Hist. 0847 AMERICAN MILITARY CULTURE
Section 002
A General Education Course
GenEd Area: U.S. Society
CRN: 22792, TTh, 12:30-1:50 P.M., 0B307 Weiss Hall
Spring Semester 2014
Credit Hours: 3
Professor: Gregory J. W. Urwin, Ph.D.
Office: 931 Gladfelter Hall
Office Hours: 10:20 A.M.-12:10 P.M., Tuesday; 2:00-3:10 P.M., Thursday; or by
appointment.
Office Telephone Number: 215-204-3809
E-Mail: gurwin@temple.edu
Web Site: http://www.temple.edu/history/urwin/index.html
Teaching Assistant: Thomas A. Reinstein
TA Telephone Number: 215-204-9875
Office: 955 Gladfelter Hall
TA E-Mail Address: tud51800@temple.edu
TA Office Hours: 2:00-3:10 P.M., Tuesday; 10:20 A.M.-12:10 P.M., Thursday, or by
appointment.
Course Description: “American Military Culture” examines the various cultural forces
that have produced the American armed forces, the most powerful and most
expensive military establishment in the world. This course challenges the
impression that the American military is an objective response to national security
threats, and argues shows how it is actually an expression of the strengths and
weaknesses of American society. It traces the evolution of a defense system
originally based on the idea of universal military obligation to an all-volunteer
military that reflects the fragmentation of American society and increased
outsourcing to mercenary (contractor) security forces. “American Military
Culture” also explores the dysfunctional effects of inter-service rivalry and civilmilitary tensions in a military establishment that is supposedly unified and subject
to civilian control.
Goals and Objectives:
Knowledge Based Skills: 1) Track Transitions; 2) Multicultural and Multi-Gender
Americanism; 3) Impact of Technology; 4) Importance of Politics in CivilMilitary Relations; 5) Evolution of American Way of War; 6) Impact of Differing
Service Traditions and Inter-Service Relations; 7) Capabilities and Limitations of
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Violence as a Political Tool; 8) Changing Relationship between Military Service,
Patriotism, and Citizenship; 9) Recognition of Primary Sources.
Skill-Based Goals: 1) Spatial Awareness; 2) Writing Proficiency; 3) Appreciation
for Historical Context; 4) Improved Reading Comprehension; 5) Sequential
Logic; 6) Analytical Thinking; 7) Preparation for a Lifetime of Learning; 8)
Research Skills; 9) Computer Literacy.
Required Course Texts
Martin, James Kirby, and Mark Edward Lender. A Respectable Army: The Military
Origins of the Republic, 1763-1789. 2nd ed. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson,
Inc., 2005.
Gerald K. Linderman. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American
Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1989.
Jennifer Keene. Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Thomas E. Ricks. The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to
Today. New York: Penguin Books, 2013.
Semester Grade: The student’s final grade will be based on the total number of points
earned in two exams (100 points apiece, or 200 points, total), two reflective
essays (100 points apiece, or 200 points, total); a group project (100 points), and
two quizzes (50 points apiece, or 100 points, total) – a grand total of 600 possible
points. Class attendance and participation will affect the grade. The professor
reserves the right to fail any student who misses six classes without prior
permission or valid excuses. It is up to any student who misses a test or quiz to
schedule a make-up session with the teaching assistant. Students who do not
provide valid excuses for missing the dates on which these exercises were
originally scheduled can expect a late penalty. The longer it takes to make up
such exercises, the greater that penalty can be. In such cases, students can expect
to lose one letter grade for every class day that passes before the missed exercise
is completed. If opportunities arise, the class will be able to earn extra-credit
points by attending films, lectures, or other educational events relating to the
content of the course.
First Reflective Essay: Drawing on Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army, plus what
you learned in our class lectures and discussions and any of your optional reading,
describe the basic military defense system that America’s founders established
during the Revolution and the decade that followed. How did the founders
attempt to provide for the national defense without infringing on the people’s
liberties? What, in your opinion, were the chief merits of this system, and what
were its defects? In other words, was this defense system a realistic response to
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the young republic’s security needs or was it more an exercise in rhetoric and
wishful thinking?
Your essay should be at least seven pages long – typed, double-spaced, and in 10or 12-point font.
