The Right Nutrients for Total Body Health Protection
By David N. Ilfeld, M.D.
Board Certified in Internal Medicine,
Rheumatology, Allergy &
Immunology, & NSI Scientific
Advisory Board Member
05/16/2008
Your total body protection may be greatly enhanced by including a wide variety of powerful antioxidants and other
nutrients into your daily regimen. To ensure you are taking them in doses that are potent and effective, I
recommend you choose the new Synergy Supreme Multi-Vitamin Version 3. It is a comprehensive formulation that
may help promote healthy brain, heart, eyes, prostate, bones, joints, glucose levels and healthy cell division.
This multi-vitamin's impressive lineup of antioxidants and other nutrients includes coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), acetyl
L-carnitine, alpha lipoic acid, resveratrol, Ginkgo biloba extract, lutein, lycopene, VitaVeggie™ Vegetable
Antioxidant Blend, proanthocyanidins (from grape seed extract and pine bark extract), pomegranate extract,
quercetin, green tea extract, curcumin, vitamin D, calcium and glucosamine. Following is a thorough examination
of some of the health benefits and studies associated with these beneficial ingredients.
Mitochondrial Energy Production & Aging: Approximately 95% of our cellular energy is produced in
mitochondria, the power plants of cells. A major side effect of this energy production is the generation of
dangerous free radicals which damage mitochondria. Mitochondria are especially prone to free radical damage
because of the high concentrations of locally produced free radicals within the mitochondria and mitochondria DNA
(genetic material) is single stranded (as contrasted with the nucleus DNA being double-stranded). One of the major
concepts for aging is the theory of free radical damage in which aging has been shown to be associated with a loss
of mitochondrial energy production.
Improving Mitochondrial Energy Production—Animal Studies: Acetyl L-carnitine assists in transporting fats
into mitochondria. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is part of the electron transport chain within mitochondria that
generates energy. Acetyl L-carnitine and CoQ10 have each been shown to improve mitochondrial energy
production. One problem with taking acetyl L-carnitine alone is that it also increases free radicals (because of
improved mitochondrial energy production). In aged rats, acetyl L-carnitine together with alpha lipoic acid
synergistically improves mitochondrial energy production and protects from free radicals1. Aged rats given the
combination of acetyl L-carnitine and alpha lipoic acid were also more active physically and had improved cognitive
function (as compared to aged rats given acetyl L-carnitine, alpha lipoic acid, or placebo)1.
Combining acetyl L-carnitine, alpha lipoic acid and CoQ10 together may be even more effective for improving and
protecting mitochondrial energy production. Extensive studies in animals have shown that CoQ10, alpha lipoic acid
and acetyl L-carnitine can each protect the brain and the heart against many different types of injuries including
ischemia/reperfusion injury (from temporary blockage of blood flow).
CoQ10, Carnitine & the Human Brain: Regarding human studies, carnitine or acetyl L-carnitine (in doses of
2,000 to 4,000 mg per day) given to people with memory loss has mixed effects, with some studies reporting no
effect and some other studies reporting a mildly beneficial effect2. A study of 80 people with recent onset of
declining neuron health reported (as compared to placebo group) that people given 300 mg per day of CoQ10 for
16 months had mildly less functional disability, people given 600 mg per day of CoQ10 had even less functional
disability, and people given 1,200 mg per day of CoQ10 had the least functional disability (which was significant
p>0.04 as compared to placebo group)3.
CoQ10 and acetyl L-carnitine have been shown to protect the human heart. CoQ10 at 120 mg per day as
well as 200 mg per day has been shown to help promote healthy blood pressure4,5. Acetyl L-carnitine together with
alpha lipoic acid significantly improved (compared to placebo group) arterial endothelial function and, for those
with systolic blood pressure over 150, also promoted healthy blood pressure6. In a randomized, double-blind trial,
placebo or CoQ10 120 mg per day was given to people after permanent heart damage from blockage of coronary
blood flow.
