Dept. of Vet. Med.,
Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ., Benha branch.
EFFICACY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
IN THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL ENTERITIS
(With S Tables)
By
F. K. HAMODA; H. Y. HASSAN; A.A. EL SAWALHY
and M.M. ABD EL-SAMEA
(Received at 14/9/1994)
SUMMARY
A total of 25 buffalo calves of 90-120 days old was used in
this study belonging to private farm at Sharquia province. Of
these animals 18 culture of faecal or rectal swabs from
diseased animals showed Isolation of Salmonella sp.(88.9%),
Klebsiella sp. (55.6%).
Proteus sp.
(33.3%),
and
Anthracolds
(11.1%).
In vitro screening experiment showed that watery extract
of garlic was highly efficient on most isolates while watery
extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa was the least efficient one. In vivo
trials, the diseased animals were divided into 2 groups; the first
was orally treated with 10% watery extract of garlic (GI) 2 ml/Kg
B.W. twice daily until recovery from diarrhoea, (2-4 days) and
Appetite began to return normal one day post treatment. In the
second group G2 with chloramphenicol -2o mg/Kg b.wt twice dailyappetite began to return normal 2-3 days post treatment. Serum
biochemical tests showed that ,_ animals of G1 exhubitd
hypoproteinemla, decrease of serum glucose and Increase of GPT and
GOT at 10 days post treatment. This may be due to certain side
effects of garlic, so application of watery extract of garlic in
treatment of calves bacterial enteritis is not recommended and cuch
a study needs further investigation.
INTRODUCTION
Enteric infections of buffalo calves predominte and cause severe
economic losses to producer from reduce live weight,
6t.' Set. Cong., 20-22 Nov. 1994, Fac. Vet. Med., Assiut, Egypt.
482
inefficient
feed
conversion,
delay
marketing,
deathes.
,
cost
preventive and therapeutic programs (SAYED, 1988). Furthermor mortality
rate caused by diarrhoea in calves ranged betwe 27.4-55.5% of total
deaths (FARID et al., 1976). Diarrhoea is common problem in calves and
is of a complex natura because o or any combination of more than one of
the specific eltolog agents may be the cause of diarrhoea which may be
due
bacterial, viral, parasitic or dietetic factor; the former w the common
cause of diarrhoea in calves (BRENNER, 1991 Moreover MOTTELIB (1972),
JOHNSTON et al. (2976) SNODGRASS c al. (1986) BLOOD and RODASTITS (1989)
and MANAA et al. (1992 reported that several bacterial agents were
incriminated in t! occurrence of calves' enteritis as Salmonella,
ShigelLL Klebsiella E. cola, Protus and Citrobacter species.
Lack of ideal management and facilities necessitute tt routine use
of antibiotics in calf rearing (LOKEN et al. 1971). The use of
antibiotics may permit the development o super infection by organisms
which would not normally caul disease and also It increase the length of
time over whic affected animals would execrat the organisms especially i
enteric salmonellosis (BLOOD and RADSTOTS, 1989). FISHER ar FUENTA
(1971) declared that the value of antibiotics i tretment of calf
diarrhoea had decreased somewhat due to th development of resistant
strain. Although different types c antibiotics have been used for
treatment of calf enteritis, ye the problem is still prevalent among
calves. Therefore, it i essential to look for antidiarrhoeal agents
among the plant kingdom. Recently medicinal plants are considered as a
big effective, cheap, safe and availabe source which posses valuable
therapeutic importance for many diseased conditions.
This study aimed to Investigate the in vitro antibacteria activity
of some medicinal plant extracts compared t, chlormephincol, and in vivo
trials of treatment of calve enteritis with watery extract of garlic
compared
chloramphincol.
MATERIAL and METHODS
In vitro screening experiment:
1- Preparation of medicinal plant extract:
Watery extract of Allium sativum L. (Garlic) was prepare after Amer
et al. (980). Watery extracts of Hibiscus sabdariff (Flowers) Acacia
nilotica (seeds), Cynanchum acutum (leaves and Lawsonia inermis (leaves)
were prepared using the method c FURUSAWA and CUTTING (1960). All these
extracts were used a 10% solution.
2- Bacterial isolation: Faecal or rectal swabs were collected from
disease
6th Scl, Cong., 20-22 Nov. 1994, Fac. Vet. Med., Assiut, Egypt
483
Table 3: Effect of treatment on diseased
calves Change noticed
Group
1
Group
2
Continuation of diarrhoea treatment 2-4 days 35 days Setoirm of affetite after treatment 1
day 2-3 days
Table 4: Tests for dehydration of clinically healthy,
and diseased calves treatment.
