LASER INTERFEROMETER GRAVITATIONAL WAVE OBSERVATORY
-LIGOCALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MASACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Safety Protocol
LIGO-M040112-07-M
6 May, 2004
LIGO Livingston Observatory
Laser Safety Plan
R. Riesen, R. S. Amin, M. Zucker
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LLO Laser Safety Officer
LLO Site Safety Coordinator
LIGO Hanford Observatory
P.O. Box 1970; Mail Stop S9-02
Richland, WA 99352
Phone (509) 37208106
Fax (509) 372-8137
E-mail: info@ligo.caltech.edu
LIGO Livingston Observatory
19100 LIGO Lane
Livingston, LA 70754
Phone (225) 686-3100
Fax (225) 686-7189
E-mail: info@ligo.caltech.edu
California Institute of Technology
LIGO project – MS 18-34
Pasadena, CA 91125
Phone (626) 395-2129
Fax (626) 304-9834
E-mail: info@ligo.caltech.edu
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
LIGO project – MS 20B-145
Cambridge, MA 01239
Phone (617) 253-4824
Fax (617) 253-7014
E-mail: info@ligo.mit.edu
http://www.ligo.caltech.edu
1
DOCUMENT SCOPE .................................................................................... 3
2
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................... 4
2.1
Interferometer Operator ............................................................................................................... 4
2.2
Laser Safety Officer (LSO)............................................................................................................ 4
2.3
Laser System Sponsors .................................................................................................................. 5
2.4
Laser Operators ............................................................................................................................. 5
2.5
Responsible Laser Operator (RLO) ............................................................................................. 6
2.6
Zone Certified Personnel ............................................................................................................... 6
3
LASER CLASSIFICATIONS AND GENERAL HAZARDS ........................... 7
4
STATUS INDICATORS AND ACCESS CONTROLS ................................... 8
4.1
Warning Signs ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.2
Corner Station ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.3
End Stations ...................................................................................................................................11
4.4
High Power Laser Facility ............................................................................................................11
5
TRANSITION BETWEEN HAZARD AND SAFE CONDITIONS ................. 12
6
ACCESS CARDS ........................................................................................ 14
6.1
Short Term Visitors ......................................................................................................................14
7
EYE PROTECTION ..................................................................................... 15
8
TRAINING ................................................................................................... 16
8.1
Required training: Zone Certification.........................................................................................16
8.2
Required Training: Laser Operator ............................................................................................17
9
AUTHORIZED LLO LASER SYSTEMS ...................................................... 18
9.1
LIGO 10 W MOPA Laser (Main Laser) .....................................................................................18
9.2
700 mW Lightwave NPRO ...........................................................................................................18
1
9.3
ISC Table Infrared Alignment Laser ..........................................................................................19
9.4
4W COS Infrared Alignment Laser ............................................................................................19
9.5
Modulated 980 nm RF Detector Test Laser ................................................................................20
9.6
High Power Laser Facility 100 W Laser .....................................................................................21
9.7
Photon Calibrator Nd:YLF Laser ...............................................................................................21
9.8
WFS Fiber Coupled RF Laser .....................................................................................................22
10
LASER HAZARD ZONE SAFETY RULES .............................................. 23
10.1
LVEA and VEAs ...........................................................................................................................23
10.2
Optics Lab ......................................................................................................................................25
10.3
High Power Laser Facility ............................................................................................................26
11
LASER NOMINAL HAZARD ZONES ...................................................... 27
11.1
Laser and Vacuum Equipment Area (LVEA) ............................................................................27
11.2
Pre-Stabilized Laser (PSL) ...........................................................................................................28
11.3
VEAs (End Stations—x-end) ........................................................................................................28
11.4
OSB Optics Lab .............................................................................................................................29
11.5
High Power Laser Facility ............................................................................................................30
12
SAMPLE FORMS .................................................................................... 31
12.1
LLO Baseline/Exit Eye Exam Request ........................................................................................31
12.2
Training Acknowledgement .........................................................................................................32
12.3
Zone Qualified or Laser Operator Registration .........................................................................33
Laser Incident Report ................................................................................................................................34
13
REFERENCES......................................................................................... 35
2
1
Document Scope
This document describes the safety plan and standard procedures for operation of laser
(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) devices at the LIGO
Livingston Observatory (LLO).
Safe use of lasers and laser radiation is now commonplace in industrialized society, and
laser-related injuries are extremely rare. However, the specialized ANSI Class IIIb and
Class IV laser configurations used in LIGO may present unusual risks, especially to eye
safety, that are unfamiliar to many workers. Proper hazard-specific training and adherence
to uniform protocols is the best way to insure these risks are minimized without impeding
work efficiency.
Section 2 specifies responsibilities for site-wide laser safety, requirements for introducing
new laser systems to LLO, and requirements for gaining access to laser hazard areas.
Sections 3 through 13 classify and describe existing laser systems and laser hazard zones,
their safety and access controls, and training requirements. Additional sections give
sample certification forms and list useful background references.
Certain site facilities or equipment (e.g., High Power Laser Test Facility) may at times
require additional operating procedures to augment the generic procedures given here. In
the event of a conflict between such augmented procedures and this document, this
document shall be presumed to take precedence. In such cases the system sponsor(s) and
site Laser Safety Officer should be notified immediately so they can promptly resolve the
conflict.
3
2
Roles and Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of all LIGO employees, guests and visitors to monitor and maintain
a safe working environment. All individuals must identify hazards and bring them to the
attention of their group leaders, operators, safety officers, and/or site head. Each
individual has both the right and the responsibility to halt any activity that violates safety
protocols.
Two individuals are charged with added responsibilities to insure proper cognizance and
management of laser hazards. These are the active Interferometer Operator and the site
Laser Safety Officer. Other individuals may be distinguished by their level of training
and technical expertise (e.g., Laser Operator or System Sponsor) or by temporary
command over operations on a system (e.g., Responsible Laser Operator).
