PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
E. coli O157:H7
ruminants, domestic
U.S., California
6.63% of 3,964 samples positive
non-O157 STEC
ruminants, domestic
U.S., California
36.05% of 3,964 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, feedlot feces
U.S., Kansas
9.2% of 891 samples positive
E. coli EHEC,
VTEC, EPEC
ruminants, wild and
free-ranging, rectal
fecal samples
Belgium
9.3% of 133 samples positive for one of these groups
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, abattoir, rectal
fecal samples
U.S. midwest
5.9% of 1,189 samples positive
Salmonella
cattle, abattoir, rectal
fecal samples
U.S. midwest
4.4% of 987 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, beef feedlot,
feces
Canada, Alberta
1.9% of 8,682 samples positive
E. coli VTEC
cattle, beef and dairy
farms, rectal fecal
samples
Spain,
34.7% of 268 cow samples positive
36.7% of 90 calf samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, beef feedlot,
abattoir, rectal fecal
samples
Italy, north
95% of 19 farms had at least one positive sample
16.6% of 223 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, dairy cull cows
abattoir, rectal fecal
samples
Italy, north
16.1% of 137 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, veal calves,
abattoir, rectal fecal
samples
Italy, north
0% of 90 samples positive
Cooley, M.B., M. Jay-Russell, E.R. Atwill, D. Carychao, K. Nguyen, B.
Quiñones, R. Patel, S. Walker, M. Swimley, E. Pierre-Jerome, A.G.
Gordus, and R.E. Mandrell. 2013. Development of a robust method for
isolation of Shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli (STEC) from fecal,
plant, soil and water samples from a leafy greens production region in
California. PLoS One 8:e65716.
Cooley, M.B., M. Jay-Russell, E.R. Atwill, D. Carychao, K. Nguyen, B.
Quiñones, R. Patel, S. Walker, M. Swimley, E. Pierre-Jerome, A.G.
Gordus, and R.E. Mandrell. 2013. Development of a robust method for
isolation of Shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli (STEC) from fecal,
plant, soil and water samples from a leafy greens production region in
California. PLoS One 8:e65716.
Alam, M.J. and L. Zurek. 2006. Seasonal prevalence of Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in beef cattle feces. J. Food Prot. 69:3018-3020.
Bardiau, M., F. Grégoire, A. Muylaert, A. Nahayo, J.-N. Duprez, J.
Mainil, and A. Linden. 2010. Enteropathogenic (EPEC),
enterohaemorragic (EHEC) and verotoxigenic (VTEC) Escherichia coli
in wild cervids. J. Appl. Microbiol. 109:2214-2222.
Barkocy-Gallagher, G.A., T.M. Arthur, M. Rivera-Betancourt, X. Nou,
S.D. Shackelford, T.L. Wheeler, and M. Koohmaraie. 2003. Seasonal
prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, including
O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes, and Salmonella in commercial beef
processing plants. J. Food Prot. 66:1978-1986.
Barkocy-Gallagher, G.A., T.M. Arthur, M. Rivera-Betancourt, X. Nou,
S.D. Shackelford, T.L. Wheeler, and M. Koohmaraie. 2003. Seasonal
prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, including
O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes, and Salmonella in commercial beef
processing plants. J. Food Prot. 66:1978-1986.
Berg, J., T. McAllister, S. Bach, R. Stilborn, D. Hancock, and J.
LeJeune. 2004. Escherichia coli O157:H7 excretion by commercial
feedlot cattle fed either barley- or corn-based finishing diets. J. Food
Prot. 67:666-671.
Blanco, M., J.E. Blanco, J. Blanco, A. Mora, C. Prado, M.P. Alonso, M.
Mouriño, C. Madrid, C. Balsalobre, and A. Juárez. 1997. Distribution
and characterization of faecal verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli
(VTEC) isolated from healthy cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 54:309-319.
Bonardi, S., E. Maggi, A. Bottarelli, M.L. Pacciarini, A. Ansuini, G.
Vellini, S. Morabito, and A. Caprioli. 1999. Isolation of verocytotoxinproducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle at slaughter in Italy.
Vet. Microbiol. 67:203-211.
Bonardi, S., E. Maggi, A. Bottarelli, M.L. Pacciarini, A. Ansuini, G.
Vellini, S. Morabito, and A. Caprioli. 1999. Isolation of verocytotoxinproducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle at slaughter in Italy.
Vet. Microbiol. 67:203-211.
Bonardi, S., E. Maggi, A. Bottarelli, M.L. Pacciarini, A. Ansuini, G.
Vellini, S. Morabito, and A. Caprioli. 1999. Isolation of verocytotoxinproducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle at slaughter in Italy.
Vet. Microbiol. 67:203-211.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 1
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Cryptosporidium
slurry, pig
Spain
Oocysts were found in 40% of 5 pig farms
Cryptosporidium
soils, beef cattle
paddocks
U.S. Virginia
57.9% and 48.4% of pasture and hay paddock samples,
respectively, were positive.
Bornay-Llinares, F.J., L. Navarro-i-Martínez, F. García-Orenes, H.
Araez, M.D. Pérez-Murcia, and R. Moral. 2006. Detection of intestinal
parasites in pig slurry: A preliminary study from five farms in Spain.
Livestock Sci. 102:237-242.
Boyer, D.G. and E. Kuczynska. 2010. Prevalence and concentration of
Cryptosporidium oocysts in beef cattle paddock soils and forage.
Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:893-900.
Cryptosporidium
cattle (beef) forages in
paddocks
U.S., Virginia
Oocyst concentrations in positive samples ranged from 0.16 to 0.27
oocysts/g.
52.4% and 40.5% of pasture and hay paddock samples,
respectively, were positive.
Oocyst concentrations in positive samples ranged from 0.81 to 2.31
oocysts/g.
32.4% of 1,521 samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
cattle, calves, farm,
rectal fecal samples
Switzerland,
west
E. coli VTEC
cattle, calves, farm,
rectal fecal samples
Switzerland,
west
Salmonella spp.
cattle, calves, farm,
rectal fecal samples
Switzerland,
west
Yersinia spp.
cattle, calves, farm,
rectal fecal samples
Switzerland,
west
16.7% of 1,521 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, dairy and beef,
farms, rectal fecal
samples
Mexico, central
1.2% of 240 samples positive
E. coli O157
swine, rectal fecal
samples
Mexico, central
2.1% of 240 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
swine, feces
U.S.
7.3% of 600 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, abattoir, feces
U.K., South
Yorkshire
12.9% of 4800 samples positive
E. coli O157
sheep, abattoir, feces
U.K., South
Yorkshire
7.4% of 7200 samples positive
42.9% of 1,521 samples positive
78% of 67 farms had at least one positive sample
0% of 1,521 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Boyer, D.G. and E. Kuczynska. 2010. Prevalence and concentration of
Cryptosporidium oocysts in beef cattle paddock soils and forage.
Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:893-900.
Busato, A., D. Hofer, T. Lentze, C. Gaillard, and A. Burnens. 1999.
Prevalence and infection risks of zoonotic enteropathogenic bacteria in
Swiss cow-calf farms. Vet. Microbiol. 69:251-263.
Busato, A., D. Hofer, T. Lentze, C. Gaillard, and A. Burnens. 1999.
Prevalence and infection risks of zoonotic enteropathogenic bacteria in
Swiss cow-calf farms. Vet. Microbiol. 69:251-263.
Busato, A., D. Hofer, T. Lentze, C. Gaillard, and A. Burnens. 1999.
Prevalence and infection risks of zoonotic enteropathogenic bacteria in
Swiss cow-calf farms. Vet. Microbiol. 69:251-263.
Busato, A., D. Hofer, T. Lentze, C. Gaillard, and A. Burnens. 1999.
Prevalence and infection risks of zoonotic enteropathogenic bacteria in
Swiss cow-calf farms. Vet. Microbiol. 69:251-263.
Callaway, T.R., R.C. Anderson, G. Tellez, C. Rosario, G.M. Nava, C.
Eslava, M.A. Blanco, M.A. Quiroz, A. Olguín, M. Herradora, T.S.
Edrington, K.J. Genovese, R.B. Harvey, and D.J. Nisbet. 2004.
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and swine in Central
Mexico. J. Food Prot. 67:2274-2276.
Callaway, T.R., R.C. Anderson, G. Tellez, C. Rosario, G.M. Nava, C.
Eslava, M.A. Blanco, M.A. Quiroz, A. Olguín, M. Herradora, T.S.
Edrington, K.J. Genovese, R.B. Harvey, and D.J. Nisbet. 2004.
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and swine in Central
Mexico. J. Food Prot. 67:2274-2276.
Callaway, T.R., T.S. Edrington, A. Brabban, E. Kutter, L. Karriker, C.
Stahl, E. Wagstrom, R.C. Anderson, G. Genovese, J. McReynolds, R.
Harvey, D.J. Nisbet. 2010. Occurrence of Salmonella-specific
bacteriophages in swine feces collected from commercial farms.
Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:851-856.
Chapman, P.A., A.T. Cerdán Malo, M. Ellin, R. Ashton, and M.A.
Harkin. 2001. Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on
beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products in South
Yorkshire, UK. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 64:139-150.
Chapman, P.A., A.T. Cerdán Malo, M. Ellin, R. Ashton, and M.A.
Harkin. 2001. Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on
beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products in South
Yorkshire, UK. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 64:139-150.
Page 2
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
E. coli O157
cattle, beef and dairy,
abattoir, rectal fecal
samples
chickens, abattoir,
rectal fecal samples
U.K.
15.7% of 4800 samples positive
U.K.
0% of 1000 samples positive
E. coli O157
sheep, abattoir, rectal
fecal samples
U.K.
2.2% of 1000 samples positive
E. coli O157
swine, abattoir, rectal
fecal samples
U.K.
0.4% of 1000 samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
cattle, feces
France
16.5% samples positive
Cryptosporidium
swine feces
China, Shanghai
E. coli STEC
cattle, organic and
conventional dairy
feces
U.S., Minnesota
34.4% of 2323 samples were positive.
100% of 12 pig farms were infected with prevalence ranging from
14.1 to 90.6%.
