Management of hygiene and related safety at educational establishment swimming pools
THE MANAGEMENT OF HYGIENE
AND
RELATED SAFETY
AT
EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT
SWIMMING POOLS
Date of Issue
April 2003
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
i
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Contents
CONTENTS
Page No
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
1
SECTION II
ROUTINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANT AND
EQUIPMENT AT SWIMMING POOLS
2
(A)
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
2
(B)
PRE-SEASON COMMISSION
2
(C)
PERMANENT MEDIA (OR SAND) FILTERS
2
(D)
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND ELECTRIC
MOTORS AND PUMPS
2
(E)
HEATING PLANTS
3
(F)
PROVISION OF FENCES
3
(G)
CHLORINATION PLANT
3
(H)
FLOATING SWIMMING POOL COVERS FOR INSULATION
3
(I)
WINTER CARE OF POOLS
4
(J)
TRAINING OF STAFF RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGEMENT
4
SECTION III SWIMMING POOL WATER & HYGIENE
ii
5
(A)
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
5
(B)
WATER CIRCULATION AND FILTRATION
6
(C)
CHLORINATION
6
(D)
RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN THE POOL WATER
7
(E)
USE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
8
(F)
USE OF SODIUM DICHLORISOCYANURATE
(SOD. DICHLOR) GRANULES
8
(G)
USE OF TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID TABLETS
9
(H)
CONTROL OF ALGAE BY SUPER-CHLORINATION
10
(I)
pH CONTROL
11
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Contents
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
CONTENTS (continued)
(J)
TESTS FOR RESIDUAL CHLORINE, pH AND CYANURIC ACID
11
(K)
POOL CONDITIONER (CYANURIC ACID)
16
(L)
USE OF COAGULENTS
16
(M) ACTION TO BE TAKEN IN THE CASE OF
‘ACCIDENTS’ INVOLVING DIARRHOEA
16
(N)
EMPTYING AND REFILLING OF POOLS
17
(O)
POOL CARE IN WINTER
17
(P)
EXTRAORDINARY USE OF SWIMMING POOLS
(KAYAK TRAINING ETC)
18
SECTION IV SAFETY IN SWIMMING POOLS
SECTION V
19
(A)
OPERATION - GENERAL
19
(B)
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
19
(C)
SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS
20
(D)
PHYSICAL SAFETY
22
(E)
USE OF POOLS - FURTHER ITEMS TO BE CONSIDERED
23
(F)
DIVING
24
(G)
SUB AQUA SWIMMING
25
(H)
PHYSICALLY DISABLED SWIMMERS
25
POOL AND BATHER HYGIENE
(A)
26
CHANGING ACCOMMODATION, POOL SURROUNDS
AND FOOTBATHS
26
PERSONAL HYGIENE
26
SECTION VI PUBLIC USE OF SCHOOL SWIMMING POOL
27
(B)
(A)
GENERAL
27
(B)
TYPE OF USE OUTSIDE SCHOOL HOURS
27
(C)
PROCEDURE
27
(D)
LEGAL AND ASSOCIATED MATTERS
29
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Contents
CONTENTS (continued
(E)
FINANCIAL
30
(F)
INTERPRETATION
30
(G)
INDEMNITY
33
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
Assessment No.
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC ACT 1974
- CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH
REGULATIONS 1999
Contents (of Appendix 1)
Page No.
1
Sodium hypochlorite (aqueous solution)
33
2
Sodium hydrogen sulphate
35
3
Sodium dichloroisocyanuric dihydrate
37
4
Sodium carbonate
39
5
Trichloroisocyanuric acid
41
6
Lovibond DPD No.1 tablets
43
7
Cyanuric acid
44
8
Water clarifier
45
9
Iron-free Aluminium sulphate
46
10
Golden algicide
47
11
Diatomaceous Earth
48
12
Lovibond Phenol Red tablets
49
APPENDIX II
32
CHEMICAL SAFETY CHECKLIST FOR SCHOOL
SWIMMING POOLS
50
APPENDIX III
RECORD KEEPING AND SWIMMING POOLS
54
APPENDIX IV
PLANTAR WARTS AND SWIMMING POOLS
56
APPENDIX V
ADVICE ON RISKS WITH OUTLET PIPES AND
GRILLES IN SWIMMING POOLS
57
EMERGENCY PROCEDURE, Accidental generation of Chlorine Gas
65
APPENDIX VI
iv
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
SECTION I -
INTRODUCTION
This advice manual was originally produced in 1978 and some revisions were made during the 1980s
and 1990s. It was originally entitled “The Provision Maintenance and Safety of Swimming Pools at
Educational Establishments”. The last revision was in May 1994.
