Name__________________________
Per_____
PreAP Biology Spring EOS Review
Introduction to Biology
Distinguish among the following:
independent variable and dependent variable -The independent variable is one the scientist
determines to change. It is not dependent on anything else. The dependent variable is being
measured and depends on the value of the independent variable. Independent is on the x-axis;
the dependent is on the y-axis.
control set-up and constant -The control setup you do nothing to. It is not altered from natural
conditions. The constant is every factor that must remain the same to be sure that the
independent variable is causing the resulting dependent variable.
Review laboratory safety rules. Be sure you can apply them to situations described for you. For example,
what is the first rule in case of an accident? When do you have to wear goggles (be specific, don’t just
say “always”)? If there is an accident, immediately tell the teacher. Wear goggles anytime you
are working with chemicals, sharp objects, heat or anything that could potentially harm your
eyes.
Draw and identify the function of the following pieces of laboratory equipment. If it is used for measuring
identify what is being measured and the unit.
Ex) metric ruler - measures length in centimeters or provides a
straight edge when creating scientific drawings
Forceps- Picking up or moving very small
items
graduated cylinder-Measure liquids with
accuracy. Not for heating.
Beaker-Hold, heat or mix chemicals.
Not for measuring.
Ehrlenmeyer flask-Hold, heat or mix
chemicals. Not for measuring.
balance (not a scale!)-For
measuring the MASS of an object with
accuracy.
Thermometer-For measuring heat with
accuracy, always in Celsius.
Six hundred plants were divided into 6 groups of 100 each. Each group was placed in lights of different colors for 600
hours. Group I was kept in red light, Group II in yellow light, Group III in green light, Group IV in blue light, Group V in
white light and Group VI in ultraviolet light. Every 60 hours the number of leaves on the plants were counted and the
width of the leaf at its broadest point was measured.
4. Identify the components of the experiment.
Independent variable: _color of light_______
Dependent variable: __leaf width_
Constants: _Type of plan, size of plant, soil, amount of water, time in light.___
Hypothesis:If plants are grown under various colors of light, then plants will grow best in light.
Describe a control set-up or control group: Plants in 5. Set up a graph. Label the X and Y axes. Title
the graph. (You do not need to GRAPH anything, only set it up!)
1
Leaf Width of Plants Under Various Colors of Light for 600hrs.
Width of
Leaf (cm)
Hours Under Colors of Light
Microscopes
What can you NOT touch on the microscope once you have moved the 10X or 40X objective into place?
____The coarse focus knob. Why? Because you will break the slide or damage the lens.
Explain how to make a wet mount slide of cheek cells using a glass slide and coverslip. Scrape the
inside of your cheek with the end of a flat toothpick. Add one drop of Methylene blue to slide.
Smear the toothpick in the drop and immediately cover with a cloverslip, placed at a 45 degree
angle.
If you increase the magnification, can you see more or less of a specimen? _Less_ Explain. There is
more of the specimen in view and less of the surrounding areas. It’s like getting closer.
Review the parts of the microscope. Ocular lens (eyepiece), Revolving Nosepiece (houses
objective lens), Objectives (4X, 10X and 40X), Stage (where slide is placed), Stage Clips (holds
slide in place), Diaphragm (controls amount of light passing through the object), Coarse
Adjustment Knob (used to focus under low power), Fine Adjustment Knob (Used to fine tune
focus under any power).
Cells: Structure & Function
Draw and label the following cell structures, including their infrastructure:
chloroplast,
mitochondria,
nucleus
Distinguish among the following terms:
active transport-Energy (ATP) required
to move molecules from low to high
concentration; up/against the
concentration gradient. Ex. endo &
exocytosis; Na+/K+ pump; H+ pump
2
Diffusion-Process by which molecules
spread from areas of high
concentration to low without
requiring energy; down/with the
concentration gradient; a type of
passive transport
Osmosis-The diffusion of water
molecules through a semi-permeable
membrane without requiring energy.
(passive transport)
passive transport- movement of
molecules from high to low
concentration without requiring
energy. ex. Diffusion, facilitated
diffusion and Osmosis.
Endocytosis-Substances are moved
INTO a cell by a vesicle that pinches
off from the cell membrane; requires
energy (ATP) so is a type of active
transport
Phagocytosis-A type of active
transport/endocytosis when the
nutrient particles are solid; (Cellular
eating.)
Exocytosis-Substances inside a vesicle
are released OUT OF a cell as the
vesicle fuses with the cell membrane.