After one year, people supplemented with 120 mg of CoQ10 had fewer total cardiac events (25%) as compared to
the control group (45% total cardiac events)7. Starting within 3 days after permanent heart damage, 73 people
given CoQ10 (120 mg per day) for 28 days (versus 71 people given placebo) had less chest discomfort (10 vs. 28),
less irregular heart rhythms (10% vs. 25%), and less poor left ventricular function (8% vs. 23%)8. In addition,
total cardiac events were significantly reduced in the CoQ10 group as compared to the placebo group (15% vs.
31%)8.
People with acute severe chest discomfort given L-carnitine 2,000 mg per day for 28 days (as compared to placebo
group), had significant improvements including smaller size of permanent heart damage (measured by
electrocardiogram and enzyme changes), fewer total cardiovascular events (16% vs. 26% for placebo group), less
chest discomfort (18% vs. 36%), less left ventricular heart enlargement (23% vs. 36%), and less rhythm disorders
(14% vs. 28%)9. After recently suffering from acute permanent heart damage, 81 people were given L-carnitine
4,000 mg per day and 79 people were given placebo for one year. People given carnitine (as compared to placebo
group) had significant improvements in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, chest discomfort, rhythm disorders, and
heart contractility10.
44 men with recurring chest discomfort in a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled crossover trial were given
L-carnitine (2,000 mg daily) or placebo for four weeks, with a 10 day wash-out between each supplementation,
and followed by a cycloergometer exercise test. People given carnitine (as compared to the same people given
placebo) had significant improvement of exercise work load and improvement in their electrocardiogram11. 23% of
the people had no chest discomfort while receiving carnitine whereas 9% of the same people had no chest
discomfort while receiving placebo11.
CoQ10 and carnitine have also been shown to help people with chronic poor heart function. People with poor heart
function given CoQ10 (300 mg per day) for two weeks followed by cardiac tissue biopsy had improved in vitro
myocardial mitochondrial function and in vitro contractility of myocardial tissue as compared to the control group
given placebo12. This shows that oral administration of CoQ10 can improve mitochondrial function of heart tissue.
People with extremely poor heart function given CoQ10 (60 mg per day) had significant improvement in functional
status, clinical symptoms, and quality of life as compared to people given placebo 13.
CoQ10 (300 mg per day) improved cardiac contractility in people with poor heart contractions14. For chronic poor
heart function, 319 people given CoQ10 (2 mg per kilogram per day) for one year had significantly fewer
complications as compared to 322 people given placebo15. People with poor heart function given a combination of
CoQ10, carnitine and taurine had improved heart function whereas people given placebo had worsening of heart
function16. People with poor heart function given L-carnitine 3,000 mg per day (compared to placebo group)
improved their exercise capability as measured by bicycle ergometry17.
Thus CoQ10 and carnitine have each been shown to protect the human heart. I have not found studies of alpha
lipoic acid alone on heart function; however, alpha lipoic acid (300 mg per day in one study and 600 mg per day in
another study) was reported to improve peripheral arterial function18,19. The combination of CoQ10, acetyl Lcarnitine and alpha lipoic acid may be even more effective for protecting the heart although such studies have not
yet been done.
Carnitine & Fatigue: Carnitine has been shown in placebo-controlled studies to help improve fatigue in people
with a variety of causes20-25. Interestingly, 32 centenarians (people over 100 years old) given L-carnitine 2,000 mg
per day (as compared to 34 centenarians given placebo) had significant improvements with less fat mass,
increased muscle mass, decreased physical fatigue, decreased mental fatigue, decreased severity of fatigue, and
improved cognitive function26. This shows that it may never be too late to benefit by starting to take supplements.
In the year 2000, I started giving my 92 year old father a multivitamin (10 big tablets per day), including acetyl Lcarnitine (500 mg), alpha lipoic acid (150 mg), CoQ10 (50 mg), Ginkgo biloba extract, and grape seed extract,
together with omega-3 EPA and DHA softgels. Within two weeks, my father was more alert and energetic and
would stay awake for many more hours during the day and evening. He would walk much farther. He would listen
more to other people talking, appeared to understand better, and would talk more. Two weeks after starting
supplementation, we went to a wedding. My father's friends were astonished with the dramatic changes and
demanded to know what I had done to him.