2.1
Interferometer Operator
Under normal operating conditions, all activities on site that might affect operation of the
interferometer, affect personnel safety, or interfere with concurrent site activities will be
cleared through the operator on duty. Laser operations and changes to optical
configuration, beam transmission or alignment are included in this category. The
operator on duty may give or deny permission to proceed, suggest alternate scheduling,
or request further clarification of possible impacts, as he or she sees fit.
In lieu of an active operator, a member of the commissioning, operating or engineering
staff may be nominated acting operator. Alternatively the site Laser Safety Officer
(LSO), site Head, Chief Scientist or their designee may assume this duty.
2.2
Laser Safety Officer (LSO)
It is the responsibility of the LSO to enforce provisions of this document, to improve and
enhance safety protocols site-wide, and to train and educate personnel in safe laser
practices. The LSO reports to the LIGO Livingston Site Head.
Among other duties, the LSO will be responsible for the following tasks:
 Maintaining an inventory of all lasers operating at the LLO facility, organized by
class, wavelength, and system sponsor
 Provide “Zone Certified” and “Laser Operator” safety training to all personnel
working at LLO who may be required to work in laser hazard zones
 Maintaining an updated list of “Zone Certified” and “Laser Operator” LLO
personnel and visiting staff
 Issuing Laser Hazard Zone access cards to suitably trained personnel
 Maintaining the Laser Hazard security system, warning signs and labels.
 Providing “Baseline” and “Exit” eye exams for LLO employees.
 Providing and maintaining laser safety eyewear for general use and for specific
individuals as required.
4
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


2.3
Developing and approving standard operating procedures (SOPs) for Class IIIb
and IV lasers operating at LLO
Approving laser installations prior to initial activation and periodically
recertifying their safety for continued use.
Reviewing, modifying and updating this and associated laser safety documents.
Investigating all laser safety incidents and filing corresponding reports with the
LLO Site Safety Officer and Site Safety Coordinator and LIGO Safety
Committee.
Laser System Sponsors
Experienced researchers and engineers who design, install, or commission Class IIIb and
Class IV laser systems on site, either temporarily or permanently, may be certified as
System Sponsors.
Sponsors must understand the LIGO Laser Safety Plan and meet LLO “Laser Operator”
training requirements. Sponsors of a new system must prepare and submit



a detailed system description including LIGO application,
analysis of potential hazards and nominal hazard zone geometry, and
system-specific operating procedures and safety protocols
for the sponsored equipment for LSO approval. Such approval must precede initial
system activation at LLO. On approval, this information will be incorporated into this
document or explicitly referenced herein. Any further modifications to the operating
procedures or system specifications will require approval by the LSO and corresponding
update and re-release of this document by the LSO.
The System Sponsor on record for any laser equipment will be responsible for insuring
that this equipment and its safety systems are functional and in good repair. The sponsor
also will insure that any planned changes to equipment configuration, specifications or
mode of use are documented and submitted to the LSO for approval.
2.4
Laser Operators
Laser Operators are individuals qualified and authorized to work directly with lasers or
laser radiation.
These individuals must successfully complete LIGO “Laser Operator” training and have
thereby read and understood this Safety Plan. They are expected to fully understand the
standard operating procedures and protocols for the site in general and for any specific
laser system they may undertake to operate.
In addition to enforcing the provisions of this Plan, Laser Operators are also responsible
for assisting the Laser Safety Officer in identifying any potential laser related safety
hazards, and for ensuring the safety of all personnel they escort into laser hazard areas.
5
Addition of new hazards or changes in procedures or technical specifications may
periodically render Operator status obsolete and require re-training. It is the
responsibility of each Laser Operator to verify his or her status to insure the qualification
remains current.
2.5
Responsible Laser Operator (RLO)
During operations involving installation, alignment or maintenance of laser systems or
manipulation of beam paths, one Laser Operator will be designated as Responsible Laser
Operator (RLO) and charged with controlling and coordinating the all activities involving
the subject laser system or systems. This person will be the primary contact point for
IFO operators or acting operators. The RLO designation is temporary and will be
relinquished when the laser system under work is restored to nominal operating condition
or is shut down (the laser system is then designated “Unattended”). Current RLO
assignment for all site lasers will be posted in the control room.
2.6
Zone Certified Personnel
Zone Certified personnel have met minimum training requirements for working within
Nominal Laser Hazard Zones at LIGO Livingston Observatory. They are not authorized
to operate lasers, manipulate beams or beam optics, or conduct hazard transitions unless
under direct supervision of a Laser Operator. Zone Certified personnel must understand
and sign a copy of the “Zone Certified Registration Form” in this document. This form is
recorded and filed by the LSO. Substantial changes in equipment or procedures may
render certification obsolete; it is the responsibility of each Zone Certified worker to
verify his or her status to insure the qualification remains current.
6
3
Laser Classifications and General Hazards
All Class IIIb and Class IV scientific laser systems authorized for operation at the LIGO
Livingston Observatory are described in Section 9. To install these lasers, laser system
sponsors (Section 2.3) are required to add a description of their laser to Section 9. These
descriptions must include
 Classification (only IIIb or IV)
 Total output power
 Output wavelength
 Output aperture
 Laser manufacturer
 Date of initial activation (if possible)
 Output aperture intensity
 System location
 Any instructions specific to the laser system (e.g., shutdown and startup
sequence, chemical or fire hazards, instructions on power adjustment, location
of operating manuals).
Class IIIb and IV laser systems are deemed potential hazards to personal health and
possible hazards to equipment by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI
Z136.1-2000). These laser systems are to be utilized only in designated Laser Hazard
Zones.
Class IIIb continuous wave infrared (1-1.4 m wavelength) lasers yield optical powers
between 1.9 mW and 500 mW. These lasers pose threats to eyesight and skin since the
near-infrared wavelengths are invisible to the unaided eye. Prolonged skin exposure may
result in heat burns and moderate/high level eye exposure may result in irreparable
retina/cornea damage.
Class IV continuous wave lasers exceed 500 mW irrespective of wavelength. These
lasers are health hazards to eyesight and any flammable materials (i.e., skin, fabric, vinyl
cable coatings). Exposure to class IV radiation levels may result in immediate permanent
damage to eyesight. Skin and equipment may also be damaged depending laser settings.
