HONORS BIOLOGY / JACOBY ANSWERS to MID-YEAR EXAM REVIEW ENERGY & THE CELL – PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1. Purpose of photosynthesis: make glucose; store energy in glucose; convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose). Purpose of cellular respiration: make ATP; store energy in ATP; break down food molecules to release energy and use that energy to make and store energy in ATP. Equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2 Equation for cell. resp: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (stored as ATP & released as heat) Equation in words – photosynthesis: six molecules of carbon dioxide combine with six molecules of water and light energy from the sun to produce one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen. Equation in words – cell. resp.: six molecules of oxygen combine with one molecule of glucose to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water and energy is stored as ATP and released as heat. Reactants of photosynthesis: carbon dioxide and water Reactants of cell. resp.: glucose and oxygen Products of photosynthesis: glucose and oxygen Products of cell. resp.: carbon dioxide, water, ATP Stored products of photo: glucose Stored products of cell. resp.: ATP Released waste products of photo: oxygen Released waste products of cell. resp.: carbon dioxide, water, heat energy Site of photo (organelle): chloroplast Site of cell. resp. (organelle): mitochondria Organisms that perform photo: autotrophs/producers Organisms that perform cell. resp.: all eukaryotic organisms (plants, animals, fungi, protists) 2. the sun 3. eat food to obtain glucose; breathe air to obtain oxygen; eat and breathe to make ATP (energy for cellular work). 4. autotrophs/producers 5. left 6. right 7. chemical bonds 1 8. chemical 9. organic molecules and glucose 10. ATP 11. Energy is changed or transferred or converted or transformed; Atoms are rearranged 12. glucose (organic molecules or food); ATP; stored 13. light; chemical 14. the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants of cell. resp. the products of cell. resp. (carbon dioxide and water) are the reactants of photo. 15. glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water 16. sun glucose photosynthesis ATP cell. resp. heat energy cellular work 17. chlorophyll; no 18a. light; chlorophyll; chloroplast b. water; H; O c. carbon dioxide; glucose (sugars); stored d. oxygen 19a. oxygen; glucose; chemical bonds b 1) energy b 2) C, H, O c. rearranged; water; carbon dioxide d. ATP; ADP; P; heat 20. A = adenine; B = ribose; C = 3 phosphate molecules; D = adenosine; E = high energy bond; F = one ATP molecule 21. phosphate molecule 22. ADP 23. a = light energy from the sun; b = chloroplast; c = chlorophyll; d = photosynthesis; e = oxygen; f = glucose; g = oxygen; h = mitochondria performs cell. resp.; i = heat energy & ATP; j = carbon dioxide; k = water 24. aerobic or cellular respiration 2 25. anaerobic respiration or fermentation 26. lactic acid fermentation; products = lactic acid and ATP alcoholic fermentation; products = ethanol alcohol, carbon dioxide and ATP 27a. many chemical steps / chemical rxns. are involved in producing the final products in a biochemical/metabolic pathway b. 1 = lactic acid fermentation; 2 = alcoholic fermentation; 3 = aerobic/cellular respiration c. C d. A & B e. B f. A g. glucose to ATP; oxygen h. C i. A & B j. C THE PLASMA MEMBRANE & CELLULAR TRANSPORT 1. phospholipids; proteins 2. two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded in the phospholipids (some proteins have carbohydrate chains and animal cell plasma membranes have cholesterol embedded within the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids) 3. cellular transport; regulate what enters and leaves the cell 4. selectively permeable or semipermeable 5. enzyme = catalyze chemical rxns; receptor = cell signaling; recognition/identification/glycoprotein = cell to cell recognition; transport = move large, polar, charged substances across the cell 6. carrier, channel and pumps 7. A = signaling molecule (hormone); B = receptor protein 8. A = lipid bilayer/plasma membrane; B = receptor or enzyme; C = carbohydrate chain; D = transport protein; E = receptor or enzyme; F = recognition/identification/glycoprotein; G = polar, hydrophilic phosphate head; H = nonpolar zone; nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid tails; i = water inside (cytoplasm); j = water outside 9. the difference in concentration (amount of solutes) between the solutions inside and outside the cell or across the plasma membrane 3 10. active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances across the p.m., whereas passive transport does not require energy 11. simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis 12. no cellular energy (ATP) needed to move substances down/with the concentration gradient from high to low in two directions (into AND out of the cell) 13. active transport (via protein pumps); endocytosis; exocytosis 14. require cellular energy in the form of ATP to move substances EITHER into or out of cell. 15. osmosis moves water across the membrane; simple diffusion moves small, nonpolar substances (oxygen and carbon dioxide) across the membrane. 