Synergy Supreme has effective doses of acetyl L-carnitine (1,000 mg), alpha lipoic acid (600 mg) and CoQ10 (200
mg) which may improve and protect mitochondrial energy production and may protect the brain and the heart. The
studies of L-carnitine used 2,000 mg or more per day. Acetyl L-carnitine passes better through the blood/brain
barrier and is more active than L-carnitine. NSI® scientific advisors believe that 1,000 mg of acetyl L-carnitine is a
good maintenance dosage for long term supplementation when combined with CoQ10 and alpha lipoic acid. The
combination of acetyl L-carnitine, CoQ10 and alpha lipoic acid may increase your energy levels, help with fatigue,
improve mental concentration, and improve physical stamina.
Resveratrol: Synergy Supreme has a potent dose of the anti-oxidant resveratrol (100 mg). In comparison, one
bottle of red wine usually has between 1 and 10 mg of resveratrol. Resveratrol has recently become very popular
by scientific reports that state, in high doses, it increases the lifespan of yeast, fish and worms27,28. In different
animal species tested, resveratrol has beneficial calorie restriction-like effects on the function of many genes.
Resveratrol in mice and rats has been reported to protect from abnormal cell growth, protect the brain and
cognitive function, protect the cardiovascular system and promote healthy glucose levels29-31.
Resveratrol treatment of mice improved mitochondrial number and energy production as well as increased aerobic
capacity shown by increased running time and consumption of oxygen in muscle fibers32. Resveratrol up-regulates
the powerful mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which is a major cellular
antioxidant exclusively located inside mitochondria33. Thus resveratrol may, in part, extend lifespan in animals by
up-regulating MnSOD and thus protecting mitochondrial energy production from free radical damage.
Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba extract contains a variety of antioxidants that have several major effects: antioxidant
protection from free radicals within cells including protecting mitochondria, dilating blood vessels by releasing
endothelium-derived relaxing factor, inhibiting platelet-aggregating factor and thereby blocking blood clots,
inhibition of stress response of excessive glucocorticoid steroid, and promoting the release of alpha amyloid
precursor protein which is neuroprotective and enhances memory. The large majority of double blind, placebo
controlled clinical trials have found supplementation with Ginkgo biloba extract to be effective for helping people
with poor memory function34-37.
Ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl L-carnitine and vitamin D have each been reported to help people with poor mood38.
Carnitine and Pine Bark extract (with oligomeric proanthocyanidins) have been reported to improve
concentration39,40. Proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract have been reported to easily cross the blood/brain
barrier and may protect the brain. Synergy Supreme has 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba extract and approximately 270
mg of proanthocyanidins from Pine Bark Extract and Grape Seed Extract.
Vision: Lutein, a carotenoid antioxidant, is concentrated in the macula of the retina where it increases macular
pigment optical density which is important for protection of the macula. Our high resolution vision (such as for
reading) is concentrated in the macula. Ninety people with declining vision health were randomized in a doubleblind, placebo controlled clinical study to receive placebo, lutein or NSI® OcuPower Multi-Vitamin with lutein
together with other antioxidants including alpha lipoic acid, quercetin, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc for 12
months. People receiving placebo had a loss of visual function. People receiving lutein had improved visual function
and people receiving NSI® OcuPower Multi-Vitamin had an even greater improvement in visual function41.
Another double-blind, placebo controlled trial for this same macular disorder randomized 106 patients to receive
placebo or the combination of acetyl L-carnitine, CoQ10, and omega-3 fatty acids for 12 months. People receiving
the combination of acetyl L-carnitine, CoQ10 and omega3 fatty acids had improved visual function42. Ginkgo biloba
extract has been reported to help visual function in people with this same macular disorder 43. Other than omega-3
fatty acids which are taken in oil-filled softgels, Synergy Supreme has effective doses of all of these nutrients which
may help with protecting the eyes and visual function.