Second Reflective Essay: Summarize the main arguments in Jennifer D. Keene,
Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America. Feel free to tap what
you have learned in class discussions and any of your optional reading as you
assess and critique Keene’s work.
According to Keene, how did World War I change America? More particularly,
how did this conflict transform the American military and American military
culture? How did the civilian attitudes of the multitude of citizen soldiers who
flooded into the U.S. Army in 1917 and 1918 shape the character of the U.S.
Army? How did the respective racial agendas of white and black Doughboys
complicate race relations in the wartime army? What was the cult of
aggressiveness that permeated the army during the war, and how did it manifest
itself among the troops during training and after they reached the front in France?
Why did the U.S. Army’s senior leadership encourage the formation of the
American Legion, what did the army expect to gain from this veterans’
organization, and how were those expectations disappointed? What political
agenda ultimately unite World War I veterans after the war? What was the
purpose of the Bonus March? Why did the Bonus Expeditionary Force inspire
such apprehension among certain American political officials, and how did those
fears affect the outcome of the Bonus March?
Finally, how did the G.I. Bill of 1944 set the veteran apart as a unique social class
in American society?
Your essay should be at least seven pages long – typed, double-spaced, and in 10or 12-point font.
Group Project: The class will be divided into six debate teams containing no more than
twelve students apiece. Each team will elect its own leader. These teams will be
tasked with taking either a pro or con stand on one of the following questions:
1) Has the repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” weakened the American military?
2) Should women be assigned to combat units on the same basis as men?
3) Should cases of sexual assault be taken out of the military chain of command
and given to independent lawyers for investigation?
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The instructor and teaching assistant will decide which teams argue pro or con.
Each team will be expected to research its position and give a twenty-minute
public presentation the final week-and-a-half of class. Team members will
receive a collective grade on this exercise. The leader of each team that receives a
passing grade will be awarded ten extra credit points. The team leader will also
identify his or her most valuable player and two runners up (in private
conversation with his or her teaching assistant). The MVPs will each receive ten
extra credit points, and the runners up will get five extra credit points apiece.
Students interested in the issue of gays in the military can begin their research at
the Palm Center (http://www.palmcenter.org/); Gay Military Signal
(http://www.gaymilitarysignal.com/Links.html); Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t
Pursue: Robert Crown Law Library at Stanford Law School
(http://dont.stanford.edu/); Unit Cohesion and the Impact of DADT
(http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2010/fall/schaub.pdf); the Center for Military
Readiness (http://www.cmrlink.org/content/home); and Yahoo Directory to Gays
in the Military
(http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Cultures_and_Groups/Lesbian__Gay_
_Bisexual__and_Transgendered/Issues_and_Causes/Gays_in_the_Military/).
You may also consult the web site of U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand
(http://www.gillibrand.senate.gov/), who helped lead the charge against Don’t
Ask, Don’t Tell.
Students interested in researching women in the military should check out the
Minerva Center: A Nonprofit Educational Foundation Supporting Student of
Women in War & Women in the Military (http://www.minervacenter.com/);
Women in the U.S. Military and Combat: Research Roundup
(http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/gender-society/women-militaryresearch-roundup); the Center for Military Readiness
(http://www.cmrlink.org/content/home);Women in Combat Compendium
(http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub830.pdf ); Women in
the Armed Forces (http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/women/womtoc.htm); Sisters
in Arms (http://sistersinarms.ca/); Marine Corps Gazette (http://www.mcamarines.org/gazette/article/women-combat-bogus-old-arguments-rise-againrebuttal); Women in Combat: Issues for Congress
(http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42075.pdf); and the web site of the
International Debate Education Association
(http://idebate.org/debatabase/debates/politics/house-would-allow-women-takepart-combat).
Students interested in the debate over how cases of sexual harassment and assault
can be best handled by the American military should consult the U.S. Department
of Defense Sexual Assault Prevention and Response: http://www.sapr.mil/; the
Center for Military Readiness (http://www.cmrlink.org/content/home); Top Ten
Reasons Sen. Gillibrand’s Bill is the Wrong Solution to Military Sexual Assault
(http://jaa.org/templates/files/dunlapgillibrandbilltenreasonspdfa.pdf); National
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Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence
(http://www.ncdsv.org/ncd_military_svissues.html). You will also find useful
leads on the web sites of U.S. Senators Kirsten Gillibrand
(http://www.gillibrand.senate.gov/) and Claire McCaskill
(http://www.mccaskill.senate.gov/).