(requires energy = active transport)
Pinocytosis- A type of active
transport/endocytosis when the
nutrient particles are dissolved in a
liquid; (cellular drinking.)
facilitated diffusion-Moves substances
down the concentration gradient w/o
using cell’s energy, using
channel/carrier proteins located in
the membrane. (passive transport)
Illustrate the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic using the beakers and cells shown below.
Explain what you would expect to happen if the cell membrane is semipermeable (selectively
permeable).
HYPOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
ISOTONIC
Solvent = water; solute = dissolved particles
Isotonic-Concentration of solution outside the cell is the same as the concentration of
the solution inside. Water is moving out and in at equal rates.
Hypertonic-There are more solute molecules in the solution outside the cell compared to
the concentration inside the cell. Water will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink.
Hypotonic-There are less solute molecules outside the cell than inside the cell. Water
will move into the cell and the cell will swell
Biochemistry
What inorganic molecule is required for most reactions involving large polymers such as proteins,
nucleic acids, and polysaccharides? Water
What does organic mean? A molecule containing Carbon (except CO and CO2)
Review the terms hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis (use word parts). Which one of these
produces water (so removes water)? Which one requires water as a reactant? DehydrationProduces water(so removes water.) Hydrolysis-Requires water as a reactant.
3
Identify the monomer for the polymer:
carbohydrate - Monosaccharides
nucleic acid - Nucleotides
starch – Glucose (monosaccharides)
protein –Amino Acids
DNA – Nucleotide= deoxyribose sugar +
phosphate + Nitrogen base
Glycogen-Glucose(monosaccharide)
RNA – Nucleotide= ribose sugar + phosphate
+ Nitrogen base
Draw and label a nucleotide. (sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base)
Note: Nitrogen bases only connect to sugar. Sugars and
phosphates alternate and make up the sides of DNA; nitrogen
bases connect in the middle by hydrogen bonds. A-T, G-C
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression)
Review the process of gene expression:
What are the two parts or processes involved in gene expression? Transcription;Translation
Where in the cell does each occur? Transcription(Nucleus,) Translation (cytoplasm @ ribosome)
What is the role of each molecule involved?
mRNA carries a message it got from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
tRNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the Ribosome(made of rRNA) that mRNA is coding
for.
What is the product of each part of the process? The product of Transcription is mRNA. The
Product of Translation is a newly formed protein (made from a chain of amino acids).
DNA replication – tell all you know! DNA replication takes place in the Nucleus of a cell.
Helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix of DNA, by breaking the hydrogen
bonds. DNA Polymerase brings free nucleotides to the DNA molecule that compliment,
(A-T) (C-G), those on the unzipped strand. This occurs in the direction of the
replication fork (5’ to 3’) and happens easily on the leading strand. Because the
lagging strand is (3’-5’) it must add nucleotides in short (5’-3’) segments called
Okasaki fragments. These fragments are joined together by ligase. The overall
direction of growth is toward the replication fork. Two new molecules are completed
and must to wound back up. Both molecules are identical, each having one parent and
one new strand.
List the 5 nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Identify the one unique to RNA by circling
its name. Show how the bases pair. Which ones are pyrimidines and which are purines?
Adenine and Guanine are purines
Thymine, cytosine and (uracil—only in RNA) are pyrmidines
(A-T) and (G-C) in DNA
(A-U) and (G-C) in RNA
Create a table comparing DNA and RNA.
DNA
RNA
Sugar
deoxyribose ribose
Nitrogen Bases
A, T, C, G
A, Uracil, C, G
Shape
double helix
single strand
4
Biotechnology
What is a genetically modified organism? When a genome of a living cell is altered for medical or
industrial use. How could one be created? It may involve building recombinant DNA made from
two or more different organisms. DNA fragments from a vector of interest may be added to
another organisms DNA and are helped to bond with an enzyme called DNA ligase.
What is a clone? An organism that is produced by asexual
reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent.
How can you determine if two people are related using a DNA
fingerprint? Each individual has a unique pattern of banding.
The banding patterns from two individuals can be compared
to establish whether or not they are related. A similar pattern
will be noted if they are related.
Does a “match” to crime scene DNA mean the person is guilty?
No. Explain. DNA can be found in bone, semen, blood or
hair. Just because a person’s DNA is present at the scene
of the crime doesn’t necessarily mean they committed the
crime. They may have just been present at the scene at
some point.
Cell Cycle
Below is a somatic cell in interphase about to undergo mitosis. First, draw an arrow and label it
with the name of the process that must occur before mitosis, then draw and label a cell in each
stage of mitosis. Be sure you show the correct number of chromosomes at each stage as well
as the correct number of cells at the end of the process.