7
4
Status Indicators and Access Controls
4.1
Warning Signs
The nominal hazard zone (NHZ) for each lab area is externally indicated by illuminated
and non-illuminated laser warning signs. The illuminated signs indicate the current
hazard status of a specific observatory lab area. Only two valid lab safety conditions
exist at LLO. These conditions are LASER HAZARD and LASER SAFE.
The LASER SAFE condition exists only when all class IIIb/IV laser power supplies have
been de-energized or cannot physically enter a lab area due to qualified enclosures and
isolation shutters.
The LASER HAZARD condition exists any time a class IIIb/IV laser in a given lab area
is capable conveying radiation into a laser hazard area.
All laser hazard areas (e.g. LVEA, VEAs, optics lab, and High Power Laser Facility) are
equipped with illuminated hazard signs at primary points of entry. These signs indicate
the laser safety condition of the lab areas affected. Illuminated laser safety warning signs
are mounted at the following locations:
 the cleaning and receiving room door leading to the LLO LVEA
 the door leading to the PSL enclosure entry vestibule in the LVEA
 the large item access airlock personnel doors leading from the large item access
area to the LVEA
 doors leading from the change areas to the VEA’s at both end-stations
 doors adjoining the small optics labs within the end stations
 entry to the OSB Optics Lab
 entry to the LLO High Power Laser Facility
These signs are illuminated only when the LASER HAZARD condition exists for the
interior nominal hazard zone.
Secondary access doors to laser hazard areas have permanently illuminated signs or
prominent and highly visible placards indicating the hazard. Such secondary access doors
must remain locked at all times when a laser hazard condition applies.
4.2
Corner Station
Access cards are required to enter laser hazard areas. These cards will unlock access
doors permitting personnel to enter or egress restricted areas. All doors leading to laser
hazard areas are monitored by a site security computer (Entrapass) located in the control
room. Swipe card readers and monitored doors are listed below. All doors may be
forced open from within the laser hazard area in case of emergency.
8
Main Entry Door
and Large Sliding Door




LVEA Main Entry Door: The primary LVEA access door is found in the
cleaning and receiving room (Rm. 168). It requires an authorized access card to
enter and exit the LVEA. The facility Entrapass security computer in the control
room records the time and the card identification number upon door latch
activations. In an emergency, the door handles can be used from inside the LVEA
to exit. Forced door conditions are also recorded in the control room and will
result in an alarm and a safety inquiry.
Roll up Door (Shipping and Receiving): The switch to operate the roll up door
between the cleaning area (Rm170) and shipping/receiving (Rm. 173) is not to be
activated while the large slider door leading to the LVEA is opened. Activating
the switch to open or close the door leads to an Entrapass record of both doors’
conditions in the control room.
Side Entry Personnel Door: At the large equipment access (large airlock)
(rm.106) is a keyed door and is alarmable to the control room. This entrance is
not an authorized LVEA entrance and is monitored by the site’s Entrapass
security computer. Prior permission from the control room must be granted.
Laser safety glasses and booties must be worn before entering the LVEA. In an
emergency, this door handle may be used to vacate the LVEA.
Roll up Door (Large Equipment Door/Large Airlock): Opening this door must
be coordinated through the control room. The switch to operate the roll up door
for the large equipment access airlock is key operated. The key is kept in the
9


front office when not in use. The site security computer will register the
activation of this door. Note: All personnel in the air lock are to have on laser
safety eyewear prior to opening the roll up door. This roll up door is not to be left
open and unattended.
PSL Enclosure and Acoustic Enclosure: An access card required to enter and
exit the PSL enclosure. An access card with laser operator clearance is required
to enter the PSL’s acoustic enclosure and table area. Time and card identification
numbers are recorded by the Entrapass security computer. Should the acoustic
enclosure doors be opened without swiping the card reader, an interlock will shut
down the main laser and a laser incident will be recorded. This invalid action is a
laser incident that requires reporting to the LSO. Only the LSO or LSO
representative (i.e., site head, deputy site head) may reactivate the main laser
interlock to enable normal operations.
ISC/IOT Table Enclosures: ISC/IO tables have access card readers at each table.
An access card with operator clearance is required to unlock the table. Opening
the table doors without swiping an access card reader will result in main laser shut
down. This invalid action is a laser incident that requires reporting to the LSO.
Only the LSO or LSO representative (i.e., site head, deputy site head) may
reactivate the main laser interlock to enable normal operations. ISCT4’s access
card reader is mounted on the outside of the acoustic enclosure.

Multiple Activities: The PSL and ISC/IOT table closure interlocks are standalone systems, which different people can work in simultaneously. If the same
person needs to work in more than one table, it must be authorized by the LSO,
the site head, or deputy site head. The operator or acting operator on duty in the
control room must be notified.
 Emergency Egress Doors: Six doors are located about the LVEA to expedite
emergency evacuations. These doors have contacts mounted to audio alarm the
control room when opened.
 View Ports Covers, Illuminators, Camera Housings etc.: Removal requires
permission through the LSO and Site Safety Coordinator. The operator on duty
must be notified.
 Emergency “Laser Shutdown” Buttons: Emergency “Laser Shutdown” switches
are located as follows: (1) control room, (2) beneath the PSL table, west wall, (3)
at the main entry to the PSL enclosure, (4) at the main entry to the LVEA.
Activation of any of the Emergency ‘Laser Shutdown’ switches shuts down the
LIGO 10-W lasers and all lasers connected to the ‘laser power’ duplex outlets.
The “Laser Shutdown” button located at the main LVEA entry also unlocks the
main LVEA door to allow emergency service people to gain access. There are
‘Laser Shutdown’ buttons at end stations to unlatch the latches on those doors as
well. Emergency shutdown from the end-stations does not require
communication with the control room. Although the LVEA and end stations will
be in laser safe, a report explaining the reasons for “Laser Shutdown” must be
made to the LSO, site head, and/or deputy site head.
