Agenda Item:
Person Responsible:
XXXIII SCAR SSG-LS Meeting
Auckland, New Zealand, 2014
Expert Group on Continuous Plankton Recorder
Research (EG-CPR)
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Report of EG-CPR & the SCAR Southern Ocean CPR Survey
Chief Officer: Kunio Takahashi, Deputy-Chief Dr Graham Hosie
Contents
1. Full Report
2. Appendix I Summary against Terms of Reference
3. Appendix II Current Members
4. Appendix III Publications and presentations
Full Report
Year 2013 has proved to be one of the busiest and successful years for the Southern Ocean CPR Survey. The
2012/13 Antarctic season was the most productive season to date with 94 CPR tows completed. South
Africa and France have officially joined the Southern Ocean survey. Peru, South Korea, India and China
have expressed their interesting in conducting CPR work around Antarctic. We have been busy with a
number of training and data analysis workshops, which contribute to major publications and international
projects and developing a new database for easier data management and data exchange.
Field Work and Data
We anticipated that we would do up to 60 CPR tows in the 2012/13 Antarctic field season. In fact we
conducted 94 tows from seven vessels from Australia, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa and France. South
Africa commenced the season in July 2012 with a serious of tows from their new ice breaker MV SA
Agulhas II during its maiden voyage south of Africa. This provided rare winter samples down to the sea-ice
zone. South Africa then continued with more tows from September through to May 2013, completing 19
tows in total. France started its new RV Marion Dufresne CPR (MDCPR) Survey completing 15 tows in the
Kerguelen and Crozet region in February-March 2013. This area is north of the normal Southern Ocean
CPR survey region but the work fills a gap in the southern Indian Ocean, and will complement the SO-CPR
Survey tows conducted to the south. The Aurora Australis completed 26 tows south and west of Australia
between September and February 2013, Shirase five tows in the same region in December and March,
Umitaka Maru seven tows in the same region in January, San Aotea II nine tows between New Zealand and
the Ross Sea in December and February, and Tangaroa completed 13 tows between New Zealand and the
Mertz Glacier region south of Tasmania in February 2013. Approximately 5,400 samples were collected
over ~27,000 nautical miles this season. When all 2012/13 samples are process we have records for about
42,000 samples (equivalent of 210,000 nautical miles).
- The 2013/14 Antarctic season ended in April with the last tow from the MV SA Agulhas II, concluding a
seven month long season. About fifty tows were completed from six vessels, RSV Aurora Australis
(Australia), JMSDF Shirase and TRV Umitaka Maru (Japan), FV San Aotea II (New Zealand), MV SA
Agulhas II (South Africa) and RV Marion Dufresne II (France). Aurora Australis completed 15 tows south
and west Australia from October to February. Japan supplemented this with another five tows from Shirase
and a further six tows from Umitaka Maru in the same region. From the Marion Dufresne II, 470 successful
samplings over 3200 miles were achieved in January to February. SA Agulhas II towd on two annual Prince
Edward Islands environmental monitoring transects in April 2014. The New Zealand fishing vessel San
Aotea II departed Timaru New Zealand in December for its annual run to the Ross Sea region. Overall, we
expect 4,000 samples from the tows which will expand the database to 46,000 sample records gathered from
230,000 nautical miles of tows.
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New database
For much of 2013 we have been developing a new more efficient database and an associated data portal for
the SO-CPR data to better serve us. This will make data entry, access and distribution quicker and easier for
all users. It will also improve the exchange of data with other international agencies and databases/portals
such as the new Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) global CPR database, SCAR’s Antarctic
Biodiversity Information Facility (AntaBIF), Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR), Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), Ocean Biogeographic Information
System (OBIS) and the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). Access to the database will
require registration by users. This will help us monitor usage and gather statistics which will help us provide
the justification to our respective institutions for the continued funding of the SO-CPR Survey. Users of the
data will need to acknowledge in any publication that the SCAR SO-CPR Survey and the contributing
partners as owners/custodians of the data. The new database and portal will be commissioned soon. It is
hosted by the Australian Antarctic Data Centre. The SO-CPR database is officially a SCAR Business
Product.