A great deal has changed since its original inception. Schools are now largely responsible for their
own budgets, maintenance etc. Also, a number of new sources of advice * have been published
which give guidance on many of the areas covered in Kent County Council’s original advisory
booklet.
* The sources of advice referred to are:(i)
“Managing School Facilities Guide 2 - Swimming Pools” - Department for Education
ISBN 0 11 2708714 Price £3.95 - A5 booklet from HMSO;
(ii)
“Managing Health and Safety in Swimming Pools” - HSE/Sport England, 1999, 2nd
edition, Price £10.50, ISBN 0-7176-1388-7 (HSE guidance series HS(G)179 );
(iii)
“Swimming Pool Water - Treatment and Quality standards” - Pool Water Treatment
Advisory Group Price £35.00 - available from LRO Books Ltd, Holly Lodge,
Botesdale, Diss, Norfolk IP22 1PZ;
(iv)
“Safe Practice in Physical Education, BAALPE 1999 published in Dudley LEA
ISBN 1-871228-11-5 (copy already issued to each school, Dec 1999).
Publication (i) above is common to all school swimming pools and therefore it should be obtained by
all schools with swimming pools.
Publication (ii) above should also be obtained by all schools with swimming pools. Health and
Safety is of course a wide subject area in its own right. This County Council document makes no
attempt to cover health and safety other than by reference and, in some limited detail, regarding the
handling and use of water treatment chemicals. Further detail is given in Section V (A).
Publication (iii) specifically covers water treatment for swimming pools and associated hygiene. The
publication recognises that there are some situations, such as at well regulated school pools, where
some methods of chemical treatment, including hand dosing, may be used successfully whereas they
would not normally be recommended at more heavily bathed public pools. Similarly, there are a
number of school swimming pools where the type of filtration/circulation systems fitted may not be
sufficient to cope with the increased demands placed upon them by heavier bathing loads eg from
lettings. This publication should therefore be obtained by all schools with pools which are used other
than just for teaching the school’s own pupils to swim. It contains completely up-to-date advice (as
at April 2000) on principles of design and equipment and should always be referred to where changes
to the pool and associated equipment are to be made.
Publication (iv) is common to all schools and should already be in their possession. Further details
are contained in Section IV (D).
This revised Kent County Council document recognises the above excellent sources of advice and is
designed only to give guidance on the water treatment at school swimming pools used for normal
swimming activities. Hence its change of name to “The Management of Hygiene and Related
Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools”.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section II
SECTION II - ROUTINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT AT SWIMMING POOLS
A.
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
1.
Daily running of the pool and related plant will be the responsibility of the headteacher. It is
essential that schools with swimming pools enter into a routine and emergency maintenance
agreement with a reputable, specialist contractor.
2.
In view of the large variety of equipment installed for the filtration and chlorination of
swimming pools, these notes are intended for general guidance only. Operator’s should refer
to the makers’ instructions for the specific information relative to their particular plant or, if in
doubt, should contact your maintenance contractor.
3.
Headteachers should ensure that all safety fittings, such as pool steps, handrails, etc., and also
diving boards and other equipment, are kept in good repair and that broken or missing grids to
water outlets at the bottom of pools are replaced immediately. Headteachers are reminded of
the letter from the DfEE and HSE in April 1999 regarding pool outlets which was circulated to
schools. A copy will be found in Appendix V.
B.
PRE-SEASON COMMISSION
An initial pre-season commissioning visit should be made by a specialist swimming pool
contractor to check fully all controls and equipment and leave the plant running or ready for
immediate use. During the swimming season it will be the operator’s responsibility to
maintain the plant.
C.
PERMANENT MEDIA (OR SAND) FILTERS
No mechanical maintenance is required by the operator other than cleaning the pre-filter
strainer pot, backwashing at the requisite time (indicated normally by the pressure gauge
reading) and periodically to check the valves, etc., and report any defects for
maintenance/repair. Arrangements for the replacement of the sand at the appropriate time
interval should be discussed with the specialist swimming pool contractor.
NB:
Only this type of filter, preferably a medium rate type, should be used at school
swimming pools. (i.e., the cheapest filtration system may not be the best).
D.
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PUMPS
1.