You will find comments on both issues in Vet Voice: The Voice of America’s
21st Century Patriots, which styles itself as “the online home of Iraq and
Afghanistan veterans.”
Academic Honesty Statement: Students are expected to do their own work on all
exams, quizzes, and other exercises. Anyone caught cheating in class and/or
plagiarizing will receive a failing grade in the course. The American Heritage
Dictionary defines plagiarism as: “1. To steal and use the ideas and writings of
another as one’s own. 2. To appropriate passages or ideas from another and use
them as one’s own.”
Americans with Disabilities Act Statement: Temple University adheres to the
provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. If you need an accommodation
under this Act due to a disability, you must immediately contact Disability
Resources and Services at 215-204-1280 or 11280 and register. You may also
access Disability Resources and Services at this web site:
http://www.temple.edu/studentaffairs/disability/. After you are duly registered,
you must make an appointment with the instructor to discuss the academic
accommodation that your disability requires. If you are entitled to additional time
for completing quizzes and exams, you need to e-mail an electronic version of a
Test Administration Request Form. Be sure to fill out the student section. The
instructor will complete the rest of the form and then send electronic copies to you
and Disability Resources and Services. Do not hesitate to request the
accommodations guaranteed you by law. This is not a matter of preferential
treatment; it is a matter of justice.
Statement on Student and Faculty Academic Rights and Responsibilities: Freedom
to teach and freedom to learn are inseparable facets of academic freedom. The
University has a policy on Student and Faculty Academic Rights and
Responsibilities (Policy #03.70.02), which can be accessed through at the
following URL: http://policies.temple.edu/PDF/99.pdf.
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Course Schedule
Unit I. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY SYSTEM, 16001783
21-24 January 2014
WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION
Reading: Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army, Ch. 1
27-31 January 2014
WEEK 2: SHORT-TERM SOLUTIONS, 1607-1776
Reading: Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army, Ch. 2
3-7 February 2014
WEEK 3: TOWARD A STANDING ARMY, 1776-1783
Reading: Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army, Chs. 4-5
Unit II. RELEARNING THE SAME LESSONS, 1783-1898
10-14 February 2014
WEEK 4: THE ARMY OF THE CONSTITUTION, 1783-1800
Readings: Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army, Ch. 6
First Reflective Essay Due, 13 February (Martin and Lender, A Respectable Army)
17-21 February 2014
WEEK 5: REGULARS, MILITIA, AND VOLUNTEERS, 1800-1860
Reading: Linderman, Embattled Courage, Chs. 1-5
24-28 February 2014
WEEK 6: AMATEURISM AND SLAUGHTER, 1861-90
Reading: Linderman, Embattled Courage, Chs. 6-12
Quiz on Linderman, Embattled Courage, 27 February
UNIT III. AMERICA’S DRAFTEE WARS, 1917-1973
3-7 March 2014
SPRING BREAK (No Classes)
10-14 March 2014
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WEEK 7: PROLOGUE: THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE AMERICAN
OFFICER CORPS
Reading: Keene, Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America, Chs. 1-4
17-21 March 2014
WEEK 8: WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II, 1917-1945
Mid-Term Exam (20 March)
Reading: Keene, Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America, Chs. 5-8 and
Epilogue
24-28 March 2014
WEEK 9: THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN COMMAND CULTURE,
WORLD WAR II
Reading: Ricks, The Generals, Chs. 1-8
Second Reflective Essay Due, 27 March
31 March-4 April 2014
WEEK 10: AMERICAN COMMAND CULTURE IN THE KOREAN WAR, 195053
Reading: Ricks, The Generals, Chs. 9-14
7-11 April 2014
WEEK 11: VIETNAM AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1964-73
Reading: Ricks, The Generals, Chs. 15-21
UNIT IV. THE ALL VOLUNTEER MILITARY AND AN ERA OF
PERPETUAL WAR, 1990-PRESENT
14-18 April 2014
WEEK 12: THE MILITARY REMODELS ITSELF, 1973-89
Reading: Ricks, The Generals, Chs. 22-23
21-25 April 2014
WEEK 13: AMERICA AND ITS MILITARY: WHERE DO WE GO FROM
HERE?/ PRESENTATION OF GROUP PROJECTS
Reading: Ricks, The Generals, Chs. 24-30 and Epilogue
Quiz on Ricks, The Generals, 22 April
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28 April - 2 May 2014
WEEK 14: PRESENTATION OF GROUP PROJECTS
6-7 May 2014
STUDY DAYS
8-14 May 2014
FINAL EXAMS
Final Exam, Thursday, 8 May 2014, 10:30 A.M.-12:30 P.M.
