Studying and Manipulating Genomes: Chapter 16
Impacts, Issues:
Golden Rice or Frankenfood?
Scientists created ____________________ rice (Golden Rice) as a ____________________
supplement for undernourished nations; is the benefit worth the risk?
Video: Golden rice or frankenfood?
1) Rice provides ____________________ of the worlds’ population with
____________________ of their diet.
2) Rice lacks ____________________.
3) What is vitamin A needed for ________________________________________.
4) The number one cause of childhood blindness is __________________________________
5) What two organisms provided the genes to make the golden rice?
____________________
____________________
6) What does the human body need from the golden rice to make vitamin A?
____________________
16.1 Cloning DNA

Researchers cut up __________ from different sources, then paste the resulting fragments
together

Cloning vectors can carry foreign DNA into host cells
Cut and Paste

____________________ enzymes
o Bacterial ____________________ that cut DNA wherever a ____________________
____________________ sequence occurs

Single-stranded DNA tails produced by the same ____________________ enzyme
____________________ together
o DNA ____________________ bonds “____________________” together

____________________ DNA
o Composed of DNA from _________ or ___________organisms
How restriction enzymes work step art (series of slides) can be found on page 244 Figure:
________
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DNA Cloning

DNA cut into fragments by restriction ____________________ is ____________________
into cloning vectors (____________________) cut with the same enzyme

____________________ vectors with ____________________ DNA are placed in host cells,
which divide and produce many ____________________, each with a copy of the foreign
____________________
Cloning Vectors can be on found on page 244 Figure: ____________________
Animation: Formation of recombinant DNA can be found on page 245: _________________
cDNA Cloning

____________________ DNA (cDNA)
o DNA made from an mRNA ____________________

Reverse ____________________ transcribes ________ to _______, forming a
____________________ molecule
o DNA ____________________ builds a double-stranded DNA molecule that can be
____________________
Animation: How to make cDNA (page 245 Figure 16.5)
16.1 Key Concepts DNA Cloning

Researchers routinely make recombinant DNA by cutting and pasting together DNA from
different species

Plasmids and other vectors can carry foreign DNA into host cells
16.2 From Haystacks to Needles

DNA ____________________ and the ____________________ chain reaction (________)
help researchers isolate particular DNA fragments
DNA Libraries

____________________
o The entire set of ____________________ material of an ____________________

DNA libraries are sets of cells containing various cloned DNA fragments
o Genomic libraries (all DNA in a genome)

Cloned fragments
o cDNA libraries (all active genes in a cell)

derived from mRNA
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Probes

____________________
o A fragment of DNA labeled with a ____________________
o Used to find a specific ____________________ carrying DNA of
____________________ in a library of many clones

Nucleic acid ____________________
o _________ pairing between ______ from different ________________
o A probe ____________________ with the targeted gene
Animation: Use of a radioactive probe (page 246 Figure 16.6)
Big-Time Amplification: PCR

____________________ chain ____________________ (PCR)
o A cycled reaction that uses a heat-tolerant form of DNA ____________________ (Taq
polymerase) to produce ____________________ of copies of a _________ fragment
PCR

_______ to be ________ is mixed with DNA polymerase, ____________________ and
primers that ____________________with certain DNA sequences
o A primer is a synthesized segment of DNA that serves as an initiation site Of a DNA
stand

Cycles of high and low ____________________ break and reform ____________________
bonds between ____________________, ____________________ the amount of ________
in each cycle
Animation: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Page 247 Figure 16.7
16.2 Key Concepts Needles in Haystacks
Researchers ____________________ targeted genes by ____________________ and making
many copies of particular DNA fragments
16.3 DNA Sequencing

DNA ____________________reveals the order of ____________________ bases in a
fragment of DNA
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DNA Sequencing

DNA is synthesized with normal ____________________ and dideoxynucleotides tagged
with different colors
o When a tagged base is added, DNA ____________________ stops; fragments of all
lengths are made

____________________ separates the fragments of DNA, each ending with a tagged base,
by length
o ____________________of colored bases is the sequence of DNA
Tagged Dideoxynucleotides Each base is labeled with a different color
DNA Sequencing
Animation: Automated DNA sequencing (p 248)
16.4 DNA Fingerprinting

One individual can be ____________________ from all others on the basis of ____
fingerprints
DNA Fingerprints

DNA ____________________
o A unique array of DNA ____________________ used to identify individuals

Short ____________________ repeats (STRs)
o Many copies of the same 2- to 10-____________________sequences in a series along
a chromosome
o Types and numbers of _______ vary greatly among individuals
1) What type of charge does DNA have? ____________________
2) What direction or pole is the DNA going to move towards? ____________________
Creating DNA Fingerprints

PCR is used to ____________________ DNA from regions of several
____________________ that have ___________

____________________ is used to separate the fragments and create a unique DNA
____________________

_______ fingerprints have many applications

Legal cases, forensics, population studies
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16.3-16.4 Key Concepts Deciphering DNA Fragments

____________________ reveals the linear order of ____________________ in a fragment of
DNA

A DNA ____________________ is an individual’s ____________________ array of DNA
sequences
16.5 Studying Genomes

Comparing the sequence of our ____________________ with that of other
____________________ is giving us insights into how the ____________________body
works
The Human Genome Project

Automated DNA sequencing and PCR allowed human genome projects to sequence the 3
____________________ bases in the human ____________________