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) occurs in the G1 phase of interphase)
DNA Replication (occurs in S phase of Interphase)
What kind of cells are produced by mitosis? Circle the words that apply (answers in BOLD*
below).
asexual*
diploid* (chromosomes in pairs=2 of each chromosome; humans 23 pair or 46 total)
gamete (sex cells, like eggs & sperm)
haploid (1 of each chromosome; humans is 23)
identical*
sexual
somatic*(body cells, like skin cells)
unique
5
What are the purposes for mitosis? It is the process of nuclear division that occurs in
somatic cells. It is an ordered set of events of cell growth and division resulting in
two daughter cells which then start the process again. (Growth, Repair,
Reproduction)
When control of the cell cycle is lost, what results? A tumor or cancer
Which words in the list in question 2 apply to meiosis? Gamete, haploid, sexual and unique.
What is the purpose of meiosis? A form of cell division that halves the number of
chromosomes forming specialized reproductive cells such as gametes; produce
gametes/sex cells = eggs or sperm
What are the sources of variation found in the gametes after meiosis? (DNA mutation is not
what we’re talking about!) Independent Assortment, Crossing-over, and Random
Fertilization.
If a leaf cell of a poplar tree has 36 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would you expect to
find in a sperm cell in a grain of pollen? 18
If a sea urchin has 14 chromosomes in an ovum, how many will it have in an epidermal cell? 28
Genetics
If traits are passed down from parent to offspring through gametes formed during meiosis, how
are mutations passed down? From parents to offspring through gametes; mutation MUST
occur in the DNA of gametes (egg or sperm) to be passed to offspring.
Differentiate between the following terms.
dominant and recessive-When two different alleles occur together, one of them may be
completely expressed, while the other has no observable effect on the organism. The
expressed form of the character is dominant (R) while the character that was not
expressed is described as recessive (r)
homozygous and heterozygous-If two of the same alleles of a particular gene are present
in an individual they are said to be homozygous (RR or rr) for that character. If the
two alleles of a particular gene are different, the individual is heterozygous (Rr).
genotype and phenotype-The set of alleles that an individual has for a character is called
its genotype (RR, Rr, rr). The physical appearance of a character is called its
phenotype (red or white).
incomplete dominance and codominance- In incomplete dominance an individual displays
a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parent (RR red, Rr pink, rr white).
In codominance two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time. In this case,
both forms of the character are displayed (RR red, Rr red & white, rr white).
autosomal and sex-linked inheritance-If a gene is autosomal, it will appear in both sexes
equally. An autosome is a chromosome other than an X or Y sex chromosome. If a
trait is sex-linked, its effects are usually only seen in males and the gene is located
only on the X or Y chromosome; in this class we only studied X-linked sex-linked traits
(only on the X chromosome, therefore females can be carriers, males cannot)
6
Review monohybrid and dihybrid crosses by making up 2 to 3 problems of each and working
them out in the space provided. Be sure you include genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the
monohybrid crosses and phenotypic ratios in the dihybrid.
Rr x Rr
R
r
(R = red, r= white)
R
r
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1 (RR, Rr, rr)
Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1 (red , white)
Y = yellow, y = green; R = round, r = wrinkled
YR
Yr
yR
YyRR
yr
YR YYRR
YYRr
YyRr
YYRr
YYrr
YyRr
Yyrr
YyRR
YyRr
yyRR
yyRr
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
yyrr
Phenotypic Ratio:
Yr
yR
yr
7
9:3:3:1
Yellow, round =9
Yellow, wrinkled = 3
Green, round = 3
green, wrinkled = 1
Energy in Biological Systems
1.What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? The process that allows organisms
(heterotrophs) to get energy from food. The process produces ATP providing cells with
energy that is needed to carry out the activities of life.
What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis? This is the process by which light (sun)
energy is converted into chemical energy (= glucose). Organisms that carry out this
process are called autotrophs.
2.What gaseous by-product(s) (waste products) are produced in photosynthesis? Oxygen
In cellular respiration? Carbon Dioxide
3.What organelle is involved with photosynthesis? Chloroplast
4.What organelle is involved with part of the
cellular respiration pathway? Mitochondria
5.The law of conservation of energy says that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
However, we know that energy is captured by plants in photosynthesis. What form of energy is
being captured and to what form of energy is it being converted? _Light (Radiant) energy
from the sun  Chemical energy in glucose
6.Write the equation for photosynthesis/ cellular respiration in the space below. Be sure you
include energy in your equation and balance it.
Photosynthesis
Cell. Resp.
