NAME ________KEY____________
ECA Review
Answer each of the following questions with as much information as possible. This is your review sheet for
the test. So, the more information you write, the more it will be helpful for you on the test. If this is
completed 100% you will receive extra credit for it.
1. List 2 main differences between PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES.
PRO – NO NUCLEUS – SIMPLIER & HARDLY ANY ORGANELLES
EUK – NUCLEUS – MORE COMPLEX & MANY ORGANELLES
2. Within the cell there are many organelles. What is an organelle?
SMALL SPECIALIZED CELL STRUCTURE THAT CARRIES OUT SPECIFIC CELL FUNCTIONS
3. For the following organelles in a eukaryotic cell, write their function:
a. Ribosomes: ______PRODUCES PROTEINS__________________________
b. Mitochondria:____PRODUCES ENERGY_____________________________
c. Nucleus: ____CONTAINS NUCLEUS – CONTROL CENTER_______________
d. Endoplasmic reticulum: _SITE FOR PROTEIN (ROUGH) & LIPID PRODUCTION (SMOOTH)
e. Golgi Apparatus: __SORTS, PACKAGES & SHIPS PROTEINS FOR TRANSPORT__________
f. Vacuoles: _STORES FOODS, ENZYMES & WASTES_______________________________
g. Cell membrane: _OUTER MEMBRANE OF CELL & SELECTS WHAT ENTERS & LEAVES CELL
4. Macromolecules: What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?
CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACID
5. For each macromolecule group, give the monomer and their function.
CARBO – MONOSACCHARIDE
PROTEIN – AMINO ACID
LIPIDS – FATTY ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACID - NUCLEOTIDE
6. Intravenous saline injections are often given as a treatment for severe dehydration. The concentration
of saline (0.9% NaCl) in these injections is the same as that present in human cells. What would
happen if PURE water was introduced into the body instead of saline?
a. The cells would gain water and swell.
b. The cells would lose water and shrivel.
c. The cells would become impermeable to sodium (Na+) ions.
d. The cells would become impermeable to chlorine (Cl-) ions.
7. Draw a picture of an atom. (Be sure to place the names on the subatomic particles and there charges)
Proton “+” - nucleus
electron “-“ – outside nucleus in energy shell
Neutron “no charge” - nucleus
8. Write the definition of ecological succession.
PROCESS BY WHICH ONE COMMUNITY REPLACES ANOTHER COMMUNITY BECAUSE OF CHANGING
ABIOTIC & BIOTIC FACTORS.
9. What is primary succession?
ESTABLISHMENT OF A COMMUNITY IN AN AREA WHERE NO SOIL EXISTS.
10. What is secondary succession?
ORDERLY CHANGE THAT OCCURS IN A PLACE WHERE SOIL REMAINS AFTER A COMMUNITY OF
ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN DISTURBED
11. What are the 2 main things that create genetic diversity or variation in a population?
MUTATIONS & RANDOM MATING
12. Which of the following desert organisms is a producer:
a. Fox
b. Lizard
c. Cactus
d. Scorpion
13. In this food web label the producers, 1st level consumer, 2nd level consumer or 3rd level consumer.
1st level = grasshopper, mouse, rabbit
2nd level = lizard, snake, hawk
3rd level = hawk
14. The decomposer is not on this food chain. Add
them in and tell what their role is.
DECOMPOSER – TO BREAK DOWN DEAD
MATERIAL LIKE ORGANISMS BY RELEASING
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
15. Using the food web above, write a food chain that has a producer & 3 levels of consumer.
GRASS – MOUSE – SNAKE - HAWK
16. What is the maximum percentage of food energy available to a wolf that consumes a herbivorous field
mouse?
a. 0.1%
b. 1%
c. 10%
d. 100%
17. DNA:
a. What are the bases that make up DNA and how do they pair?
A=T
G=C
b. What makes up a nucleotide in DNA?
DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, NITROGEN BASE (A, T, G, C)
c. What is replication?
COPYING OF THE DNA
d. How do the strands pair up?