Vegetables & Fruits: Epidemiological studies show that high consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated
with better health. For example, people who had the highest upper third intake of flavonoid antioxidants from
vegetables and fruits had 49% less gastrointestinal and lung abnormal cell growth than people who had the lowest
third intake of flavonoids from vegetables and fruits44. Unfortunately, the average American diet includes only two
servings of vegetables and fruit per day. Synergy Supreme has 500 mg of VitaVeggie™ Vegetable Antioxidant
Blend (with broccoli, tomato, carrot, spinach, kale, brussel sprout, broccoli sprout extract, and onion extract) with
an ORAC score of 2,500 units, which is equivalent in antioxidant activity to five servings of vegetables.
Synergy Supreme also has 200 mg of ActiVin® Grape Seed Extract (standardized with over 85%
proanthocyanidins) with a typical ORAC score of 1,800 to 2,600 units which is equivalent in anti-oxidant activity to
approximately four or five servings of fruit. The pomegranate extract is standardized by phenols (80%) and
pomegranate's unique antioxidants called punicosides (standardized 40%). The 500 mg of pomegranate extract in
Synergy Supreme probably has more antioxidant activity than drinking half a glass of pomegranate juice. This is
important because two placebo-controlled studies reported that patients with narrowing of carotid arteries (in the
neck) or coronary arteries (in the heart) who drank one glass daily of pomegranate juice improved with less
narrowing of carotid and coronary arteries45,46.
Lycopene is the potent antioxidant in tomatoes and is associated with healthy arteries and healthy prostate.
Synergy Supreme has 10 mg of Lyc-O-Mato® lycopene which is markedly higher than most people's dietary intake
of lycopene. Thus Synergy Supreme has effective doses of powerful antioxidants from vegetables and fruit.
Quercetin: A major and powerful bioflavonoid in our diet, quercetin is primarily obtained from tea, apples
(especially the peel) and onions. Comparing highest to lowest quartiles (top one-fourth to bottom one-fourth) of
dietary intake of quercetin, men with higher quercetin intakes had 58% lower risk of lung abnormal cell growth and
21% less poor cardiovascular health47.
Current smokers in the upper quartile of quercetin intake (compared to lowest quartile) had 45% less pancreatic
abnormal cell growth48. The risk of abnormal breast cell growth was reduced by 46% for post-menopausal women
with the highest quintile (top one-fifth) of dietary flavonols intake (which is predominantly quercetin) as compared
to the lowest quintile (bottom one-fifth) of dietary flavonols intake49.
Quercetin's anti-inflammatory activity is due to its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on inflammation-producing
enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) and the subsequent inhibition of inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes
and prostaglandins). Quercetin's inhibition of histamine release by mast cells and basophils may contribute to its
anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy activity. Preliminary studies suggest that quercetin at 500 to 1,500 mg per day
may help with allergy concerns that involve histamine release, and 1,000 to 1,500 mg daily may help promote
healthy prostate and bladder function50.
Quercetin may also promote healthy immunity after extreme exercise. For example, for extreme exercise by
cycling, only 5% of men who consumed 1,000 mg per day of quercetin had poor health whereas 45% of athletes
who consumed placebo became sick51. The average daily intake of quercetin from food is about 18 mg compared to
500 mg in Synergy Supreme.
Tea: Tea, especially green tea, has powerful antioxidants. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant
and most potent antioxidant in green tea. Epidemiological studies of drinking green tea and the association with
abnormal cell growth consist of several beneficial reports as well as several reports of no effect. One interesting
finding was that men who drank 5 or more cups of green tea per day had 48% less prostate advanced abnormal
cell growth than men drinking less than 1 cup per day52.
