPARTMENT THAT PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN WATER
CONSUMPTION REDUCTION, THE PURCHASING SERVICES DEPARTMENT
THAT PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PURCHASING RECYCLED MATERIALS FOR
THE UNIVERSITY, AND THE ADMINISTRATION WHICH PLAYS A CRITICAL
ROLE FOR SIGNING ON TO THE LEED PROGRAM WHICH WILL CAUSE ALL
FUTURE CONSTRUCTION TO BE GREEN CONSTRUCTION. AGAIN, THESE ARE
ONLY A FEW EXAMPLES OF THE MANY CONTRIBUTING UNITS.
The University’s recycling efforts are governed by the State of Florida under Florida Statute
403.714 and The Florida Solid Waste Management Act of 1988.
In addition Governor Christ signed an important Energy Bill (HB-7135) on May 01, 2008
which will require State Agencies to recycle 75% of their entire waste stream by 2020. The
Florida Department of Environmental Protection has been assigned by the Governor to
develop an implementation program.
The University has a well established recycling program that by far exceeds the minimum standards
as required by above-mentioned statute.
Following is a list of items currently being recycled at FIU at varying degrees:
Paper:
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We are currently recycling all kinds of paper, so not just high grade office paper, but all kinds
including but not limited to office paper, computer paper, fax and copier paper, catalogs, brochures,
envelopes, advertisements, posters, time cards, wrappers from reams of paper, newspapers, adding
machine tape paper, scratch and message pads paper, accounting ledgers, magazines, books, so
basically any type of paper that is clean, dry and free of food.
This is by far our most successful program at this moment, and we are averaging over 60 tons per
month of recyclable paper collected in 2008 as compared to 40 tons of paper per month in 2007.
This is higher than any other School, College, and/or University within Dade and Broward Counties
including both private and public institutions.
The University has an agreement with a recycling vendor which picks up all collected paper at our recycling
compound that has been collected around campus by our staff. Choice reimburses the University $ 20.00 per
ton of paper and provides the University a compactor “free of charge” which prevents our staff from having
to leave campus to deliver paper to a recycling plant as well as prevents the paper from ending up in the trash
thus avoiding additional trash removal fees to the University.
The University absorbs the remainder of the cost, including the cost of 2 full-time USPS positions,
labor hours form custodial staff assisting in collection, and all costs associated with the purchase,
maintenance, and fuel for the 29’ truck, and the purchase of recycling bins.
Paper is collected inside all buildings that have offices. Inside the buildings it is collected by the
custodial staff and brought to the loading zones of each building. Recycling bins are located in each
office, by copy room areas, and the loading zones. From the loading zones it is collected by our
recycling crew, which consists of two full-time employees and a 29 feet truck. They pick up all the
paper at the loading zones and bring it to our recycling compound where we have the recycling
compactor located. The compactor is picked up and emptied on a weekly basis by the recycling
vendor which in return resells the paper to recycling plants. This program has been expanded to the
BBC campus and includes all BBC buildings as well. This program will be expanded in our
upcoming new “Single Stream Recycling” program. (See details later in this section).
Aluminum, plastics, and glass:
This program was started two years ago and is currently being done in the following buildings: HLS1, ECS, DM, EC, ZEB, RDB, RC, RB, PCA, PC, GL, Lakeview Housing, Everglades Hall, CP, OE,
AC-1, AC-2, CSC, and CSC Recycling compound. Bins are located by the vending areas and the
loading zones. The University is absorbing the entire cost for recycling these items.
This program has seen rapid growth over the past 12 months and we are currently collecting an
average of 70 full bins (96-Gallon containers) on a monthly basis. This program will be expanded
in our upcoming new “Single Stream Recycling” program. (See details later in this section).
Light bulbs / Ballasts:
All light bulbs as well as electrical ballasts being replaced on the UP, BBC, and EC campuses are
being crushed into one of our five "bulb eaters" located in our recycling compound. These crushed
materials are then picked up by a local recycling company, currently AERC, and taken to a recycling
plant in Palm Beach County.
The University is absorbing the entire cost for recycling these items which averages about $
600.00 a month.
Corrugated paper (cardboard):
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Currently we have twelve 8-yard containers and one compactor for the collection of folded
cardboard located throughout both UP and BBC. (PC, CP/OE, HLS I, HLS II, RB, GC, two at EC,
two at CSC, CBC, GL, and a compactor at BBC). The cardboard compactor at BBC is being
serviced by World Waste Services, and the twelve 8-yarders at UP and EC are being serviced by
Choice Recycling. Both companies provide this service “free of charge” which prevents our staff
from having to leave campus to deliver cardboard to a recycling plant as well as prevent the
cardboard from ending up in the trash thus again avoiding additional trash removal fees and
increased waste to the University. However, the University still has a significant cost in the
number of man hours used to collect, and fold down the boxes to fit them into compactors
and/or containers. This program will be expanded in our upcoming new “Single Stream
Recycling” program. (See details later in this section).
