Chapter 4: Evolution and Biodiversity
1. Briefly describe the evolution of life from chemical
evolution to the development of eukaryotic cells.
2. Describe the tools available to researchers for learning
the evolutionary history of life.
3. Briefly describe the theory of evolution, being sure to
include the roles played by variation within the gene
pool and natural selection, extinction, speciation, and
adaptive radiation.
4. Define natural selection and the three conditions that
are necessary for evolution of a population by natural
selection. Summarize and address two common
misconceptions about evolution.
7. Define ecological niche. Distinguish between condition
and resource; fundamental niche and realized niche.
List the factors that determine the realized niche.
8. Define speciation and compare allopatric speciation
with sympatric speciation. Indicate which of these
mechanisms is more common.
9. Define extinction and distinguish between background
extinction and mass extinction. Discuss the role of
humans on the rate of extinction at present.
10. Discuss the pros and cons of artificial selection and
genetic engineering. Consider the possible
environmental impacts on resource use, pollution and
environmental degradation.
5. Define coevolution.
6. Distinguish between a specialist and a generalist.
Evaluate the conditions that favor these two
approaches.
11. Indicate what it is that has allowed humans to have
such a profound influence on their environment.
Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
adaptation (p. 86)
adaptive trait (p. 86)
artificial selection (p. 94)
background extinction (p. 93)
biological evolution (p. 83)
biological evolution (p. 83)
biopharming (p. 96)
chemical evolution (p. 83)
clone (p. 96)
coevolution (p. 86)
designer babies (p. 96)
differential reproduction
ecological niche (p. 89)
endemic species (p. 92)
evolutionary divergence (p. 91)
extinction (p. 92)
fundamental niche (p. 89)
gene splicing (p. 95)
generalist species (p. 89)
generalists (p. 89)
genetic engineering (p. 95)
genetic variability (p. 85)
genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) (p. 95)
geographic isolation (p. 92)
heritable (p. 86)
horizontal gene transfer (p. 86)
hybrid (p. 86)
hybridization (p. 86)
mass depletion (p. 93)
mass extinction (p. 93)
mutagens (p. 85)
mutations (p. 85)
natural selection (p. 83)
natural selection (p. 85)
niche (p. 89)
realized niche (p. 89)
recombinant DNA (p. 95)
reproductive isolation (p. 92)
scientific theory (p. 83)
selective breeding (p. 94)
specialist species (p. 89)
specialists (p. 89)
speciation (p. 91)
synthetic biology (p. 96)
tectonic plates (p. 86)
transgenic organisms (p. 95)
Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
1. Distinguish between weather and climate. Summarize
how warm fronts, cold fronts, high-pressure air masses,
and low-pressure air masses affect weather.
5. Describe the general effects of the following
microclimates: windward and leeward sides of a
mountain, forests, cities.
2. Describe at least five different factors that contribute to
global air-circulation patterns.
6. Describe how climate affects the distribution of plant
life on Earth. Draw connections between biomes and
the following plants, which are particularly adapted for
different biomes: succulent plants, broadleaf evergreen
plants, broadleaf deciduous plants, coniferous
evergreen plants.
3. Describe how ocean currents generally redistribute heat.
4. Define greenhouse effect. Name greenhouse gases.
State the significance of the greenhouse effect.
Evolution and Biodiversity
7. Compare the climate and adaptations of plants and
animals in deserts, grasslands, and forests. Describe the
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distinctive qualities of a chaparral ecosystem. Be sure
to distinguish among the three major kinds of forests.
9. Describe how a mountain ecosystem is like an "island
of biodiversity.
8. Compare the biodiversity and stratification in the three
major kinds of forests.
Key Terms (Terms appear in the same font as they appear in the text.)
alpine tundra (p. 115)
arctic tundra (p. 114)
biomes (p. 106)
boreal forests (p. 120)
broadleaf deciduous trees (p. 119)
broadleaf evergreen plants (p. 117)
browsing (p. 111)
canopy (p. 118)
chaparral (p. 115)
climate (p. 101)
coastal coniferous forests (p. 121)
cold deserts (p. 108)
coniferous evergreen trees (p. 120)
convection (p. 103)
Coriolis effect (p. 102)
elevation (p. 101)
evergreen coniferous forests
global warming (p. 104)
grazing (p. 111)
greenhouse effect (p. 104)
greenhouse gases (p. 104)
Gulf Stream (p. 103)
islands of biodiversity (p. 122)
latitude (p. 101)
microclimates (p. 105)
monsoons (p. 105)
muskegs (p. 121)
permafrost (p. 114)
polar grasslands (p. 114)
prairies (p. 108)
prevailing winds (p. 102)
savanna (p. 111)
short-grass prairies (p. 108)
southern pine forests (p. 121)
succulent plants (p. 108)
taigas (p. 120)
tall-grass prairies (p. 108)
temperate deciduous forests (p. 119)
temperate deserts (p. 108)
temperate grasslands (p. 108)
temperate rain forests (p. 121)
temperate shrubland (p. 115)
tropical deserts (p. 108)
tropical dry forests (p. 119)
tropical rain forests (p. 117)
Chapter 6: Aquatic Biodiversity
1. Summarize the distribution of light, salt, and
temperature in different aquatic life zones.
2. Evaluate the significance of the ecological
contributions of the oceans.
3. Briefly describe the characteristics and ecological
significance of coral reefs. Describe environmental
and economic problems of coral reefs.
4. Distinguish between coastal and inland wetlands.
Describe the ecological functions performed by
wetlands. Describe environmental problems associated
with coastal and inland wetlands.
5. List and compare the four zones of a lake. Distinguish
between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Describe
stratification and a turnover in a lake.
6. Define watershed. List and distinguish the three zones
of a river system.
Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
abyssal zone (p. 135)
arctic tundra (p. 140)
barrier beaches (p. 133)
barrier islands (p. 133)
bathyal zone (p. 135)
benthic zone (p. 137)
benthos (p. 128)
coastal zone (p. 129)
continental shelf (p. 129)
coral bleaching (p. 126)
cultural eutrophication
deposit feeders (p. 135)
drainage basin (p. 138)
estuary (p. 129)
euphotic zone (p. 128)
eutrophic lake (p. 138)
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filter feeders (p. 135)
floodplain zone (p. 138)
floodplains (p. 140)
flowing (lotic) (p. 136)
freshwater (p. 127)
freshwater life zones (p. 136)
inland wetlands (p. 140)
intertidal zone (p. 131)
limnetic zone (p. 136)
littoral zone (p. 136)
mangrove forests (p. 129)
mesotrophic lake (p. 138)
nekton (p. 128)
oligotrophic lake (p. 138)
open sea (p. 135)
overturns (p. 137)
phytoplankton (p. 128)
plankton (p. 128)
polyps (p. 126)
profundal zone (p. 137)
rocky shores (p. 132)
runoff (p. 138)
salinity (p. 127)
saltwater (marine) (p. 127)
sandy shores (p. 133)
seasonal wetlands (p. 140)
source zone (p. 138)
standing (lentic) (p. 136)
transition zone (p. 138)
watershed (p. 138)
zooplankton
Instructor's Manual: Chapter 5
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Instructor's Manual: Chapter 5