Supplementary Material
Nyabuga et al: Host choice and preference in clover seed weevils
Supp. Fig. S1. Overview of clover weevil sampling sites in Skåne - Sweden. Six
fields in 2011 (circles with vertical strikethrough) and six in 2012 (circles with cross)
were sampled. Gray filled = red clover fields, and non - filled = white clover fields.
Field names are acronyms, i.e., first letter = type of clover (R for red, and W for
white); second letter = farming practice (conventional or organic); third and fourth
digits = year of sampling; last digit = number to differentiate fields.
1
Supp. Fig. S2. An illustration of the 40 m × 20 m insecticide free zone marked by
flags in a clover field. In 2011, six pan traps (circles) were set out 10 m from the outer
field margin, and at 7.5 m from either end of the length of the insecticide free zone. At
the beginning of July, two pan traps were removed (patterned circles) while the
remaining four were monitored throughout the season. In 2012, five pan traps were
used throughout the season, and set out 10 m from either end of the length of the
insecticide free zone.
2
Supp. Fig. S3. Mean number of female (gray shade) and male (black shade) Apion
fulvipes caught per pan trap and sampling date in six white clover fields, as well as
number of buds (black filled circles) and flowers (triangles) per dm2 area over time at
three fields in 2012.
3
Supp. Fig. S4. Mean number of female (gray shade) and male (black shade) Apion
trifolii caught per pan trap and sampling date in red clover fields in 2011 and 2012, as
well as number of buds (black filled circles) and flowers (triangles) per dm2 area over
time at three fields in 2012.
4
Supp. Table S1. Details of white clover fields and clover weevils sampled throughout the growing season in 2011 and 2012.
Date of
Field ID
Clover
Farming system sampling
WC115
White
Conventional
WC114
White
Conventional
Sum of Apion
weevils
Number
% Apion
of traps fulvipes of sum
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
Males, females
trifolii of sum
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species
2011-05-05
0
6
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2011-05-17
2
6
50
1, 0
0
0, 0
A. seniculus
2011-05-24
6
5
66.7
4, 0
0
0, 0
A. apricans
2011-05-31
4
6
100
1, 3
0
0, 0
2011-06-08
31
6
96.8
16, 14
3.2
1, 0
2011-06-14
20
6
95
3, 16
5
1, 0
2011-06-21
36
6
100
20, 16
0
0, 0
2011-06-28
44
5
100
15, 29
0
0, 0
2011-07-05
33
4
100
14, 19
0
0, 0
2011-07-12
25
4
56
4, 10
44
2, 9
2011-05-17
0
2
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2011-05-31
2
6
100
2, 0
0
0, 0
5
Date of
Field ID
WC116
Clover
White
Farming system sampling
Organic
Sum of Apion
weevils
Number
% Apion
of traps fulvipes of sum
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
Males, females
trifolii of sum
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species
2011-06-08
55
6
89.1
24, 25
9.1
3, 2
2011-06-14
127
6
96.1
66, 56
3.9
2, 3
2011-06-21
142
6
96.5
81, 56
3.5
3, 2
2011-06-28
192
6
97.9
97, 91
1.6
3, 0
2011-07-05
63
4
100
35, 28
0
0, 0
2011-07-12
21
4
100
8, 13
0
0, 0
2011-05-17
0
4
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2011-05-24
68
2
97.1
41, 25
0
0 ,0
2011-05-31
151
4
100
91, 60
0
0, 0
2011-06-08
276
5
100
126, 150
0
0, 0
2011-06-14
410
6
100
143, 267
0
0, 0
2011-06-21
708
6
99.9
209, 498
0.1
0, 1
2011-06-28
626
6
99.2
224, 397
0
0, 0
6
A. virens
A. virens
A. seniculus
A. virens
Date of
Field ID
WC125
Clover
White
Farming system sampling
Conventional
Sum of Apion
weevils
Number
% Apion
of traps fulvipes of sum
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
Males, females
trifolii of sum
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species
2011-07-05
325
4
99.4
114, 208
0
0, 0
A. virens
2011-07-12
227
4
98.7
73, 151
0
0, 0
A. virens
2012-05-09
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-16
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-22
43
5
97.7
29, 13
0
0, 0
2012-05-29
53
5
100
30, 23
0
0, 0
2012-06-05
86
5
100
32, 54
0
0, 0
2012-06-12
58
5
100
25, 33
0
0, 0
2012-06-20
65
5
100
26, 39
0
0, 0
2012-06-27
56
5
100
18, 38
0
0, 0
2012-07-04
42
5
100
16, 26
0
0, 0
2012-07-11
39
5
100
12, 27
0
0, 0
2012-07-18
298
5
100
141, 157
0
0, 0
7
Date of
Field ID
Clover
Farming system sampling
WO126
White
Organic
WC124
White
Conventional
Sum of Apion
weevils
Number
% Apion
of traps fulvipes of sum
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
Males, females
trifolii of sum
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species
2012-05-09
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-16
3
5
100
3, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-22
62
5
100
57, 5
0
0, 0
2012-05-29
22
5
100
17, 5
0
0, 0
2012-06-05
23
5
100
13, 10
0
0, 0
2012-06-12
33
5
100
20, 13
0
0, 0
2012-06-20
26
5
96.2
11, 14
3.8
0, 1
2012-06-27
48
5
100
26, 22
0
0, 0
2012-07-04
61
5
100
36, 25
0
0, 0
2012-07-11
39
5
97.4
15, 23
2.6
0, 1
2012-07-18
156
5
100
67, 89
0
0, 0
2012-05-16
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-16
11
5
100
7, 4
0
0, 0
8
Date of
Field ID
Clover
Farming system sampling
Sum of Apion
weevils
Number
% Apion
of traps fulvipes of sum
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
Males, females
trifolii of sum
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species
2012-05-22
27
5
100
18, 9
0
0, 0
2012-05-29
70
5
100
41, 29
0
0, 0
2012-06-05
76
5
100
26, 50
0
0, 0
2012-06-12
107
5
100
45, 62
0
0, 0
2012-06-20
128
5
100
59, 69
0
0, 0
2012-06-27
72
5
100
29, 43
0
0, 0
2012-07-04
110
5
100
56, 54
0
0, 0
2012-07-11
71
5
100
25, 46
0
0, 0
2012-07-18
214
5
100
92, 122
0
0, 0
9
Supp. Table S2. Details of red clover fields and clover weevils sampled throughout the growing season in 2011 and 2012.