Lowest infection season was summer.
Infection was found mainly in piglet less than 2 months of age and
no infection was found among those pigs of 90-180 days.
Most prevalent isolates were C. suis (82.6%) and Cryptosporidium
pig genotype II (8.7%).
32.% of 2208 samples positive
Chapman, P.A., C.A. Siddons, A.T. Cerdan Malo, and M.A. Harkin.
1997. A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and
poultry. Epidemiol. Infect. 119:245-250.
Chapman, P.A., C.A. Siddons, A.T. Cerdan Malo, and M.A. Harkin.
1997. A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and
poultry. Epidemiol. Infect. 119:245-250.
Chapman, P.A., C.A. Siddons, A.T. Cerdan Malo, and M.A. Harkin.
1997. A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and
poultry. Epidemiol. Infect. 119:245-250.
Chapman, P.A., C.A. Siddons, A.T. Cerdan Malo, and M.A. Harkin.
1997. A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and
poultry. Epidemiol. Infect. 119:245-250.
Chatre, P., M. Haenni, D. Meunier, M.A. Botrel, D. Calavas, and J.Y.
Madec. 2010. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter
jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from cattle between 2002 and
2006 in France. J. Food Prot. 73:825-831.
Chen, Z., R. Mi, H. Yu, Y. Shi, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, P. Zhou, Y. Cai, and
J. Lin. 2011. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs in Shanghai,
China. Vet. Parasitol. 181:113-119.
E. coli O157
cattle, feedlot, rectal
fecal samples
Czech Republic
20% of 365 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, beef stable
floors
Belgium
22.7% of 75 farms positive
E. coli O157
cattle, dairy stable
floors
Belgium
15.7% of 300 pens positive
61.2% of 49 farms positive
E. coli O157
cattle, mixed dairy and
beef stable floors
Belgium
38.4% of 190 pens positive
44.4% of 45 farms positive
E. coli O157
veal stable floors
Belgium
20.9% of 220 pens positive
9.1% of 11 farms positive
E. coli STEC
cattle, dairy farms,
rectal fecal samples
Australia,
Queensland
E. coli O157
71.4% of dairy farms had at least one positive sample
0.1% of 110 pens positive
16.7% of 98 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Cho, S., F. Diez-Gonzalez, C.P. Fossler, S.J. Wells, C.W. Hedberg, J.B.
Kaneene, P.L. Ruegg, L.D. Warnick, and J.B. Bender. 2006. Prevalence
of shiga toxin-encoding Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms and
county fairs. Vet. Microbiol. 118:289-298
Čížek, A., P. Alexa, I. Literák, J. Hamřík, P. Novák, and J. Smola. 1999.
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle and
Norwegian rats from a large-scale farm. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28:435439.
Cobbaut, K., D. Berkvens, K. Houe, R. De Deken, and L. De Zutter.
2009. Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in different cattle farm types
and identification of potential risk factors. J. Food Prot. 72:1848-1853.
Cobbaut, K., D. Berkvens, K. Houe, R. De Deken, and L. De Zutter.
2009. Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in different cattle farm types
and identification of potential risk factors. J. Food Prot. 72:1848-1853.
Cobbaut, K., D. Berkvens, K. Houe, R. De Deken, and L. De Zutter.
2009. Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in different cattle farm types
and identification of potential risk factors. J. Food Prot. 72:1848-1853.
Cobbaut, K., D. Berkvens, K. Houe, R. De Deken, and L. De Zutter.
2009. Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in different cattle farm types
and identification of potential risk factors. J. Food Prot. 72:1848-1853.
Cobbold, R. and P. Desmarchelier. 2000. A longitudinal study of Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) prevalence in three Australian dairy
herds. Vet. Microbiol. 71:125-137.
Page 3
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Campylobacter
duck, Mallard, feces
U.K.
93.3% - 100% of two groups of 60 farmed ducks tested at 28-56
days of age were positive
E. coli O157
cattle, calves and
heifers, farm, rectal
fecal samples
swine feces
Italy, northern
10.7% of 1293 heifer samples positive
64.1% of the 92 heifers were positive at least once
3.8% of 341 calf samples positive
20% of samples were positive for porcine norovirus
rotavirus A, B and
C
swine feces
U.S.
67% and 44% of 61 samples were positive for rotavirus A and C,
respectively. None of the samples were positive for rotavirus B.
sapovirus
swine feces
U.S.
97% of samples were positive for porcine sapovirus
adenovirus
calf feces
0% of 5 samples positive
adenovirus
cattle, adult, feces
adenovirus
pig feces
Clostridium
perfringens
calf feces
Clostridium
perfringens
cattle, adult, feces
Clostridium
perfringens
chicken feces
Clostridium
perfringens
horse feces
Clostridium
perfringens
pig feces
Clostridium
perfringens
sheep feces
Cryptosporidium
calf feces
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Colles, F.M., J.S. Ali, S.K. Sheppard, N.D. McCarthy, and M.C.J.
Maiden. 2011. Campylobacter populations in wild and domesticated
Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 3:574580.
Condera, G., P.A. Chapman, S. Marangon, E. Tisato, P. Dalvit, and A.
Zuin. 2001. A field survey of Escherichia coli O157 ecology on a cattle
farm in Italy. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 66:85-93.
Costantini, V.P. A.C. Azevedo, X. Li, M.C. Williams, F.C. Michel, Jr.,
and L.J. Saif. 2007. Effects of different animal waste treatment
technologies on detection and viability of porcine enteric viruses. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 73:5284-5291.
Costantini, V.P. A.C. Azevedo, X. Li, M.C. Williams, F.C. Michel, Jr.,
and L.J. Saif. 2007. Effects of different animal waste treatment
technologies on detection and viability of porcine enteric viruses. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 73:5284-5291.
Costantini, V.P. A.C. Azevedo, X. Li, M.C. Williams, F.C. Michel, Jr.,
and L.J. Saif. 2007. Effects of different animal waste treatment
technologies on detection and viability of porcine enteric viruses. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 73:5284-5291.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
norovirus
U.S.
0% of 6 samples positive
0% of 4 samples positive
22.2% of 9 samples positive
22.2% of 9 samples positive
88.9% of 9 samples positive
33.3% of 9 samples positive
100% of 9 samples positive
22.2% of 9 samples positive
57.1% of 7 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 4
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Cryptosporidium
cattle, adult, feces
22.2% of 9 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
chicken feces
Cryptosporidium
horse feces
Cryptosporidium
pig feces
Cryptosporidium
sheep feces
enterovirus
calf feces
enterovirus
cattle, adult, feces
enterovirus
pig feces
Giardia
calf feces
Giardia
cattle, adult, feces
Giardia
chicken feces
Giardia
horse feces
Giardia
pig feces
Giardia
sheep feces
reovirus
calf feces
reovirus
cattle, adult, feces
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
0% of 7 samples positive
11.1% of 9 samples positive
77.8% of 9 samples positive
66.6% of 9 samples positive
20% of 5 samples positive
0% of 6 samples positive
0% of 4 samples positive
77.8% of 9 samples positive
77.8% of 9 samples positive
22.2% of 9 samples positive
22.2% of 9 samples positive
55.6% of 9 samples positive
66.6% of 9 samples positive
60% of 6 samples positive
66.7% of 6 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 5
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
reovirus
pig feces
25% of 4 samples positive
Salmonella
cattle feces
Australia,
Sydney
watersheds
U.S.
Salmonella
cattle, beef, fecal pats
U.S.
1.4% of 5,049 samples positive
Arcobacter
pig feces
Belgium
11.2% of 187 operations had at least one positive sample
11.3-50.0% of fecal samples positive on 4 farms
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, beef and dairy,
rectal fecal samples
U.S., TN, NC,
AL, WA, CA
excretion levels up to 104 CFU/g feces
3.9% of 408 dairy cattle samples positive
4.7% of 408 beef cattle samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
chicken and turkey,
rectal fecal samples
U.S., TN, NC,
AL, WA, CA
2.7% of 444 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
swine, rectal fecal
samples
U.S., TN, NC,
AL, WA, CA
8.8% of 426 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
U.S.
2.5% of 408 samples positive
Campylobacter
cattle, cow and calf
farms, rectal fecal
samples
cattle, beef slurry
Campylobacter
cattle, dairy slurry
UK, seven
regions
44% of 26 samples were positive
Campylobacter
chicken, manure
UK, seven
regions
53% of 9 samples were positive
Campylobacter
pig, slurry
UK, seven
regions
71% of 15 samples were positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, rectal, feces
U.S., Texas
64.3% of 8 cattle were positive
E. coli O157
cattle, beef, abattoir,
rectal fecal samples
U.S., Midwest
27.8% of 327 samples positive
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Dargatz, D.A., P.J. Fedorka-Cray, S.R. Ladely, and K.E. Ferris. 2000.
Survey of Salmonella serotypes shed in feces of beef cows and their
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. J. Food Prot. 63:1648-1653.
Dargatz, D.A., P.J. Fedorka-Cray, S.R. Ladely, and K.E. Ferris. 2000.
Survey of Salmonella serotypes shed in feces of beef cows and their
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. J. Food Prot. 63:1648-1653.
De Smet, S., L. De Zutter, L. Debruyne, F. Vangroenweghe, P.
Vandamme, and K. Houf. 2011. Arcobacter population dynamics in pigs
on farrow-to-finish farms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:1732-1738.
Doane, C.A., P. Pangloli, H.A. Richards, J.R. Mount, D.A. Golden, and
F.A. Draughon. 2007. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in
diverse farm environments. J. Food Prot. 70:6-10.
Doane, C.A., P. Pangloli, H.A. Richards, J.R. Mount, D.A. Golden, and
F.A. Draughon. 2007. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in
diverse farm environments. J. Food Prot. 70:6-10.
Doane, C.A., P. Pangloli, H.A. Richards, J.R. Mount, D.A. Golden, and
F.A. Draughon. 2007. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in
diverse farm environments. J. Food Prot. 70:6-10.
Dunn, J.R., J.E. Keen, R. Del Vecchio, T.E. Wittum, and R. Alex
Thompson. 2004. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a cohort of weaned,
preconditioned range beef calves. J. Food Prot. 67:2391-2396.