6CO2 + 6H20
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light
Enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6H20 + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)
7.What kind of biological molecule are enzymes typically? Proteins
8.Draw and label an enzyme with its substrate.
Include a label for the active site as well.
8
9.List the functions of enzymes. Enzymes function to increase the speed of chemical
reactions by lowering the activation energy. They help organisms to maintain
homeostasis. Without enzymes chemical reactions would not occur quickly enough to
sustain life.
10. Are enzymes changed or used up in a chemical reaction? No
11.How can enzymes be denatured? Any factor that changes the shape of the enzyme
can cause it to become denatured. Most common are a change in temperature or a
change in pH.
Evolution
3. Define Evolution. Change of species over time.
4. What are the two goals for evolution? Survival and Reproduction
5. Define natural selection. Organisms best fit to their environment will be able to survive and
reproduce.
What else is it called? Survival of the Fittest.
6. Define the 4 sources of scientific evidence for evolution.
fossil record
fossil—Traces of dead organisms
relative dating—Based on rock layers-older are deeper
comparative anatomy
homologous structures (and ex.)—similar origin and structure, not function (limbs of human,
whale, bat)
analogous structures (and ex.)—similar function, not origin/structure (butterfly wing and bird
wing)
vestigial structures (and ex.)—no useful function (whale pelvis)
embryology—the study of organisms in their earliest stage of development
biochemical evidence—similar DNA sequence/amino acids=more closely related; more
differences=least closely related.
7. Answer the following questions based on the diagram to the right.
Which layer contains the newest fossils? A
A
B
Which layer has the oldest fossils? E
C
Based on the fossils, this area was most likely what type of
environment in the ancient past? Ocean
D
E
8. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution
and give examples. Convergent= unrelated species become similar because of similar
environments. (ex. Birds and butterflies both able to fly; analogous structures)
Divergent=common ancestors give rise to many new species. (ex. Front
flipper on a whale, a bats wing, a cats forelimb; homologous structures)
9
Use the table below to answer the following question:
GROUP
NAME
ORGANISM
HUMAN
CHIMPANZEE
HOUSE CAT
LION
HOUSEFLY
KINGDOM
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
PHYLUM
Chordate
Chordate
Chordate
Chordate
Arthropoda
CLASS
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Insect
ORDER
Primates
Primates
Carnivora
Carnivora
Diptera
FAMILY
Hominidae
Pongidae
Felidae
Felidae
Muscidae
GENUS
Homo
Pan
Felis
Felis
Musca
SPECIES
sapiens
troglodytes
domesticus
leo
domesticus
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes
Felis domesticus
Felis leo
Musca domesticus
9. Which two animals are most closely related according to the chart? House cat and lion (same
Kingdom through genus)
10. Use the diagram to the right to answer the following questions:
Does the phylogenetic tree represent convergent
or divergent evolution? Divergent Why? Evolved
from a common ancestor
What is the scientific name of the species most
closely related to the woodpecker-like finch?
C. heliobates
Are the insect-eating finches related to the cactuseating finches? Very distant
Study the phylogenetic tree shown below.
Which group of vertebrates did the amphibians
most recently share a common ancestor with?
_______Fishes______________________
Are insects more closely related to arachnids
or to mollusks? __Arachnids_____________
How do you know? They are closest in proximity
Does a phylogenetic tree reflect analogous
relationships or homologous relationships?
homologous
Explain. This shows how species have
diverged from a common ancestory
10
Classification, Kingdoms, & Simple Organisms
11. What is binomial nomenclature? It is a two named
naming system developed by Linnaeus,
Why is it important? Universal naming system in Latin
12. How are genus and species correctly written? Italics/underlined; Genus (1st word)=
caplitalized; species (2nd word)=lower case
13. What is the genus name of Canis familiaris?_____Canis_________
What is the species name of Canis familiaris?___familiaris____________
14. If 2 organisms are in the same order, they must be in the same Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, and
Class, but do NOT have to be in the same Family, Genus, or Species. Two different organisms can
NEVER have the same Genus and Species (= scientific name)_
Use the dichotomous key below to identify the aliens 15 and 16:
15. Broadus tritops 16. Broadus hairus
1a. The creature has a large wide head............................go to 2
1b. The creature has a small narrow head..........................go to 11
2a. It has 3 eyes ................................................go to 3
2b. It has 2 eyes ................................................go to 7
3a. There is a star in the middle of its chest....................go to 4
3b. There is no star in the middle of its chest ..................go to 6
4a. The creature has hair spikes .................................Broadus hairus
4b. The creature has no hair spikes...............................go to 5
5a. The bottom of the creature is arch-shaped ....................Broadus archus
5b. The bottom of the creature is M-shaped .......................Broadus emmus
6a. The creature has an arch-shaped bottom .......................Broadus plainus
6b. The creature has an M-shaped bottom...........................Broadus tritops
coccus
17. What are the names and shapes of bacteria? Draw the shapes off to the side
_coccus________________ is _sphere_____shaped.