16. simple diffusion moves substances directly through the phospholipids; facilitated diffusion moves substances through transport proteins (channel and carrier proteins) 17. endocytosis moves large substances INTO the cell and exocytosis moves large substances OUT OF the cell. 18. pinocytosis: cell drinking; moves thick liquids (whole solutions) into the cell phagocytosis: cell eating; moves large solid particles into the cell – whole cells (bacteria), large macromolecules 19. phagocytosis (endocytosis) 20. osmosis 21. turgor pressure 22. hypotonic = less solutes (watery); hypertonic = more solutes (thick); isotonic = equal concentrations of solutions across the membrane 23. pure or distilled or fresh water 24. salt water (ocean) 25. hypotonic; turgid 26. isotonic 4 27. Complete the charts below: PASSIVE TRANSPORT – NO ENERGY Method of Cellular Transport Substances Moved Across Membrane Membrane Structure Substances Pass Through Active (energy) or Passive (no energy) High to Low (down/with concentration gradient) or Low to High (up/against the c.g.) One Direction or Two Directions (in and/or out) Simple Diffusion Small, nonpolar Phospholipids No energy Down/with Two (in and out) Osmosis Water Phospholipids No energy Down/with Two (in and out) Facilitated Diffusion Large, polar, charged Glucose (carrier) No energy Down/with Two (in and out) Glucose (sugars), ions Ions (channel) O2 & CO2 ACTIVE TRANSPORT – ENERGY (ATP) Method of Cellular Transport Substances Moved Across Membrane Membrane Structure Substances Pass Through Active (energy) or Passive (no energy) High to Low (down/with concentration gradient) or Low to High (up/against the c.g.) One Direction or Two Directions (in and/or out) Active Transport via Protein Pumps Na+ Pump ATP (energy) Up/against 1 = out K+ Pump ATP (energy) Up/Against 1 = in pl. mem. moves to surround and engulf large substances ATP (energy) Neither; requires ATP to move the membrane 1 = in Pl. mem. moves to open and let large substances out ATP (energy) Neither; requires ATP to move the membrane 1 = out Endocytosis (pinocytosis & phagocytosis) Exocytosis Pino = thick liquids (entire solutions – not just the water part of a soln.) Phago = large solids (whole cells and proteins) Large particles = cell products and waste 5 28. The Effect of Osmosis on Cells Hypertonic Solution Isotonic Solution (salt water) Animal Cell (Red Blood Cell) Plant Cell * Water moves out of cell. * Cell will shrink or shrivel. * Water moves in and out of cell equally. * Cell does not change size. * Cell is normal. * Water moves out of cell. * Cell will shrink, shrivel and die. * Process is called plasmolysis. * Cell is called plasmolyzed. * Water moves into and out of cell equally. * Cell does not change size. * Cell is called flaccid. Hypotonic Solution (distilled or fresh water) * Water moves into cell. * Cell will swell or burst. * Process is called cytolysis. * Water moves into cell. * Cell swells/expands, but does NOT burst due to cell wall. * Cell is called turgid or normal. 29. a = simple diffusion or osmosis; b = facilitated diffusion; c = passive transport; d = active transport via protein pump; e = cellular transport 1. endocytosis; 2 = exocytosis; 3 = food or cell/bacteria; 4 = vacuole; 5 = plasma membrane; f (by the way) = waste CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 1. prokaryote / prokaryotic cell & eukaryote / eukaryotic cell 2. All cells have DNA (& RNA to transmit genetic information), cytoplasm, plasma membrane and ribosomes 3. Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, less DNA (one DNA molecule), make up only unicellular bacteria, simple and small Eukrayotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, more DNA (many DNA molecules), make up unicellular protists and fungi and multicellular protists, fungi, plants and animals 4. Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole, are square or rectangular, perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, store energy as starch, and do not have centrioles. Animal cells do not have cell wall, do not have chloroplast, have many small vacuoles, may be any shape, only perform cellular respiration, store energy as glycogen, and have centrioles. 5. Please keep in mind, multicellular organisms (as opposed to unicellular organisms) have specialized cells that perform specific functions. Unicellular organisms only have one cell to perform all the functions of life. 6 5. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES & ORGANELLES Nucleus = contains DNA and RNA (genetic info) to make proteins; DNA in the form of chromatin and chromosomes; contains nucleolus; directs all activities of the cell Nuclear envelope: IS the nucleus; surrounds DNA; double layer of phospholipids; contains nuclear pores Nucleolus: makes ribosomes; dark, dense structure visible in nucleus Plasma membrane: flexible structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell; shape Cytoplasm: site of chemical reactions; consists of cytosol (fluid) and organelles (tiny structures that have a characteristic structure/shape and function, and perform the functions of the cell) Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration; makes ATP; powerhouse of the cell; energy organelle; abundant in active cells such as muscle cells; all euk. cells have mighty mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum: highway of the cell; transport materials throughout cell; involved in protein synthesis; abundant in cells that make proteins (pancreatic – insulin); network of membranous tubules that contain ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: highway of the cell; transport materials throughout cell; lipid synthesis; detoxify poisons like drugs and alcohol; abundant in cells that make lipids - cells of gonads (ovaries and testes) – sex hormones; liver cells to detoxify; network of membranous tubules that do not have ribosomes Golgi apparatus/body/complex: sort, modify, package and distribute molecules (proteins and lipids) from the ER (rough and smooth); post office of the cell; secrete/release molecules in vesicles Cytoskeleton: network of microtubules and microfilaments that are involved in cell movement and cell structure; provide internal structure and support (just like your skeleton); provide tracks on which organelles can move within the cell – cytoplasmic streaming Lysosome: sacs of digestive enzymes; digest/breakdown organic molecules, wornout organelles and whole cells (bacteria); abundant in white blood cells to break down bacteria and viruses Centriole: involved in animal cell division; made of a ring of microtubules; not present in plant cells Flagellum: one or two, long, tail-like cytoplasmic extension of the plasma membrane made of microtubule; aids in cell movement; present in euglena and some prokaryotes (E. coli) Cilium: many, short, hair-like cytoplasmic extensions made of microtubules; aids in cell movement; present in paramecia Pseudopod: “false-foot”; cytoplasmic extensions made of microfilaments that slide past each other; aids in cell movement in amoeba; allows white blood cells to engulf prey (bacteria, viruses and other harmful, pathogenic microorganisms) Vesicle: bubble-wrapped packages; form from smooth and rough ER and Golgi apparatus; transports cell products safely throughout the cell and through the plasma membrane 7 Vacuole: storage of waste, water and molecules; made by plasma membrane; fluidfilled membrane-bound sacs; one, large central in plant cells; many small in animal cells Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; only present in autotrophs/producers such as plants, algae/seaweed, and photosynthetic bacteria; makes glucose; contains protein molecule chlorophyll Cell wall: protect, support and give structure to plant cells; made of tough, structural polysaccharide (carb.) such as cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi; NOT flexible like plasma membrane because it is made of tough polysaccharides 6. DNA RNA ribosomes RER vesicle Golgi app vesicle other part of cell or out of cell 7. PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES Nucleoid: store genetic information for bacteria; region of free-floating DNA; not surrounded by a nucleus/nuclear membrane Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis Cytoplasm: site of many chemical reactions Plamsa membrane: regulates the passage of materials into and out of cell; inside the cell wall; surrounds cytoplasm Cell wall: provides structure, support and protection; made of peptidoglycan in Eubacteria (kingdom) & Bacteria (domain); lies outside of plasma membrane Capsule: extra protection; lies outside cell wall of some bacteria; not all bacteria have a capsule Pili: short extensions of plasma membrane that allow bacteria to adhere/stick/attach to a surface, such as other bacteria and/or their host (like your throat cells – streptococcus) Flagellum: long, whip-like tail extension of the plasma membrane that allows locomotion/movement of bacteria 8 (1). Prokaryote or bacterium or E. coli: A=cell wall; B=plasma membrane; C=ribosome; D=cytoplasm; E=pili; F=nucleoid (DNA); G=flagellum; H=capsule 8 (2). Eukaryotic Plant Cell: A= cell wall; B=plasma membrane; C=Golgi app.; D=chloroplast; E=mitochondria; F=cytoplasm; G=large, central vacuole; H=rough ER; I=nucleus; J=nucleolus; K=smooth ER; L=attached ribosome; M=free ribosome; N=vesicle 8 (3). Eukaryotic Animal Cell: A=mitochondria; B=Golgi app.; C=nucleolus; D=nucleus; E=attached ribosome; F=centrioles; G=cytoskeleton; H=cytoplasm; I=free ribosome; J=plasma membrane; K=microtubules; L=microfilaments; M=smooth ER; N=rough ER; O=vesicle; P=vacuole or lysosome; Q=flagellum; R=cilium 8 THE KINGDOMS & DOMAINS OF LIFE 1. 