Clinically
healthy animals
Clteria
PCV Packed cell
volum
43.86±0.59
Skin fold test
persist/Sec
Diseased
animals
10 days post treatment
Group 1
Group 2
49.78±0.8" 44.33±0.78
-
2 -4
45.11±0.65
-
-
'• Highly significant P>0.001
Table 5: Biochemical assay of serum of healthy and
diseased calves
10 days post-treatment
Clinically
diseased animals
healthy
before treatment
animals
Mean±SE
ivtean±SE
Group 1
Mears±SE
Group 2
Mean±SE
Total proteprotein m/dl
7.57±0.18
6.41±0.36•
6.88±0.79
7.25±0.82
Albumin
3.24±0.03
2.75±0.08*
2.92±0.08 •
3.25±0.09
3.96±0.1'
50.67±1.75
4.04±0.11
51.37±2.1
135.0±1.28
135.72±0.74
Test for
gn /dl
Globulin
gin/di
Glucose
Sodium
ml/dl
mEgfL
Potassium
mEl/1, 5.20 ±0.38
46.29±0.57
U/L
GOT
GPT
U/L
• Significant at P< 0.01
4.33 0.07
1
51.92±1.71
136.42±0.69
25.43±0.92
1
3.46±0.06
•
45.63±2.04*
123.4410.99••
4.14±0.07'
4.77±0.12
67.86±5.39*'
49.67±1.3
37.56±2.25•'
27.44±1.57
' Highly significant at P< 0.001
Sci. Cong., 20-22 Nov. 1994. Fac. Yet. Med., Assiut, Egypt.
486
DISCUSSION
Enteritis is one of the major causes of losses among calves and is
wide spread in all countries of the world. Although the number of
synthetic chemicals (antibiotics) usec for enteritis treatmnet has
increased in recent years, the problem is still present. This trend
reflects the continiou<. demand for more effective agents which would be
cheap, safe anc easilty applied.
Regarding the results of bacterial isolation in this investigation
it is shown that the main microbial cause wa Salmonella sp (88.9%), then
Kellbsiella (55.6%), Proteue (33.3%), and Anthracoids (11.1%). These
results agree witt those previously recorded by JOHNSTON et al. (1976);
CLEGG et al. (1983). SNODGRASS et al. (1986), BLOOD and RADOSTITS (1989,
and MANAA et al. (1993).
4.5110.1
46.00±1.83
26.67±1.39
In this study the in vitro antibacterial activity of some medicinal
plants extract revealed that garlic and olleil extract showed a luziier
antibacterial effect than Acacia arabica, Lawsonia inermis and Hibiscus
sabdriffa. These findings may be attributed to the presence of
antibacterial agents in these extracts of varioud concentrations and
types a tannins, phenolic compounds, triterpenes or Alliicin a
demonstrated by several workers (SHARAF et al., 1966; SHIHAT et al.,
1983; EL-SOFNAY, 1985; ABONORACE et al., 1992 an MAHRAN et al., 1993.
FURTHERMORE EL-AGROUDII et al., 1961 obtained a zone of inhbition for
Salmonella pullorum of 14 m deamelit in vitro using garlic juice, while
chlormphenicol gay a zone of inhibition 15 mm.
As regards the results of in vivo experiments a summarized in Table
(3) it is shown that in group (1) days wit diarrhoea on animals and
days of appetite to return norma after first treatment were 2-4 days
post treatment and one da post treatment respectively. This might be
contributed t antibacterial active principle Allicin, (EL-SOFANY, 1985
ABONORAGGE et al., 1992 and EL-EMARY, 1993) or to the garli exciting
ability to appetite (GEORCY, 1978). FURTHRMORE PETKO
(1986) found that garlic stimulate the reticuloendotheli system of
treated animals, and EL-SHABRAWY (1980) reported th garlic could be
used in treatment of gastrointestin disturbance. On the other hand
animals of group (2) treat with chlormfinical returne to normal after a
long time.
Our findings as shwon in table (4) revealed a high significant
increase of PCV in diseased calves which may attributed to the decrease
in the plasma volume (BOYD et al. 1974).
From the biochemical tests of sera of all the calves significant
decrease of total protein, albumin, and globul was seen in diseased
animals rather them healthy calves. The
6th Scf. Cong., 20-22 Nov. 1994, Fac. Vet. Med., Assiut, Egypt.
------------------------------------------------------------------487
clampes may of excessive protein loss in the gastrointestinal tract (THOMSON,
1976).
Besides, there was a significant decrease of glucose in dearrhoeie animals
which may be attributed to lack intestinal absorption in case of enteritis
(COLES, 1967).
A highly significant decrease of sodium was also recorded due to the loss
of large amounts of sodium ions in faeces of diarrhoeic calves (BYWATER,
1967). Potassium had a simular behaviour and showed a significamt decrease In
diseased animals. These results are in agreement with that reported by BLOOD
and RADOSTIS. (1989).
Serum enzymes GPT & GOT exhibited a high significant increase in diseased
calves. Inflammation and destruction of intestinal inucesa may be the cause of
such an increased activity. At the day 10 post treatment, these biochemical
changes returned to normal values in Group 2, however, the changes In G1 were
still variable either towards the increase or decrease. When compared with the
initial values. In this respect EL-EMARY (1993) AND al-salahy AND hassanien
(1993) reported that garlic had hypoGlycaemic effect. HypOproteinaemia was also
evident in treated animals with garlic extract. Both results can make the
rediment questionable under these clinical and laberotary conclusions. Such
results needs further study to reach solid basis for the treatment of enteritis.
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