Easton, J. 1996. Fate and transport of campylobacters in soil arising
from farming practices. Campylobacters, helicobacters and related
organisms. J. M. K. D.G. Newell, and R.A. Feldman. New York, NY,
Plenum Press.
Easton, J. 1996. Fate and transport of campylobacters in soil arising
from farming practices. Campylobacters, helicobacters and related
organisms. J. M. K. D.G. Newell, and R.A. Feldman. New York, NY,
Plenum Press.
Easton, J. 1996. Fate and transport of campylobacters in soil arising
from farming practices. Campylobacters, helicobacters and related
organisms. J. M. K. D.G. Newell, and R.A. Feldman. New York, NY,
Plenum Press.
Easton, J. 1996. Fate and transport of campylobacters in soil arising
from farming practices. Campylobacters, helicobacters and related
organisms. J. M. K. D.G. Newell, and R.A. Feldman. New York, NY,
Plenum Press.
Edrington, T.S., T.R. Callaway, D.M. Hallford, R.C. Anderson, and
D.J. Nisbet. 2007. Influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T 3) on fecal
shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle. Microbial Ecol. 53:664-663.
Elder, R.O., J.E. Keen, G.R. Siragusa, G.A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M.
Koohmaraie, and W.W. Laegreid. 2000. Correlation of
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides,
and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. PNAS 97:2999-3003.
UK, seven
regions
11.2% of 187 samples positive
17.2% of 29 cow-calf farms positive
63% of 16 samples were positive
72.4% of 29 lots had at least one positive sample
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 6
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
E. coli O157
cattle feces
U.S., midwest
meat processing
plants
28% of 327 samples positive
Elder, R.O., J.E. Keen, G.R. Siragusa, G.A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M.
Koohvaraie, and W.W. Laegreid. 2000. Correlation of
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides,
and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. PNAS 97:2999-3003.
Esteban, J.I., B. Oporto, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2009.
Faecal shedding and strain diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in
healthy ruminants and swine in Northern Spain. BMC Vet. Res. 5:2.
Doi:10.1186/1746-6148-5-2.
Esteban, J.I., B. Oporto, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2009.
Faecal shedding and strain diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in
healthy ruminants and swine in Northern Spain. BMC Vet. Res. 5:2.
Doi:10.1186/1746-6148-5-2.
Esteban, J.I., B. Oporto, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2009.
Faecal shedding and strain diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in
healthy ruminants and swine in Northern Spain. BMC Vet. Res. 5:2.
Doi:10.1186/1746-6148-5-2.
Farzan, A., L. Parrington, T. Coklin, A. Cook, K. Pintar, F. Pollari, R.
Friendship, J. Farber, and B. Dixon. 2011. Detection and
characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. on
swine farms in Ontario, Canada. Foodborne Path. Dis. 8:1207-1213.
Farzan, A., L. Parrington, T. Coklin, A. Cook, K. Pintar, F. Pollari, R.
Friendship, J. Farber, and B. Dixon. 2011. Detection and
characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. on
swine farms in Ontario, Canada. Foodborne Path. Dis. 8:1207-1213.
Farzan, A., R.M. Friendship, A. Cook, and F. Pollari. 2010. Occurrence
of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli
O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in swine. Zoonoses Publ. Hlth.
57:388-396.
Farzan, A., R.M. Friendship, A. Cook, and F. Pollari. 2010. Occurrence
of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli
O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in swine. Zoonoses Publ. Hlth.
57:388-396.
Farzan, A., R.M. Friendship, A. Cook, and F. Pollari. 2010. Occurrence
of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli
O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in swine. Zoonoses Publ. Hlth.
57:388-396.
Feder, I., J.T. Gray, R.A. Pearce, P.M. Fratamico, E. Bush, A. PortoFett, F.M. Wallace, P.J. Fedorka-Cray, and J.B. Luchansky. 2007.
Testing of swine feces obtained through the National Animal Health
Monitoring System's Swine 2000 study for the presence of Escherichia
coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 70:1489-1492.
Fedorka-Dray, P.J., D.A. Dargatz, L.A. Thomas, and J.T. Gray. 1998.
Survey of Salmonella serotypes in feedlot cattle. J. Food Prot. 61:525530.
Franchin, P.R., K.E. Aidoo, and C.R.V. Batista. 2005. Sources of
poultry meat contamination with thermophilic Campylobacter before
slaughter. Braz. J. Microbiol. 36:157-162.
72% of lots had positive samples
L. monocytogenes
cattle, feces
Basque
36.8% of 6180 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
sheep, feces
Basque
14.2% of 3600 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
swine, feces
Basque
0.0% of 510 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
swine manure
Canada
55.7% of 122 pooled samples from 10 farms were positive
Giardia
duodenalis
swine manure
Canada
The most prevalent Cryptosporidium were C. parvum (55.4%) and
Cryptosporidium sp. pig genotype II (37.5%)
66.4% of 122 pooled samples from 10 farms were positive
E. coli O157
swine, feces
Canada
3.3% of 359 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
swine, feces
Canada
3.3% of 122 samples positive
Salmonella
swine, feces
Canada
31.5% of 359 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
swine, feces
U.S., major
swine-producing
states
4.19% of 2,526 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
cattle, feces
U.S.
5.5% of 4977 samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
poultry, feces
Brazil
75.0% of 24 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 7
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Clostridium
difficile
deer, farmed, pooled
feces
U.S., Ohio
36.7% of 30 facilities had positive samples
E. coli O157:H7
deer, farmed, pooled
feces
U.S., Ohio
3.3% of 30 facilities had positive samples
L. monocytogenes
deer, farmed, pooled
feces
U.S., Ohio
3.3% of 30 facilities had positive samples
Salmonella
enterica
deer, farmed, pooled
feces
U.S., Ohio
0% of 30 facilities had positive samples
Yersinia
enterocolitica
deer, farmed, pooled
feces
U.S., Ohio
30.0% of 30 facilities had positive samples
E. coli O157:H7
Cattle, beef feedlots,
feces
U.S., Kansas
0.3% of 17,050 samples positive
Salmonella
Cattle, beef, feedyard,
rectal fecal samples
U.S., Kansas
40% of 120 samples positive on entry into feedyard
0% of 120 samples positive on day of slaughter (120-150 days after
entry into feedyard)
Salmonella
enterica
cattle feces
California,
Monterey County
0.13% of 795 samples were positive
Enterocytozoon
bieneusi and
Encephalitozoon
intestinalis
multiple, solid waste
landfill leachate and
sewage sludge
Poland
E. coli O157
cattle, 12-30 month old
beef, feces
Scotland
Overall concentration of E. intestinalis spores as 18/g and was
significantly higher than the concentration of E. bieneusi with a
mean of 16 spores/g.
Sewage sludge samples contained significantly more
microsporidian spores per g than the landfill leachate samples.
7.9% of 14,856 samples positive
French, E., A. Rodriguez-Palacios, and J.T. LeJeune. 2010. Enteric
bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential isolated from farm-raised
deer. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:1031-1037.
French, E., A. Rodriguez-Palacios, and J.T. LeJeune. 2010. Enteric
bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential isolated from farm-raised
deer. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:1031-1037.
French, E., A. Rodriguez-Palacios, and J.T. LeJeune. 2010. Enteric
bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential isolated from farm-raised
deer. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:1031-1037.
French, E., A. Rodriguez-Palacios, and J.T. LeJeune. 2010. Enteric
bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential isolated from farm-raised
deer. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:1031-1037.
French, E., A. Rodriguez-Palacios, and J.T. LeJeune. 2010. Enteric
bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential isolated from farm-raised
deer. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:1031-1037.
Galland, J.C., D.R. Hyatt, S.S. Crupper, and D.A. Acheson. 2001.
Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and diversity of Escherichia coli
O157:H7 isolates from a longitudinal study of beef cattle feedlots.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1619-1627.
Galland, J.C., J.K. House, D.R. Hyatt, L.L. Hawkins, N.V. Anderson,
C.K. Irwin, and B.P. Smith. 2000. Prevalence of Salmonella in beef
feeder steers as determined by bacterial culture and ELISA serology.
Vet. Microbiol. 76:143-151.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Graczyk, T.K., M. Kacprzak, E. Neczaj, H. Graczyk, F.E. Lucy, and
A.S. Girouard. 2007. Human-virulent microsporidian spores in solid
waste landfill leachate and sewage sludge, and effects of sanitization
treatments on their inactivation. Parasitol. Res. 101:569-575.
22.8% of 952 farms had at least one positive sample
E. coli O157:H7
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, dairy feces
cattle, dairy feces
U.S., northwest
1.41% of 12,664 positive
U.S., Northwest
75% of 36 herds had positive samples
0 – 5.5% positive within herd
2.3% of 1097 samples positive.
100% of farms had positive samples.
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, feedlot feces
U.S., Northwest
3.6% of 1046 samples positive
100% of farms had positive samples
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Gunn, G.J., I.J. McKendrick, H.E. Ternent, F. Thomson-Carter, G.
Foster, and B.A. Synge. 2007. An investigation of factors associated
with the prevalence of verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli O157
shedding in Scottish beef cattle. Vet. J. 174:554-564.
Hancock, D.D., D.H. Rice, D.E. Herriott, T.E. Besser, E.D. Ebel, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1997. Effects of farm manure-handling practices on
Escherichia coli O17 prevalence in cattle. J. Food Prot. 60:363-366.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Page 8
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
E. coli O157:H7
horse feces collected
from cattle farm
U.S., Northwest
1.1% of 90 samples positive
Campylobacter
broilers ceca
Sweden
E. coli O157
cattle, adult, rectal
Netherlands
47% of 540 ceca samples were positive.
proportion of positive samples ranged from 10 to 100% within a
flock.
The concentrations in positive ceca samples ranged from 1.7 to 8.6
log CFU/g.
10.6% of 540 samples positive
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Hansson, I., N. Pudas, B. Harborn, and E.O. Engvall. 2010. Withinflock variations of Campylobacter loads in caeca and on carcasses from
broilers. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 141:51-55.