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Optional Readings
Unit I. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY SYSTEM, 1600-1783
Anderson, Fred. A People’s Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven
Years’ War. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985.
Bodle, Wayne. The Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. University
Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.
Brumwell, Stephen. White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in
Colonial America. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005.
Chet, Guy. Conquering the American Wilderness: The Triumph of European Warfare in
the Colonial Northeast. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003.
Cox, Caroline. A Proper Sense of Honor: Service and Sacrifice in George Washington’s
Army. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Fischer, David Hackett. Washington’s Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press,
2004.
Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 16071814. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Gross, Robert A. The Minutemen and Their World. New York: Hill and Wang, 1976.
Higginbotham, Don. George Washington and the American Military Tradition. Athens:
University of Georgia Press, 1987.
Malone, Patrick M. The Skulking Way of War: Technology and Tactics among the New
England Indians. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Mattern, David B. Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution. Columbia:
University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
Mayer, Holly A. Belonging to the Army: Camp Followers and Community during the
American Revolution. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
Mintz, Max M. The Generals of Saratoga: John Burgoyne & Horatio Gates. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Neimeyer, Charles Patrick. America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental
Army: A Social History of the Continental Army. New York: New York
University Press, 1997.
9
Rosswurm, Steven. Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and the
“Lower-Sort” during the American Revolution. Piscataway: Rutgers University
Press, 1987.
Royster, Charles. A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American
Character, 1775-1783. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981.
Shy, John. A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for
American Independence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991.
Starkey, Armstrong. European and Native American Warfare, 1675-1815. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Steele, Ian K. Betrayals: Fort William Henry & the “Massacre.” New York: Oxford
University Press, 1990.
________. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press,
1994.
Zaboly, Gray S. A True Ranger: The Life and Many Wars of Major Robert Rogers.
Syosset, NY: Royal Blockhouse LLC, 2005.
Unit II. RELEARNING OLD LESSONS, 1783-1898
Ambrose, Stephen E. Upton and the Army. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University,
1964.
Barbuto, Richard V. Niagara 1814: America Invades Canada. Lawrence: University
Press of Kansas, 2000.
Burkhardt, George S. Confederate Rage, Yankee Wrath: No Quarter in the Civil War.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007.
Coffman, Edward M. The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime,
1784-1898. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Cooling, Benjamin F. Gray Steel and Blue Water Navy: The Formative Years of
America's Military-Industrial Complex, 1881-1917. Hamden, CT: Archon Books,
1979.
Connelley, Donald B. John M. Schofield and the Politics of Command. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Cosmas, Graham A. An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the SpanishAmerican War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971.
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Crackel, Theodore J. Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military
Establishment, 1801-1809. New York: New York University Press, 1987.
Cress, Lawrence Delbert. Citizens in Arms: The Army and the Militia in American
Society to the War of 1812. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1982.
Cunliffe, Marcus. Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775-1865.
Boston: Little Brown, and Co., 1968.
Dobak, William A., and Thomas D. Phillips. The Black Regulars, 1866-1898. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
Foner, Jack D. The United States Soldier between Two Wars, 1865-1898: Army Life and
Reform. New York: Humanities Press, 1970.
Foos, Paul. A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the
Mexican-American War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Foote, Lorien. The Gentlemen and the Roughs: Violence, Honor, and Manhood in the
Union Army. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
Gaff, Alan D. Bayonets in the Wilderness: Anthony Wayne’s Legion in the Old
Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.
Gates, John M. “The Alleged Isolation of the U.S. Army Officer in the Late Nineteenth
Century.” Parameters 10 (September 1980): 32-45.
Glatthaar, Joseph T. The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman’s Troops in the
Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns. New York: New York University Press,
1985.
________. Partners in Command: The Relationships between Leaders in the Civil War.
New York: Free Press, 1993.
________. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White
Officers. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000.
________. General Lee’s Army: From Victory to Collapse. New York: Free Press,
2008.
________. Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia: A Statistical Portrait of the
Troops Who Served under Robert E. Lee. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 2011.
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Grimsley, Mark: The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern
Civilians, 1861-1865. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Hutton, Paul Andrew. Phil Sheridan and His Army. Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press, 1985.
Karsten, Peter. The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence
of Modern American Navalism. New York: Free Press, 1972.
Kohn, Richard H. Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military
Establishment. New York: Free Press, 1975.
Linderman, Gerald F. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American
Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1989.
McCaffrey, James M. Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican
War, 1846-1848. New York: New York University Press, 1994.
McKee, Christopher. A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the
U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794-1815. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Mitchell, Reid. The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995.
Noe, Kenneth W. Reluctant Rebels: The Confederates Who Joined the Army after 1861.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
Prokopowicz, Gerald J. All for the Regiment: The Army of the Ohio, 1861-1862. Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Ramold, Steven J. Slaves, Sailors, Citizens: African Americans in the Union Navy.
DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002.
________. Daring the Iron Hand: Discipline in the Union Army. DeKalb: Northern
Illinois University Press, 2010.
Rickey, Don, Jr. Forty Miles a Day on Beans and Hay: The Enlisted Soldier Fighting the
Indian Wars. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
Sanders, Charles W., Jr. While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil
War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.
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Shulimson, Jack. The Marine Corps’ Search for a Mission, 1880-1898. Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 1993.
Skelton, William B. An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 17841861. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992.
Spiller, Roger J. “Calhoun’s Expansible Army: The History of a Military Idea.” South
Atlantic Quarterly 79 (1980): 189-203.
Stagg, J. C. A. Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early
American Republic, 1783-1830. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.
Urwin, Gregory J. W., ed. Black Flag over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the
Civil War. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001.
Watson, Samuel J. Jackson’s Sword: The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier,
1818-1821. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012.
________. Peacekeepers and Conquerors: The Army Officer Corps on the American
Frontier, 1861-1846. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013.
Winders, Richard Bruce. Mr. Polk’s Army: The American Military Experience in the
Mexican War. (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1977.
Wooster, Robert. The Military and United States Indian Policy, 1865-1903. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1988.
UNIT III. AMERICA’S DRAFTEE WARS, 1917-1973
Abrahamson, James L. America Arms for a New Century: The Making of a Great
Military Power. New York: Free Press, 1981.
Anderson, David L., ed. Facing My Lai: Moving beyond the Massacre. Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 1998.
Barlow, Jeffrey G. Revolt of the Admirals: The Fight for Naval Aviation, 1945-1950.
Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1994.
Barnett, Arnold, Timothy Stanley, and Michael Shore. “America’s Vietnam Casualties:
Victims of a Class War?” Operations Research 40 (September-October 1992):
856-66.
Bickel, Keith B. Mars Learning: The Marine Corps’ Development of Small Wars
Doctrine, 1915-1940. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.
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Brereton, T. R. Educating the U.S. Army: Arthur L. Wagner and Reform, 1875-1905.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
Bristow, Nancy K. Making Men Moral: Social Engineering during the Great War:
Social Engineering during the Great War. New York: New York University
Press, 1997.
Burrell,Robert S. The Ghosts of Iwo Jima. College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2006.
Buzzanco, Robert. Masters of War: Military Dissent and Politics in the Vietnam Era.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Cameron, Craig. American Samurai: Myth, Imagination, and the Conduct of Battle in the
First Marine Division, 1941-1945. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1994.
Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America.
New York: Free Press, 1987.
Clifford, J. Garry. The Citizen Soldiers: Plattsburg Training Camp Movement, 19131920. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1972.
Clodfelter, Mark. The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam.
New York: Free Press, 1989.
Coffman, Edward M. The Regulars: The American Army, 1899-1941. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 2004.
Collins, Martin J. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State,
1945-1950 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2002).
Crane, Conrad C. Bombs, Cities, and Civilians: American Airpower Strategy in World
War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
_________. American Airpower Strategy in Korea 1950-1953. Lawrence: University
Press of Kansas, 2000.
