Jacob Schulman
AP Euro
September 8, 2006
Ms. Kim
Day 2: Revival, Recovery and Reform
Topic Statement: Recovery from the attacks of the Vikings/Muslims/Magyars causing the decline
of the Carolingian empire differed between regions across Europe.
I. Political Revival:
A. 11th Century- new political stability
1. Rulers in France, England, Germany reduce warfare
2. Viking/Muslim/Magyar invasions decline
3. Political order allows for economic recovery and population growth
B. Charlemagne’s descendants still held control over the West Frankish Kingdom, but allowed
lords to rule mostly
1. Different languages, laws, cultures existed
*Makes it difficult to make any generalizations about France (or Europe too)
C. France:
1. Dominated by 5 counties: Anjou, Blois-Chartres, Brittany, Flanders, Normandy
2. Normandy: name from Northmen (vikings) who settle in 10th cent.
a. 911: Charles the Simple recognized the Vikings (Ruler=Rollo) and let them stay
- Baptized as Christians & Supported Charles the Simple (West Frankish Ruler)
b. Late 10th-Early 11th Cent: assimilation of Norman and French, no assaults on France
c. During rule of Duke William I: ignore authority, built castles, had warfare
1. alliance of Count Geoffrey Martel and King Henry I of France posed threat until
William took them down in 1054
2. 1060: William unites nobility and defended land with castles
3. Used feudalism as a system of government: William controlled everything
(currency, church)Made it stable
3. 987: Last Carolingian ruler diesnobles select Hugh Capet to rule
a. Capetians save France from more division
b. Start the Capetian Dynastylaid foundation for political stability
4. Aquitaine: largest duchy in France
a. Controlled by Duke William V (995-1030)
1. Maintained loyalty of vassals
2. Became wealthy from exporting salt and wine
b. Very stable and rich
D. England:
1. Victory of Alfred, king of West Saxons (Wessex) over Guthrun the Dane at Edington in
878 started a political revival
a. Built a system of local defenses, extended royal rule, made one set of law
2. 1013: Danish ruler Swen Forkbeard invaded EnglandSon finished and became king
a. Promoted policy of assimilation between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings
E. Germany and Italy:
1. Battle of Lechfield: German king Otto I stops Magyars from taking Germany
a. Proved Otto was worthy successor of Charlemagne and strengthened monarchy
2. Basis of power was alliance with and control of the church for Otto
a. Controlled appointments, bishops and abbots pay feudal homage to Otto
3. The Deeds of Otto by a nun told epic stories of him
4. 962: Otto’s coronation by the pope lays foundation for Holy Roman Empire
a. Italian cities in the north (9th Cent) were becoming richRising importance would
lead to struggle between Venice, Genoa, Pisa and others, the papacy, and German
Empire
F. The Peace of God: The church promoted peace
1. Councils in France, following bad crime and looting, formed peace associations
a. Published decrees against stealing and forbidding attacksHad minor success
2. The Truce of God: churchmen try to reduce amount of warfare by limiting days
a. If observed, only 80 days of the year would be allowed fighting
II. Population, Climate and Mechanization:
A. Population rose which helped contribute to the recoveryLess warfare meant less killing
and the feudal armies were very small
1. No significant biological problems (Disease, etc.) (Some people suffered leprosywere
kept in segregated hospitals—leprosaria)
2. Danger of crop-failure and starvation was less: polar ice caps retreated, warmer temps
a. Improved health, commerce, industry
b. Better diets led to better fertility (Some believe that this began women outliving men)
B. Spurt in mechanization in the 10th and 11th centuries
1. Water mills became used: grind grain, fulling- souring, cleansing, thickening cloth
2. Wind power: invented the wind mill
III. Revival and Reform in the Christian Church
A. Monasteries remodeled themselves and new religious orders were founded
B. Papacy cleans up: clarify doctrine, codify church law, hierarchy of bishops
C. Monastic Revival:
1. Pre-collapse: monasteries copied manuscripts, maintained schools
(Bobbio in Italy, Luxeuil in France, Jarrow in England)
2. Collapse of Carolingian had bad effects on monasteries
a. Vikings/Muslims/Magyars attacked monasteriesbecame controlled by lords
b. Non-monks made themselves monks and took $ spiritual observance declined