10
4.3





4.4


End Stations
External Entry Door: Zone certified access cards are required to enter the
primary entrance leading to the inspection/shipping and receiving bay. This door
is monitored. The facility Entrapass security computer in the control room
records the time and the card identification number upon door latch activations. In
an emergency, the door handles can be used from inside the LVEA to exit.
Forced door conditions are also recorded in the control room and will result in an
alarm and possible laser safety ramifications.
VEA/Change Room: The door connecting the inspection/shipping and receiving
bay to the change room and VEA requires an access card.
The Transmission Monitor Enclosures: Access to transmission monitors is
controlled through swipe card readers. These monitors are identical to ISC/IO
tables as potential direct beam hazards. Failure to swipe the reader before
opening the enclosure will alarm in the control room. This invalid access is
recorded in the Control Room and is a laser incident that requires reporting to the
LSO.
View ports, Illuminators, Camera Covers: Removal requires permission through
the LSO and Site Safety Coordinator. The operator on duty must be notified.
Emergency Egress Doors: Two doors are located about the VEAs to expedite
emergency evacuations. These doors have contacts mounted to alarm the control
room when opened.
High Power Laser Facility
Main Entry Door: The primary HPLF access door is found in the staging
building’s multi-lab high bay. It requires an authorized access card to enter and
exit. The facility Entrapass security computer in the control room records the
time and the card identification number upon door latch activations. In an
emergency, the door handles can be used from inside the HPLF to exit. Forced
door conditions are also recorded in the control room and will result in an alarm
and possible laser safety ramifications.
Double Equipment (Egress) Doors: Two doors are located next to the main
HPLF main entrance to expedite equipment installation. These doors have
contacts mounted to alarm in the control room when opened. Before opening
these doors, the RLO must inform the LSO or the operator on duty of the pending
operation and make certain the HPLF is in laser safe condition.
11
5
Transition Between Hazard and Safe Conditions
Transitions between LASER HAZARD and LASER SAFE must be noted in the LIGO
Livingston electronic logbook (“e-log”). The following conditions apply only to the
LVEA and VEA nominal hazard zones. Transitions for other areas are detailed in the
sections defining those zones.
To transition the LVEA to LASER SAFE, procedures in LIGO-M990153-L “Procedure
for Transition to the LASER SAFE Condition” must be followed.
These procedures are as follow:
1. Obtain clearance, laser warning sign key, a pad lock, and a tag from the control
room to transition to LASER SAFE.
2. Close the PSL/HAM1 shutter in the LVEA, place the tag with your name through
the shutter and lock it using the pad lock.
3. Enter the Large Access Airlock and disconnect the LASER HAZARD warning
light.
4. Use the keyswitch to set the laser warning sign located adjacent the main LVEA
entrance to the LASER SAFE condition.
5. Inform all personnel that the LVEA is LASER SAFE.
6. Proceed to both end stations and set the laser warning sign to LASER SAFE.
7. Inform all personnel inside the respective VEAs that the VEA has transitioned to
LASER SAFE.
8. Inform the control room that the transition to LASER SAFE is complete, make a
public announcement indicating the transition, and place both the warning sign
key and pad lock key into the control room keysafe.
9. Indicate in the e-log the transition time to LASER SAFE.
12
To transition the LVEA to LASER HAZARD, procedures in LIGO-M990152-L
“Procedure for Transition to the LASER HAZARD Condition” must be followed.
These procedures are as follow:
1. Obtain clearance and laser warning sign key from the control room to transition to
LASER HAZARD.
2. Use the keyswitch to set the laser warning sign located in X-End station onto the
LASER HAZARD condition.
3. Enter the X-End station VEA and inform all personnel of the HAZARD status.
4. Ensure all personnel comply with LIGO Safety protocols prior to leaving the
VEA.
5. Proceed to the Y-End station and repeat steps 1) through 4) for the Y-End station.
6. Use the keyswitch to set the LVEA laser warning sign to LASER HAZARD
(main entry door).
7. Repeat steps 3) and 4) for the LVEA
8. Activate plug-in style LASER HAZARD warning sign in the Large Access
Airlock (located near X-manifold).
9. Remove lock and tag on PSL/HAM1 shutter and open shutter.
10. Return to the control room and inform the interferometer operator or acting
operator that the interferometer has completed transition to LASER HAZARD.
11. Make a final site wide announcement using the public address system that the
LVEA and End stations have entered LASER HAZARD.
12. Indicate in the e-log the transition time to LASER HAZARD.
13
6
Access Cards
Coded magnetic access cards give authorized personnel access to laser hazard areas.
These cards carry custom serial numbers unique to their assigned user and may allow
limited access depending on that user’s level of training and certification. Note that a
substantial change in the hazard conditions applicable for a zone may require a user to be
re-trained before access to that zone is again permissible.
Cards are issued to people showing a valid need to work in the laser hazard areas. To
acquire an access card enabling unescorted access to laser hazard zones, a worker must
complete the “Zone Certified” or “Laser Operator” laser training requirements and
receive location- and system-specific training appropriate to that hazard zone or zones.
General visitor cards do not permit unescorted entry into any laser hazard zone.
Misuse of Access Cards or Tampering with Safety Hardware
Deliberate misuse of access cards or negligence in following operating procedures will be
cause for card revocation, restriction of access, or other sanctions as deemed appropriate.
Such misuse includes, for example, sharing or loaning of cards. Tampering with or
overriding laser safety hardware must be reported as a Safety Incident.
6.1
Short Term Visitors
Short Term Visitors meeting the “Zone Certified” laser training minimums, upon
demonstrating a need, ability to work safely, and who have been trained to follow this
safety plan can be given a temporary access card. Visitors may be escorted into laser
hazard areas without a card when accompanied by a laser operator with access privileges.
The person escorting any visitors is responsible for seeing that the visitors conduct
themselves safely, is wearing proper protective eye wear, and that the visitors remain
under escort control at all times.
14
7
Eye Protection
Required protective eyewear varies for the LIGO Observatory laser systems;
specifications are included with each Laser System and Hazard Zone description below.
Most LIGO hazard zones require goggles with an optical density (OD) of 5.0 at 1064 nm.