Major Data Analyses and Outputs
Requests for use of the data remains steady and have led to the publication of several papers in the last few
years. Data have been used in various bioregionalisation analyses, and for analyses and status reports
produced by the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS). In addition the data have been used for a number
of chapters in the new book "The CAML/SCAR-MarBIN Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean"
which will be published this year. One chapter is solely devoted to the analysis of the Southern Ocean CPR
database to define the zooplankton biogeographic zones for the upper surface layers for each month. Four
major biogeographic zones were consistently defined; a Sub-Antarctic Zone, the southern boundary
corresponding closely with the Sub-Antarctic Front which also is the northern boundary of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current; an inner (southern) and an outer (northern) Sea-Ice Zones; and an Open Ocean Zone in
between the sea-ice zones and the Sub-Antarctic Zone. The zooplankton species composition was defined
for each biogeographic zone. While there were distinct species dominating and characterising the subAntarctic (e.g. Neocalanus tonsus) and the sea-ice (notably Antarctic krill Euphausia superba), most of the
taxa had wide circumpolar distributions, especially the cyclopoid copepod Oithona similis which was
abundant in all biogeographic zones. Often it was variations in the relative abundances of the zooplankton
taxa that separated the near-surface assemblages more than substantial major changes in species composition
between the biogeographic zones.
In August 2013, NIWA hosted a data analysis workshop to compare the Ross Sea region south of New
Zealand, and the eastern Antarctic region south and west of Australia. The results were interesting in
showing that patterns of annual abundances and composition of copepods were different between the two
regions despite being connected by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. There appears to be a shift towards
larger species of copepods in the eastern Antarctic region accompanied by a general increase in zooplankton
abundance, whereas no similar patterns were observed in the Ross Sea. Instead the Ross Sea recorded much
higher abundances overall. Chlorophyll a concentrations were also higher in the Ross Sea region than in the
eastern Antarctic area. There is also an indication that variability in zooplankton abundance in the Ross Sea
region is higher than in the eastern Antarctic region. Especially high zooplankton abundances occurred in
December 2009 as a result of a >10-fold increase of Fritillaria sp. Which corresponded with unusually high
Chl-a throughout the Ross Sea. A major report was prepared for the New Zealand Ministry for Primary
Industries (MPI) by Karen Robinson at the NIWA Christchurch CPR laboratory. The report has been
published by MPI in 2014,
Robinson, K.V., Pinkerton, M.H., Hall, J.A., Hosie, G.W., (2014) Continuous Plankton Recorder Time Series.
New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 128. Ministry for Primary Industries,
Wellington. 74 pp. ISBN 978-0-478-43226-8
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and is available at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx ISBN 978-0-478-43226-8. The
results of the workshop will also be used in a global analysis of CPR data for the GEF - Transboundary
Water Assessment Programme.
Following the report, the New Zealand Southern Ocean CPR survey received further funding from the MPI
to continue the CPR work another five years between the South Island of New Zealand and the Ross Sea.
The continuation of this survey is made possible by the collaboration with the fishing company Sanford
Limited who own the San Aotea II. The vessel and its crew have been instrumental to the success of the first
five years of CPR surveying in this area of the Southern Ocean.
Meetings and Workshops
The SO-CPR Survey involves numerous countries with analyses conducted by experienced and well
recognised plankton and Antarctic researchers albeit in several separated laboratories. Consequently, we
take every opportunity when we meet to run workshops on methods and taxonomy to ensure we are
maintaining the highest level of procedures and identification standards for quality control and assurance.
We also regularly exchange information and images electronically. Over the last few years we have
conducted a number of workshops for SO-CPR partner members in Tokyo, Wellington, UK and Rio de
Janeiro. A training workshops was conducted recently at the AAD Hobart for the French programme, and
we had a refresher taxonomic training session on euphausiids in Christchurch, New Zealand in November.
Our aim has been to conduct at least one workshop per year. These workshops have been made possible
through EG-CPR funds, plus additional support from various partner SO-CPR partners, National Institute of
Polar Research (NIPR) Japan, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) New Zealand,
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), and the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD).