E. coli O157
ewes, rectal
Netherlands
3.8% of 52 samples positive
E. coli O157
lambs, rectal
Netherlands
4.1% of 49 samples positive
E. coli O157
veal calves, rectal
Netherlands
0.5% of 397 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
cattle, dairy feces
New York, U.S.
31% of 825 samples positive
E. coli, CTX-M
positive
cattle, chicken, and pig
feces
U.K.
The proportion of animals designated high-density shedders (>1 X
104 CFU/g) of CTX-M E. coli was 3/35, 15/32, and 8/20 for cattle,
chickens, and pigs, respectively.
Campylobacter
cattle feces
UK, England and
Wales
12.8% of 810 samples positive
Campylobacter
chicken feces
UK, England and
Wales
Arithmetic mean of 7.6 x 103 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 1.5 x 105 CFU/g
19.4% of 67 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 4.2 x 103 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 2.9 x 104 CFU/g
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Heuvelink, A.E., F.L.A.M. van den Biggelaar, E. de Boer, R.G. Herbes,
W.J.G. Melchers, J.H.J. Uis In ‘T Veld, and L.A. H. Monnens. 1998.
Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia
coli O157 strains from Dutch cattle and sheep. J. Clin. Microbiol.
36:878-882.
Heuvelink, A.E., F.L.A.M. van den Biggelaar, E. de Boer, R.G. Herbes,
W.J.G. Melchers, J.H.J. Uis In ‘T Veld, and L.A. H. Monnens. 1998.
Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia
coli O157 strains from Dutch cattle and sheep. J. Clin. Microbiol.
36:878-882.
Heuvelink, A.E., F.L.A.M. van den Biggelaar, E. de Boer, R.G. Herbes,
W.J.G. Melchers, J.H.J. Uis In ‘T Veld, and L.A. H. Monnens. 1998.
Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia
coli O157 strains from Dutch cattle and sheep. J. Clin. Microbiol.
36:878-882.
Heuvelink, A.E., F.L.A.M. van den Biggelaar, E. de Boer, R.G. Herbes,
W.J.G. Melchers, J.H.J. Uis In ‘T Veld, and L.A. H. Monnens. 1998.
Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia
coli O157 strains from Dutch cattle and sheep. J. Clin. Microbiol.
36:878-882.
Ho, A.J., R. Ivanek, Y.T. Grohn, K.K. Nightingale, and M. Wiedmann.
2007. Listeria monocytogenes fecal shedding in dairy cattle shows high
levels of day-to-day variation and includes outbreaks and sporadic
cases of shedding of specific L. monocytogenes subtypes. Prev. Vet.
Med. 80:287-305.
Horton, R.A., L.P. Randall, E.L. Snary, H. Cockrem, S. Lotz, H.
Wearing, D. Duncan, A. Rabie, I. McLaren, E. Watson, R.M. La
Ragione, and N.G. Coldham. 2011. Fecal carriage and shedding density
of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli
in cattle, chickens, and pigs: Implications for environmental
contamination and food production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
77:3715-3719.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Page 9
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Campylobacter
pig feces
UK, England and
Wales
13.5% of 126 samples positive
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Campylobacter
Cryptosporidium
parvum
Cryptosporidium
parvum
Cryptosporidium
parvum
E. coli O157
E. coli O157
E. coli O157
Giardia
intestinalis
Giardia
intestinalis
sheep feces
cattle feces
pig feces
sheep feces
cattle feces
pig feces
sheep feces
cattle feces
pig feces
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
Arithmetic mean of 1.9 x 103 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 1.5 x 104 CFU/g
20.8% of 24 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 8.6 x 102 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 2.1 x 103 CFU/g
5.4% of 810 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 2.7 x 102 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 3.5 x 103 CFU/g
13.5% of 126 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 3.0 x 102 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 3.6 x 103 CFU/g
29.2% of 24 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 5.3 x 101 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 2.5 x 102 CFU/g
13.2% of 810 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 2.9 x 106 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 2.6 x 108 CFU/g
11.9% of 126 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 6.9 x 104 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 7.5 x 105 CFU/g
20.8% of 24 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 1.1 x 104 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 4.9 x 104 CFU/g
3.6% of 810 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 2.2 x 102 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 5.0 x 103 CFU/g
2.4% of 126 samples positive
4
Giardia
intestinalis
Listeria
sheep feces
cattle feces
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
Arithmetic mean of 5.3 x 10 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 1.6 x 105 CFU/g
20.8% of 24 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 3.8 x 102 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 1.2 x 103 CFU/g
29.8% of 810 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 1.5 x 104 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 4.2 x 105 CFU/g
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Page 10
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Listeria
chicken feces
UK, England and
Wales
19.4% of 67 samples positive
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Listeria
Listeria
Salmonella
Salmonella
Salmonella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
spp.
pig feces
sheep feces
cattle feces
chicken feces
pig feces
sheep feces
cattle feces
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
UK, England and
Wales
Britain
Arithmetic mean of 3.2 x 104 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 1.9 x 105 CFU/g
19.8% of 126 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 4.6 x 104 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 9.7 x 105 CFU/g
29.2% of 24 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 4.5 x 102 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 1.7 x 103 CFU/g
7.7% of 810 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 3.9 x 104 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 5.8 x 105 CFU/g
17.9% of 67 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 5.0 x 103 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 2.2 x 104 CFU/g
7.9% of 126 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 9.6 x 103 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 7.8 x 104 CFU/g
8.3% of 24 samples positive
Arithmetic mean of 1.1 x 103 CFU/g for positive samples
Highest level observed – 2.0 x 103 CFU/g
9.8-12.8% samples positive
2.5-2.7 log CFU/g in positive samples
Campylobacter
spp.
pig feces
Britain
10.3-13.5% samples positive
2.5-3.2 log CFU/g in positive samples
Campylobacter
spp.
poultry feces
Britain
7.7-19.4% samples positive
2.4-2.8 log CFU/g in positive samples
Campylobacter
spp.
sheep feces
Britain
11.1-20.8% samples positive
2.0-2.6 log CFU/g in positive samples
Cryptosporidium
parvum
cattle feces
Britain
2.8-5.4% samples positive
1.0-1.3 log CFU/g in positive samples
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, B.A. Synge, and A. Moore.
2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 39:207-214.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Page 11
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Cryptosporidium
parvum
pig feces
Britain
5.2-13.5% samples positive
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
1.5-1.8 log CFU/g in positive samples
Cryptosporidium
parvum
sheep feces
Britain
29.2% samples positive
1.0 log CFU/g in positive samples
E. coli O157
cattle feces
Britain
9.1-13.2% samples positive
2.4-3.1 log CFU/g in positive samples
E. coli O157
pig feces
Britain
11.9-15.5% samples positive
3.1-3.6 log CFU/g in positive samples
E. coli O157
sheep feces
Britain
20.8-22.2% samples positive
2.4-2.9 log CFU/g in positive samples
Listeria spp.
cattle feces
Britain
29.8-31.0% samples positive
3.0 log CFU/g in positive samples
Listeria spp.
pig feces
Britain
19.0-19.8% samples positive
2.8-3.5 log CFU/g in positive samples
Listeria spp.
poultry feces
Britain
15.4-19.4% samples positive
2.5-2.9 log CFU/g in positive samples
Listeria spp.
sheep feces
Britain
29.2-44.4% samples positive
2.3-2.5 log CFU/g in positive samples
Salmonella spp.
cattle feces
Britain
7.7-10.0% samples positive
3.3-3.4 log CFU/g in positive samples
Salmonella spp.
pig feces
Britain
5.2-7.9% samples positive
2.8 log CFU/g in positive samples
Salmonella spp.
poultry feces
Britain
11.5-17.9% samples positive
2.3-3.6 log CFU/g in positive samples
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 12
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Salmonella spp.
sheep feces
Britain
8.3-11.1% samples positive
Hutchison, M.L., L.D. Walters, S.M. Avery, F. Munro, and A. Moore.
2005. Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen
levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71:1231-1236.
Jay, M.T., M. Cooley, D. Carychao, G.W. Wiscomb, R.A. Sweitzer, L.
Crawford-Miksza, J.A. Farrar, D.K. Lau, J. O'Connell, A. Millington,
R.V. Asmundson, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2007. Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, Central
California coast. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:1908-1911.
Jenkins, M.B., J.L. Liotta, A. Lucio-Forster, and D.D. Bowman. 2010.
Concentrations, viability, and distribution of Cryptosporidium
genotypes in lagoons of swine facilities in the Southern Piedmont and in
coastal plain watersheds of Georgia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:57575763.
Jeon, B.-W., J.-M. Jeong, G.-Y. Won, H. Park, S.-K. Eo, H.-Y. Kang, J.
Hur, and J.H. Lee. 2006. Prevalence and characteristics of Escherichia
coli O26 and O111 from cattle in Korea. Int. J. Food Microbiol.
110:123-126.
Jo, M.-Y., J.-H. Kim, J.-H. Lim, M.-Y. Kang, H.-B. Koh, Y.-H. Park,
D.-Y. Yoon, J.-S. Chae, S.-K. Eo, and J.H. Lee. 2004. Prevalence and
characteristics of Escherichia coli O157 from major food animals in
Korea. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95:41-49.
Jo, M.-Y., J.-H. Kim, J.-H. Lim, M.-Y. Kang, H.-B. Koh, Y.-H. Park,
D.-Y. Yoon, J.-S. Chae, S.-K. Eo, and J.H. Lee. 2004. Prevalence and
characteristics of Escherichia coli O157 from major food animals in
Korea. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95:41-49.
Jo, M.-Y., J.-H. Kim, J.-H. Lim, M.-Y. Kang, H.-B. Koh, Y.-H. Park,
D.-Y. Yoon, J.-S. Chae, S.-K. Eo, and J.H. Lee. 2004. Prevalence and
characteristics of Escherichia coli O157 from major food animals in
Korea. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95:41-49.
Johnsen, G., Y. Wasteson, E. Heir, O.I. Berget, and H. Herikstad. 2001.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the
southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999. Int. J. Food Microbiol.