c. Monks couldn’t resist fighting in battle (even though it was not allowed)
d. Conflicts between religious duties, and judicial/military duties posed a problem
3. 909: William the Pious, duke of Aquitaine, established abbey of Cluny
a. declared that it was free from feudal lords, only subordinate to Saints Peter and Paul
b. Then duke renounced his own possession over it
c. Berno and Odo (1st 2 abbots of Cluny) set high standards celibacy and against the
sale of church offices
d. Cluny came to represent religious and political stabilityproperties under Cluny’s
jurisdiction were entitled to special protection
4. People gave gifts to monasteriesMonks led more luxurious livesLed to another
Reform
a. 1098: monks from rich abbey of Molesmes in Burgundy made a new house-Citeaux
- Vowed not to accept any gifts or riches
- Vowed to keep chant simple and not introduce any luxurious ceremonies
- Didn’t let rich laypeople in because they would be a bad influence
b. 1112: Bernard (nobleman) joined the community at Citeaux
- Became appointed founding abbot of Clairvaux in Champagne
- Attacked theological views of Peter Abelard, intervened in papal election of 1130,
drafted constitution for knights templar
- Citeaux founded 525 more monasteries, had a big impact
D. Reform of the Papacy:
1. Some believe that revival in Cluny sparked the revival of Roman Papacy & church
a. Pope Gregory VII spent time at Cluny; Odilo of Cluny was friends with German
emperor Henry III, Pope Urban II (consolidated reform) was a monk there
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2. 10 Century: Papacy provided little leadership (Popes were appointed to advance
political ambitions of their families, papacy’s moral prestige was damaged
3. Roman church law promoted celibacy, but in the 10th and 11th centuries, many priests
were married or lived with a woman—Nicolaites
4. Pope Leo IX (1049-1054): Began serious efforts (An outsider that didn’t owe anything)
a. Held councils calling for moral reform
5. Nicholas II: council at ancient church of Saint John Lateran in 1059
a. Decide to remove influence of Roman aristocrats and make independent elections
b. High priests of areas(Cardinals: “cardo” means hinge- cardinals were the hinges on
which the church turned) helped the pope
*Lateran Synod of 1059: the power to elect the pope rests solely with the college of
cardinals (70 cardinals)
- When office of the pope is vacant, the cardinals are responsible
6. Election of Cardinal Hildebrand as Pope Gregory VII changed direction of reform from
moral to political
IV. The Gregorian Revolution:
A. Gregorian feform movement: papal reform in the 11th century under Pope Gregory VII
1. Emphasized the political authority of the papacy
B. Pope Gregory VII’s Ideas:
1. Believed that the pope, as successor of Saint Peter, was “god on earth” and his orders
were god’s orders
2. Believed in “Freedom of the Church”: church people aren’t controlled by regular people
a. Led to end of lay investiture (appointment of church officials by secular rulers)
Made crisis: Feudal monarchs depended on churchmen for operation of their gvts
Spelled disaster for stable royal administration
C. The Controversy over Lay Investiture:
1. 1075: Pope Gregory bans lay investiture (If you are appointed by a lay person, you are
deposed; If you appoint someone, you are excommunicated)
Henry IV, William the Conqueror, and Philip I of France objected to this
a. Monks and priests were pretty much the only literate people
b. Kings needed to use them for his bureaucracy (to keep empire functioning)
c. Church officials were paid by the church for work they did for the state
2. Henry IV of Germany was particularly mad:
a. Pope crowned German emperor; And German/Papacy disputed Italian land
b. 1076: German bishops invested by Henry broke away from the pope
c. Pope excommunicated Henry and takes away the crown
Nobles come in and invite Pope to Germany (Nobles with Pope; Clergy with Henry)
d. 1077: Henry goes to the pope for forgiveness and Pope lifts excommunication
He regains crown and power
*Secular rulers are relocated to pose a challenge to the papacy
e. 1080: Excommunicated againCaptured Rome and Gregory died in 1085
3. 1122: Worms- Bishops are chosen by clergy, but with the presence of the Emperor
a. Bishops pay feudal homage to king
4. Non-equality for female monasticism as male (Women couldn’t be ordained priests)
5. 1075-1125: Civil wars in Germany