Wood pallets:
All wood pallets are collected from the different loading zones and taken to our recycling
compound. From here the reusable ones are separated from the broken ones. The reusable ones are
then recycled in the sense that they are given to our vendors for reuse rather than being thrown into
the trash, providing that they pick them up at our compound themselves. This has been very
successful and has played a good role in our “reduce and reuse” strategy. Again the University
does absorb the labor cost for the man hours and equipment to collect the pallets around
campus.
Batteries:
Custodial Services recycles all batteries collected such as lithium batteries, 6-V batteries, 12-V
batteries, alkaline batteries, cell phone batteries, etc. For example all batteries used in our automatic
key lock doors are being recycled. All emergency exit sign batteries are being recycled. All batteries
from battery operated hand tools are being recycled. There is a drop of location for students, faculty
and staff located at the Campus Support Complex building room 110. These materials are being
recycled and picked up for recycling by a local company, currently AERC. The University absorbs
the entire cost for recycling these items.
Cartridges:
Printer toner cartridges are being recycled and there are various drop-off locations throughout all the
main buildings. In addition there is a drop-off location at the Campus Support Complex building
room 110.
Car batteries used oil, oil rags and used tires:
These items are recycled through Motor Vehicle Services. The University absorbs the entire cost
for recycling these items.
Trees:
All tree trimmings (including most trees damaged during hurricanes) are being converted into mulch
that is reused around campus when possible.
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SINGLE STREAM RECYCLING PROGRAM COMING TO FIU IN APRIL
2009:
What is single stream recycling?
FIU is implementing a single stream recycling program which will greatly enhance our
recycling program by not only allowing more items to be recycled, but by being able to
place them all in one single bin as well!
Last year Miami-Dade County implemented a single stream residential recycling program
in where residents were provided a single bin instead of the three separate bins they had
before and allowing them to place all recyclables into that one bin. This program was
possible with the launch of a single stream recycling plant in South Florida operated by
Waste Management Corporation.
Shortly after the county launched its program Facilities Management started evaluating the
possibility to implement a similar program on campus. A Request For Information (RFI)
was administered by Purchasing Services followed by a Request For Proposal (RFP). From
the RFP the new single stream program was awarded to World Waste Services. World Waste
Services is one of three companies that is currently doing this program with the county and
therefore have already gained the necessary experience to help FIU build a successful single
stream recycling program as well.
The program will commence in April or May and the expectation is to have it fully
operational within 30 days of commencement.
What will change?
The major change will be that not only will you be able to place most recyclables into one
single bin but that more items will be accepted for recycling as well.
Labels will be placed on all bins indicating which items are acceptable and which are not for
placement into the recycling containers. (See the sample label below).
More information will be disbursed at the time of program implementation.
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Custodial Services Green Cleaning
Paper Goods:
All paper supplies (toilet tissue, paper roll towel, junior jumbo toilet tissue, and toilet seat covers) in
all rest rooms on all campuses are Green Seal Certified. This means that these products are not only
100% recycled material but had a minimal impact on the environment during manufacturing, and
that the manufacturing procedures used to produce these recycled materials are environmentally
friendly oriented processes as well.
Trash Bags:
All trash bags used by our unit are 100% biodegradable!
Cleaning Chemicals:
Most cleaning chemicals to clean our campus facilities bought by the Custodial Services Department
are environmentally friendly even though they are of commercial grade.
Great effort has been spend to remove harsh and harmful chemicals, and in some cases the
manufacturer has been instructed by us to remove certain ingredients from products sold to the
department in order to make them more environmentally friendly.
In addition, most cleaning chemicals currently used to clean our facilities either carry the EPA
“Design for the Environment” certification or the Green Seal™ certification.
As a clarification Green Seal is an independent organization that certifies products as green and
awards the Green Seal to qualified products. The EPA is the governmental agency that certifies
chemicals as green or environmentally friendly and awards a “Design for the Environment”
certification for qualified products.
All cleaning chemicals used by the Custodial Services Department are correctly blended by the use
of chemical blend centers. This eliminates immediate contact with the chemicals and ensures proper
dilution of the products and prevents over dilution as so often happens when people manually
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“eyeball” dilution ratios. This is extremely important as even “Green” products can be harmful if
not properly used and properly diluted to the correct ratio for its intended use.