Epidemiological studies report a marked effect for drinking tea (green tea or black tea without milk) on reducing
the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. A Dutch study and an American study reported drinking tea
was associated with a 32% and 44% reduction of permanent heart damage, respectively53,54. Three studies
reported that drinking green tea was associated with more than a 50% reduction, a 65% reduction and a 69%
reduction in the risk of permanent brain damage from decreased cerebral blood flow 55-57.
These studies showed that drinking two or three cups of tea per day are associated with less cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular events and that drinking five or more cups of tea per day is even more effective. Synergy Supreme
has 500 mg of a potent green tea extract (standardized to 98% polyphenols, 80% catechins, 45% EGCG) which is
roughly equivalent in antioxidant activity to about three cups of green tea.
Curcumin: Curcumin (from turmeric) is a powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative
activity. Rat and mouse studies show that curcumin may protect the brain and cognitive function against memory
loss, protect from permanent heart damage from ischemia-reperfusion injury, protect the heart from high blood
pressure, and protect against abnormal cell growth58,59. Curcumin has many different mechanisms of action for
blocking abnormal cell growth by anti-inflammatory actions, anti-oxidant, immunomodulation, pro-apoptosis
(programmed abnormal cell death), and anti-angiogenesis (blocking abnormal formation of new arteries) via many
genes and cell-signaling pathways59. A human clinical trial reported that curcumin helped to protect the colon from
chronic inflammation60. Synergy Supreme has 500 mg of turmeric extract (standardized with 95% curcuminoids)
and includes the black pepper extract Bioperine® for improved absorption.
Vitamin D & Abnormal Cell Growth: Vitamin D blood levels are measured using 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Several
epidemiological studies have shown that people with 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood levels below 20 ng per ml have
30% to 50% increased risk of colon, prostate and breast abnormal cell growth61. In a randomized, double-blind
study, 1,179 healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years old, living in the community, received 1,400 to 1,500
mg per day of calcium alone, calcium plus 1,100 IU vitamin D3 daily, or placebo for four years.
As compared to the placebo group, women receiving calcium alone had 47% less risk of all types of abnormal cell
growth and women receiving calcium plus vitamin D had 60% less risk of all types of abnormal cell growth62. When
only abnormal cell growth detected after the first 12 months was analyzed, women receiving calcium plus vitamin
D had 77% less risk of all types of abnormal cell growth (compared to women receiving placebo) whereas women
receiving only calcium had no further significant change in their risk62. Thus supplements with calcium and/or
vitamin D3 may help to reduce the risk of abnormal cell growth.
Optimal Vitamin D Dosage & Blood Level: Epidemiological data suggests that at least 800-1,000 IU daily of
vitamin D3 is needed to decrease abnormal cell growth and that 2,000 IU – 4,000 IU daily of vitamin D3 is even
more effective. Optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood levels are approximately 40 to 60 ng/ml. Most people living in
the northern Midwest during winter require 2,000 to 4,000 IU daily of vitamin D3 to reach 25-hydroxyvitamin D
blood levels of about 50 ng/ml. In contrast, the average American daily intake of vitamin D is approximately 230 to
320 IU. I recommend supplementing with 2,000 to 4,000 IU daily of vitamin D3 for optimal protection.
Vitamin D & Safety: Synergy Supreme has 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 which is a physiologic dose (meaning normal
dose for the body) that is approximately 20% of the maximum amount of vitamin D3 that can be generated by skin
exposure to strong ultra-violet B during mid-day, summer sunshine (10,000 IU). The maximum, daily safe dose of
vitamin D3 is not entirely known, but up to 10,000 IU daily in healthy adults is considered safe 63. In contrast, all
the known reports of vitamin D toxicity with high blood calcium levels have involved taking 40,000 IU or more per
day64,65. Thus 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 in Synergy Supreme is a safe dose with a wide margin of safety.