Farming
Date of
Sum of Apion
Number
% Apion
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
weevils
of traps
fulvipes of sum
Males, females
trifolii of sum
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Field ID
Clover
system
sampling
Males, females species
RO113
Red
Organic
2011-05-31
1
6
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2011-06-08
7
6
0
0, 0
1
0, 7
2011-06-14
35
6
17.1
2, 4
82.9
15, 14
2011-06-21
32
6
3.1
1, 0
93.8
15, 15
A. apricans
2011-06-28
41
6
4.9
0, 2
92.7
23, 15
A. apricans
2011-07-05
13
4
0
0, 0
100
7, 6
A. apricans
A. apricans, A.
2011-07-12
41
4
2.4
1, 0
87.8
22, 14
virens
2011-07-19
20
4
0
0, 0
95
11, 8
A. virens
2011-07-26
12
4
0
0, 0
83.3
5, 5
A. virens
2011-08-02
23
4
0
0, 0
78.3
6, 12
A. virens
2011-08-09
19
4
0
0, 0
78.9
5, 10
A. apricans, A.
10
Field ID
Clover
Farming
Date of
system
sampling
Sum of Apion
Number
% Apion
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
weevils
of traps
fulvipes of sum
Males, females
trifolii of sum
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species
virens
RC111
Red
Conventional
2011-05-03
0
6
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2011-05-10
1
6
100
0, 1
0
0, 0
2011-05-17
1
6
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
A. apricans
2011-05-24
7
6
0
0, 0
71.4
2, 3
A. apricans
2011-05-31
21
6
0
0, 0
42.3
7, 2
A. apricans
2011-06-08
27
6
0
0, 0
29.7
0, 8
A. apricans
2011-06-14
51
6
0
0, 0
64.7
22, 11
A. apricans
2011-06-21
34
6
0
0, 0
91.2
19, 12
A. apricans
2011-06-28
37
6
0
0, 0
89.2
16, 17
A. apricans
2011-07-05
22
4
0
0, 0
90.9
7, 13
A. apricans
2011-07-12
21
4
0
0, 0
95.2
8, 12
A. virens
2011-07-19
13
4
0
0, 0
92.3
5, 7
A. virens
11
Field ID
Clover
Farming
Date of
Sum of Apion
Number
% Apion
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
system
sampling
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
weevils
of traps
fulvipes of sum
Males, females
trifolii of sum
2011-07-26
15
4
0
0, 0
100
7, 8
2011-08-02
20
4
5
0, 1
90
10, 8
Males, females species
A. virens
A. apricans, A.
RC112
Red
Conventional
2011-08-09
25
4
0
0, 0
80
6, 14
virens
2011-05-31
0
6
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2011-06-08
57
6
3.5
0, 2
94.7
21, 33
A. apricans
2011-06-14
109
6
0.92
0, 1
98.2
43, 64
A. apricans
2011-06-21
69
6
0
0, 0
100
30, 39
2011-06-28
194
6
0
0, 0
100
102, 92
2011-07-05
125
4
0
0, 0
98.4
60, 63
A. apricans
2011-07-12
86
4
0
0, 0
98.8
48, 37
A. seniculus
A. apricans, A.
2011-07-19
47
4
2.1
12
1, 0
93.6
21, 23
seniculus
Field ID
RO123
Clover
Red
Farming
Date of
system
sampling
Organic
Sum of Apion
Number
% Apion
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
weevils
of traps
fulvipes of sum
Males, females
trifolii of sum