However, some applications use multiple wavelength sources with various power levels
(for example, HPLF), so it is imperative that the individual entering a laser hazard area be
wearing the appropriate eye protection prior to entering the lab space. Required OD at
each controlled wavelength is posted at the entry to each hazard zone; eyewear labels
must confirm the proper specification.
Note that LIGO provision of shared eyewear at or near a zone entry DOES NOT
automatically guarantee such eyewear to be appropriate for that zone. Such eyewear may
have been misplaced from another location.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EACH USER TO VERIFY THAT THE
SPECIFICATIONS OF HIS OR HER EYEWEAR MEET THE CURRENT
REQUIREMENTS OF A LASER HAZARD ZONE BEFORE ENTERING.
No eyewear is guaranteed to stop a direct full-power beam; both plastic and glass lenses
will fail in way of a small-diameter Class IV laser output. Safety eyewear will only
attenuate diffuse scattered radiation or secondary reflections. Particular care must be
taken to ensure that the side shields of laser glasses are properly fitted to the face to
minimize the probability of indirect exposure.
15
8
Training
All personnel requiring unescorted access to a laser hazard area must become “Zone
Certified” or “Laser Operator” by undergoing training as outlined in this document.
Experienced personnel visiting from other institutions may, at the discretion of the LSO,
have their basic training waived if training completed at their home institution can be
shown to be equivalent. The date and location of such alternate training should be noted
by the LSO on their certification.
A list of trained individuals and their clearance is posted at
http://www.ligo-la.caltech.edu/laser/registered_laser_personnel.pdf.
This list is to be updated as necessary upon the arrival and departure of LIGO site
personnel. LIGO Livingston staff is to provide initial overviews and site details for
arriving Hanford staff members as required.
8.1
Required training: Zone Certification
Applicant for Zone Certification must:
1) read and understand this document,
2) Have viewed the laser safety video “Laser Safety Orientation” This is a Rockwell
Laser Industries CD and contains 3 modules:
Module 1-Basics of Laser and Laser Hazards
Module 2-Laser Classifications and Safety Features
Module 3-Laser Safety in the Workplace
Version 2.1, 8/21/2003, S/N 1007
3) complete the baseline eye exam,
4) complete a laser safety review and have an orientation walkthrough of the lab
spaces with the site LSO,
5) know the location of the LLO copy of ANSI Z 136.1-2000 “American National
Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers”
6) know the operation and location of safety equipment such as safety goggles and
emergency stops
7) know laboratory safety procedures
8) be able to recognize areas restricted to laser operators
9) sign a declaration acknowledging that they have met all the above requirements.
16
8.2
Required Training: Laser Operator
Applicant for Laser Operator certification must:
1) have met all of the zone certified requirements,
2) have viewed the laser safety videos Laser Safety Awareness, Disc 1 and 2. These
are Rockwell Laser Industries CD’s and contain 7 modules:
Module 1-Characteristics of Lasers and Laser Light
Module 2-Biological Effects on Human Skin & Eyes and Non-Beam Hazards
3) Module 3-Laser Accidents
Module 4-Laser Classifications
Module 5-Laser Safety Standards
Module 6-Laser Hazard Analysis
Module 7-Laser Control Measures.
Version 2.1, 8/21/2003, S/N 1007
4) be able to identify vacuum view ports, optical beam lines, and potential laser
hazards within and outside laser enclosures,
5) understand site specific hazards in a given lab space
6) understand the rules in place and is willing to enforce the rules for each lab space
7) be instructed in basic laser handling techniques used at LLO, for example, laser
light must be blocked upstream prior to insertion or removal of an optical
component, and all stray beams must be appropriately dumped,
8) have knowledge of IR scanning and recognizing potential hazards of errant beams
on IO tables, PSL table or other Laser Operator restricted area.
9) understand that changes to any optical table in the LVEA or VEAs must be noted
in the E-log following the completion of the task.
17
9
Authorized LLO Laser Systems
9.1
LIGO 10 W MOPA Laser (Main Laser)
The LIGO 10-W Laser is a Class IV Nd3+;YAG laser. It is model 126 MOPA laser
system manufactured by Lightwave Electronics Corp. The output from the laser is in
the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is therefore not visible to
the human eye. The laser emits radiation from two apertures: The main output beam
and a sample beam. The LLO LIGO 10-W Laser does not have internal optics
installed for the sample beam, thus only the main beam exits the Laser’s output
apertures. The relevant operating parameters for the LIGO 10-Watt Laser are as
follow:
MAIN BEAM
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1064 nm wavelength
12W max. power output
Continuous wave output
6.1 kW/cm2 peak intensity at output aperture
Interlock currently monitored
SAMPLE BEAM (NOT USED AT LLO)
Hazard Areas: LVEA and end station VEAs.
Required OD = 5.0
9.2
700 mW Lightwave NPRO
The 700 mW NPRO laser is a class IV Nd3+;YAG laser. It is model 126 NPRO laser
system manufactured by Lightwave Electronics Corp. The output from the laser is in
the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is therefore not visible to
the human eye. The laser emits radiation from one aperture. The relevant operating
parameters are as follow:
MAIN BEAM


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1064 nm wavelength
700 mW max. power output
Continuous wave output
727 W/cm2 peak intensity at output aperture
Interlock ready, not monitored
Hazard Areas: Optics Lab, HPLF, LVEA, and VEAs
Required OD = 5.0
18
9.3
ISC Table Infrared Alignment Laser
The ISC table infrared alignment laser is a Class IIIb continuous-wave diode-pumped
solid-state laser emitting at a wavelength of 1064 nm. An example of the equipment used in
this application is the Crystal Laser IRCL-100-1064. It may also be used in combination
with a collinear visible HeNe or diode pilot laser (itself a Class II or IIIa device) to allow
rapid installation and pre-alignment to the optics beamline under test. The relevant
operating parameters are as follow:
MAIN BEAM


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1064 nm wavelength
100 mW max. power output
Continuous wave output
104 W/cm2 peak intensity at output aperture
Interlock ready, not monitored
Hazard Areas: Optics Lab, HPLF, LVEA, and VEAs
Required OD = 5.0
9.4
4W COS Infrared Alignment Laser
The COS Infrared Alignment laser is a class IV continuous-wave semiconductor laser
diode emitting either at a wavelength of 940 nm or 990 nm. The equipment used in this
application consists of a fiber-coupled laser diode, which is used to illuminate the
reticule of the autocollimator; an autocollimator with a 0.9 in” diameter output aperture;
and a video camera. The return beam collected by the autocollimator is viewed through
the eyepiece by means of a camera lens and a CCD camera.