ANTIPARALLEL – 5’ – 3” & 3’-5” BY BASE PAIRING
e. DNA Strand:
TACGCCTACGGTCTAGTTATC
Complementary strand of DNA ____A T G C G G A T G C C A G A T C A A T A G______
18. RNA:
a. What are the bases that make up RNA and how do they pair up?
A, U, G, C
A=U
G=C
b. What makes up a nucleotide of RNA?
RIBOSE SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, NITROGEN BASE (A, U, G, C)
c. What is transcription:
USING DNA TO CREATE MRNA
d. Name the different types of RNA molecules.
RRNA, TRNA, MRNA
e. Using the same TYPED DNA sequence,
Write the mRNA strand
A U G G C C A U G C C A G A U C A A U A G__
f. What is translation: READING MRNA TO PRODUCE A PROTEIN FROM THE CORRECT AMINO
ACIDS BEING BROUGHT IN BY TRNA
g. Using the mRNA strand above break it into its codons.
h. Write the polypeptide
chain._MET/ALA/MET/PRO/ASP/GLU/STOP_________________________
i.
Using the mRNA strand write tRNA strand_UAC CGG UAC GGU CUA GUU AUC __________
19. What is the definition of organic?
SOMETHING LIVING
20. What is the definition of inorganic?
SOMETHING THAT WAS NEVER LIVING
21. What is the definition of metabolism?
ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR WITHIN AN ORGANISM
22. What is the definition of homoeostasis?
REGULATION OF AN ORGANISM’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT TO MAINTAIN CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR
LIFE.
23. What is the definition of aerobic respiration?
METABOLIC PROCESS IN WHICH PYRUVATE IS BROKEN DOWN & ELECTRON CARRIER MOLECULES ARE
USED TO PRODUCE ATP THROUGH THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT.
24. What is the definition of anaerobic respiration?
METABOLIC PROCESS THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN.
25. List TWO significant contributions made by Gregor Mendel to the field of biology.
1. FIGURED OUT HOW THE INHERITANCE OF TRAITS IS TRANSMITTED OR HEREDITY
2. USING MATHMATICS SHOWED THE PROBABLY OF HOW OFTEN THE TRAITS WOULD OCCUR.
26. Mendel genetics problems:
a. What does homozygous tell us?
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
THAT THE ALLELES ARE THE SAME
What does heterozygous tell us?
THAT THE ALLELES ARE DIFFERENT
What is dominant and recessive?
DOMINANT – ALLELE THAT IS EXPRESSED
RECESSIVE – ONLY EXPRESSED IF THE DOMINANT TRAIT IS NOT PRESENT
What is the definition of genotype?
WHAT ALLELE COMBINATIONS AN ORGANISM HAS FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT. EX: Aa
What is the definition of phenotype?
OUTWARD EXPRESSION OF THE ALLELES – EX: HAIR COLOR
What is incomplete dominance?
ONE ALLELE IS NOT DOMINANT OVER THE OTHER ALLELE AND THERE IS A BLENDING OF THE
ALLELES – EX: RED FLOWER CROSSED WITH WHITE FLOWER PRODUCES A PINK FLOWER
What is codominant?
BOTH ALLELES ARE SHOWN – EX: WHITE CHICKEN IS CROSSED WITH BLACK CHICKEN AND END
UP WITH AN OFFSPRING WITH WHITE AND BLACK FEATHERS
27. Punnett Squares:
a. Do the following Punnett Squares based on the following information:
B = Hair
H = Has tail
b = Bald
h = no tail
Make the following cross:
BB x bb
B
b
b
B
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
Genotypic ratio: ____100% Bb____________________
Phenotypic ratio: ____100% Hair_________________
Make the following cross:
Cross a heterozygous tailed cow with a no tailed cow.
Hh
hh
Hh
hh
Genotypic ratio: ____50% Hh : 50% hh____________
Phenotypic ratio: ___50% tail : 50% no tail__________
Set up the following cross:
If red is dominant over yellow in flower color, how would you set up the cross between a
homozygous red flower and a homozygous yellow flower?