An annual electrical test of the complete installation should be carried out by an approved
contractor.
2.
Electric motors should be monitored weekly.
3.
Motors and pumps should be (where necessary) oiled and greased periodically. Motors and
pumps should be checked periodically and signs of excessive wear, leakage of water,
overheating or other defects and reported accordingly, to your maintenance contractor. Any
damage to or deterioration of the electrical wiring requires immediate attention.
2
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section II
E.
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
HEATING PLANTS
The County Council is not responsible for the heating of swimming pools unless there are
individually approved cases.
Annual arrangements for the servicing and maintenance of the heating equipment should be
made by the person responsible for the pool with the appointed maintenance contractor.
Filling and draining down of the heating system should be carried out in conjunction with
works within Section II Items B and I.
F.
PROVISION OF FENCES
Close fencing needs to be provided at most uncovered pools to act as a windbreak. See also
Section IV, paragraph B.4 concerning fencing required for reasons of security and safety.
G.
H.
CHLORINATION PLANT
1.
The majority of chlorination equipment should be subject to a maintenance agreement
with a specialist contractor. Any difficulties or breakdown should be notified
immediately.
2.
Where chlorinating equipment is installed and problems or breakdowns occur, the unit
should be switched off and the appointed maintenance contractor notified. The
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager should also be notified in order that
he/she can advise on temporary chlorination methods. The operator should clean and
change injectors regularly and have spare injectors available when using this type of
unit.
FLOATING SWIMMING POOL COVERS FOR INSULATION
There have been a number of problems of disintegration of this type of cover, particularly the
plastic bubble cover. For this reason the following advice has been obtained from a supplier:(i)
Before a cover is chosen make sure that both ends are at least reinforced for roller
application in particular, or for general use when being moved over water surface.
The inclusion of eyelets (approximately every 2 ft) allows better movement by use of
pulling cords/rope, etc.
(ii)
After any ‘shock dosing’ of sanitisation agent leave solar cover off the surface of the
pool to allow the relatively high level of agent to fall off to a safer level. Leave off for
approximately 2-3 hours.
(iii)
At the end of each swimming season wash cover down with direct mains water (water
from the pool should not be used because of its chemical content), leave to dry then
pack away in cool dry area. Keep cover away from rodents.
(iv)
When a solar cover is left on a roller over the summer period use a white dust sheet or
similar to act as a protection against strong sunlight and heat.
(v)
Do not leave solar covers in the pool under winter protection covers over the winter
lay-off period.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
(vi)
Section II
Where in the case of ladders, etc., that cannot be moved away when solar covers are
on the water surface - allow for cut-outs, etc., when first manufactured.
The lightweight versions of the bubble covers will often only last for 2-4 years. They must
then be discarded immediately the bubbles are seen to be disintegrating as they could cause
choking and asphyxiation.
I.
WINTER CARE OF POOLS (see also paragraphs O.2 and O.3 of Section III)
A service visit (as Section II B) should take place to “winterise” the pools (with the exceptions
indicated).
The following general points may prove useful:-
J.
(i)
If possible, completely empty the pool filter, heater and associated pipework;
(ii)
partially drain the pool to below skimmer pot level, place logs, partially submerged
plastic containers or similar floating articles in the water, secured away from the sides,
to obviate ice pressure; and
(iii)
with pool having no actual plant room, the advice of the appointed maintenance
contractor should be sought regarding the winter protection of plant, or from Kent
Property Services’ Service Desk Tel: 0845 3000 346.
TRAINING OF STAFF RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGEMENT
For many years the County Council has provided training for staff responsible for the
operation of school swimming pools. It is essential that the person responsible for the day to
day operation, of the pool together with a representative of management at the school attends
at least one days formal training on the hygienic management of swimming pools and related
safety. Refresher training should be attended after 3 years and there is also a specialist
half-day session for operators of school pools in use for longer than just the Summer Term.
4
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section III
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
SECTION III - SWIMMING POOL WATER TREATMENT AND
HYGIENE
A.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.
A properly controlled swimming pool is an asset to a school, giving benefit to all who use it: a
pool which if not adequately controlled can present both a health risk and a physical danger.
These notes are intended only as a guide on hygiene management at less heavily bathed school
swimming pools. i.e., those used only for teaching the school’s own pupils to swim. They
cannot cover every aspect of swimming pool management although further guidance is
contained in the documents referred to in the introductory page. Advice can also be obtained
in the first instance from the Client Services Manager (Resources Division) as well as
numerous swimming pool contractors, suppliers of equipment and chemicals etc.