65:193-200.
Johnsen, G., Y. Wasteson, E. Heir, O.I. Berget, and H. Herikstad. 2001.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the
southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999. Int. J. Food Microbiol.
65:193-200.
Johnsen, G., Y. Wasteson, E. Heir, O.I. Berget, and H. Herikstad. 2001.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the
southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999. Int. J. Food Microbiol.
65:193-200.
Kalender, H. 2003. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in faeces from
chickens, sheep, and cattle in Elazig Province. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.
27:449-451/
Kalender, H. 2003. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in faeces from
chickens, sheep, and cattle in Elazig Province. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.
27:449-451/
2.8-3.8 log CFU/g in positive samples
E. coli O157:H7
cattle feces
U.S., Central
California
33.8% of 77 samples tested were positive
Cryptosporidium
parvum
wwine waste lagoons
U.S., Southeast
1.2% of 407 samples positive
E. coli O26 and
O111
cattle, beef and dairy
farms, feces
Korea
6.7%, 4.6% and 2.0% of 809 samples tested positive for O26,
O111, and both O26 and O111, respectively.
E. coli O157
cattle, beef and dairy
farms, feces
Korea
1.7% of 864 beef cattle samples positive
6.7% of 990 dairy cattle samples positive
E. coli O157
chickens feces
Korea
0% of 418 samples positive
E. coli O157
swine feces
Korea
0.3% of 345 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, adults and
calves, rectal fecal
samples
Norway,
southwest
0.2% of 1541 adult samples positive
0% of 241 calf samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
sheep, rectal fecal
samples
Norway,
southwest
E. coli O157:H7
swine, rectal fecal
samples
Norway,
southwest
0.4% of 845 herds had at least one positive sample
0% of 665 samples positive
0.1% of 1976 samples positive
0.2% of 832 herds
L. monocytogenes
cattle, feces
Turkey
4.6% of 130 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
poultry, feces
Turkey
11.7% of 206 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 13
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
L. monocytogenes
sheep, feces
Turkey
2.9% of 170 samples positive
hepatitis E virus
swine feces
U.S., midwest
7 of 28 farms had fecal samples that contained HEV. Were
genetically diverse but all clustered in genotype 3.
Kalender, H. 2003. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in faeces from
chickens, sheep, and cattle in Elazig Province. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.
27:449-451/
Kasorndorkbua, C., T. Opriessnig, F.F. Huang, D.K. Guenette, P.J.
Thomas, X.-J. Meng, and P.G. Halbur. 2005. Infectious swine hepatitis
E virus is present in pig manure storage facilities on United States
farms, but evidence of water contamination is lacking. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71:7831-7837.
E. coli STEC
cattle, beef feces
Japan
The highest virus titers were 10 and 103 genome equivalents per 60
ml of manure slurry in lagoon and pit samples, respectively. (HEV
was infectious when inoculated intravenously).
23% of 272 samples positive
E. coli STEC
chicken broiler feces
Japan
0% of 158 samples positive
E. coli STEC
swine feces
Japan
14% of 179 samples positive
Toxoplasma gondii
swine on organic
farms, serum
Netherlands
Salmonella
enterica
swine feces
Japan
Initial T. gondii seroprevalence in the slaughter pigs ranged
between 8% and 17% and dropped on the 3 farms during a rodent
control campaign to 0-10%, respectively.
3.1% of 169 samples positive
22.0% of farms had positive samples
Campylobacter
jejuni
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
94% of 32 samples positive
Coxiella burnetii
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
3% of 32 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
spp.
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
13% of 32 samples positive
E. coli, positive for
eae gene
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
81% of 32 samples positive
Giardia spp.
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
34% of 32 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Kijima-Tanaka, M, K. Ishihara, A. Kojima, A. Morioka, R. Nagata, M.
Kawanishi, M. Nakazawa, Y. Tamura, and T. Takahashi. 2005. A
national surveillance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foodproducing animals in Japan. J. Vet. Med. B 52:230-237.
Kijima-Tanaka, M, K. Ishihara, A. Kojima, A. Morioka, R. Nagata, M.
Kawanishi, M. Nakazawa, Y. Tamura, andn T. Takahashi. 2005. A
national surveillance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foodproducing animals in Japan. J. Vet. Med. B 52:230-237.
Kijima-Tanaka, M, K. Ishihara, A. Kojima, A. Morioka, R. Nagata, M.
Kawanishi, M. Nakazawa, Y. Tamura, andn T. Takahashi. 2005. A
national surveillance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foodproducing animals in Japan. J. Vet. Med. B 52:230-237.
Kijlstra, A., B. Meerburg, J. Cornelissen, S. De Craeye, P. Vereijken,
and E. Jongert. 2008. The role of rodents and shrews in the
transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 156:183-190.
Kishima, M., I. Uchida, T. Namimatsu, T. Osumi, S. Takahashi, K.
Tanaka, H. Aoki, K. Matsuura, and K. Yamamoto. 2008. Nationwide
surveillance of Salmonella in the faeces of pigs in Japan. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:139-144.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Page 14
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
L. monocytogenes
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
31% of 32 samples positive
Leptospira spp.
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
0% of 32 samples positive
Mycotuberculosis
avium subsp.
paratuberculosis
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
0% of 32 samples positive
Salmonella
enterica
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
6% of 32 samples positive
Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis
cattle, feedlot feces
Australia
3% of 32 samples positive
Campylobacter
cattle, feces
U.S.
50% of 10 samples positive
mean concentrations of 1.5 log CFU/g
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Klein, M., L. Borwn, R.W. Tucker, N.J. Ashbolt, R.M. Stuetz, and D.J.
Roser. 2010. Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and
indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 76:6947-6950.
Krueger, N.A., R.C. Anderson, W.K. Krueger, W.J. Horne, I.V. Wesley,
T.R. Callaway, T.S. Edrington, G.E. Carstens, R.B. Harvey, and D.J.
Nisbet. 2008. Prevalence and concentration of Campylobacter in rumen
contents and feces in pasture and feedlot-fed cattle. Foodborne Path.
Dis. 5:571-577.
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, dairy
Switzerland
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, weaning calves,
feedlot, rectal fecal
samples
U.S., Kansas,
Missouri,
Montana,
Nebraska, South
Dakota
U.S., midwest
2nd study
94% of 18 samples positive (pastured cattle)
mean concentrations of 3.34 log CFU/g
72% of 18 samples positive (concentrate-fed cattle)
mean concentrations of 4.29 log CFU/g
4.2% of 966 samples positive
7.4% of 878 samples positive
87% of 15 herds had at least one positive sample
E. coli O157:H7
cattle (calves) feces
1.7-20.0% samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, abattoirs, rectal
fecal samples
Finland
87% of herds had positive samples
1.3% of 1448 samples positive
Salmonella
chicken feces
France
8.6% of 370 flocks had at least one positive sample
The most prevalent serovar was S. hadar followed by S. anatum
and S. mgandaka.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Kuhnert, P., C.R. Dubosson, M. Roesch, E. Homfeld, M.G. Doherr, and
J.W. Blum. 2005. Prevalence and risk-factor analysis of Shiga toxigenic
Escherichia coli in faecal samples of organically and conventionally
farmed dairy cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 109:37-45.
Laegreid, W.W., R.O. Elder, and J.E. Keen. 1999. Prevalence of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in range beef calves at weaning. Epidemiol.
Infect. 123:291-298.
Laegreid, W.W., R.O. Elder, and J.E. Keen. 1999. Prevalence of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in range beef calves at weaning. Epidemiol.
Infect. 123:291-298.
Lahti, E., M. Keskimäki, L. Rantala, P. Hyvönen, A. Siitonen, and T.
Honkanen-Buzalski. 2001. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 in
Finnish cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 79:239-251.
Le Bouquin, S., V. Allain, S. Rouxel, I. Petetin, M. Picherot, V. Michel,
and M. Chemaly. 2010. Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp.
contamination in French broiler-chicken flocks at the end of the rearing
period. Prev. Vet. Med. 97:245-251.
Page 15
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
E. coli O157
cattle, dairy, mature,
rectal fecal samples
U.S., Ohio and
Norway
0.7% of 750 samples positive in Ohio
8% of 50 herds had at least one positive sample
E. coli STEC
cattle, dairy, mature,
rectal fecal samples
U.S., Ohio and
Norway
E. coli O157:H7
horse manure
U.S., Ohio
Campylobacter
chicken ceca
U.S.
Salmonella
chicken ceca
U.S.
Salmonella
swine, finishing pigs,
feces, lymph nodes
and tonsils
Italy, Piedmont
Campylobacter
spp.
cattle, beef, abattoir,
feces
Ireland, northern
0% of 680 samples positive in Norway
14% of 750 samples positive in Ohio
70% of 50 herds had at least one positive sample
61% of 680 samples positive in Norway
100% of herds had at least one positive sample
0.4% of 242 samples positive
The lone positive sample was collected from a horse that was
costabled with a goat.
Frequency of Campylobacter recovered was 97.5, 100, and 90% of
30-50 birds sampled on weeks 1, 4, and 6, respectively.
Frequency of Salmonella recovered was 36, 30, and 20% of 30-50
birds sampled on weeks 1, 4, and 6, respectively.
9% of 75 fecal samples positive.
21% of 75 lymph node samples positive.
29% of 75 tonsil samples positive.
64% of herds had positive samples
24.8% of 220 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, beef, abattoir,
feces
Ireland, northern
0.9% of 220 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
cattle, beef, abattoir,
feces
Ireland, northern
4.8% of 220 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
cattle, beef, abattoir,
feces
Ireland, northern
3% of 200 samples positive
norovirus
cattle feces
Canada
norovirus
swine feces
Canada
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, beef abattoir,
rectal fecal samples
U.K.
1.6% of 179 bovine fecal samples tested positive for NoV RNA.
Two different genotypes belonging to the bovine GIII.2 Newbury
cluster and to the human GII.4 Farmington Hills cluster.
25% of 120 swine fecal samples tested positive for NoV RNA. 22
of the 30 strains were of the swine GII.18 type, six of the swine
GII.11 type and four of the human GII.4 type.