_____RR___________ X ______rr__________ What color would the offspring be?
_______Red___________________
Rr
Rr
Rr
Rr
28. The curled ears of the American Curl cat are caused by an autosomal dominant allele. What are the
chances of a heterozygous female and a homozygous recessive male producing offspring with curled
ears?
a. 1 in 4
b. 2 in 4
c. 3 in 4
d. 4 in 4
29. The allele for attached earlobes (e) is recessive to the allele for unattached earlobes (E). A woman with
the genotype (Ee) and a man with the genotype (ee) have a child. What is the probability that the child
is heterozygous for attached earlobes?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
30. What is the definition of biomass?
TOTAL MASS OF LIVING MATTER AT EACH TROPIC LEVEL
31. What is biological magnification?
INCREASING CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES, DDT, IN ORGANISMS AS TROPHIC LEVELS
INCREASE IN FOOD CHAINS OR FOOD WEBS
32. What level of organisms will be affected the most by biological magnification?
HIGHEST TROPIC LEVEL
33. Be able to read a cladogram. (Cladogram is the hierarchical classification of species based on
evolutionary ancestry.
a. What organism is most
closely related to the
Hagfish, the perch or the
lizard?
b. List the organisms that
would have fur/mammary
glands: MOUSE & CHIMP
c. What is the last organism to evolve, evolutionary speaking, on this cladogram? CHIMP
34. When talking about EVOLUTION, do those events occur over long periods of time or short periods of
time? (circle one of the choices)
35. In terms of evolution, what is extinction?
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF A SPECIES WHEN THE LAST MEMBER DIES
36. What is the definition of evolution?
HEREDITY CHANGES IN GROUPS OF LIVING ORGANISMS OVER TIME
37. What did Hutton say?
EARTH IS MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD & CHANGES TO EARTH ARE GRADUAL. OVER A LONG PERIOD OF
TIME.
38. What did Lamarck say?
ACQUIRED TRAITS COULD BE PASSED DOWN EITHER THROUGH USE OR DISUSE.
39. What did Lyell say?
EARTH IS MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD & PROCESSES THAT ARE HAPPENING NOW WERE HAPPENING IN
THE PAST
40. What did Malthus say?
THAT POPULATIONS WOULD INCREASE UNTIL THEY MAXED OUT THE RESOUCES
41. Animals that are active at night are MOST likely to have which of the following features?
a. Oval-shaped eyes to reduce friction and pressure
b. A membrane behind the eye to reflect light back to the retina
c. Tear ducts to wet the eyes and eyelids to sweep dirt from the eye
d. Eyes located on the sides of the head to produce a wide field of view
42. The Giant Anteater of South America, the Giant Armadillo of North America, the Giant Pangolin of
Africa, and the Spiny Anteater of Oceania share many characteristics. They all eat ants, have long
narrow snouts, few teeth, and large salivary glands, yet they do not share a common ancestor. This is
an example of which of the following?
a. Genetic drift
b. Founder effect
c. Adaptive radiation
d. Convergent evolution
43. The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The fennec fox lives in the North African desert and has
large ears that release body heat. The Arctic fox lives in cold climates and has small ears that conserve
body heat.
Which of these processes led to the development of different ear sizes in foxes?
a. Selective breeding
b. Succession
c. Natural selection
d. Mutualism
44. In 1859, 24 European rabbits were brought to Australia for sport hunting. The rabbits had no natural
predators, resulting in an exponential growth pattern for the rabbits. They ate crops and became a
serious, destructive pest within a relatively short period of time. In an attempt to control the rabbit
population, the myxoma virus was introduced into the rabbit population in 1950. Initially, the virus
was highly effective, reducing the rabbit population by 99%. Currently, the myxoma mortality rate is
less than 50%.
a. Describe one scientifically probable change in the rabbit population of Australia that resulted in
the reduced effectiveness of the myxoma virus in controlling the number of wild rabbits.