Picture:
_bacillus______________ is _rod________shaped.
Picture:
_spirillum______________is _spiral______shaped.
Picture:
bacillus
spirillum
18. When bacteria are arranged in chains it is called: strepto When bacteria are arranged in clusters
it is called: staphylo
19. Bacteria typically reproduce through binary fission. Is this considered to be asexual or sexual?
___asexual
Explain. It involves a single bacteria splitting into two bacteria (identical)
11
What is conjugation? Sexual Reproduction in bacteria (bacterial plasmids (sm. circular DNA
pieces) are transferred to another bacterium via the pilli What are the two functions of pili?
Sexual reproduction and attachment to surfaces
20. Identify how Escherichia coli can be beneficial to us and how they can be harmful to us. It is
beneficial because it helps synthesize vitamin K. The wrong strain can result in food
poisoning.
21. Draw an amoeba and label with the name of the structure that allows it to move:
- What other function does this structure perform? The pseudopodia is also used to
engulf food.
pseudopodia
22. Draw a paramecium and label the structure that allows it to move:
cilia
23. Draw euglena and label the structure that allows it to move:
flagella
24. What are the 3 organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not have? _____
Chloroplast, Large Central Vacuole, Cell Walls
25. List 2 organelles that animal cells have that plant cells don’t have. Lysosomes & Centrioles
12
SIX KINGDOMS CHARACTERISTICS CHART
Complete and STUDY the chart below.
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protist
Fungi
Plantae
Animal
Cell Type
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Number of
Cells
unicellular
unicellular
most unicellular
most multicellular
multicellular
multicellular
Level of
Organization
cell
cell
most cell
most tissue
systems
systems
Cell Wall &
Composition
Cell wall
With
peptidoglycan
contains
uncommon
lipids
auto/
heterotroph
pectin or none
(green algae:
cellulose)
Cell walls of chitin;
no chloroplasts
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls; no
chloroplasts
auto/heterotroph
Heterotrophic only
Autotrophic only
Heterotrophic
only
Mode of
Nutrition
Reproduction
asexual
asexual
sexual/asexual
sexual/asexual
sexual/asexual
sexual/asexual
Motility
some motile
nonmotile
motile/nonmotile
most nonmotile
nonmotile
motile
Symbiotic
Relationship
fix nitrogen;
many
pathogenic;
aid in human
digestion
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXX
many pathogenic
(malaria, African
sleeping sickness,
amoebic
dysentery)
cellulose digestion
many pathogenic
(athlete’s foot,
yeast infection,
ringworm)
lichen; mycorrhizae
epiphyte
mycorrhizae
mistletoe
parasitic worms,
barnacles,
clownfish
Ecological
Importance
1.decomposer
s
2. Fix nitrogen
decomposers
algae major
aquatic oxygen &
food producers
algal bloom
Fix nitrogen;
decompose
Produce oxygen;
producers
human impact
on environment;
food chains
Other
gave rise to
eukaryote
organelles
can live in
extreme
conditions
ancestors of
eukaryotes
toothpaste teeth
whiteners
fermented food
products
food source
antibiotics
can’t live without
‘em
medicine source
invertebrates
vertebrates
sponges
Examples
Escherichia
coli
Streptococcus
methanogens
algae, diatoms,
amoebas,
lichen, yeast,
mushrooms
trees
flowers
grass
mammals
Plants
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27. Identify all of the structures in the leaf
diagram AND put their function.
A. waxy cuticle - Prevents desiccation/drying out
B. upper epidermis- Protection
C. palisade layer - Site of most
photosynthesis/many chloroplasts
D. spongy layer - provides space for gas/water to
move; site of some photosynthesis
E. guard cells - opens and closes the stomata
F. xylem - transports water up plant
G. vein - houses vascular bundles (xylem &
phloem)
H. phloem - transports glucose down plant
I. stomata - pore that allows for transpiration and
gas exchange
28. Write the equation for photosynthesis, then write the equation for respiration. Don’t forget
energy.