2.4% of 250 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
cattle, abattoir, feces
Ireland
2% of 250 samples positive
LeJeune, J.T., D. Hancock, Y. Wasteson, E. Skjerve, and A.M. Urdahl.
2006. Comparison of E. coli O157 and Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx)
prevalence between Ohio, USA and Norwegian dairy cattle. Int. J. Food
Microbiol. 109:19-24.
LeJeune, J.T., D. Hancock, Y. Wasteson, E. Skjerve, and A.M. Urdahl.
2006. Comparison of E. coli O157 and Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx)
prevalence between Ohio, USA and Norwegian dairy cattle. Int. J. Food
Microbiol. 109:19-24.
Lengacher, B., T.R. Kline, L. Harpster, M.L. Williams, and J.T.
LeJeune. 2010. Low prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in horses in
Ohio, USA. J. Food Prot. 73:2089-2092.
Line, J.E. 2002. Campylobacter and Salmonella populations associated
with chickens raised on acidified litter. Poultry Sci. 81:1473-1477.
Line, J.E. 2002. Campylobacter and Salmonella populations associated
with chickens raised on acidified litter. Poultry Sci. 81:1473-1477.
Lomonaco, S., L. Decastelli, D.M. Bianchi, D. Nucera, M.A. Grassi, V.
Sperone, and T. Civera. 2009. Detection of Salmonella in finishing pigs
on farm and at slaughter in Piedmont, Italy. Zoonoses and Public
Health 56:137-144.
Madden, R.H., K.A. Murray, and A. Gilmour. 2007. Carriage of four
bacterial pathogens by beef cattle in Northern Ireland at time of
slaughter. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44:115-119.
Madden, R.H., K.A. Murray, and A. Gilmour. 2007. Carriage of four
bacterial pathogens by beef cattle in Northern Ireland at time of
slaughter. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44:115-119.
Madden, R.H., K.A. Murray, and A. Gilmour. 2007. Carriage of four
bacterial pathogens by beef cattle in Northern Ireland at time of
slaughter. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44:115-119.
Madden, R.H., K.A. Murray, and A. Gilmour. 2007. Carriage of four
bacterial pathogens by beef cattle in Northern Ireland at time of
slaughter. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44:115-119.
Mattison, K., A. Shukla, A. Cook, F. Pollari, R. Friendship, D. Kelton,
S. Bidawid, and J.M. Farber. 2007. Human noroviruses in swine and
cattle. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:1184-1188.
Mattison, K., A. Shukla, A. Cook, F. Pollari, R. Friendship, D. Kelton,
S. Bidawid, and J.M. Farber. 2007. Human noroviruses in swine and
cattle. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:1184-1188.
McEvoy, J.M., A.M. Doherty, J.J. Sheridan, F.M. Thomson-Carter, P.
Garvey, L. McGuire, I.S. Blair, and D.A. McDowell. 2003. The
prevalence and spread of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at a commercial
beef abattoir. J. Appl. Microbiol. 95:256-266.
McEvoy, J.M., A.M. Doherty, J.J. Sheridan, I.S. Blair, and D.A.
McDowell. 2003. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in bovine faecal,
rumen and carcass samples at a commercial abattoir. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 94:693-700.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 16
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Campylobacter
spp.
cattle, feces
Great Britain
54.6% of 667 samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
sheep, feces
Great Britain
43.8% of 713 samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
swine, feces
Great Britain
69.3% of 528 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, feces
Great Britain
4.7% of 2553 samples positive
E. coli O157
sheep, feces
Great Britain
0.7% of 2825 samples positive
E. coli O157
swine, feces
Great Britain
0.3% of 2114 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
cattle, feces
Great Britain
1.4% of 2553 samples positive
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 17
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Salmonella spp.
sheep, feces
Great Britain
1.1% of 2825 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
swine, feces
Great Britain
23.4% of 529 samples positive
Campylobacter
cattle, dairy feces
New Zealand
64% of 155 samples positive
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Milnes, A.S., I. Stewart, F.A. Clifton-Hadley, R.H. Davies, D.G. Newell,
A.R. Sayers, T. Cheasty, C. Cassar, A. Ridley, A.J. Cook, S.J. Evans,
C.J. Teale, R.P. Smith, A. McNally, M. Toszeghy, R. Futter, A. Kay,
and G.A. Paiba. 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and
Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep, and pigs at slaughter in Great
Britain during 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 136:739-746.
Moriarty, E.M., L.W. Sinton, M.L. Mackenzie, N. Karki, and D.R.
Wood. 2008. A survey of enteric bacteria and protozoans in fresh
bovine feces on New Zealand dairy farms. J. Appl. Microbiol.
105:2015-2025.
Moriarty, E.M., L.W. Sinton, M.L. Mackenzie, N. Karki, and D.R.
Wood. 2008. A survey of enteric bacteria and protozoans in fresh
bovine feces on New Zealand dairy farms. J. Appl. Microbiol.
105:2015-2025.
Moriarty, E.M., L.W. Sinton, M.L. Mackenzie, N. Karki, and D.R.
Wood. 2008. A survey of enteric bacteria and protozoans in fresh
bovine feces on New Zealand dairy farms. J. Appl. Microbiol.
105:2015-2025.
Moriarty, E.M., L.W. Sinton, M.L. Mackenzie, N. Karki, and D.R.
Wood. 2008. A survey of enteric bacteria and protozoans in fresh
bovine feces on New Zealand dairy farms. J. Appl. Microbiol.
105:2015-2025.
Moriarty, E.M., L.W. Sinton, M.L. Mackenzie, N. Karki, and D.R.
Wood. 2008. A survey of enteric bacteria and protozoans in fresh
bovine feces on New Zealand dairy farms. J. Appl. Microbiol.
105:2015-2025.
Murugkar, H.V., H. Rahman, A. Kumar, D. Bhattacharyya. 2005.
Isolation, phage typing and antibiogram of Salmonella from man and
animals in northeastern India. Indian J. Med. Res. 122:237-242.
Nielsen, E.M., C. Tegtmeier, H.J. Andersen, C. Grønbaek, and J.S.
Andersen. 2002. Influence of age, sex and herd characteristics on the
occurrence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in Danish
dairy farms. Vet. Microbiol. 88:245-257.
Nightingale, K.K., Y.H. Schukken, C.R. Nightingale, E.D. Fortes, A.J.
Ho, Z. Her, Y.T. Grohn, P.L. McDonough, and M. Wiedmann. 2004.
Ecology and transmission of Listeria monocytogenes infecting ruminants
and in the farm environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:4458-4467.
Nightingale, K.K., Y.H. Schukken, C.R. Nightingale, E.D. Fortes, A.J.
Ho, Z. Her, Y.T. Grohn, P.L. McDonough, and M. Wiedmann. 2004.
Ecology and transmission of Listeria monocytogenes infecting ruminants
and in the farm environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:4458-4467.
5.6 log CFU/g
Cryptosporidium
cattle, dairy feces
New Zealand
5.2% of 155 samples positive
E. coli, STEC
cattle, dairy feces
New Zealand
1.3% of 155 samples positive
Giardia
cattle, dairy feces
New Zealand
4.5% of 155 samples positive
Salmonella
cattle, dairy feces
New Zealand
0% of 155 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
poultry, feces
India
14.7% of 231 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, Dairy feces
Denmark
3.6% of 2419 samples positive
17% of 60 farms had at least one positive sample
L. monocytogenes
cattle, dairy feces
U.S., New York
26.3% of 323 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
ruminant (goat and
sheep) feces
U.S., New York
8.8% of 205 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 18
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Cryptosporidium
cattle feces
California,
Central coast
6.5% of 201 samples positive
Giardia
cattle feces
California,
Central coast
34.3% of 201 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, feces
Nigeria
10.3% of 407 samples positive
E. coli O157
sheep, feces
Nigeria
5.4% of 168 samples positive
E. coli O157
swine, feces
Nigeria
4.9% of 409 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
chicken litter
Lebanon
Salmonella
chicken litter
Lebanon
1.0% and 3.8% of 6 samples positive from intensively and freerange broilers, respectively.
2.4% and 4.4% of 6 samples positive from intensively and freerange layers, respectively.
0% of 24 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, abattoir, rectal
fecal samples
U.K.
7.5% of 589 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, rectal feces
U.K.
7.5% of 589 samples positive
Populations in 9% of positive samples were > 4 log CFU/g
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, beef, rectal fecal
Spain, Northern
1.6% of 124 samples positive
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Ojo, O.E., A.T.P. Ajuwape, E.B. Otesile, A.A. Owoade, M.A. Oyekunie,
and A.I. Adetosoye. 2010. Potentially zoonotic shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli serogroups in the faeces and meat of food-producing
animals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 142:214-221.
Ojo, O.E., A.T.P. Ajuwape, E.B. Otesile, A.A. Owoade, M.A. Oyekunie,
and A.I. Adetosoye. 2010. Potentially zoonotic shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli serogroups in the faeces and meat of food-producing
animals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 142:214-221.
Ojo, O.E., A.T.P. Ajuwape, E.B. Otesile, A.A. Owoade, M.A. Oyekunie,
and A.I. Adetosoye. 2010. Potentially zoonotic shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli serogroups in the faeces and meat of food-producing
animals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 142:214-221.
Omeira, N., E.K. Barbour, P.A. Nehme, S.K. Hamadeh, R. Zuray, and
I. Bashour. 2006. Microbiological and chemical properties of litter from
different chicken types and production systems. Sci. Total Environ.
367:156-162.
Omeira, N., E.K. Barbour, P.A. Nehme, S.K. Hamadeh, R. Zuray, and
I. Bashour. 2006. Microbiological and chemical properties of litter from
different chicken types and production systems. Sci. Total Environ.
367:156-162.
Omisakin, F., M. MacRae, I.D. Ogden, and N.J.C. Strachan. 2003.
Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at
slaughter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2444-2447.
Omisakin, F., M. MacRae, I.D. Ogden, and N.J.C. Strachan. 2003.
Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at
slaughter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2444-2447.