2.
Water treatment procedures at County school pools vary in detail so far as equipment and
types of chemicals used are concerned, but in all cases the system is designed to maintain the
water in a hygienic condition by continuous circulation through a filter and by the maintenance
in the water of an effective concentration of disinfectant. The disinfectant normally used is
chlorine and its functions are to kill bacteria and other organisms, some of which may be
harmful to bathers, and to oxidise organic matter. Enough chlorine has to be added to ensure
an adequate ‘residual’ of free chlorine in the water during its passage through the pool so that
bacteria contamination from bathers and other sources is dealt with as it occurs. While it is
essential for the health and comfort of bathers that enough chlorine is added, it is also
important that too much is not used; not only would this affect the chemical balance of the
water so as to require further treatment which would otherwise be unnecessary, but it could
also adversely affect bathers.
3.
The pH (acidity/alkalinity) of the water is an important factor (see Section III, paragraph I,
1 to 7). Incorrect pH causes problems: it can reduce the efficiency of the chlorine, give rise to
irritation of mucus membranes of bathers causing smarting of eyes and other discomfort, result
in cloudiness of the water and also in scaling of surfaces and, indeed, in corrosion of metal
fittings, pipelines and water treatment plant.
4.
The pH of some mains water supplies may be outside the range recommended for swimming
pools and where this is so, immediate treatment of pH correction will be necessary when the
pool is refilled and may be necessary when it is topped up.
5.
Cloudiness of pool water is an indication of some problem of water treatment and advice
should be sought as necessary; excessive cloudiness presents a bathing hazard because of the
increased risk of accidental drowning.
6.
In consequence, NO POOL SHOULD BE USED FOR BATHING UNLESS:
(i)
the free residual chlorine is within the recommended range (see paragraphs E, F and
G);
(ii)
the pH is within the recommended range (see paragraph I.1); and,
(iii)
the water has no noticeable colour and is clear. (It should be clear enough for all parts
of the bottom of the pool to be visible when viewed obliquely across the pool.)
Please note that these limited requirements apply only if no other chemicals besides chlorine
and the appropriate chemical to correct pH have been added to the water, but see paragraphs F
and G re the use of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanurate. To avoid possible
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
5
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section III
health risk, and unnecessary expenditure, it is recommended that no chemical, other than those
above and an approved algicide, should be added to the pool water to be used for swimming
unless specialist advice has been taken..
7.
It is important that a daily record is kept of all test results, pool refilling, chlorinator setting,
chemical additions and other useful information relating to the condition of the pool water.
A specimen log sheet is contained in the appendices to this booklet.
B.
WATER CIRCULATION AND FILTRATION
1.
Water circulation and filtration are most important in swimming pool water treatment and no
pool should operate without them. If either circulation or filtration is inefficient, there is
greater chance of the water becoming turbid and increased demand will be made on the
chlorination process: in these circumstances bacteriologically unsafe conditions are more
likely to occur. Modern design favours higher circulation rates than in the past, giving
a turnover period of four hours or less depending upon the type of pool and bathing load.
Filters should always operate at maximum efficiency to ensure results as satisfactory as
possible and this is particularly important if the design turnover period is longer than stated
above/
2.
Details of the types of filter most widely used at school pools are given in paragraph C of
Section II. A strainer usually precedes the pump in the water circulation system. Filtration
efficiency will suffer if the cleaning of strainers and the backwashing, etc., of filters are not
undertaken at sufficiently frequent intervals. These operations should be carried out as
indicated by the pressure gauge readings or at least weekly, whichever is more frequent.
3.
Too low a water circulation rate of inefficient design of water inlet(s) or outlet(s) at a pool can
result in “dead” pockets of water in certain locations. Chlorine concentration may be less than
the minimum requirement in these locations; poolside tests for chlorine may give some
indication of this and algal growth. If it should occur, is likely to be apparent here before
anywhere else. Advice should be sought in such circumstances.
4.
Skimmer outlets are often installed to extract water from the pool surface into the circulation
system. Suitably located in relation to water flow and direction of prevailing wind, they do
much to rid the pool of surface contamination quickly, but the water level has to be kept within
certain limits and the flow rate from each individual skimmer needs careful adjustment to
avoid emptying the skimmer and drawing air into the system. The skimmers should be cleaned
at least weekly.
C.
CHLORINATION
1.