Cleaning Equipment:
Most cleaning equipment used by the custodial services unit was purchased with the environment in
mind. This means for example that all vacuum cleaners have HEPA filtration and carry the CRI
Green Label (Carpet and Rug Institute) certification; all carpet extraction equipment uses 50% less
water than previous models and have dual operating modes (low moisture modes) for further
reduction in energy and water usage: all floor scrubbers use 50% less water than previous models
(Considering that we have a little over 2 million cleanable square feet of carpeted areas this means a
significant reduction in water usage); hard floor burnishers have HEPA filtration: and last but not
least HOT water is no longer used in our cleaning process which is an additional reduction in energy
use.
For further information visit our website: http://facilities.fiu.edu and click on the recycling logo.
Contact:
University Custodial Services, Recycling & Solid Waste Department
University Park
Campus Support Complex 110
Miami, Florida 33199
Phone: (305) 348-4630
Email: recycling@fiu.edu
We would like to hear from you!
Please send us your comments and suggestions to:
recycling@fiu.edu
FIU/FMD/CUSTODIAL/RECYCLING PROGRAM UPDATE 03/11/09
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Table of Contents
Important Terms
Carbon Dioxide:
A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the ambient air. Carbon dioxide
is a product of fossil fuel combustion. Although carbon dioxide does not directly impair human
health, it is a greenhouse gas that traps terrestrial (i.e., infrared) radiation and contributes to the
potential for global warming. See global warming.
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MTCDE):
A metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon
their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as
“metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCDE).” The carbon dioxide equivalent for a gas
is derived by multiplying the tons of the gas by the associated global warming potential.
(MTCDE) = (metric tons of a gas) * (GWP of the gas))
Climate Change:
The term “climate change” is sometimes used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but
because the Earth’s climate is never static, the term is more properly used to imply a significant
change from one climatic condition to another. In some cases, climate change has been used
synonymously with the term, global warming; scientists however, tend to use the term in the
wider sense to also include natural changes in climate. See climate, global warming, greenhouse
effect, enhanced greenhouse effect, radiative forcing.
Global Warming:
The progressive gradual rise of the earth’s surface temperature thought to be caused by the
greenhouse effect and responsible for changes in global climate patterns. An increase in the near
surface temperature of the Earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result of
natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the warming predicted to occur as a
result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases.
Global Warming Potential (GWP):
The index used to translate the level of emissions of various gases into a common measure in
order to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the
changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWP’s are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing
that would result from the emissions of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from emission
of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a period of time (usually 100 years).
Greenhouse Effect:
The effect produced as greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the
Earth’s atmosphere, but prevent part of the outgoing infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface
and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. This process occurs naturally and has kept
the Earth’s temperature about 59 degrees F warmer than it would otherwise be. Current life on
Earth could not be sustained without the natural greenhouse effect.
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Greenhouse Gas:
Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include water
vapor, carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons
(HCFCs), ozone (O 3), perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). See
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, ozone, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride.
Hydrocarbons:
Compounds containing hydrogen, and carbon atoms, and may contain other atoms. Although
ozone depleting substances, they are less potent at destroying stratospheric ozone than
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They have been introduced as temporary replacements for CFCs,
serving in many industrial, commercial, and personal needs. They are powerful greenhouse gases
and have high global warming potential.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
The IPCC was established jointly by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World
Meteorological Organization in 1988. The purpose of the IPCC is to assess
information in the scientific and technical literature related to all significant components of the
issue of climate change. The IPCC draws upon hundreds of the world’s expert scientists as
authors and thousands as expert reviewers.
Leading experts on climate change and environmental, social, and economic sciences from some
60 nations have helped the IPCC to prepare periodic assessments of the scientific underpinnings
for understanding global climate change and its consequences. With its capacity for reporting on
climate change, its consequences, and the viability of adaptation and mitigation measures, the
IPCC is also looked to as the official advisory body to the world’s governments on the
state of the science of the climate change issue. For example, the IPCC organized the
development of internationally accepted methods for conducting national greenhouse gas
emission inventories.
Methane (CH4):
A hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential most recently estimated
at 21. Methane is produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in
landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of
natural gas and petroleum, coal production,
and incomplete fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric concentration of methane as been shown
to be increasing at a rate of about 0.6 percent per year and the concentration of about 1.7 per
million by volume (ppmv) is more than twice its pre-industrial value. However, the rate of
increase of methane in the atmosphere may be stabilizing.
MMBtu:
One Million Btu’s. A Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound
of water one degree of Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit.
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Nitrous Oxide (N2O):
A powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential most recently evaluated at 310.
Major sources of nitrous oxide include soil cultivation practices, especially the use of
commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass
burning
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