3 domains and 6 kingdoms 2. A domain is the first, most general and largest classification of organisms; is the most inclusive category of organisms; the most general group of organisms; is the least specific 3. Archaea = consists of prokaryotic organisms that have a cell wall without peptidoglycan; consist of the extremists of organisms; consist of organisms that live in hostile environments that resemble the early earth; consists of halophiles (extreme salt), methanogens (no oxygen) and thermophiles (extreme heat) (thermoacidophles-extreme heat and acid); consists of the members of kingdom Archaebacteria Bacteria = consists of prokaryotic organisms that have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan; live EVERYWHERE; this is OUR bacteria that live with us, help us and harm us; e.g. lactobacillus (yogurt and milk bacteria), streptococcus (strep throat bacteria), E. coli (help with digestion and produce vitamin K – live in our intestines); consists of members of kingdom Eubacteria Eukarya (may be seen as Eukaryota) = consists of all eukaryotic organisms – organisms that have a nucleus; includes members of kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia (simply because they have a nucleus – very non-specific and general) 4. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 5. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria 6. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 7. Archaebacteria (without peptidoglycan), Eubacteria (with peptidoglycan), Protista (plant-like – cellulose); Fungi (chitin); Plantae (cellulose) 8. Eubacteria 9. Fungi 10. Protista (plant-like) & Plantae 11. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria 12. Plantae & Animalia 13. Protista 14. Fungi 9 15. Plantae 16. Fungi & Animalia 17. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Protista 18. Eubacteria 19. Archaebacteria 20. Plantae 21. Fungi 22. Protista 23. Animalia 24. Protista 25. Fungi 26. Eubacteria & Fungi 27. Protisa & Eubacteria (autotrophic/photosynthetic) 28. Archaebacteria 29. Protista 30. Eubacteria 31. Plantae 32. Protista 33. Protista 34. Animalia 35. Plantae 36. Protista 37. Fungi 10 38. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria 39. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 40. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria 41. A=Eubacteria (E. Coli dividing/reproducing); B=Protista (amoeba); C=Fungi; D=animalia 42. A=Bacteria; B=Eukarya (our 3 unicellular protists); C=Eukarya (animal, plant, amoeba[protist] & fungi) THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE – ENZYMES 1. proteins 2. anything that speeds up a chemical reaction (stirring/mixing, heat, etc.) 3. catalyze/speed up chemical reaction; determine which chemical reactions occur 4. organic or biological catalysts 5. the energy needed to START a chemical reaction 6. enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction (less energy less time) 7. enzymes 8. substrates 9. chemical bonds; products 10. speed up; catalyze 11. active site 12. each enzyme acts on only one substrate – this means the enzyme lactase that breaks down lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose, cannot and will not produce (synthesize) lactose from glucose and galactose (that requires a different enzyme) 13. nothing; an enzyme is unused and unchanged during a chemical reaction and is ready to catalyze the next reaction 14. ase 15. temperature and pH 11 16. optimal 17. 37oC ; 98.6oF 18. 7 ; 2 19. the protein/enzyme denatures 20. changes the shape of the enzyme; once the shape of the protein enzyme is altered, the substrate cannot fit the active site of the enzyme and enzyme activity is stopped 21. induced-fit theory 22. induced-fit enzyme theory=active site/enzyme can slightly change shape to fit the substrate; lock and key enzyme theory=substrate fits enzyme like puzzle piece and enzyme does not change shape. 23. 24. a=substrate; b=denatured enzyme; c=altered active site; d=substrate; active site; denatured 25. extreme temperature or pH 26. low; slow/inactive; increase; increase; optimal; increase; decrease; extreme; denatures; stopped X = as temp increases, enzyme activity and the rate of the reaction increases 12 Y = as temp increases past the optimal temp, the rate of the reaction and enzyme activity decreases THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE – ORGANIC MOLECULES (MOLECULES OF LIFE) 1. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur (CHONPS) 2. carbon 3. carbon has an atomic # of 6, which means 2 electrons in its first energy orbital and 4 electrons in its valence shell (outermost energy orbital). Having 4 electrons in its valence level means Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms/elements. This means carbon can form bonds with itself (C) to form the backbone/skeleton of organic (C) molecules. And, carbon can form bonds with H, O and N and S to form the large, complex organic molecules of life (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins). 4. carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins 5. the elements/atoms of life (C, H, O, N, P, S) chemically/covalently bond to form the molecules of life (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates). 