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
6.7% of herds had positive samples
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, dairy, rectal
fecal
Spain, Northern
7.0% of 82 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
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Page 19
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
E. coli O157:H7
sheep, dairy, rectal
feces
Spain, Northern
8.7% of 122 samples positive
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
Oporto, B., J.I. Esteban, G. Aduriz, R.A. Juste, and A. Hurtado. 2008.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
in healthy cattle, sheep, and swine herds in Northern Spain. Zoonoses
Public Health 55:73-81.
Orji, M.U., H.C. Oniugbo, and T.I. Mbada. 2005. Isolation of
Salmonella from poultry droppings and other environmental sources in
Awka, Nigeria. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 9:86-89,
Paddock, Z.D., J. Bai, X. Shi, D.G. Renter, and T.G. Nagaraja. 2013.
Detection of Escherichia coli O104 in the feces of feedlot cattle by a
multiplex PCR assay designed to target major genetic traits of the
virulent hybrid strain responsible for the 2011 German outbreak.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:3522-3525.
Paiba, G.A., J.C. Gibbens, S.J.S. Pascoe, J.W. Wilesmith, S.A. Kidd, C.
Byrne, J.B.M. Ryan, R.P. Smith, I.M. McLaren, R.J. Futter, A.C.S.
Kay, Y.E. Jones, S. A. Chappell, G.A. Willshaw, and T. Cheasty. 2002.
Faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in
cattle and sheep at slaughter in Great Britain. Vet. Rec. 150:593-598.
Paiba, G.A., J.C. Gibbens, S.J.S. Pascoe, J.W. Wilesmith, S.A. Kidd, C.
Byrne, J.B.M. Ryan, R.P. Smith, I.M. McLaren, R.J. Futter, A.C.S.
Kay, Y.E. Jones, S. A. Chappell, G.A. Willshaw, and T. Cheasty. 2002.
Faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in
cattle and sheep at slaughter in Great Britain. Vet. Rec. 150:593-598.
Pao, S., D. Patel, A. Kalantari, J.P. Tritschler, S. Wildeus, and B.L.
Sayre. 2005. Detection of Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in feces of small ruminants and their isolation with various
media. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2158-2161.
7.3% of herds had positive samples
E. coli O157:H7
swine
Spain, Northern
0% of 17 samples positive
E. coli, non-O157
STEC
cattle, beef, rectal fecal
Spain, Northern
46.0% of 124 samples positive
E. coli, non-O157
STEC
cattle, dairy, rectal
fecal
Spain, Northern
20.7% of 82 samples positive
E. coli, non-O157
STEC
sheep, dairy, rectal
feces
Spain, Northern
50.7% of 122 samples positive
E. coli, non-O157
STEC
swine
Spain, Northern
0% of 17 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
poultry, feces
Nigeria
12.5% of 120 samples positive
E. coli O104
cattle, feces
U.S., midwest
20.6% of 248 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, abattoirs, rectal
fecal samples
Great Britain
4.7% of 3939 samples positive
E. coli O157
sheep, abattoirs, rectal
fecal samples
Great Britain
1.7% of 4171 samples positive
Salmonella spp.
sheep, feces
U.S.
5.9% of 287 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
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Page 20
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Cryptosporidium
swine feces
Spain
Quilez, J., Sanchez-Acedo, C., Clavel, A., del Cacho, E., LopezBernad, F. 1996. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in pigs in
Aragon (northeastern Spain). Vet. Parasitol. 67:83-88.
E. coli non-O157
cattle, feedlot, feces
Canada, Alberta
Oocysts recovered from 21.9% of 621 pigs.
77.8% of 27 farms had at least one positive sample.
Infection rates were significantly higher in weaned, 1- to 2- monthold piglets (59.2%) than in fattened, 2- to 6-month-old pigs
(34.3%).
0.7% of 2099 samples positive
57% of 21 feedlots sampled had positive samples
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, weaned calves,
rectal fecal samples
U.S., Florida
3.0% of 888 samples positive
Salmonella
cattle, beef and dairy
farms, rectal fecal
samples
U.S., TN, NC,
AL, WA, CA
0.2% of 480 beef cattle samples positive
0.4% of 480 dairy cattle samples positive
Salmonella
8.5% of 18 beef farms had at least one positive sample
17.9% of 18 dairy farms had at least one positive sample
0.2% of 480 samples positive
chicken and turkey
farms, rectal fecal
samples
wwine farms, rectal
fecal samples
U.S., TN, NC,
AL, WA, CA
Campylobacter
spp.
sheep, feces
Nigeria
57.3% of 18 farms had at least one positive sample
18.0% of 518 samples positive
Salmonella
turkey feces and litter
U.S., North
Carolina
70% of 48 composite fecal samples positive
79% of 48 composite litter samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, calf feces
U.S., Kansas
Populations ranged from <1 log MPN/g to >5.3 log MPN/g.
1.3% of 3,152 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, feedlot, feces
U.S., Kansas,
Nebraska, Texas,
Oklahoma
Salmonella
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, feedlot
U.S., TN, NC,
AL, WA, CA
U.S., midwest
E. coli STEC
cattle, beef steers and
heifers, rectal fecal
samples
Canada, Prince
Edward Island
Cryptosporidium
spp.
calves, organic, feces
Sweden
16.2% of 18 farms had at least one positive sample
6.0% of 480 samples positive
10.2% of 10,662 samples positive
52% of 711 pens positive
95.9% of 73 feedlots had at least one positive sample
10.2% of 10,622 cattle positive
52.0% of 711 pens had a positive animal
95.9% of 73 feedlots sampled had a positive animal
4% of 1,000 samples positive
44.7% of 114 samples were positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
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Renter, D.G., V. Bohaychuk, J. Van Donkersgoed, and R. King. 2007.
Presence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feces
from feedlot cattle in Alberta and absence on corresponding beef
carcasses. Can. J. Vet. Res. 71:230-235.
Riley, D.G., J.T. Gray, G.H. Loneragan, K.S. Barling, and C.C. Chase,
Jr., 2003. Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence in fecal samples of cattle
from a Southeastern beef cow-calf herd. J. Food Prot. 66:1778-1782.
Rodriguez, A., P. Pangloli, H.A. Richards, J.R. Mount, and F.A.
Draughon. 2006. Prevalence of Salmonella in diverse environmental
farm samples. J. Food Prot. 69:2576-2580.
Rodriguez, A., P. Pangloli, H.A. Richards, J.R. Mount, and F.A.
Draughon. 2006. Prevalence of Salmonella in diverse environmental
farm samples. J. Food Prot. 69:2576-2580.
Rodriguez, A., P. Pangloli, H.A. Richards, J.R. Mount, and F.A.
Draughon. 2006. Prevalence of Salmonella in diverse environmental
farm samples. J. Food Prot. 69:2576-2580.
Salihu, M.D., A.U. Junaidu, S.I. Oboegbulem, and G.O. Egwu. 2009.
Prevalence and biotypes of Campylobacter species isolated from sheep in
Sokoto State, Nigeria. Int. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 1:6-9.
Santos, F.B.O., X. Li, J.B. Payne, and B.W. Sheldon. 2005. Estimation
of most probable number Salmonella populations on commercial North
Carolina turkey farms. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 14:700-708.
Sargeant, J.M., J.R. Gillespie, R.D. Oberst, R.K. Phebus, D.R. Hyatt,
L.K. Bohra, and J.C. Galland. 2000. Results of a longitudinal study of
the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cow-calf farms. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 61:1375-1379.
Sargeant, J.M., M.W. Sanderson, R.A. Smith, and D.D. Griffin. 2003.
Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle feces and water in four major
feeder-cattle states in the USA. Prev. Vet. Med. 61:127-135.
Sargeant, J.M., M.W. Sanderson, R.A. Smith, and D.D. Griffin. 2004.
Associations between management, climate, and Escherichia coli O157
in the faeces of feedlot cattle in the Midwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
66:175-206.
Schurman, R.D., H. Hariharan, S.B. Heaney, and K. Rahn. 2000.
Prevalence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia
coli in beef cattle slaughtered on Prince Edward Island. J. Food Prot.
63:1583-1586.
Silver;ås and I.Blanco-Penedo. 2013. Cryptosporidium spp. in calves
and cows from organic and conventional dairy herds. Epidemiol.
Infect. 141:529-539.
Page 21
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
Cryptosporidium
spp.
cows, organic, feces
Sweden
3.1% of 129 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
spp.
calves, conventional,
feces
Sweden
52.3% of 107 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
spp.
cows, conventional,
feces
Sweden
3.8% of 130 samples were positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle feces (perineal
swab)
Canada
Salmonella
Typhimurium
broiler, feces
U.S., North
Carolina
7.2% of 2,125 cattle were identified as super-shedders of E. coli
O157:H7 (> 4 log CFU/g) in the spring/summer.
0.5% of 2,000 cattle were identified as super-shedders of E. coli
O157:H7 (> 4 log CFU/g) in the fall/winter.
8.8% of 400 samples positive
Silver;ås and I.Blanco-Penedo. 2013. Cryptosporidium spp. in calves
and cows from organic and conventional dairy herds. Epidemiol.
Infect. 141:529-539.
Silver;ås and I.Blanco-Penedo. 2013. Cryptosporidium spp. in calves
and cows from organic and conventional dairy herds. Epidemiol.
Infect. 141:529-539.
Silver;ås and I.Blanco-Penedo. 2013. Cryptosporidium spp. in calves
and cows from organic and conventional dairy herds. Epidemiol.
Infect. 141:529-539.
Stephens, T.P., T.A. McAllister, and K. Stanford. 2009. Perineal swabs
reveal effect of super shedders on the transmission of Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in commercial feedlots. J. Anim. Sci. 87:4151-4160.