a. Nobles build castles as military strongholds
b. German aristocracy subordinated knights
c. 1122: nobility held balance of power in Germany
D. The Papacy in the High Middle Ages:
1. Pope Urban II laid foundation for papal monarchy:
a. reorganized central gvt, papal writing office, and finances
curia Romana (Roman curia): Papal Court- papacy’s court of law
*Romana curia became court of final appeal for all of Christian Europe
b. Most popes were canon lawyers who pressed authority (Innocent III)
2. Papal reform helped lower level of violence and frequency of clerical marriage
3. 13th Century popes lowered prestige of the papacy:
a. Innocent IV used secular weapons to maintain his leadership
*Would lead to more cries for reform
V. The Crusades:
A. Crusades: (in the lat 11th and early 12th centuries) Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for
the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims
- Knights participated and made crusading part of the upper-class lifestyle
- Crusades manifested religious and chivalric ideas of medieval society
B. Background:
1. 1054: a disagreement split the Greek church of Byzantium and the Roman of the west
Pope believed that a crusade would help reunite the two churches
2. 1071 @ Manzikert in Anatolia: Turks get Jerusalem after they defeated a Greek army
Pilgrimages became very dangerous, and the Pope was mad that non-believer held it
3. 1095: Pope Urban II to Clermont in France and calls for a holy war
He urges Christian knights who had been fighting to go after the real enemy—Muslims
He also offered indulgences (a paper that erased your sins) to those who would fight
C. Motives and Course of the Crusades:
1. Kings were able to get rid of troublesome knights; People could try and get land in the
Middle East; middle-class creditors had the chance to gain nobles’ land
2. Crusades brings about prejudice against Jews (Sephardics were traders, and poor
knights had to borrow equipment from them) Debt bred resentment
3. Crusaders couldn’t agree on a leader, and there were disputes
4. 1099: Christians capture Jerusalem (Because of Arab disunity) (In 1st Crusade)
5. 3rd Crusade: 1189-1192- Muslims recapture Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187
Better Financed: Frederick Barbarossa of Roman Empire, Richard Lion-Hearted, Philip
Augustus of France
6. 4th Crusade: 1202-1204- Venetians and Crusaders sack Constantinople and loot it
Made the split of the Greek and Latin Churches (One of the goals of the Crusades to
re-unite them) more permanent)
7. 1028: Pope Innocent III declares crusade on Albigensians: French Heretics
They reject orthodox doctrine, sacraments, clerical hierarchy
1213: Count Simon de Montfort defeats Albigensians
8. Crusades inspired establishment of Knights Templar: monastic ideals of obedience and
crusading practices
Templar served to unify Christian Europe (Established a new territory, Christian
Prussia)
9. Women participated in fewer numbers than men in the crusades
a. Some wives went with their husbands
b. In the 7th Crusade, women went to get the indulgence for fighting
c. Women exercised considerable power (managed estates while husbands were
gone, protection of the property from attackWomen gained more power)
D. Cultural Consequences:
1. By the late 11th Century, strong economic and intellectual ties with the east were made
2. Crusaders left 2 permanent legacies in the middle east:
a. Struggle b/w Islam and Christendom
b. Persecution by Christian kings left an inheritance of deep bitterness
*They still participated in trade however
3. First colonizing movement- 1492: Christopher Columbus was trying to go to India to
create a base to wage another crusade on the Muslims with
4. Europeans tried to “de-humanize the enemy”Called Muslims “filth”, and were in return
called “infidels” and “barbarians” because they weren’t as advanced
5. Europeans perceived Crusades as religious movements, Muslims saw them as
expansionist and imperialistic
6. From 1095 on, most Christians didn’t regard Jews or Muslims as normal human beings
Even through the anti-Semitism, Jewish culture flourished: they were tradesman,
craftsmen, money changers, and business people
- The Catalan Atlas was drawn in 1375 showing navigational routes
- Christian and Muslim nobles used Jewish physicians
- The 15th Century witnessed a golden age of Jewish culture in science, music,
medicine, philosophy, and Hebrew poetry