Name _________________________________________Date_________Period______
Final Review: 2nd Semester Biology
1.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration? What are the reactants? What
are the products?
2. Describe an ATP molecule, including which bond is a high energy bond.
3. Complete the ATP/ADP cycle below. Explain which has higher energy :
ATP or ADP + P group. Indicate which reaction requires energy ATP 
ADP + P group or ADP + P group ATP, and indicate which processes
can provide this energy or use this released energy.
ATP
ADP + Phosphate group
4. Make a Venn diagram to compare and contrast aerobic respiration and
anaerobic fermentation.
5. Name the two types of anaerobic fermentation and give examples of
organisms that can perform each.
6. Explain the difference between the following terms: DNA, gene, allele and
chromosome.
7. What occurs in interphase prior to mitosis.
8. Name the four main phases of mitosis, describe what happens in each
phase and draw a simple diagram of each.
Define the following terms:
9. Diploid:
10. Haploid:
11. If a snake has 10 chromosomes in its gametes (egg or sperm) how many
chromosomes would be in its body cells?
A. 5
C. 15
B. 10
D. 20
12. Fill in the chart to contrast mitosis with meiosis.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Purpose
Number of DNA
replications
Number of Cell
Divisions
Number and Type of
Cells Produced
Define the following terms:
13. Heterozygous
14. Homozygous
15. Genotype
16. Phenotype
17. Use the following terms to fill in the blanks: dominant, recessive, genotype,
phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous.
Two cats both have long whiskers. They have the same _________________
for this trait. If long whiskers is a _______________________ trait they must
also have the same ___________________________. However, if long
whiskers is a _____________________ trait, they could have either a
______________________ dominant or _____________________ genotype.
18. Describe what a Punnett square is, why it is useful, and what the two sides
of a Punnett square represent.
19. The allele for tasting a substance called PTC is dominant (T). Nontasters of
PTC are homozygous recessive (tt). If a couple are both heterozgyous for
this gene (Tt), what is the probable offspring for this trait of this couple?
Phenotype Ratio _________________________
Probability of taster _______________________
Probability of nontaster ___________________
Genotype Ratio _________________________
Probability of homozygous dominant _______
Probability of heterozygous ______________
Probability of homozygous recessive _______
20. Albinism is a recessive trait (aa). If one parent is a carrier of albinism (Aa)
and another parent is an albino, what is the probability of their having an
albino child?
Phenotype Ratio _________________________
Probability of normal pigmentation _________
Probability of albino ___________________
21. What is a dihbyrid cross?
22. If parents are both heterozygous for both of the traits being studied in a
dihybrid cross (AaBb), what allele combination for the gametes will be
written on each side of the dihybrid Punnett square.
23. The probable outcomes for a dihybrid cross will not be accurate if the two
genes are ___________________________________ because the dihybrid
cross assumes that the genes are ____________________________________ .
24. In pea plants, the round seed allele is dominant (R) over the wrinkled seed
allele (r). The purple flower allele (P) is dominant over the white flower
allele (p). If two pea plants that are heterozygous for seed shape and
flower color are crosses (RrPp x RrPp) what are the probable outcomes.
Phenotype Ratio ______________
Fraction Round, Purple ________
Fraction Round, White ________
Fraction Wrinkled, Purple ______
Fraction Wrinkled, White ______
25. Explain what an X-linked trait is. Give two examples of human traits that
are X-linked. Which gender is more likely to express a recessive X-linked
trait. Explain why.
26. In order for a man to inherit red-green colorblindness, what must be true
of his parents (be specific).
In order for a woman to inherit red-green colorblindness, what must be true
of her parents (be specific).
27. Duchene’s muscular dystrophy is a recessive X-linked trait (Xd). If a mother
is a carrier of Duchene’s muscular dystrophy (XDX d) and the father does not
have muscular dystrophy (XDY), what is the probability of their having
children with muscular dystrophy?
Probability of a daughter having muscular dystrophy _____
Probability of a daughter not having muscular dystropy ___
Probability of a son having muscular dystrophy ________
Probability of a son not having muscular dystropy _______
28. What are two ways that genetic variation is created during meiosis?
Explain each.
29. DNA is a chain of _____________________________________.
Explain the structure of each of these subunits. Draw a simple diagram and
label the parts.
30. How are these DNA subunits arranged in the DNA molecule? Draw a
simple diagram and label the parts.
31. What are the complementary pairings of nitrogen bases in DNA? If one
strand of the DNA molecule is CATGAG, what will the other strand of
DNA be?
32. Explain the process of DNA replication. When does DNA replication
occur? What enzymes are involved? In the final result, what part of the
two DNA molecules that is produced is original and what part is new?
33. Each gene is the information to build one ___________________ . There
are two steps in expressing this information. The first is
__________________ which results in the production of a _____________
molecule. This first step occurs in the ________________________ . The
second step is ____________________ where the ________________ is
actually produced. The process occurs in the __________________ . In this
process each 3 nucleotide sequence in the mRNA, called a ____________ is
paired with another type of RNA called _______________ which has a
complementary ____________________ . Each of these molecules has an
attached _______________ ________________ . These subunits are joined
together in building the protein (or polypeptide) encoded by the gene.
34. Explain 3 differences between a DNA molecule and an mRNA molecule.
35. Compare and contrast the structure of an mRNA molecule with a tRNA
molecule.
36. Explain the process of transcription. Where does it occur, what enzyme is
involved, what is produced …?
37. If the gene sequence on the DNA is TAGCAT what mRNA transcript will be
produced?
38. Explain the process of translation. Where does it occur, what molecules are
involved. Include the terms codon, anticodon and amino acid.
39. What does it mean that the genetic code is universal? Why is this
important for biotechnology processes such as recombinant DNA?
40. If a protein is made of 210 amino acids, how many nucleotides must have
encoded this protein? Explain your answer.
41. What is a recombinant plasmid? Explain the basic process of creating a
recombinant plasmid. Include the terms restriction enzyme and sticky ends.
42. Homeostasis is an equilibrium (balance) of conditions(temperature, pH,
salt concentrations) in the internal environment of an organism that is
suitable for life. For example, we maintain our temperature at
approximately 98.5 F. Explain how the blood vessels in the skin are
involved in maintaining homeostasis (What happens to the blood vessels
when you are hot and when you are cold? And how does this help
maintain homeostasis?)
43. Why are viruses not considered to be living by many scientists? How do
viruses reproduce?
44. Of what kind of cells are bacteria composed? Describe the characteristics
of this cell type.