The alignment laser is portable and will be used on optics tables within the vacuum
chambers or in two designated beam manifold spool areas in the LVEA used for
aligning the COC optics. The relevant operating parameters are as follow:
MAIN BEAM
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
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940 nm or 990 nm wavelength
< 4 W max. power output at the fiber output coupler
Continuous wave output
23 m beam output diameter
Interlock ready, not monitored
Hazard Areas: Optics Lab, HPLF, LVEA, and VEAs
Required OD = 5.0
Special Operating Procedures:
19
1. The COS Alignment laser may only be operated by qualified technicians and
operators familiar with the design, geometry and construction of the COS alignment
equipment and the LIGO optical.
2. The laser shall not be connected to the autocollimator unless the video camera is in place
over the eyepiece.
3. The Responsible Laser Operator shall coordinate activities in the vicinity where
the laser is operating. Multiple independent activities involving manipulation of
the laser beam shall not occur simultaneously. Any time laser beams will be
manipulated, e.g. by inserting, removing, or adjusting optical components, persons
not directly participating in the beam manipulation activity will move to a safe
location until the activity is completed.
4. Immediately after inserting, removing, or making significant adjustments to any
optical component, the vicinity of the beam path shall be scanned using an
infrared viewer or other suitable beam-finding device to ensure that all stray beams
are dumped.
5. The laser shall not be left running unattended.
9.5
Modulated 980 nm RF Detector Test Laser
The Modulated RF Detector Test Laser is a class IIIb continuous wave diode pumped solidstate laser emitting at a wavelength of 980 nm. The laser consists of two parts, a
commercial power supply (Wavelength Electronics LFI-4502) and a LIGO-built laser
head, connected by a shielded umbilical power cable. The laser head incorporates a
commercial laser diode (Fermionics LCX980), electrical socket and collimator
(ThorLabs S8060 and LT220P-B, respectively), and an integrally fixed optical
attenuating (Thorlabs ND-10A or equivalent). An RF bias tee and Lemo or SMA coaxial
connector on the head allow connection of RF excitation (0 to 100 MHz).
The laser diode is intrinsically capable of up to 40 mW laser output. The ND-10A filter
(transmission 10% at 980 nm) is a required piece of safety equipment limiting output to 4
mW maximum. This attenuator must not be removed. The relevant operating
parameters are as follow:
MAIN BEAM
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980 nm wavelength
4 mW max. power output
Continuous wave output
0.1 W/cm2 size at aperture
No interlock, not monitored
Hazard Areas: Optics Lab, HPLF, LVEA, and VEAs
Required OD = 3.0
20
9.6
High Power Laser Facility 100 W Laser
The primary laser in the HPLF is a 100 W, continuous wave, class IV Ytterbium fiber
device. Built by IPG Photonics, the YLR-100-LP laser is a diode pumped device and
delivers near-infrared radiation (1064 nm). This radiation is not visible by the unaided
human eye. Only one fiber coupled output port exists and is used for all operating
powers.
Additional Considerations: see HPLF SOP/Laser Safety Plan for specific hazards
MAIN BEAM
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1064 nm wavelength
100 W max. power output
Continuous wave output
1 mm diameter at aperture
Interlocked, currently monitored
Hazard Areas: HPLF
Required OD = >5.0
9.7
Photon Calibrator Nd:YLF Laser
The photon calibrator laser is a Class IV continuous-wave diode-pumped Nd:YLF laser
emitting at a wavelength of 1047 nm. These lasers are built by CrystaLaser and are a model
IRCL-100-1047. It is the primary light source for and is found in the photon calibrator
apparatuses. Such devices can be found in on optical lever piers directing laser radiation
onto various core optics. The relevant operating parameters are as follow:
MAIN BEAM

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1047 nm wavelength
500 mW max. power output
Continuous wave output
504 W/cm2 peak intensity at output aperture
Interlock ready, not monitored
Hazard Areas: Optics Lab, LVEA, and VEAs
Required OD = 5.0
Special Operating Procedures:
 Laser operators and lab users must realize that the LVEA’s and VEAs’ hazard
status are independent of each other.
21
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
9.8
Placement of a VEA into LASER SAFE demands a laser operator not only
safe the LVEA but also remove the interlock jumper from the photon
calibrator laser and return it to the key safe in the corner station.
Operating techniques are identical to the ISC alignment lasers (1.3).
WFS Fiber Coupled RF Laser
The “WFS Fiber Coupled RF Laser” is a Class IIIa continuous-wave diode laser capable
of emitting wavelengths between 960 and 1000 nm. Fermionics Lasertech, Inc builds these
lasers. Their model number is LD-980. This device is primarily used for calibrating
wavefront sensor (WFS) RF phase responses and is available for various low power
diagnostics requiring low power illumination. There are three lasers at LIGO, two general
use and one spare. The relevant operating parameters are as follow:
MAIN BEAM
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980 nm center wavelength
30 mW max. power output (estimated)
Continuous wave output with external RF modulation input
1.7 MW/cm2 peak intensity at 1.5 micron fiber output
No interlock, not monitored
Hazard Areas: Optics Lab, LVEA, VEAs, and HPLF
Required OD = 5.0
Special Operating Procedures:
 These lasers are only operable when the aforementioned lab areas are in
LASER HAZARD.
 Operational information is found in the EE-Shop.
22
10
Laser Hazard Zone Safety Rules
10.1 LVEA and VEAs
The following operating procedures apply to the LVEA, PSL, and VEAs. Other lab
environments’ operating procedures are detailed in zone-specific appendices.