28,976 genes have been identified, but not all of their products or functions are known
Sequencing the Human Genome (p.250)
Genomics

Genomics: The study of ____________________
o Structural genomics
o Comparative genomics

Analysis of the human genome yields new information about genes and how they work
o Applications in medicine and other fields
o Example: APOA5 mutations and triglycerides

hypertriglyceridemia
DNA Chips
DNA chips

Microarrays of many different ________ samples arranged on a glass plate

Used to compare patterns of gene ____________________ among cells of different types or
under different conditions

May be used to screen for genetic ____________________, pathogens, or cancer
DNA Chips and Gene Expression (p. 251)
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16.5 Key Concepts

Mapping and ____________________ Whole Genomes

Genomics is the study of genomes, which includes efforts to ____________________ and
____________________ different genomes

Such studies offer insights about our own ____________________
16.6 Genetic Engineering

Genetic ____________________
o A ____________________ process by which ____________________ changes are
introduced into an individual’s ____________________

The most common genetically modified organisms are ____________________ and
____________________
o Used in ____________________, ____________________, ____________________
o Example: To produce human ____________________
GMOs

____________________ modified ____________________ (_________)
o Individuals containing modified genes from the same species or a
____________________ species

____________________ organisms
o Individuals containing genes ____________________ from a different species (also
GMOs)
o Example: ____________________ with ____________________ genes
16.7 Designer Plants

Genetically ____________________ crop plants are widespread in the
____________________
The Ti Plasmid

Ti plasmid
o ____________________ of bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens
o Contains ____________________ (Ti) genes
o Used as a ____________________ to transfer foreign or modified
____________________ into plants, including some food crops
Ti Plasmid Transfer (p. 253)
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Genetically Engineered Plants

Crop plants are ____________________ modified to produce more food at lower cost
o ____________________ to disease or herbicides
o Increased ____________________
o Plants that make ____________________ (Bt protein)
o ____________________ resistance
GMO Controversies

73 GMO crops are approved for use in US, with hundreds more pending
o Corn, sorghum, cotton, soy, canola, alfalfa

Facts and controversy
o In crops engineered for herbicide resistance, weeds are becoming resistant to
herbicides
o Engineered genes are spreading into wild plants and nonengineered crops
16.8 Biotech Barnyards

Animals that would be impossible to produce by ____________________breeding methods
are being created by genetic ____________________

____________________ engineered animals are used in research, medicine, and industry
Of Mice and Men (p.254)

1982: The first ____________________ animals – mice with genes for rat growth hormone
Examples of Transgenic Animals

Genetically modified animals are used as ____________________ of many human
____________________
o Mice used in knockout ____________________

Genetically modified animals make ____________________ with medical and
____________________ applications
o Goats and rabbits that make ____________________ proteins
o ____________________ animals with desirable characteristics
Some Genetically Modified Animals (p.254)
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ABC video: Glow-in-the-Dark Pigs
1) What is unique about the Taiwanese pig? ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2) What organism was the green protein isolated from? ____________________
3) What type of cell was the green protein gene injected in?
________________________________________
4) What was the researchers’ success rate? ________________________________________
5) What term describes the glow in the dark pig? ____________________
Knockout Cells and Organ Factories

____________________ pigs with human proteins are a potential source of organs and
tissues for ____________________ in humans
o May prevent ____________________ by ____________________system

____________________
o ____________________ of a tissue or organ from one species to another
16.9 Safety Issues

The first transfer of ______________ ______into bacteria ignited an ongoing debate about
potential dangers of ____________________ organisms that may enter the
____________________
Into the Unknown

Early questions about new ____________________:
o Could genetic ____________________ in laboratories produce a new
____________________?
o What if new forms ____________________ into the environment and
____________________ other organisms?

Safety ____________________ for transgenic research were adopted in the US and other
countries
ABC video: Cloned pooch
1) How many cloned embryos were implanted into mothers in this experiment?
____________________
2) Out of those attempts, how many were successful? ____________________
3) What technology was used to produce the cloned pooch? ____________________
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____________________________________________________________
4) What percent of the cloned embryos successfully produced viable offspring?
____________________
5) What conclusion did the researches come to with respect to cloning mammals?
______________________________________________________________________________
16.10 Modified Humans?

We as a society continue to work our way through the ____________________ implications
of applying new DNA technologies

The ____________________ of individual genomes continues even as we are weighing the
risks and benefits of this research
Gene Therapy

Gene therapy
o Transfer of recombinant DNA into body cells to ____________________ a genetic
defect or treat a ____________________
o Viral ____________________ or lipid clusters insert an unmutated gene into an
individual’s chromosomes
o Examples: ____________________, SCID-X1
Getting Better

1998: A viral vector was used to insert unmutated IL2RG genes into boys with severe
combined ____________________ disease (SCID-X1) – most ____________________
immune function
Getting Worse

No one can predict where a ____________________gene will insert into a
____________________ – several boys from the SCID-X1 study developed
____________________

In other studies, severe ____________________ reactions to the viral vector itself have
resulted in ____________________
Getting Perfect

____________________ engineering
o ____________________ humans for particular desirable traits, not associated with
treatment of disorders
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
Many questions must be answered about the ____________________ and
____________________ of ____________________ the human genome
16.6-16.10 Key Concepts
Using the New Technologies

____________________ ____________________, the directed modification of an
organism’s genes, is now used in research, and it is being tested in medical applications

It continues to raise ____________________ questions
ABC video: Cloned Food approved
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