The next major workshop is due to be held in Cape Town in early 2015 for South African and Namibian
CPR personnel, thanks to a SCAR Visiting Professor Award to Dr Graham Hosie and the support of the
Departmental of Environmental Affairs (DEA) South Africa.
Budget
$5,000 is requested each for 2015 and 2016 for continued annual standards and analyses workshops and for
training personnel. The location and timing of these workshops are yet to be set, but one is expected to be
scheduled in association with another meeting to maximise available travel funds. One meeting is likely to
be held at the AAD, Australia.
Change in Leadership
In July 2012 Dr Graham Hosie took over as the Chief Officer of SCAR’s Standing Scientific Group – Life
Sciences. Consequently, Dr Kunio Takahashi, NIPR Tokyo has become the new CO of EG-CPR, which is a
subsidiary group of SSG-LS, taking over from the previous co-Chairs Dr Hosie and Prof. Mitsuo Fukuchi
who has retired from NIPR. Dr Takahashi has been a very active member of the SO-CPR team, participating
in numerous Antarctic expeditions, and has been leading the Japanese CPR work since 1999. He’s also been
an active publisher of CPR papers and served as Deputy-Director of SO-CPR during 2013.
Dr Hosie has now retired from the Australian Antarctic Division, as of December 2013, after 30 years of
service and 17 Antarctic expeditions. He will now focus more on doing CPR/plankton research, and
continuing his roles as Chair of both the SCAR SSG-LS and the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys. During
the last year, he has been working with Dr Takahashi to take over as Director of the SO-CPR Survey. We
have now swapped roles, with Dr Takahashi becoming Director of the SCAR SO-CPR Survey and Dr Hosie
will continue as Deputy-Director and advisor for the foreseeable future. Dr Hosie will also continue acting
as an “Ambassador” for the SO-CPR Survey to help further develop the Survey.
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At the local level, the Australian component of SO-CPR will continue to be coordinated on a daily basis
by Mr John Kitchener who is the CPR Operations Manager and Senior Plankton Analyst at the AAD.
However, a project leader is still to be appointed.
Global Alliance of CPR Surveys
The SO-CPR Survey is a founding member of the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS). Following the
celebrations in Plymouth UK in September 2011 marking the 80th anniversary of the start of the North Sea
CPR tows, the heads of the nine regional CPR surveys at that time met to discuss the formation of a global
CPR programme. A global CPR coverage has long been a vision of SAHFOS and the then Director Prof.
Peter Burkill was successful in obtaining funds to get the initiative started. “Going Global” was a vision
shared by the regional surveys as well, and we enthusiastically agreed to form GACS. The general goal of
GACS is to understand changes in plankton biodiversity at ocean basin scales through a global alliance of
CPR surveys. By “understand” we mean characterise, analyse and interpret. GACS has a number of specific
initial aims which include:
-development of a global CPR database
-production of a regular Ecological Status Report for global plankton biodiversity
-ensuring common standards and methodologies are maintained
-providing an interface for plankton biodiversity with other global ocean observation programmes
-to set up and maintain a website for publicity and data access
-to facilitate new surveys and develop capacity building procedures
-to facilitate secondments of CPR scientists between GACS institutions
A Board of Governance has been established, comprising the regional heads of CPR Surveys. Dr. Graham
Hosie have taken on the task of being the first Chair of the Board with Dr Sonia Batten (North Pacific CPR)
as Vice-Chair. GACS has brought together the expertise of approximately 50 plankton specialists, scientists,
technicians and administrators from 12 laboratories around the world, towing CPRs from about 50 vessels.
Working together, pooling our data and resources, was considered essential in order to understand the effects
of environmental changes on plankton biodiversity at a global level. From a SO-CPR perspective, we can
place our Southern Ocean regional observations in a global context. We can also draw on a lot of expertise
from our CPR colleagues from around the world. GACS is assisted by two working groups that have
addressed the formation of the global CPR database, and also maintaining standards and methodologies.