 The Control Room Operator or control room staff must be informed before
unlocking and opening the PSL Laser Table Enclosure or an IOT/ISC Laser
Table Enclosure
 A restricted area must be created by placing a portable laser partition near an
IOT/ISC table and located to block beams exiting the IOT/ISC table
enclosure. The area between an IOT/ISC table and the laser partition will not
be used as a passageway.
 In the case of IOT-1 the laser partition cannot be used because of the
adjacency of the LVEA wall. The area between IOT-1 and the LVEA wall is a
Restricted Area whenever IOT-1 is open and must not be used as a
passageway.
 Upon opening the PSL Laser Table Enclosure or a IOT/ISC Laser Table
Enclosure, the Responsible Laser Operator must scan the optical table and
enclosure with an infrared viewer or other suitable beam-finding device for
stray beams.
 Any time one or more people will be working within the PSL Laser Enclosure
or a IOT/ISC Laser Table Enclosure, ONE person shall be designated the
“Responsible Operator.”
 The “Responsible Operator” shall coordinate activities on or in the vicinity of
the IOT/ISC Laser Table. Multiple independent activities involving
manipulation of the laser beams shall not occur simultaneously. Any time the
laser beams will be manipulated, e.g. by inserting, removing, or adjusting
optical components, persons not directly participating in the beam
manipulation activity will move to a safe location until the activity is
completed.
 All persons manipulating the laser beams, e.g., by placing objects such as
mirrors, lenses, power meters, or beam dumps, into or near the laser beam
paths, must remove all jewelry such as wrist watches and rings.
 Immediately after inserting, removing, or making significant adjustments to
any optical component, the PSL Laser Enclosure or IOT/ISC optical table and
enclosure must be scanned with an infrared viewer or other suitable beamfinding device to ensure that all stray beams are dumped.
 Scattering of laser light shall be kept to a minimum at all times by maintaining
proper alignment of optics, utilization of beam dumps, and ensuring that
optics are securely fastened.
 Temporary and diagnostic devices, e.g. quad-cells and power meters must be
securely fastened to the optical table. Special care must be taken to secure
power and signal cables to the table so that they do not interfere with the beam
23
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path. Cables must not be routed so that the enclosure doors cannot be closed
and locked. A cable pass through is provided on both sides of each enclosure.
Upon completion of the work the IOT/ISC Laser Table enclosure will be
locked and the key returned to the Control Room.
In the case of extended work (commissioning) the enclosure must be kept
closed and locked as much as is practicable.
The enclosure must always be locked when unattended. All persons working
on optical tables must remove jewelry such as wristwatches and rings.
Any safety related incident, even a “near miss,” must be reported to the LLO
Laser Safety Office and/or the LLO Site Safety Coordinator.
It is the responsibility of each person working within the LVEA and VEAs
(NHZ) to ensure that LIGO standards for safe laser operation are being
followed
24
10.2 Optics Lab
Untrained individuals will only be allowed to work with the Class IIIb and Class IV
Lasers in the presence of an authorized person. Under no circumstances are unauthorized
personnel allowed inside the NHZ without an escort. This includes, for example,
custodians, maintenance personnel, contractors and inventory staff and visitors. An
illuminated warning sign has been placed in an area prior to the entrance to the NHZ.
Entry into the NHZ is prohibited whenever the warning sign is on, except in the
following cases:
 The person, or persons wishing to enter the NHZ are wearing the protective
eyewear provided and have announced their intention enter the NHZ.
 The person or persons wishing to enter the NHZ have received and acknowledge
approval from the responsible laser operator of the LIGO class 3 and class IV
Lasers.
An up-to-date list of authorized users of the laser systems and current version of this
document is to be posted outside of the NHZ. Personnel working with the class 3 and
class IV lasers are required to obey the following rules:
 Wear protective eyewear at all times when working in the NHZ, when the laser
warning sign is on, including times when the laser is placed in stand by and the
laser shutter is closed.
 When placing components, such as mirrors or lenses, in or out of the path of a
beam, a visual check shall be made to see that no one will be in harm’s way. In
addition, a verbal message announcing the person’s intention to install or remove
a component shall be made.
 Take particular care when the person’s eye level transverses the optical height of
the laser beam. Situations when this may arise include, but are not limited to,
bending down to pick up dropped objects and during the alignment of optical
components
 All beams are to be blocked with dumps or beam stop. Particular care should be
taken that at no time will the laser hit the curtain at the entrance to the NHZ.
 Scattering of laser light is to be minimized by maintaining proper alignment of the
optics and thorough use of beam dumps.
 All optical mounts are to be securely fastened to the optics table.
 Infrared viewing equipment is available on the table, to make it possible to check
for the presence of stray beams and for use during alignment of optical
components.
 The operator of the laser is to verbally announce whether the laser is to be
powered on or off.
 Prior to powering on the laser or opening the shutter, the operator of the laser
must visually confirm that no personnel will be in harms way or will be exposed
to any direct laser radiation, and that all personnel present are wearing protective
eyewear.
 DO NOT LOOK INTO THE BEAM, EVEN WHEN WEARING PROTECTIVE
EYEWEAR!
25
10.3 High Power Laser Facility
Approval of registered lab users will come from the University of Florida’s LIGO
group and the LSO or SSC at LLO. Other unapproved individuals will be permitted
to work in the HPLF if and only if approved supervision is present. Under NO
circumstances may unauthorized individuals enter the HPLF without appropriate
escort. A warning sign exists at the entrance of the HPLF’s foyer and indicates the
current laser hazard status. This sign indicates that there will be no entry into the
HPLF unless the follow rules are met:
1. The person entering the HPLF has the appropriate authorization and has
clearly announced intent to enter the lab.
2. The person entering the HPLF has received approval from the responsible
operator or operators within the lab to enter; a list of registered operators
resides on the HPLF main door.
3. The individual(s) entering the lab are wearing fully enclosed laser safety
goggles, no safety spectacles permitted. Only when the responsible operator
places the lab in the LASER SAFE condition may safety goggles be removed.