_SOME RABBITS HAD A GENETIC IMMUNITY.________________________________________
_SOME RABBITS HAD A GENETIC MUTATION THAT MADE THEM IMMUNE TO THE VIRUS_____
_NATURAL SELECTION SELECTED FOR THE RABBITS THAT WERE ABLE TO SURVIVE THE VIRUS
AND THEN PASS THAT IMMUNITY TO THEIR OFFSPRING.__________________________
b. Describe one scientifically probable change in the myxoma virus that results in the reduced
effectiveness of the virus in controlling the number of wild rabbits.
__ONLY THE LESS DEADLY STRAINS OF THE VIRUS WERE ABLE TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE
WITHIN THE RABBIT POPULATION._________________________________________________
_THE VIRUS MUTATED TO A LESS DEADLY STRAIN.____________________________________
_NATURAL SELECTION SELECTED FOR ONLY THE LESS DEADLY STRAINS OF THE VIRUS._______
45. What is cellular respiration?
ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN TO RELEASE ENERGY IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN.
46. What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6H29 + 6CO2
47. In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
MITOCHONDREA
48. What is ATP?
ENERGY MOLECULE USED BY CELL
49. What is photosynthesis?
SUN’S ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO CHEMICAL ENERGY FOR USE BY THE CELL
50. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6
+ 6O2
51. What are the products of photosynthesis?
SUGAR & OXYGEN
52. What organelle does photosynthesis take place?
CHLOROPLASTS
53. What is the primary purpose of the receptor proteins located within a cell membrane?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Diffusion
Communication
Active transport
Energy production
54. What is the definition of a non-native species or invasive species?
SPECIES THAT IS INTRODUCED INTO AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE IT DOESN’T BELONG AND HAS NO
PREDATORS OR DISEASES PRESENT TO CONTROL THE POPULATION
55. What can happen when a non-native species or invasive species is introduced into a new ecosystem?
(example cane toads in Australia or Zebra mussels into the Great Lakes)
OVERPOPULATE
56. Why do invasive species do so well?
NO PREDATORS OR DISEASES
57. What is a vaccine?
A MEDICINE OF A DEAD OR WEAKENED VIRUS OR BACTERIA TO ACTIVATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO
BUILD ANTIBODIES AGAINST IT.
58. How does energy flow in an ecosystem?
IN ONE DIRECTION UP THE TROPIC LEVELS.
59. How do nutrients move in an ecosystem?
RECYCLED
60. List the 10 levels of organization starting from the simplest to the most complex.
CELL, TISSUE, ORGANS, ORGAN SYSTEMS, INDIVIDUAL, POPULATION, COMMUNITY, ECOSYSTEM,
BIOME, BIOSPHERE
61. What are Mendel’s three laws?
1. LAW OF DOMINANCE
2. LAW OF SEGREGATION
3. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
62. What is cell specialization?
WHERE CELLS ARE GIVEN SPECIAL JOBS TO DO, LIKE BECOME MUSCLE OR NERVE
63. What is the cell cycle?
PROCESS OF CELLULAR REPRODUCTION, OCCURRING IN 3 MAIN STAGES – INTERPHASE (GROWTH),
MITOSIS (NUCLEAR DIVISION) AND CYTOKINESIS (CYTOPLASM DIVISION)
64. What are the 2 parts of the cell cycle?
INTERPHASE – INCLUDES G1, S, G2
CELL DIVISION INCLUDES: MITOSIS – PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHAS, & TELOPHASE & THEN
CYTOKINESIS
65. What happens in the 2 parts of the cell cycle?
INTERPHASE (GROWTH)
CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS (NUCLEAR DIVISION) AND CYTOKINESIS (CYTOPLASM DIVISION)
66. What is cell division?
DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS (MITOSIS) AND DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLAM CREATING TWO DAUGHTER
CELLS (CYTOKINESIS)