The official Adequate Intake recommendation for vitamin D is for adults (men and women) up to the age of 50
years old to take 200 IU per day, age 51 to 70 years old to take 400 IU per day, and over the age of 70 years old
to take 600 IU per day. Please note that vitamin D can refer to vitamin D2 or vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 is better
absorbed and more active than vitamin D2. I recommend that you always take the better absorbed and more
active form of vitamin D called Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).
Vitamin D3 has a blood half-life of about one month so it can also be taken once a week. A randomized, placebocontrolled trial gave 350 healthy adolescents placebo, vitamin D3 1,400 IU per week (equivalent to 200 IU daily),
and vitamin D3 14,000 IU per week (equivalent to 2,000 IU daily) for 12 months.
Adolescents receiving 1,400 IU/wk increased their average 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from 15 to 19 ng/ml66.
Please note that 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between 20 to 30 ng/ml are called vitamin D insufficiency and are still
inadequate. Thus the large majority of the adolescents receiving the equivalent of 200 IU of vitamin D3 per day
had vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D insufficiency. Adolescents receiving 14,000 IU/wk increased their average
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from 15 to 36 ng/ml66.
Thus the equivalent of 2,000 IU per day of vitamin D3 gave blood levels that are markedly better and healthier and
are considered to be normal. This confirms what another group had previously found that if one wants adults to
have optimal blood levels of 40 to 60 ng/ml then adults need to take 2,000 to 4,000 IU daily of vitamin D3. None
of the adolescents developed vitamin D intoxication showing that a dosage of vitamin D3 equivalent to 2,000 IU
per day is safe for long term supplementation.
It is recommended to limit strong sun exposure so as to protect from developing skin abnormal cell growth. Almost
all foods (except herring and wild salmon) have little or no vitamin D. Food fortified with vitamin D typically has
100 IU of vitamin D added. Thus the only practical way to maintain optimal vitamin D levels is by taking
supplements.
Aging & Vitamin D: Telomeres are caps on the ends of chromosomes (which contain the DNA genetic code).
Telomeres (measured in the DNA of peripheral white blood cells) have been found to shorten with age, as well as
with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. This is important because when telomere length becomes too
short, the cells stop dividing. Elderly people had shorter telomeres (measured in the DNA of peripheral white blood
cells).
Telomere length was longer among subjects whose vitamin D levels were high compared to those with low
concentrations, a finding which persisted after adjustment for age67. People in the top one-third of serum vitamin D
levels (compared to people in the lowest third of vitamin D levels) had longer telomeres that were equivalent to
five years difference in aging67. People who supplemented with vitamin D were also found to have longer telomeres
than those who did not supplement with vitamin D67. This suggests that vitamin D may play a role in slowing aging.
Most cells in different organs in the body have receptors for vitamin D so vitamin D may be important for many
organs in the body. For example, epidemiologic studies suggest that vitamin D may also be important for
protecting the heart and protecting from some types of autoimmune disorders.
Aging & Inflammation: Telomere length was also longer in those with lower C-reactive protein (CRP) levels
(which is a non-specific marker for systemic inflammation). People with the lowest CRP levels (lowest systemic
inflammation) and highest vitamin D levels (compared to people with the highest CRP and lowest vitamin D levels)
had longer telomeres equivalent to 7.6 years difference in aging67.
This suggests that reducing systemic inflammation may slow aging. Oxidative stress and inflammation are major
mechanisms in the biology of aging such as with telomere length, with degenerative changes occurring in the brain
and cardiovascular system and with abnormal cell growth. Synergy Supreme has many powerful anti-inflammatory
nutrients at potent dosages including vitamin D3, quercetin, curcumin, pomegranate extract, green tea extract,
and proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract and pine bark extract.
Bones: A minimum of 800 to 1,000 IU of vitamin D3 is needed daily to partially improve bone health and higher
amounts of vitamin D3 may be needed for optimal bone protection. Women as they age frequently develop very
weak bones. Many women are aware of this and take supplemental calcium and vitamin D. However, men are not
aware that though they have higher peak bone densities, they are living longer so that elderly men also have a
significant risk for very weak bones.