4. When lasers capable of >10 W are energized, the responsible operator must
verbally indicate the laser’s powered state.
5. When altering the HPLF beamline in terms of components or beam direction,
a visual inspection must be made to check that the free beam is completely
blocked.
6. The laser beam trajectory must be marked on the table when it leaves the
horizontal plane of the table. Under no circumstances may the laser leave the
table’s containment box (4’x10’x1’).
7. Persons in the HPLF must be cautious when bringing their eyelevel to beam
height, for example, bending down to pick up something on the floor and
realignment of lenses or mirror.
8. All beams are stopped using approved beam dumps or block plates. The
perimeter belt is NOT there to serve as a beam dump for main beams. A
secondary inner perimeter belt may be used to catch stray beams but is not to
be used to dump the direct beam.
9. Scattering of laser light must be minimized through alignment and clean
optics.
10. All optical mounts are to be fastened to the laser table when in use.
11. Infrared viewers must be used to check for stray beams, alignment, and
general scatter.
12. ASSUME THE LASER IS ON when the warning signs are lit!
Never ever look directly into any laser beam. Protective goggles will not protect
against HPLF power levels.
26
11
Laser Nominal Hazard Zones
11.1 Laser and Vacuum Equipment Area (LVEA)
NHZ
27
11.2 Pre-Stabilized Laser (PSL)
Entrance
11.3 VEAs (End Stations—x-end)
NHZ
Entrance
Warning Sign
Changing Room
28
11.4 OSB Optics Lab
29
11.5 High Power Laser Facility
Lab Rules
Responsible
Operator
Work Permit
Panic Button
Laser Sign
HPLF 100 W Laser
Table
Panic Button
Foyer
NHZ
30
12 Sample Forms
12.1 LLO Baseline/Exit Eye Exam Request
Southern Eye Centers
Dr. Devjani Lahiri, O.D.
921 South Range Avenue
Denham Springs, LA 70726
(225) 665-2020
By Appointment Only
Subject: Baseline_____ or Exit_____ Eye Examination
Dear Dr. Lahiri,
Please conduct an eye examination on __________________________, to include the
following tests:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Amsler Grid Test.
Slit lamp examination of cornea, iris and lens
Ophthalmoscope examination of fundus with pupil dilated.
Fundus photographs.
Visual acuity.
Ocular history.
Visual Field
Refraction Eye Exam w/ prescription
9. A medical eye history form will be filled out at the time of the exam.
.
A copy of the exam record and associated photographs will be considered confidential
medical information and will be included in the employee’s record at LIGO Livingston
Observatory.
Best regards,
LIGO Livingston Observatory Laser Safety Officer
31
12.2 Training Acknowledgement
The undersigned individual:
1. Has read understands the LIGO Livingston Observatory Laser Safety Plan, LIGOM040112, has a copy, and will comply with its provisions.
2. Has viewed and is familiar with the two laser safety training CD’s: Laser Safety
Orientation [REF] and Laser Safety Awareness [REF]
3. Understands the hazards and the personnel protection equipment required for
working around the LIGO laser systems.
4. Has personal protective eyewear available and is familiar with its care and use.
5. Knows how to verify the protective eyewear specification label to match the
required optical density (OD) and wavelength required for a given hazard before
proceeding to use them.
6. Knows to NEVER look directly into laser beams or beam apertures, even
when wearing eye protection!
7. Recognizes laser optic tables and their safety enclosures.
8. Is familiar with operation IR viewers.
9. Recognizes the beam tubes and vacuum chambers housing the interferometers.
10. Recognizes the light pipes and bellows that enclose laser beams propagating
between vacuum chambers and optic table enclosures.
11. Knows the location of the PSL/IOO lockable shutter mounted in the light pipe
running between the PSL/IOO table enclosure and the adjacent HAM chamber.
12. Recognizes view port covers, illuminator covers and camera housings.
13. Knows that the laser warning signs mark the boundaries of restricted access areas.
14. Understands that access to these areas is strictly controlled.
15. Understands that access to restricted access areas requires an assigned access card
or escort by a qualified Laser Operator or Sponsor.
16. Has an understanding of the access control system described in this document and
how to use it.
17. Knows where to find the lab copy of the ANSI Z 136, “American National
Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers” in the site control room.
18. Knows the location of the three laser ‘KILL’ switches that cut power to all Class
IIIb and Class IV lasers operating in the LVEA.
19. Has completed the opthalmolic eye exam as described in this document, LIGO
M040112, the LIGO Livingston Laser Safety Plan.
Name (Print): ________________________________________
Signature: _________________________________
32
Date: __________
12.3 Zone Qualified or Laser Operator Registration
Baseline Eye Exam was recorded at LLO by ____________________
on date _________________.
-ORBaseline Eye Exam has been recorded at alternate institution____________________
by LSO or authorized equivalent ____________________
on date __________________.
Zone Qualified Registration
Name (Print): ___________________________________________________
Signature: ____________________________________ Date: ___________
LSO Approval: ________________________________ Date: ___________
-OR-
Laser Operator Registration
Name (Print): ________________________________________________
Signature: _____________________________________ Date: __________
LSO Approval: _________________________________ Date: __________
33
LIGO-M040115-00-M
LIGO Livingston Observatory
Laser Safety Incident
Report (sample)
12.4 Laser Incident Report
34
13 References

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
Training CD’s used for certification (complete designation)
LIGO-M960001-B-P, LIGO Laser Safety Program.
American National Standards Institute Z136.1-2000
LIGO-M990152-L, Procedure for Transition to the LASER HAZARD Condition
LIGO-M990153-L, Procedure for Transition to the LASER SAFE Condition
LIGO-M020131-00-W, LIGO Hanford Observatory Site Laser Safety Plan with
Added Engineered Controls and Interlock Hardware
LIGO-M040113-00-L, LIGO Livingston Observatory Eye Exam Form
LIGO-M040114-00-L, LIGO Livingston Observatory Laser Qualification
Registration Form
LIGO-M040115-00-M, LIGO Livingston Observatory Laser Safety Incident
Report
35