67. What are the 2 parts of cell division?
MITOSIS & CYTOKINESIS
68. What happens in each phase of M phase?
PROPHASE – NUCLEAR MEMBRANE BREAKS DOWN, SISTER CHROMATIDS FORM, CENTRIOLES BEGIN
TO MIGRATE TO THE POLES
METAPHASE – SISTER CHROMATIDS LINE UP DOWN THE CENTER OF THE CELL
ANAPHASE – SISTER CHROMATIDS ARE PULLED APART AND THE CHROMOSOMES ARE PULLED TO
OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE CELL
TELOPHASE – NUCLEAR MEMBRANE REFORMS, CHROMOSOMES RETURN TO CHROMATIN
69. What types of cells do mitosis?
BODY OR SOMATIC
70. Cells doing mitosis, are the daughter cells identical or different than the parent cell?
71. What types of cells do meiosis?
SEX CELLS OR REPRODUCTIVE CELLS
72. Cells doing meiosis, are their daughter cells identical or different than the parent cells?
73. Does sexual reproduction increase or decrease genetic diversity within a species? (circle one of the
choices)
74. What is a mutation?
PERMANENT CHANGE IN A CELL’S DNA, RANGING FROM CHANGES IN A SINGLE BASE PAIR TO
DELETIONS OF LARGE SECTIONS OF A CHROMOSOMES
75. What is a frameshift mutation?
EITHER A NITROGEN BASE IS ADDED OR
DELETED CAUSING THE 3 BASE CODON YOU
READ TO CHANGE AND ALL THE OTHER
CODONS AFTER THE MUTATION TO CHANGE
76. How much energy is transferred from level to
the next in an energy pyramid?
10%
77. What type of pyramid is seen in the picture?
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
78. List and describe 3 processes used by cells to
control the movement of substances across the cell membrane
endocytosis (REQUIRES ENERGY) – bring in large particles into the cell by surrounding the material
with the cell_membrane creating a vesicle; exocytosis (REQUIRES ENERGY) sending a vesicle to the
cell membrane to fuse with the membrane & release the material to the environment; osmosis –
movement of water across the member; active transport (REQUIRES ENERGY) – moving material
through a channel pump and going against the concentration gradient; passive transport (diffusion
& facilitated diffusion) – diffusion – movement of particles through the membrane from areas of
high concentration to areas of low concentration; facilitated diffusion – movement of particle
through a protein channel from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ___
79. Use the genetic code below to answer the following question.
Below is an RNS sequence consisting of three amino acids and a stop codon. Above each amino acid
and the stop codon is the list of bases that code for that amino acid.
Original RNA sequence:
Original amino acid sequence:
UUU
AUG
ACU
UGA
Phe
Met
Thr
Stop
A mutation has occurred. A portion of the new sequence is shown below with the new first and
second codons.
New RNA sequence:
New amino acid sequence:
UUA
UAU
Leu
Tyr
GAC
UUG
What will be the fourth codon in the new sequence? ___UUG______________________________________
What amino acid will be coded for by the fourth codon in the new sequence? ____LEU__________________
What name is given to this type of mutation? ___FRAMESHIFT MUTATION – INSERTION (AN EXTRA “A”
NUCLEOTIDE WAS INSERTED
80. Starting with mRNA leaving the nucleus, list and describe four major steps involved in protein synthesis.
TRANSCRIPTION:
__1. DNA – SEPARATED USING DNA HELICASE TO BUILD mRNA IN THE NUCLEUS______________
__2. mRNA IS EDITED IN THE NUCLEUS BEFORE IT LEAVES. THE INTRONS ARE REMOVED & THE
EXONS ARE PUT BACK TOGETHER.___________________________________________________
TRANSLATION:
_3. mRNA TRAVELS FROM THE_NUCLEUS & GOES TO THE rRNA where mRNA is read by
tRNA._________________________________________________________________________
_4. tRNA CARRIES IN THE CORRECT AMINO ACIDS THAT WERE CODED FOR ON mRNA UNTIL IT HITS
THE STOP CODON.________________________________________________________________
_5. WHEN tRNA HITS THE STOP CODON, THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDS ARE RELEASED.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
_6. POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDS FOLDS & BECOMES A WORKING PROTEIN._________