Campylobacter
jejuni
broiler, feces
U.S., North
Carolina
29.5% of 400 samples positive
E. coli O157
sheep feces
Turkey
9.1% of 175 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
cattle, feces
Nigeria
47% of 15 flocks had at least one positive sample
13.3% of 150 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
poultry, feces
Nigeria
3.3% of 150 samples positive
L. monocytogenes
sheep, feces
Nigeria
6.0% of 150 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, yearling and
cull cows, feces
Canada
12.4% of 654 samples positive in yearling cattle
2.0% of 593 samples positive in cull cows
Salmonella spp.
cattle, yearling and
cull cows, feces
Canada
0.2% of 654 samples positive in yearling cattle
0% of 593 samples positive in cull cows
Salmonella
chickens, laying hens
feces, caecal contents,
and cloacal swabs
Belgium
0% of fecal samples collected on farm positive
L. monocytogenes
cattle feces
Belgium
1 to 14% of caecal and cloacal samples collected after
transportation were positive
20% of samples positive
L. monocytogenes
cattle feces, fresh
Belgium
20% positive (didn’t indicate in abstract how many total samples
were taken)
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
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Thakur, S., J. Brake, S. Keelara, M. Zou, and E. Susick. 2013. Farm
and environmental distribution of Campylobacter and Salmonella in
broiler flocks. Res. Vet. Sci. 94:33-42.
Thakur, S., J. Brake, S. Keelara, M. Zou, and E. Susick. 2013. Farm
and environmental distribution of Campylobacter and Salmonella in
broiler flocks. Res. Vet. Sci. 94:33-42.
Turutoglu, H., D. Ozturk, L. Guler, and F. Pehlivanoglu. 2007. Presnce
and characteristics of sorbitol-negative Escherichia coli O157 in healthy
sheep faeces. Veterinarni Medicina 52:301-307.
Umeh, S.I., G.S.C. Okpokwasili, and E.C. Chinakwe. 2010. Detection of
Listeria monocytogenes in faeces from cattle, sheep, goat, and chicken in
Owerri municipality. Adv. Sci. Technol. 4:62-65.
Umeh, S.I., G.S.C. Okpokwasili, and E.C. Chinakwe. 2010. Detection of
Listeria monocytogenes in faeces from cattle, sheep, goat, and chicken in
Owerri municipality. Adv. Sci. Technol. 4:62-65.
Umeh, S.I., G.S.C. Okpokwasili, and E.C. Chinakwe. 2010. Detection of
Listeria monocytogenes in faeces from cattle, sheep, goat, and chicken in
Owerri municipality. Adv. Sci. Technol. 4:62-65.
Van Donkersgoed, J., T. Graham, and V. Gannon. 1999. The
prevalence of verotoxins, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella in
the feces and rumen of cattle at processing. Can. Vet. J. 40:332-338.
Van Donkersgoed, J., T. Graham, and V. Gannon. 1999. The
prevalence of verotoxins, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella in
the feces and rumen of cattle at processing. Can. Vet. J. 40:332-338.
Van Hoorebeke, S., F. Van Immerseel, J. De Vylder, R. Ducatelle, F.
Haesebrouck, F. Pasmans, A. de Kruif, and J. Dewulf. 2009. Faecal
sampling underestimates the actual prevalence of Salmonella in laying
hen flocks. Zoonoses Public Health 56:471-476.
Vanrenterghem, B., F. Huysman, R. Rygole, and W. Verstraete. 1991.
Detection and prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the agricultural
ecosystem. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71:211-217.
Vanrenterghem, B., F. Huysman, R. Rygole, and W. Verstraete. 1991.
Detection and prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the agricultural
ecosystem. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71:211-217.
Page 22
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
L. monocytogenes
pig feces, fresh
Belgium
16% positive (didn’t indicate in abstract how many total samples
were taken)
L. monocytogenes
swine feces
Belgium
16% of samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cattle, beef GI tract
U.S., Kansas
20.3% of 815 samples positive
Vanrenterghem, B., F. Huysman, R. Rygole, and W. Verstraete. 1991.
Detection and prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the agricultural
ecosystem. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71:211-217.
Vanrenterghem, B., F. Huysman, R. Rygole, and W. Verstraete. 1991.
Detection and prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the agricultural
ecosystem. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71:211-217.
Walker, C., X. Shi, M. Sanderson, J. Sargeant, and T.G. Nagaraja.
2010. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in gut contents of beef
cattle at slaughter. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:249-255.
E. coli O157:H7
cattle feces
Norway
Prevalence in the rumen, cecum, colon, and rectum was 4.9%,
9.9%, 7.6%, and 11.1%, respectively.
7.0% of 156 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
chicken feces
Norway
13.6% of 22 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
sheep feces
Norway
17.1% of 117 samples positive
Campylobacter
swine slurry
Ireland
28.6% of 14 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
swine slurry
Ireland
0% of 14 samples positive
Salmonella
swine slurry
Ireland
71.4% of 14 samples positive
Shigella spp.
swine slurry
Ireland
0% of 14 samples positive
Yersinia
enterocolitica
swine slurry
Ireland
0% of 14 samples positive
E. coli VTEC
cattle, dairy, rectal
fecal samples
Canada, southern
Ontario
36% of 886 cow samples positive
57% of 592 calf samples (<3 months) positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
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Wasteson, Y., G.S. Johannessen, T. Bruheim, A.M. Urdahl, K.
O’Sullivan, and L.M. Rørvik. 2005. Fluctuations in the occurrence of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a Norwegian farm. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
40:373-377.
Wasteson, Y., G.S. Johannessen, T. Bruheim, A.M. Urdahl, K.
O’Sullivan, and L.M. Rørvik. 2005. Fluctuations in the occurrence of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a Norwegian farm. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
40:373-377.
Wasteson, Y., G.S. Johannessen, T. Bruheim, A.M. Urdahl, K.
O’Sullivan, and L.M. Rørvik. 2005. Fluctuations in the occurrence of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a Norwegian farm. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
40:373-377.
Watabe, M., J.R. Rao, T.A. Stewart, J. Xu, B.C. Millar, L. Xiao, C.J.
Lowery, J.S.G. Dooley, and J.E. Moore. 2003. Prevalence of bacterial
faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 36:208-212.
Watabe, M., J.R. Rao, T.A. Stewart, J. Xu, B.C. Millar, L. Xiao, C.J.
Lowery, J.S.G. Dooley, and J.E. Moore. 2003. Prevalence of bacterial
faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 36:208-212.
Watabe, M., J.R. Rao, T.A. Stewart, J. Xu, B.C. Millar, L. Xiao, C.J.
Lowery, J.S.G. Dooley, and J.E. Moore. 2003. Prevalence of bacterial
faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 36:208-212.
Watabe, M., J.R. Rao, T.A. Stewart, J. Xu, B.C. Millar, L. Xiao, C.J.
Lowery, J.S.G. Dooley, and J.E. Moore. 2003. Prevalence of bacterial
faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 36:208-212.
Watabe, M., J.R. Rao, T.A. Stewart, J. Xu, B.C. Millar, L. Xiao, C.J.
Lowery, J.S.G. Dooley, and J.E. Moore. 2003. Prevalence of bacterial
faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry. Lett.
Appl. Microbiol. 36:208-212.
Wilson, J.B., S.A. Renwick, R.C. Clarke, K. Rahn, D. Alves, R.P.
Johnson, A.G. Ellis, S.A. McEwen, M.A. Karmali, H. Lior, and J.
Spika. 1998. Risk factors for infection with verocytotoxigenic
Escherichia coli in cattle on dairy farms. Prev. Vet. Med. 34:227-236.
Page 23
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS IN DOMESTICATED ANIMAL MANURES AND COMPOST
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
Source
Location
Prevalence and levels
Reference
E. coli O157
cattle, feedlot and
abattoir, fecal pats and
rectal fecal samples
U.S., Colorado,
Nebraska
24.7% of 450 fecal pats positive
27.6% of 145 rectal fecal samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
poultry, feces
Barbados
87% of 15 feedlot floors had at least one positive sample
94.2% of 69 samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
sheep, feces
Barbados
4.2% of 71 samples positive
Campylobacter
spp.
swine, feces
Barbados
90.5% of 74 samples positive
E. coli O157
cattle, beef, abattoirs,
rectal fecal samples
Turkey, Istanbul
4.2% of 330 samples positive
Woerner, D.R., J.R. Ranson, J.N. Sofos, G.A. Dewell, G.C. Smith, M.D.
Salman, and K.E. Belk. 2006. Determining the prevalence of
Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and beef from the feedlot to the cooler. J.
Food Prot. 69:2824-2837.
Workman, S.N., C.E. Mathison, and M.C. Lavoie. 2005. Pet dogs and
chicken meat as reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. in Barbados. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 43:2642-2650.
Workman, S.N., C.E. Mathison, and M.C. Lavoie. 2005. Pet dogs and
chicken meat as reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. in Barbados. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 43:2642-2650.
Workman, S.N., C.E. Mathison, and M.C. Lavoie. 2005. Pet dogs and
chicken meat as reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. in Barbados. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 43:2642-2650.
Yilmaz, A., H. Gun, and H. Yilmaz. 2002. Frequency of Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in Turkish cattle. J. Food Prot. 65:1637-1640.
E. coli O157:H7
Cattle, preweaned and
weaned dairy calves
feces
U.S., 14 states
80% of 5 abattoirs had at least one positive sample
1.9% of 570 pre-weaned samples positive
5.1% of 395 weaned samples positive
E. coli STEC
cattle, dairy feces
Germany
Populations ranged from 3 to 5 log CFU/g.
18.0% of 726 samples positive
E. coli STEC
goat feces
Germany
75.3% of 93 samples positive
E. coli STEC
sheep feces
Germany
32.1% of 28 samples positive
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
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See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Zhao, T., M.P. Doyle, J. Shere, and L. Garber. 1995. Prevalence of
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a survey of dairy
herds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1290-1293.
Zschöck, M., H.P. Hamann, B. Kloppert, and W. Wolter. 2000. Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli in faeces of healthy dairy cows, sheep
and goats: prevalence and virulence properties. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
31:203-208.
Zschöck, M., H.P. Hamann, B. Kloppert, and W. Wolter. 2000. Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli in faeces of healthy dairy cows, sheep
and goats: prevalence and virulence properties. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
31:203-208.
Zschöck, M., H.P. Hamann, B. Kloppert, and W. Wolter. 2000. Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli in faeces of healthy dairy cows, sheep
and goats: prevalence and virulence properties. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
31:203-208.
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