Circle the reactants for photosynthesis and the products of respiration. What do you notice? Same
(except for type of energy)
Underline the products of photosynthesis and the reactants for respiration. What do you notice? Same
Can you relate this to the water, oxygen, and carbon cycles? Water is a necessary ingredient (a
reactant) for photosynthesis to take place, plants are involved in the water cycle through
intake of ground water into roots and releasing water vapor through transpiration. Oxygen
is a key ingredient (a reactant) for cellular respiration to take place. Living organisms fix
and release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. The process that fixes (removes from the
atmosphere) carbon dioxide is photosynthesis. The process that releases carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere is cellular respiration.
Can you relate the energy in the reactions to energy flow through an ecosystem? The ultimate
source of all energy is the sun. Autotrophic organisms capture energy from the sun and
convert CO2 and H2O into glucose. The foods we eat contain energy stored in the form of
proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Before the energy can be used it has to be transferred to
the bonds between the phosphates in ATP molecules. This is cellular respiration.
6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (Sun)
C6H12O6 +6O2

6CO 2 + 6H20 +
energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
29. Which kingdoms have cells that perform photosynthesis? Plantae, Protista (many) and
Eubacteria (some)
30. Which kingdoms have cells that perform cell respiration? ALL: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi,
Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria (bacteria just don’t have mitochondria for it to occur in,
just happens in their cytoplasm)
31. What gas (waste/bi-product) do plants release during photosynthesis? Oxygen_ What gas
(waste/bi-product) do all organisms release during cellular respiration? Carbon Dioxide
32. What adaptations did plants make to allow them to live on land (there were 3 main problems, what
were the solutions)? The adaptations include a waxy cuticle, a specialized leaf and stomata.
The problems that needed to be overcome included desiccation/drying out, reproduction and
transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant. A waxy cuticle, specialized leaves
and stomata helped plants to maintain a proper water balance (osmoregulation.) Vectors
like insects and bees along with wind replaced the water for pollination. Most plants
developed xylem and phloem to transport nutrients and water throughout the plant.
14
33. Complete the following chart comparing monocots and dicots.
34. How are non-vascular plants different from vascular plants? Vascular plants or tracheophytes
have xylem and phloem to carry water and glucose throughout the plant. Non-vascular
plants or bryophytes do not have vascular bundles (no xylem or phloem) and so must absorb
nutrients and water through osmosis.
35. How are gymnosperms different from angiosperms? The reproductive structure of a
Gymnosperm is a cone, seeds in cones. The reproductive structure of an angiosperm is a
flower, seeds in fruit.
36. Where are the sugars made in plants and what vascular tissue transports it? Glucose is the
sugar made in the leaf through the process of photosynthesis. It is transported to the rest
of the plant through the phloem.
37. What 2 things are absorbed by roots and what transports them? Water and minerals are
absorbed through the roots and are transported up the plant through the xylem.
38. From the demonstration of water movement in celery or carnations, what are the definitions of
adhesion and cohesion?
Adhesion: The attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in
contact with each other; water to sides of xylem.
Cohesion: The force that holds molecules of a single material together; water to other
water molecules
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39. Label the parts of the plant and give the function of each part:
Function of Flower Parts
Petals-attract pollinators
Anthers-produce pollen (pollen
contains sperm)
Filament-hold anthers high
Sepal-protects flower
Receptacle-holds the ovary
Ovules-female gamete
Ovary-Holds ovules
Style-Tube for sperm to reach
ovules
Stigma- sticky place of pollination
Pistil- Stigma, style and ovary
(female)
Stamen- anther and filament
(male)
40. What flower parts are the male and female parts of the plant? Female parts are the stigma,
style, ovary (= pistil). The Male flower parts include the filament and anther (= stamen).
41. What are 3 ways that seeds are dispersed away from the mother plant? Water, Animals and
wind.
42. How are the following fruits or seeds dispersed?
Dispersed by ___wind________________
Dispersed by animals
43. What are some plant adaptations that plants use as defense mechanisms? Thorns, spines and
leaves that close, poison/bad taste
Human Systems/Comparative Anatomy & Animals
44. What is the purpose of villi in the intestines & root hairs in plants? Villi are tiny projections in
the lining of the small intestines, increasing surface area for the lining for absorption. Root
hairs also extensions the root epidermis that increase surface area for the plant root
providing for better absorption of water and nutrients.