The American College of Physicians recommends that all men be screened for very weak bones at the age of 65.
Why wait for very weak bones? Women and men should protect their bones. Synergy Supreme has an ideal
combination of highly bioavailable calcium (500 mg, as calcium citrate, malate, Advan-C®), vitamin D3 (2,000 IU),
vitamin K1 (1,000 mcg), magnesium (300 mg) and boron (3 mg) to promote healthy and strong bones. For
example, giving 1,000 mcg of vitamin K1 daily to postmenopausal women (already supplemented with calcium,
magnesium, zinc and vitamin D) helped to reduce bone loss of the femoral neck (of the hip) as compared to
women supplemented with calcium, magnesium, zinc and vitamin D but without vitamin K68.
Cartilage in Joints: Glucosamine sulfate (1,500 mg) has been reported in many but not all double-blind clinical
studies to help decrease discomfort from degenerative joint changes with loss of cartilage that commonly occurs
from aging69. Two double-blind studies of glucosamine sulfate (1,500 mg per day) over three years in patients with
degenerative changes in the knees showed, by computer analysis of X-rays of the knees, that there was no loss of
joint space (the cartilage separates the bones in the knee) in those people given glucosamine sulfate (1,500 mg
per day) whereas people receiving placebo had a significant (p=0.001 in the first trial and p<0.0001 in the second
trial) narrowing of joint space and thus loss of cartilage70,71.
Analyzing only the group with the initially highest quartile of joint space (and thus the most mildly affected joints),
people receiving placebo for 3 years had 15% joint space narrowing whereas people receiving glucosamine sulfate
only had 6% joint space narrowing72. This shows that glucosamine sulfate (1,500 mg per day) helps protect joint
cartilage in aging, degenerative joints. Synergy Supreme has 1,500 mg of glucosamine sulfate so it may help
protect joint cartilage. In 2002, NSI® proposed a logical idea which I strongly endorse.
Why wait to develop joint symptoms from degenerative changes with cartilage damage? There is a strong
likelihood that glucosamine sulfate (1,500 mg) will also help protect joint cartilage in people who do not have joint
symptoms. I do not have joint symptoms yet I am delighted to have taken glucosamine sulfate for the past six
years and intend to continue indefinitely.
Glucose: Synergy Supreme has ingredients at doses shown in humans to help promote healthy glucose levels:
alpha lipoic acid (600 mg), chromium (400 mcg, in the superior form ChromeMate®), biotin (4,000 mcg), and
vitamin D3 (2,000 IU). In addition, alpha lipoic acid (600 mg or higher doses), acetyl L-carnitine, and vitamin D
(average dose 2,059 IU) have each been reported to help alleviate peripheral nerve problems associated with high
blood glucose levels73-78.
Prostate: Men with benign enlarged prostates and elevated PSA levels given 50 grams of tomato paste per day
had a reduction in PSA levels79. Men with benign enlarged prostates and elevated PSA levels given lycopene 15
mg/day for 6 months had reduction in PSA levels and reduction in prostate size whereas men in the control group
given placebo had no change in PSA levels and had increases in prostate size80. Zinc and vitamin D are important
for healthy prostate. A preliminary study suggested that pomegranate juice may help protect the prostate.
Almost one thousand men were randomized to 200 mcg of selenium or placebo for an average of 4.5 years and
followed for an average of 6.5 years81,82. Men given selenium had a 49% reduction in the development of prostate
abnormal cell growth as compared to men given placebo82. The protective effect of selenium was limited to men
who initially had normal PSA levels (< or =4 ng/ml) with a 65% reduction of prostate abnormal cell growth (82).
Men who initially had blood selenium concentrations in the lowest two-thirds and were given selenium had
significant reductions in developing prostate abnormal cell growth82.