In the short time that GACS has been active it has been successful in addressing its initial objectives. The
global database of CPR data has been established and this is the heart of GACS. The database is hosted at
SAHFOS. The database is only available to other GACS members and subject to consultation with the
custodian(s) of the relevant datasets. The website has been established www.globalcpr.org. A revised
version will be published soon and will contain various maps and data products showing the extent of
sampling and plankton abundances. GACS has provided assistance to developing surveys in France, Brazil,
Korea, Cyprus, and India, which has included training workshops at SAHFOS and the Australian Antarctic
Division. FAQs have been developed to provide advice for new surveys. The first Global Marine
Ecological Status Report 2010/11 has been published and a PDF copy is available from
www.sahfos.ac.uk/research/publications/ecological-status-report.aspx. GACS produces a newsletter every
six months and circulated widely. The GACS Secretariat can be contacted at GACS@sahfos.ac.uk.
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Appendix I. Summary of activities in relation to the Terms of Reference
1.
Provide guidance to the SCAR Southern Ocean CPR Survey in order to meet the survey objectives.
a.
b.
c.
Map the biodiversity and distribution of plankton, including euphausiid (krill) life stages, in the Southern
Ocean.
The new Southern Ocean CPR Zooplankton Atlas has been in the 10th SCAR Biology Symposium special
volume of Polar Science. CPR data are continuing to be used for both the Biogeographic Synthesis Atlas
and CCAMLR MPA workshops. Biogeographic modelling of the most numerically abundant species and key
species such as krill is continuing. A recently completed PhD thesis (University of Tasmania) on the
distribution and abundance of larvacean made extensive use of CPR data. The CPR data contributed
substantially to the Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean.
Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of Southern
Ocean, by studying spatial-temporal variation in plankton patterns.
We are still monitoring apparent changes from krill to mesozooplankton dominance observed in the sea-ice
zone of eastern Antarctica. Localised blooms of pelagic foraminiferans continue to be observed following
the extensive blooms of 2005. The HAB dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans was found more than 200 km
south of Tasmania in oceanic waters (McLeod et al., 2012). This is normally a neritic species but occurred in
large numbers, in good condition and feeding on diatoms. We do not know the consequences of Noctiluca
becoming established in the Southern Ocean. New indicators are being developed in the GACS global
analyses. First analysis shows a shift to larger copepod species throughout the region south and west of
Australia.
Serve as reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for other monitoring programs.
The SO-CPR Survey will be a core biological component of SOOS. The SOOS Science Strategy has
recommended that the SO-CPR Survey be maintained and expanded and in particular fill gaps in the Pacific
and Atlantic sectors and in winter. Formal affiliation is being established between SO-CPR and SOOS and
also between SOOS and GACS. CPR will also contribute to the developing Southern Ocean Sentinel project,
and can contribute to the new SCAR SRPs AntEco and AnT-ERA. The CPR data are provided to CCAMLR,
and a member of CCAMLR continues to serve on the EG-CPR.
2.
Develop and maintain the SO-CPR Database and to improve access for users.
The dataset currently holds ~31,000 records at 5 nmile resolution for about 230 species and krill developmental
stages plus environmental data up to the end of the 2009/10 season (March 2010). This represents approximately
70% of the Southern Ocean. Completion of sample analysis from 2010/11 and 2011/12 seasons with extend the
database to ~36,000. Data are held at the AADC and accessible through SCAR-MarBIN. SO-CPR partners hold
copies of the data. Data are a major contribution to the GACS global CPR database and also provided to
CCAMLR.
3.
Expand and enhance the SO-CPR Survey to include more ships and repeat transects around Antarctica.
CPR tows south of South Africa east to the Ross Sea area are well established and maintained by Australia, Japan
and New Zealand. We continue to work on establishing regular tows across Drake Passage with the support of
Brazil, Chile and USA. We are working with France to develop their survey in the Kerguelen region, and with
Korea and Russia to enhance sampling in the Ross Sea to WAP (Pacific) sector. Our founding membership in
GACS is a significant step forward in enhancing our regional and global capability, and fill in spatial gaps around
Antarctica while also contributing to a global network.