45. Relate the following plant parts to the corresponding animal systems (you might use some more
than once and not use others at all):
____I__a. flowers
I. reproductive
__II & III_b. stems
II. skeletal
__ II c. roots
III. muscular
____IVd. leaves
IV. digestive
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
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What
What
What
What
What
system
system
system
system
system
does
does
does
does
does
the
the
the
the
the
human body use to fight off viral infections? immune
human body use to process nutrients? digestive
body use to move gases and nutrients around? Circulatory
body use to move the bones? muscular
body use to protect itself from drying out? integumentary
51. Plants make sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called. Starch
52. Animals eat sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called Glycogen (in the liver).
53. What are some characteristics of water that make it so good for the human body? It has a high
specific heat; it has a set molecular structure; it is polar; it exhibits capillary action; it is
known as the universal solvent; cells are filled with water and surrounded by water;2/3 of
the molecules in your body are water molecules.
54.How does the integumentary system help the body maintain homeostasis? It is important in
thermoregulation. Layers of adipose tissue act as insulators. Skin often contains sweat
gland that increase heat transfer. Sweat is a body fluid that helps remove certain wastes.
55. The human urinary (excretory) system consists of the kidneys, ureter,
bladder and urethra. Sketch these organs in the box to the right
and describe what each of them does in the system.
Kidneys filter the blood
and produce urine; the uteters are tubes that carry the urine from the kidneys to
the urinary bladder; the urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body.
56. Complete the following set of words that describe the increasing complexity of organisms.
Atoms, molecules (like DNA), cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms
57. Describe how each of the following sets of animal systems work together:
skeletal and muscular- the skeletal system interacts with the muscular system for movement.
digestive and circulatory- the circulatory system carries nutrients absorbed by the digestive system
to the rest of the body.
circulatory and respiratory- the circulatory system carries oxygen (taken in by respiratory system)
to the cells in the red blood cells and carries carbon dioxide from cells back to respiratory system
to be exhaled.
Endocrine (all glands) and reproductive- The Testes are glands that produce hormones such as
testosterone and also produce sperm. The ovaries are glands that produce hormones such as
estrogen and progesterone and also store eggs.
58. What animal organ system would you put the following organs in:
malpigian tubules, kidneys, green gland __Excretory/Urinary System_
tympanic membrane, eardrum, lateral line system _Nervous System (hearing)
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59. Use the nutritional label to answer the questions in the box.
A. How many calories would one get if
he ate the whole container of this food?
500
B. How many fat grams are in 2
servings? 24g
C. How many calories would a person
consume if they ate enough to receive
100% of the RDA for calcium?
1250
D. If a person ate 2 servings of this
food, what percent of their daily sodium
level would they consume? 40%
E. What percent of their daily Vitamin C
would they get by eating 2 servings? 4%
ECOLOGY
60. Define ecology. The study of the interactions of living organismas with one another and
with their environment.
61. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. List two examples of each. An abiotic
factor is an environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living
organisms. Examples would include soil, air, sun, rocks and water. A biotic factor is an
environmental factor that is associated with or results from the activites of living organisms.
Examples would include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals.
62. Define ecosystem. A community of organismas and their abiotic environment.
63. What are 5 limiting factors in an ecosystem? Competition, predation, parasitism, crowding
stress and disease.
64. What does the term carrying capacity mean? K (carrying capacity) is the maximum population
size that an environment can support.
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65. Draw an example of a food chain that starts with grass and ends with a coyote. Then connect it to
two other food chains, making a food web.
coyote
66. Compare Producers, Primary consumers, Secondary consumers, Tertiary consumers and
decomposers and list examples of organisms for each. (Draw them in an energy pyramid).
Producers are autotrophs, which include plants and
protists.
Primary consumers are herbivores that eat
producers and include rabbits and grasshoppers.
Secondary Consumers are omnivores or carnivores
which eat primary consumers and/or producers
and include frogs and mice.
Tertiary consumers eat primary and/or secondary
consumers and/or producers and include
carnivores like lions and wolves or omnivores.
Decomposers like
fungi and bacteria eat all other organisms returning
nutrients to the environment.
67. Give examples of at least three predator-prey relationships. Deer and Grass; Wolf and Rabbit;
and Bear and Salmon.
68. Fill in the chart below for the three types of symbiosis. Use + = benefits; - = harms; ~ = neutral.
Mutualism
Organism 1
+
Organism 2
+
Commensalism
Organism 1
+
Organism 2
~
Parasitism
Organism 1
Host -
Organism 2
+
Match the following scenarios with the correct example of symbiosis or relationship.