In another trial, 5,141 men were randomized to receive placebo or the combination of vitamin C (120 mg), vitamin
E (30 mg), beta-carotene (6 mg which is equivalent to 10,000 IU), zinc (20 mg), and selenium (100 mcg) for 8
years. There was a non-significant 12% reduction of prostate abnormal cell growth in men receiving the
combination of antioxidants and minerals as compared to men receiving placebo 83.
Furthermore, men receiving the combination of antioxidants and minerals who initially had normal PSA levels (<3
ng/ml) had a 48% reduction in developing prostate abnormal cell growth (as compared to men receiving
placebo)83. Thus it appears that selenium (alone or together with antioxidants) may help protect the prostate when
supplementation is started in men who initially have normal PSA levels.
The trial with 200 mcg of selenium (alone) used selenium that was obtained from selenized yeasts which is
selenomethionine. Synergy Supreme has 200 mcg of selenium as selenomethionine.
Antioxidant Networks: There is a synergistic effect of taking the combination of antioxidants in Synergy
Supreme, which is probably much greater than the sum effect of each antioxidant alone. For example, when
vitamin C, vitamin E, or CoQ10 neutralize free radicals, they become oxidized and inactive. Oxidized vitamin C and
vitamin E may even act as pro-oxidants. CoQ10 can regenerate oxidized, inactive vitamin C and vitamin E back to
active antioxidants.
Alpha lipoic acid is unique since it can regenerate oxidized, inactive vitamin C, vitamin E, CoQ10, or other
molecules of alpha lipoic acid back to active antioxidants. Quercetin and proanthocyanidins can also regenerate
oxidized, inactive vitamin C and vitamin E back to active antioxidants. Thus the 1,000 mg of vitamin C (as AdvanC™ mineral ascorbate complex) in Synergy Supreme is much more effective due to CoQ10, alpha lipoic acid,
quercetin and proanthocyanidins quickly regenerating oxidized, inactive vitamin C back to an active antioxidant.
This is the theory of antioxidant networks whereby certain antioxidants can regenerate oxidized, inactive
antioxidants back to active antioxidants. Synergy Supreme is designed to try to optimize the effectiveness of
antioxidant networks.
In summary, Synergy Supreme is particularly designed to promote healthy brain function, healthy heart function,
healthy immunity, healthy energy and healthy cell division by:
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Increasing mitochondrial energy production.
Increasing anti-oxidant protection of mitochondria, proteins, lipids (such as fatty acids in cell membranes),
and nucleic acid (DNA) genes in the cell nucleus.
Increasing anti-inflammatory activity to help control and reduce systemic inflammation which may be
important against degenerative disorders of brain tissues and atherosclerosis, and may be important to
promote healthy cell division and healthy aging.
Omega-3: Epidemiological studies suggest that the essential fatty acids (EFA) omega-3 EPA and DHA may help
protect the brain. Epidemiological studies and randomized, placebo-controlled trials show that omega-3 EPA and
DHA may protect the heart. I highly recommend taking 2 – 4 softgels per day of NSI® Mega EFA® which is
molecularly distilled, pharmaceutical quality (mercury from fish has been removed), and has double the EPA (400
mg) and DHA (200 mg) per softgel than most other brands.
Please note that for better absorption of fat-soluble nutrients such as CoQ10, alpha lipoic acid, lutein, lycopene,
vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and the omega-3 EPA and DHA, the multi-vitamin capsules and the omega-3
softgels should be taken twice (or three times) per day with meals which include fat, preferably a healthy fat such
as extra-virgin olive oil.
Synergy Supreme with 12 capsules per day and $59.99 per bottle (for a month's supply) is the best and most
comprehensive NSI® Synergy multi-vitamin for under $99. Synergy Supreme is a great value, if you purchased all
of these nutrients separately at a retail price you would pay over $200. Supplementing with NSI® Synergy
Supreme Multi-Vitamin plus NSI® MegaEFA® is an excellent combination to get effective doses of a wide variety of
powerful antioxidants and other nutrients which may help promote healthy brain, heart, eyes, bones, joints,
prostate, glucose levels, and healthy cell division so as to promote total body health protection.
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