4.
Provide appropriate advice on CPR methodology, data and results to SCAR and to the ATS.
We continue to receive requests for data, from individual researchers through to CCAMLR and SCAR workshops.
All requests for data and advice on methodology have been answered. Training courses have been conducted at
AAD, NIPR, NIWA and SAHFOS. Several papers and a thesis have been produced, and numerous presentations
made at national and international meetings in the last two years. A new status report on Southern Ocean
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zooplankton is planned. EG-CPR and SO-CPR members have been active and lead participants in the
establishment of GACS, as well as actively contributing to other programmes such as SOOS, Sentinel and
CCAMLR. Through GACS we are developing our relationship with IOC-GOOS and POGO.
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Appendix II. EG-CPR Membership and ToR
Terms of Reference
1.
Provide guidance to the SCAR Southern Ocean CPR Survey in order to meet the survey objectives.
a.
Map the biodiversity and distribution of plankton, including euphausiid (krill) life stages, in the
Southern Ocean.
b.
Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of
Southern Ocean, by studying spatial-temporal variation in plankton patterns.
c.
Serve as reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for other monitoring programs.
2.
Develop and maintain the SO-CPR Database and to improve access for users.
3.
Expand and enhance the SO-CPR Survey to include more ships and repeat transects around Antarctica.
4.
Provide appropriate advice on CPR methodology, data and results to SCAR and to the ATS.
Membership, July 2014
Dr Kunio Takahashi (Chair, NIPR Japan)
*Dr Graham Hosie (Deputy-Chair, AAD Australia)
*Dr Julie Hall (NIWA New Zealand)
Dr Peter Ward (BAS United Kingdom)
Dr Brian Hunt (UBC Canada)
*Prof. Erik Muxagata (FURG Brazil)
*Prof. Peter Burkill (ex-Director SAHFOS)
Dr Andrew Constable (CCAMLR)
Dr Bruno Danis (SCAR-MarBIN)
*Indicate members of the GACS Board of Governance.
Meetings
EG-CPR primarily meets electronically, specifically by email correspondence. During the last two years the co-chairs
have met on a regular basis in Australia and Japan to discuss developments in the SO-CPR Survey. Both are founding
members of GACS. Dr Hosie has also met with most other members, at least once in the last two years. Travel has
been supported by the AAD, NIPR, SCAR, SAHFOS and GACS. Dr Hosie is Chair of the GACS Board of
Governance, and continues to be a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for
Ocean Science (SAHFOS).
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Appendix III. SO-CPR Publications and Presentations since SCAR report 2012
Peer Review
Atkinson, A., Ward, P., Hunt, B.P.V., Pakhomov, E.A., Hosie, G.W. (2012) An overview of Southern Ocean
zoopkankton data: abundance, biomass, feeding and functional relationships. CCAMLR Science
19: 171-218
Constable, A.J., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Corney, S.P., Arrigo, K.R., Barbraud, C., Barnes, D.K.A., Bindoff,
N.L., Boyd, P.W., Brandt, A., Costa, D.P., Davidson, A.T., Ducklow, H.W., Emmerson, L.,
Fukuchi, M., Gutt, J., Hindell, M.A., Hofmann, E.E., Hosie, G.W. , Iida, T., Jacob, S., Johnston,
N.M., Kawaguchi, S. , Kokubun, N., Koubbi, P., Lea, M-A., Makhado, A., Massom, R.A.,
Meiners, K., Meredith, M.P, Murphy, E.J., Nicol, S. , Reid, K. , Richerson, K., Riddle, M.J.,
Rintoul, S.R., Smith Jr., W.O., Southwell, C. , Stark, J.S., Sumner, M., Swadling, K.M. ,
Takahashi, K.T., Trathan, P.N., Welsford, D.C., Weimerskirch, H., Westwood, K.J. , Wienecke,
B.C., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Wright, S.W., Xavier, J.C., Ziegler, P. (2014) Climate change and
Southern Ocean ecosystems I: How changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota.