Culp, Ronald K. The First Black United States Marines: The Men of Montford Point,
1942-1945. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2007.
Doubler, Michael D. Closing with the Enemy: How GIs Fought the War In Europe,
1944-1945. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994.
Flynn, George Q. The Draft, 1940-1973. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
14
Foot, Rosemary. The Wrong War: American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean
Conflict, 1950-1953. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.
Ford, Nancy Gentile. Americans All!: Foreign-Born Soldiers in World War I. College
Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001.
Gaff, Alan D. Blood in the Argonne: The “Lost Battalion” of World War I. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.
Gates, John M. Schoolbooks and Krags: The United States Army in the Philippines,
1898-1902. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.
Griffith, Robert K., Jr. The U.S. Army’s Transition to the All-Volunteer Force 1968-1974.
Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1997.
Hargreaves, Andrew L. Special Operations in World War II: British and American
Irregular Warfare. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
Hattendorf, John. Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial History of the U.S. Naval War
College. Newport: Naval War College Press, 1984.
Huebner, Andrew J. The Warrior Image: Soldiers in American Culture from the Second
World War to the Vietnam Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
2008.
Jablon, Howard. David M. Shoup: A Warrior against War. Lanham, MD: Rowan &
Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005.
Jones, Wilbur D., Jr. Gyrene: The World War II United States Marine. Shippensburg,
PA: White Mane Books, 1998.
Keiser, Gordon W. The U.S. Marine Corps and Defense Unification 1944-47: The
Politics of Survival. Washington. D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1982.
Keene, Jennifer D. Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Kindsvatter, Peter S. American Soldiers: Ground Combat in the World Wars, Korea, &
Vietnam. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003.
Kinnard, Douglas. The War Managers: American Generals Reflect on Vietnam. New
York: Da Capo Paperback, 1977.
Krepinevich, Andrew F., Jr. The Army and Vietnam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University of Press, 1986.
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Lewis, Adrien. Omaha Beach: A Flawed Victory. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 2001.
Lewy, Guenter. America in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Linderman, Gerald F. The World Within War: America’s Combat Experience in World
War II. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Linn, Brian McAllister. The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War,
1899-1902. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
________. Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902-1940. Chapel
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Machoian, Ronald G. William Harding Carter and the American Army. Norman:
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Marshall, S.L.A. Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command. New York:
William Morrow & Co., 1947; Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000.
Matheny, Michael R. Carrying the War to the Enemy: American Operational Art to
1945. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.
McBride, William M. Technological Change and the United States Navy, 1865-1945.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
McManus, John C. Grunts: Inside the American Infantry Experience, World War II
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the Lies That Led to Vietnam. New York: Harper Perennial, 1998.
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Millett, Allan R. The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the United States
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16
Muth, Jorg. Command Culture: Officer Education in the U.S. Army and the German
Armed Forces, 1901-1940, and the Consequences for World War II. Denton:
University of North Texas Press, 2011.
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Simon and Schuster, 1984.
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1865-1920. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990.
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Infantry Regiment. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001.
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and Victory in World War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010.
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American Military History. Lexington: University of Press of Kentucky, 1987.
Sherry, Michael S. The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.
Sorley, Lewis. Thunderbolt: From the Battle of the Bulge to Vietnam and Beyond:
General Creighton Abrams and the Army of His Times. Washington, D.C.:
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________. Honorable Warrior: General Harold K. Johnson and the Ethics of
Command. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1998.
Spector, Ronald H. Professors of War: The Naval War College and the Development of
the Naval Profession. Newport: Naval War College, 1977.
Spires, David N. Patton’s Airforce: Forging a Legendary Air-Ground Team
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17
Stanton, Shelby. Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam,
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Ulbrich, David J. Preparing for Victory: Thomas Holcomb and the Making of the
Modern Marine Corps, 1936-1943. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011.
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Van Creveld, Martin. Fighting Power: German and U.S. Army Performance, 1939-1945.
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Williams, Chad L. Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World
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UNIT IV. THE ALL-VOLUNTEER MILITARY AND THE ERA OF
PERPETUAL WAR, 1990-PRESENT
Atkinson, Rick. Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1993.
________. In the Company of Soldiers: A Chronicle of Combat. New York: Henry Holt
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Bailey, Beth. America’s Army: Making the All Volunteer Force. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 2009.
