COMMUNITIES VI
PREDATION AS A FACTOR ORGANIZING COMMUNITIES
I. Primary Effects
A. Predation is the way nutrients and energy
pass up food chains
1. Effects on trophic structure
2. Movement of materials through the ecosystem
B. Effects on population structure
2. Reduction in population size of prey
3. Augmentation of the predator population
II. Secondary effects
A. Changes in age structure of prey populations
B. Changes in reproductive output of prey populations
C. Effects on inter and intraspecific competition
III Mechanism of Predator effects on Communities
A. Terrestrial Communities
1. Do large predators regulate their prey?
2. Do small predators regulate their prey
B. Aquatic Communities
1. Planktonic
2. Nektonic
Almany, Glenn R., Webster, Michael S. 2004: Odd species out as predators reduce diversity of
coral-reef fishes. Ecology. 85; 2933–2937.
Bartholomew, B. 1970. Bare zone between California shrub and grassland communities: the role of
animals. Sci. 170: 1210 1212.
Bertness, Mark D., Trussell, Geoffrey C., Ewanchuk, Patrick J., Silliman, Brian R., Mullan Crain,
Caitlin. 2004: Consumer-controlled community states on gulf of maine rocky shores.
Ecology. 85: 1321–1331.
Borer, E. T., Seabloom, E. W., Shurin, J. B., Anderson, K. E., Blanchette, C. A., Broitman, B.,
Cooper, S. D., Halpern, B. S.. 2005: What determines the strength of a trophic cascade?.
Ecology. 86: 528–537.
Brown & Heske 1990 Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild Science
250: 1705-1707.
Callaway, Ragan M., Kikodze, David, Chiboshvili, Marina, Khetsuriani, Liana. 2005: Unpalatable
plants protect neighbors from grazing and increase plant community diversity. Ecology. 86:
1856–1862.
Cottingham, Kathryn L., Glaholt, Stephen, Brown, Ashley C. 2004: Zooplankton community
structure affects how phytoplankton respond to nutrient pulses. Ecology. 85: 158–171.
Croll et al. 2005 Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra Science
307: 19591961.
Curtis. L. A. 1987 Vertical distribution f an estuarine snail altered by a parasite Science 235: 15091511.
DeMattia, Elizabeth A., Curran, Lisa M., Rathcke, Beverly J. 2004: Effects of small rodents and
large mammals on neotropical seeds. Ecology. 85: 2161–2170.
Dodson, D. 1974. Ecol. 55:605
Eklov & Persson 1995 Species-specific antipredator capacities and prey refuges: interactions
between piscivorous perch (Perca fluviatilis) and juvenile perch and roach (Rutilus rutilus).
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37: 169-1781.
Estes et al. 1998 Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore systems.
Science 282: 473-476.
Grabowski, Jonathan H. 2004: Habitat complexity disrupts predator–prey interactions but not the
trophic cascade on oyster reefs. Ecology. 85: 995–1004.
Grabowski, Jonathan H., Kimbro, David L. 2005: Predator-avoidance behavior extends trophic
cascades to refuge habitats. Ecology. 86: 1312–1319.
Guidetti, Paolo. 2006: Marine Reserves Reestablish Lost Predatory Interactions And Cause
Community Changes In Rocky Reefs. Ecological Applications. 16, No. 3, pp. 963–976.
Jones et al. Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science
279: 1023-1026.
Kneitel, Jamie M., Chase, Jonathan M. 2004: Disturbance, predator, and resource interactions alter
container community composition. Ecology. 85: 2088–2093.
Lafferty, Kevin D. 2004: Fishing for lobsters indirectly increases epidemics in sea urchins.
Ecological Applications. 14:1566–1573.
Lau, Jennifer A., Strauss, Sharon Y. 2005: Insect herbivores drive important indirect effects of
exotic plants on native communities. Ecology. 86: 2990–2997.
Louda et al. 1997 Ecological effects of an insect introduced for the biological control of .weeds
Science 277: 1088-1090.
Maron, John L., Estes, James A., Croll, Donald A., Danner, Eric M., Elmendorf, Sarah C.,
Buckelew, Stacey L. 2006: An introduced predator alters Aleutian island plant communities
by thwarting nutrient subsidies. Ecological Monographs. 76: 3–24.
Marten, G.G. 1979 Predator removal: Effect on fisheries yields in Lake Victoria (East Africa)
Science 203: 646-648
Micheli, Fiorenza, Halpern, Benjamin S., Botsford, Louis W., Warner, Robert R. 2004: Trajectories
and correlates of community change in no-take marine reserves. Ecological Applications.
14: 1709–1723.
Murtaugh, 1981. Ecol. 62:894
Paine, R. T., 1966. Am. Nat. 100:65
Patra, A. K., Abbadie, L., Clays-Josserand, A., Degrange, V., Grayston, S. J., Loiseau, P., Louault,
F., Mahmood, S., Nazaret, S., Philippot, L., Poly, F., Prosser, J. I., Richaume, A., Le Roux,
X. 2005: Effects of grazing on microbial functional groups involved in soil n dynamics.
Ecological Monographs. 75: 65–80.
Pöyry, Juha, Lindgren, Sami, Salminen, Jere, Kuussaari, Mikko. 2004: Restoration of butterfly and
moth communities in semi-natural grasslands by cattle grazing. Ecological Applications. 14:
1656–1670.
Schmitz, Oswald J. 2006: Predators have large effects on ecosystem properties by changing plant
diversity, not plant biomass. Ecology. 87:1432–1437.
Sessions & Kelly 2002 Predator-mediated apparent competition between an introduced grass,
Agrostis capillaris, and a native fern, Botrychium australe (Ophioglossaceae), in Australia
Oikos 96: 102-109.
Stiling & Ross 1997 Experimental manipulations of top-down and bottom-up factors in a tri-trophic
system. Ecology 78: 1602-1606.
Van Zandt, Peter A., Agrawal, Anurag A. 2004: Community-wide impacts of herbivore-induced
plant responses in milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Ecology. 85, No. 9, pp. 2616–2629.
Ward, Peter, Myers, Ransom A. 2005: Shifts in open-ocean fish communities coinciding with the
commencement of commercial fishing. Ecology. 86: 835–847.
Williams, Terrie M., Estes, James A., Doak, Daniel F., Springer, Alan M. 2004: Killer appetites:
assessing the role of predators in ecological communities. Ecology. 85: 3373–3384.
Zarat, T. 1972. Ecol.. 53:248
Zarat, T. 1982. 63:721