Global Change Biology, DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12623
Hosie, G., Mormede, S., Kitchener, J., Takahashi, K., Raymond, B. (2014) Near Surface Zooplankton
Communities. In: De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P., Griffiths, H., Danis, B., David, B., Grant, S., Gutt,
J., Held, C., Hosie, G., Huetmann, F., Post, A., Raymond, B., Roper-Coudert, Y., Van de Putte,
A., (eds) The CAML/SCAR-MarBIN Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Scientific
Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, UK.
Koubbi, P., De Broyer, C., Griffiths, H., Raymond, B., d’Udekem d’Acoz, C., Van de Putte, A., Danis, B.,
David, B., Grant, S., Gutt, J., Held, C., Hosie, G., Huettmann, F., Post, A., Ropert-Coudert, Y.,
Stoddart, M.1, Swadling, K., Wadley, V. (2014) CONCLUSION: Present and Future of Southern
Ocean Biogeography. In: De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P., Griffiths, H., Danis, B., David, B., Grant,
S., Gutt, J., Held, C., Hosie, G., Huetmann, F., Post, A., Raymond, B., Roper-Coudert, Y., Van
de Putte, A., (eds) The CAML/SCAR-MarBIN Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean.
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, UK.
McLeod, D.J., Hallegraeff, G.M., Hosie, G.W., and Richardson, A.J. (2012) Climate-driven range expansion
of the red-tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans into the Southern Ocean. Journal of Plankton
Research. 34, 332-337
Owens, N.J.P., Hosie, G.W., Batten, S.D., Sdwards, M., Johns, D.G. Beaugrand, G. (2013) All plankton
sampling systems underestimate abundance: Response to “Continuous plankton recorder
underestimates zooplankton abundance” by J.W. Dippner and M. Krause. Journal of Marine
Systems 128: 240-242.
Roberts, D., Hopcroft, R.R., Hosie.G.W. (2014) Southern Ocean Pteropods. In: De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P.,
Griffiths, H., Danis, B., David, B., Grant, S., Gutt, J., Held, C., Hosie, G., Huetmann, F., Post, A.,
Raymond, B., Roper-Coudert, Y., Van de Putte, A., (eds) The CAML/SCAR-MarBIN
Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research,
Cambridge, UK.
Takahashi, K.T., Hosie, G.W. (2014) Plankton sampling in 2009-2013 –Continuous Plankton Recorder
survey–. JARE Data Rep., XX (Mar. Biol. 45), XX p.
Takahashi, K.T., Hosie, G.W., Kitchener, J.A., McLeod, D.J., Stevens, C., Robinson, K., Jonas, T. and
Fukuchi, M. (2012) Report on “Southern Ocean CPR Standards Workshop -SCAR Expert Group
on CPR Research-”. Nankyoku Shiryou (Antarctic Record) 55 (3), 277-284
Thompson, G., Dinofrio, E.O., Alder, V.A., Takahashi, K.T. and Hosie, G.W. (2012) Copepod distribution
in surface waters of the Drake Passage using Continuous Plankton Recorder and a pump-net
onboard system. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 60 (3), 367-380.
Thesis
Lindsay, M.C.M (2012) Distribution and abundance of larvaceans in the Southern Ocean. PhD Thesis,
University of Tasmania.
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Published Reports
Edwards, M., Helaouet, P., Johns, D.G., Batten, S., Beaugrand, G., Chiba, S., Flavell, M., Head, E., Hosie,
G., Richardson, A.J., Takahashi, K., Verheye. H.M., Ward, P. & Wootton, M. (2012) Global
Marine Ecological Status Report: results from the global CPR survey 2010/2011. SAHFOS
Technical Report, 9: 1-40. Plymouth, U.K. ISSN 1744-0750
Robinson, K.V., Hosie, G.W., Pinkerton, M.H., Hall, J.A. (2014) Continuous Plankton Recorder Time
Series. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 128. Ministry for
Primary Industries, Wellington. 74 pp. ISBN 978-0-478-43226-8
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