18
Barnett, Thomas P. M. The Pentagon’s New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First
Century. New York: Free Press, 2003.
Berkowitz, Bruce. The New Face of War: How War Will Be Fought in the 21st Century.
New York: Free Press, 2003.
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Press, 1988.
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Books, 2000.
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U.S. Army Special Operation Forces in Afghanistan. Fort Leavenworth, KS:
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Britt, Thomas W., Carl Andrew Castre, and Amy B. Adler, eds. Military Life: The
Psychology of Serving in Peace and Combat. Westport, CT: Praeger Security
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Republic. New York: Henry Holt, 2004.
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________. Winning Modern Wars: Iraq, Terrorism, and the American Empire. New
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Evangelista, Matthew. Innovation and the Arms Race: How the United States and the
19
Soviet Union Develop New Military Technologies. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1988.
Feaver, Peter D., and Richard H. Kohn, eds. Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military
Gap and American National Security. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.
Feaver, Peter D., Takako Hikotani, and Shaun Narine. “Civilian Control and CivilMilitary Gaps in the United States, Japan, and China.” Asian Perspective 29, No.
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Fenner, Lorry M. Women in Combat: Civic Duty or Military Liability. Washington,
D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2001.
Franklin, H. Bruce. War Stars: The Superweapon and the American Imagination. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Gelfand, H. Michael. Sea Change at Annapolis: The United States Naval Academy, 19492000. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
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Conflict in the Gulf. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1995.
________. Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. New
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Griffith, Robert K., Jr. The U.S. Army’s Transition to the All-Volunteer Force, 19681974. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1997.
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Hoffman, George F., and Donn A. Starry. Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of
U.S. Armored Forces. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999.
20
Kaplan, Robert D. Imperial Grunts: The American Military on the Ground. New York:
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Keaney, Thomas A., and Eliot A. Cohen. Revolution in Warfare?: Air Power in the
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Kolko, Gabriel. Another Century of War? New York: New Press, 2002.
Krulak, Victor H. First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps. Annapolis:
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Lacey, Jim. Take Down: The 3rd Infantry Division’s Twenty-one Day Assault on
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_________. Transformation under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights. Westport,
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McManus, John C. Grunts: Inside the American Infantry Experience, World War II
through Iraq. New York: NAL Caliber, 2010.
McMichael, William H. The Mother of All Hooks: The Story of the U.S. Navy’s
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Mayer, Jane. The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a
War on American Ideals. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 2008.
Mitchell, Brian. Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster. Washington, D.C.:
Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998.
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Murray, Williamson, and Robert H. Scales, Jr. The Iraq War: A Military History.
Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2003.
21
Odom, William E. America’s Military Revolution: Strategy and Structure after the Cold
War. Washington, D.C.: American University Press, 1993.
Record, Jeffrey. Dark Victory: America’s Second War against Iraq. Annapolis: Naval
Institute Press, 2004.
Ricks, Thomas E. “The Widening Gap between the Military and Society,” The Atlantic
Monthly 280 (July 1997): 66-78.
________. Making the Corps. New York: Scribner, 1997.
_________. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. New York: Penguin
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________. The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today.
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Rosen, Stephen Peter. Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.
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Brassey’s, 1994.
Shilts, Randy. Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.S. Military. New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
Simon, Rita James. Women in the Military. New Brusnswick, NJ: Transaction
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Singer, Peter W. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Skaine, Rosemarie. Women at War: Gender Issues of Americans in Combat. Jefferson,
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________. Women in Combat: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABCCLIO, 2011.
Solaro, Erin. Women in the Line of Fire: What You Should Know about Women in the
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General Creighton Abrams and the Army of His Times. Washington, D.C.:
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22
Werrell, Kenneth P. Chasing the Silver Bullet: U.S. Air Force Weapons Development
from Vietnam to Desert Storm (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
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Wise, James E., and Scott Baron. Women at War: Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other
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Woodward, Bob. The Commanders. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
________. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004.
Zeigler, Sarah L., and Gregory G, Gunderson. Moving beyond G.I. Jane: Women and the
U.S. Military. Lanham, MD: University Press of American, 2005.
Zinni, Tony, and Tony Koltz. The Battle for Peace: A Frontline Vision of America’s
Power and Purpose. New York: Palgrave MacMillan Press, 2006.
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