6. carbon 7. hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (H, O, N) 8. covalent bonds 9. monomers are small organic molecules that join together to form a single large polymer molecule 10. dehydration synthesis reaction = lose a water molecule in order to build a large molecule by joining smaller molecules together hydrolysis reaction = add a water molecule to break down a large molecule into smaller molecules 11. formed; losing; builds 12. broken; adding; breaks down *water 13 Carbohydrates 13. sugars and starches or simple sugars and complex carbs 14. Structure: carbohydrate molecules are made up of the atoms/elements C, H and O in a ratio of 1:2:1 (monosaccharide). The building blocks/monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides make up a disaccharide (e.g. glucose + galactose = lactose) and many monosaccharides make up a polysaccharide (e.g. hundreds to thousands of the monosaccharide glucose molecules make up the polysaccharide molecule of starch, glycogen, chitin or cellulose). 15. Functions of Carbohydrates: Mono and disaccharides (simple sugars) = immediate/quick source of cellular energy (glucose use in cell resp.) Polysaccharides = short-term energy storage (plants = starch; animals = glycogen); & structural components = cell wall of plants (cellulose) & cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans (chitin). 16. Monosaccharides = glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides = sucrose (glucose + fructose); lactose (glucose + galactose); maltose (glucose + glucose) Polysaccharides = starch (thousands of glucose molecules); glycogen (thousands of glucose molecules); cellulose (thousands of glucose molecules); chitin (thousands of glucose molecules) 17. mono and disaccharides; polysaccharides 18. monosaccharides (glucose); polysaccharides 19. many monosaccharides (glucose molecules) chemically bond to make up a single polysaccharide molecule (starch / glycogen / cellulose / chitin). OR, many simple sugars (glucose) join together to form a complex carbohydrate (starch / glycogen / cellulose / chitin) 20. ose LIPIDS 21. Fats and oils 22. Atoms/elements: C, H and O atoms. Many carbon and hydrogen atoms with relatively few oxygen atoms. Lipids are not polymer molecules, so they do not contain monomer molecules. But, the building blocks for large triglyceride and phospholipid molecules are glycerol and fatty acid molecules. 14 23. triglycerides = long-term energy storage; insulation; cushion and protection Phospholipids = main structural component of plasma membrane; builds cell membranes Waxes = waterproof coverings; prevent dehydration Steroids = a. sex hormones = development and maintenance of reproductive systems; b. cholesterol = structural component of animal cell membranes 24. triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats) 25. phospholipids 26. waxes 27. triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats) 28. phospholipids 29. insoluble in water; nonpolar, water-fearing, hydrophobic PROTEINS 30. do everything molecules; the term protein means first place 31. each protein molecule consists of many amino acids; there are 20 different amino acids that can join together in many different ways to make up the many different proteins 32. Atoms/elements: C, H, O, N Structure = protein molecules are long chains of amino acids twisted and folded into a three-dimensional shape. Each long chain of amino acids is a polypeptide molecule/chain in which the amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds. 33. amino acids; peptide bonds; a polypeptide chain/molecule; twisted; 3-D; one; more 34. shape 35. maintenance, growth and repair of cells; maintain the daily activities/functions of cells 36. 1) enzymes = catalyze/speed up chemical reactions; determine which chemical reactions occur; e.g. lactase, protease, lipase, sucrase, starch synthetase, amylase 2) structural = make up structural component of skin, hair, nails, fur, horns, bones, claws; e.g. keratin, collagen 3) pigment = absorb, reflect and transmit ultraviolet radiation (light); e.g. chlorophyll, melanin, hemoglobin 4) contractile = movement; e.g. actin and myosin protein filaments in muscle 5) transport = move substances; e.g. carrier, channel and pump transport membrane proteins and hemoglobin 15 6) hormonal = chemical messengers that coordinate activities in the body; cell to cell signaling; e.g. human growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine/adrenaline 7) signaling = cell to cell communication; e.g. receptor membrane proteins, neurotransmitters (neuron to neuron communication) 8) defensive = fight off pathogens (harmful, disease-causing microorganisms); e.g. antibodies 9) storage = store amino acids for growth and development; e.g. egg whites, nuts NUCLEIC ACIDS 37. informational polymers 38. Atoms/elements = C, H, O, N, P Structure = a nucleic acid is a large polymer molecule made of monomer molecules called nucleotides; DNA = two strands of nucleotides; RNA = one strand of nucleotides 39. store and transmit genetic information; DNA = store genetic information; RNA = transmit genetic information 40. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA = ribonucleic acid NAME THAT ORGANIC MOLECULE 41. lipids 42. carbohydrates 43. nucleic acids 44. proteins 45. carbohydrates 46. carbohydrates 47. lipids 48. proteins 49. nucleic acids 50. carbohydrates 51. proteins 52. nucleic acids 53. lipids 16 54. all organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids), but carbs and lipids are made up of ONLY C, H and O 55. proteins and nucleic acids, but proteins are made up of ONLY C, H, O and N 56. nucleic acids 57. lipids, specifically triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats) 58. carbohydrates, specifically simple sugars (mono and disaccharides) 59. proteins 60. carbohydrates, specifically complex carbs (polysaccharides) 61. glucose; monosaccharide; simple sugar; carbohydrate molecule 62. a = glucose; b = fructose; c = a sucrose molecule; d = a maltose molecule; e = disaccharide; simple sugars; carbohydrates 63. a = glucose; b = glycogen; c = cellulose; d = starch; e = chitin; f = polysaccharides; complex carbs; carbohydrates 64. a = glycerol molecule; b = 3 fatty acid molecules/hydrocarbon molecules; c = saturated fatty acid; d = saturated fatty acid; e = unsaturated fatty acid molecule; f = triglyceride; fat; lipid 65. a = glycerol molecule; b = fatty acid or hydrocarbon molecule 66. triglyceride; saturated fat; lipid 67. a = phosphate molecule/head with glycerol; b = 2 fatty acid molecules/tails; c = phospholipid; lipid 68. a = 4 amino acid molecules; b = peptide bonds; c = polypeptide molecule; c = amino acid molecules; d = polypeptide molecule; e = folds and twists; f = 3-D protein; g = 1 polypeptide molecule/chain; h = 1 polypeptide molecule 69. a = nucleotide molecule; b = DNA; nucleic acid 70. a = nucleotide; b = RNA; nucleic acid 71. nucleotide molecule; monomer; building block 17 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE – WATER (Inorganic Molecule of Life) 1. water; 70-95% 2. a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends of a molecule; one side of molecule has a positive (+) charge and the opposite side has a negative (-) side 3. 4. covalent bond 5. hydrogen bond 6. a) cohesion = water is attracted to water; e.g. surface tension – water striders b) adhesion = water is attracted to other polar molecules; e.g. meniscus in a graduated cylinder, water spreading through paper tower cohesion and adhesion together lead to capillary action in plants – the movement of water up a plant from the roots, against gravity c) high specific heat = takes water a long time to heat up and cool down; e.g. moderate temperatures in oceans and on Earth; sweat is a cooling mechanism d) low density of solid ice = water molecules are spaced farther apart in ice compared to liquid water; e.g. ice floats – insulates bodies of water, freeze from top down e) universal solvent = water dissolves most solutes; e.g. blood and tree sap; chemical reactions in cells 7. polarity and hydrogen bonds THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. cellular organization; DNA/heredity; grow, develop, age and die; metabolism (energy); homeostasis – respond to stimuli; reproduction; evolution 2. a) evolution b) reproduction c) respond, homeostasis d) DNA e) metabolism 18 f) homeostasis g) cellular organization h) reproduction i) reproduction; evolution SCIENCE & THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 1. science is the process of understanding and explaining the natural world; the process of finding patterns in nature and making useful predictions; science is different from other disciplines of study, such as history and the arts, because of controlled testing/experimentation 2. a process used in science to obtain reliable and reproducible results; the order of steps in a scientific investigation usually involve: observation, question, hypothesis, controlled testing, data collection & results, conclusion 3. the process of testing a hypothesis using control and experimental variables; controlled testing/experimentation 4. analyzes; data; conclusion; accepts; rejects 5. hypothesis = a possible explanation to a scientific question; must be able to be tested; theory = an unifying explanation for a broad range of observations; that which scientists are most certain; theory may only be formed after considerable testing of many hypotheses; theory may be revised as new evidence is presented 6. a) Himalayan rabbits have a white coat and black nose, feet, tail and ears b) Why are the nose, feet, tail and ears black? c) Temperature (a cold environment) affects the color of fur; cold temperatures turn fur black d) ask the question (#6b) e) temperature; fur color f) B; in order to compare to the experimental rabbit g) cold temperatures affect the Himalayan rabbit’s fur color – cold temperatures change the color of fur to black f) no; a theory cannot be formed after only one experiment 19