69. ___B__mistletoe on elm trees (mistletoe takes nutrients from the tree)
70. ___C_hummingbirds and trumpet flowers (bird helps pollination
occur while it is drinking nectar)
71. ___A__whale and barnacle
(whale is unharmed as barnacle
gets a ride in the ocean for food)
72. ___B__tapeworm and pig (tapeworm feeds off of pig)
73. ___D_cat and mouse (cat chases, catches, and eats the mouse)
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A. commensalism
B. parasitism
C. mutalism
D. predator/prey
74. What is the major source of energy for all living things on the earth? Sun
75. Animals use a variety of adaptations and methods to camouflage themselves for protection. Give 5
examples of this. Chromatophores in frogs; Butterfly wings with large circles that mimic eyes;
insects with wings that resemble leaves; a praying mantis with its stick like appendages; the
white fir on arctic foxes that cause them to blend in with the snowy environment.
76. Animals also have other mechanisms that they use in order to avoid being eaten by other animals.
What do the following animals use to avoid being eaten?
a. armadillos- protective shell
c. poison dart frog-poisonous
b. monarch butterflies- bitter taste
d. porcupine-spiny quills
77. What is the best way to sample the following populations:
a. flock of geese
approximate count by arial view of traps (catch/release)
b. pack of coyotes
approximate count by arial view or traps (catch/release)
c. field of pine trees randomly or in a pattern around entire field
78. What are the differences among an omnivore, herbivore, carnivore, and detrivore? Omnivores –
eat plants and animals; herbivores eat plants; carnivore-eats animals; detritivore eats dead
organisms and organic wastes.
79. Compare a J Curve and an S curve.
J curve= exponential growth (not seen in nature)
S curve= logistic growth curve (population tends to level off at carrying capacity, then
oscillates near carrying capacity).
80. There are three cycles that circulate Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen. Briefly describe each one and its
major steps.
Water Cycle - Water is the most important, non-living (inorganic) component of the ecosysten
- Nonliving cycle: involves condensation (gas to liquid-how clouds form),
precipitation (liquid falling to Earth), and evaporation (liquid to gas).
- Living cycle: involves plants in a process called transpiration (evaporation of
water out of the stomata of the plant leaves).
Carbon Cycle- Remember photosynthesis (sunlight, carbon dioxide and water converted into
glucose and oxygen), respiration (converts carbon compounds and oxygen into ATP energy,
carbon dioxide, and water) & combustion (burning of fossil fuels.)
Nitrogen Cycle- Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used by plants and animals.
- Remember bacteria, such as Nitrogen fixing, nitrifying, and denitrifying, are
involved in converting nitrogen into a usable form then sending it back to atmosphere.
Virus
81. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. What does the body of the
individual who receives the vaccine do in order to “protect” it from polio? It produces antibodies
that recognize and fight off the virus when it “attacks”
82. Why does a virus require a host cell? Because they must have a host to reproduce.
83. How are viruses similar to cells? Contain nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein (make up
the capsid); can evolve/mutate; can have receptor proteins
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84. Why do most scientists today consider viruses to be nonliving? (hint: what do they not have or what
can they not do) No metabolism, cannot maintain homeostasis, cannot grow, and cannot reproduce on
their own, they need a host.
85. Many viruses have glycoproteins that project spikes from its envelope. Different viruses
have different glycoproteins. What is the purpose of these spikes? To mimic the proteins on
the outside of the cells, to trick the cells into taking the virus inside. They fit like a puzzle
piece to the cell receptors.
Virus
Cell
86. Identify whether the diseases/conditions are caused by Viruses (V), Bacteria (B), Protists (P), or
Fungi (F).
Influenza __V_
Athlete’s Foot __F__
Malaria ___P_
Ebola __V__
Common cold __V__
African Sleeping Sickness P_
Ringworm ___F_
Tobacco Mosaic __V__
Dental cavities __B_
Acne __B__
Toxoplasmosis __P_
87. Discuss the HIV virus by answering the questions below.
A. What shape and type of virus is it? Spherical RNA retrovirus
B. What disease does it cause? AIDS
C. What body system does it attack? Immune
D. What specific type of cells does it attack? Helper T Cells (type of white blood cell)
88. Can you take antibiotics for viral infections? _No_ Why or why not? _Antibiotic (“against
life”) can only treat living cells, (viruses are nonliving) usually by damaging the cell walls or
cell membranes causing the bacteria, protist, etc. to die or by interrupting metabolism—
viruses have neither of these
89. Draw the 5 shapes of viruses, label them with their shape name, label the capsid and nucleic acid,
and give an example for each of a virus that has that shape.
Capsid—protein coat that SURROUNDS the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core.
Binal
(Bacteriophage)
Filovirus (ebola)
Helical (TMV)
Capsid
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nucleic acid
Polyhedral (Adenovirus)
Spherical (HIV,Flu)