2011-07-26
38
4
0
0, 0
97.4
27, 10
A. virens
2011-08-02
15
4
0
0, 0
80
1, 11
A. virens
2011-08-09
20
4
0
0, 0
95
10, 9
A. apricans
2012-05-09
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-16
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
Males, females species
A. apricans, A.
2012-05-22
2
4
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-29
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-06-05
1
5
0
0, 0
100
1, 0
2012-06-12
3
5
0
0, 0
66.7
2, 0
2012-06-20
13
5
0
0, 0
100
8, 5
2012-06-27
11
5
0
0, 0
100
6, 5
2012-07-04
21
5
0
0, 0
95.2
17, 3
13
seniculus
A. virens
A. apricans
Field ID
Clover
Farming
Date of
Sum of Apion
Number
% Apion
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
system
sampling
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
weevils
of traps
fulvipes of sum
Males, females
trifolii of sum
2012-07-11
25
5
0
0, 0
92
12, 11
2012-07-18
9
5
0
0, 0
88.9
6, 2
Males, females species
A. apricans
A. virens
A. apricans, A.
2012-07-25
9
5
11.1
0, 1
66.7
3, 3
virens
A. apricans, A.
RC122
Red
Conventional
2012-08-01
25
5
0
0, 0
72
10, 8
2012-05-09
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-16
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-22
2
5
50
0, 1
0
0, 0
A. virens
2012-05-29
2
5
50
0, 1
0
0, 0
A. virens
2012-06-05
3
5
100
1, 2
0
0, 0
2012-06-12
6
5
100
3, 3
0
0, 0
2012-06-20
30
5
56.7
8, 9
20
2, 4
14
virens
A. apricans
Field ID
RC121
Clover
RED
Farming
Date of
system
sampling
Conventional
Sum of Apion
Number
% Apion
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
weevils
of traps
fulvipes of sum
Males, females
trifolii of sum
2012-06-27
14
5
71.4
4, 6
28.6
2, 2
2012-07-04
22
5
45.5
8, 2
54.5
3, 9
2012-07-11
2
5
0
0, 0
100
1, 1
2012-07-18
5
4
40
0, 2
20
0, 1
A. apricans
2012-07-25
10
4
70
6, 1
10
1, 0
A. Apricans
2012-08-01
13
4
30.8
1, 3
53.8
6, 1
A. apricans
2012-05-09
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-16
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-22
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-05-29
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-06-05
0
5
0
0, 0
0
0, 0
2012-06-12
2
5
0
0, 0
50
0, 1
A. apricans
2012-06-20
15
5
0
0, 0
86.7
7, 6
A. apricans
15
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species
Field ID
Clover
Farming
Date of
Sum of Apion
Number
% Apion
Apion fulvipes -
% Apion
system
sampling
weevils
of traps
fulvipes of sum
Males, females
trifolii of sum
2012-06-27
4
5
0
0, 0
100
1, 3
2012-07-04
9
5
0
0, 0
88.9
6, 2
A. apricans
2012-07-11
13
5
0
0, 0
84.6
4, 7
A. apricans
2012-07-18
11
5
0
0, 0
90.9
4, 6
A. virens
2012-07-25
5
5
0
0, 0
100
3, 2
2012-08-01
7
5
0
0, 0
100
4, 3
16
Apion trifolii - Other weevils
Males, females species