At County pools chlorine used to disinfect the water is added in one of three forms:-
6
(i)
sodium hypochlorite solution;
(ii)
sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules (e.g., Fi-Clor Granules);
(iii)
trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section III
2.
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Sodium hypochlorite solution is added to the pool water circulation system via a chemical
dosing pump. It is emphasised that breakdown of chlorine dosing pumps will prevent adequate
treatment of the pool water and early action must be taken to prevent deterioration of the
water. Advice should be sought from the Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager. In
such circumstances, bathing should cease until the equipment has been repaired or, if
appropriate, a satisfactory alternative method of chlorination has been commenced.
For various reasons hand chlorination using sodium hypochlorite solution is NOT considered
a satisfactory method at County pools.
3.
Sodium dichloroisocyanurare granules (1.(ii) above) are used as the sole chlorine donor at
a number of County pools. No special dosing apparatus is required as they are added directly
to the pool in solid form, but special conditions apply (see paragraph F.).
4.
Trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets are added to the pool via a dispensing device such as
a Trichlorinator.
D.
RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN THE POOL WATER
1.
Chlorine added to the swimming pool water combines with ammonia in the water to form
chloramines (sometimes called combined residual chlorine). The addition of enough chlorine
to give an excess, after all ammonia in the water has been combined, results in the chloramines
breaking down and ‘free’ chlorine remaining. The point at which this occurs is known as the
‘breakpoint’.
2.
Chloramines have disinfecting properties and a system of swimming pool treatment utilising
these properties is called ‘marginal chlorination’. However, chloramines act slowly and while
marginal chlorination may be suitable for a family pool having a low bathing load, breakpoint
chlorination, which ensures the presence of free chlorine in the water and rapid action against
harmful bacteria, is practised at public and other pools where heavier bathing loads occur. It is
the breakpoint system which should be used at all County pools. In practice, some combined
residual chlorine may remain in the water even when breakpoint chlorination has been
established and free residual chlorine is present, and the term ‘total chlorine’, when used,
refers to the sum of these two residuals. An excessive amount of combined residual chlorine
can indicate unacceptable levels of pollution caused by high bathing loads and/or inadequate
water change/dilution.
It will not normally be necessary for combined chlorine residual tests to be taken in lightly
loaded pools used only for 5-6 weeks of the year. At those pools used beyond this period
however at least a daily check on the combined chlorine level should be included in the testing
program. further advice on these tests and the action required is contained under ‘J’ later in
this section.
3.
A times, nitrogen trichloride, a heavy gas which is the cause of the typical swimming pool
odour at indoor pools, may be present in the water and the atmosphere at a pool, causing eye
irritation to bathers and perhaps non-bathers. When this happens, the reason is likely to be
that breakpoint conditions of chlorination have been lost, and the free chlorine level should be
checked. The maintenance of an adequate free chlorine residual will normally prevent such an
occurrence.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section III
E.
USE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
1.
In practice, breakpoint chlorination will be maintained if, at pools using sodium hypochlorite
solution, the free chlorine residual is kept between 1 and 3 ppm (parts per million or
milligrammes/litre). The pool should not be used for swimming if the free chlorine residual
has fallen below 1.0 ppm. At pools where Pool Conditioner (cyanuric acid) has been added to
the water, the minimum recommended free chlorine residual is 1.5 ppm. (See Section III,
paragraph K). This latter material should only be used after specialist advice has been taken.
2.
Various factors (e.g., bather load, intensity of sunlight, temperature, organic pollution from
external sources) will influence the rate at which chlorine is used up. It will, therefore, be
necessary to vary the rate at which sodium hypochlorite is dosed into the pool. The ability to
be able to vary the dosage correctly will be based mainly on the experience of the operator. In
order to gain this experience, frequent free chlorine residual tests are strongly recommended at
the beginning of each season’s use of the pool or where a new person has taken over its
operation. Reference to previous treatment records will also be helpful. During those periods
when a pool is not in use, it is possible to maintain a low level of free chlorine residual in the
pool water by running the dosing pump at a very low setting. Care must be taken, however,
not to overchlorinate.
F.
USE OF SODIUM DICHLOROISOCYANURATE (SOD. DICHLOR) GRANULES
1.
This compound has some advantages over sodium hypochlorite, particularly in its methods of
application and storage. It also, however, has some disadvantages and should never be used
without first having consulted the Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager.
2.
The material is hand dosed, in solid form, via a measuring jug, directly into the pool at least
half an hour before each morning and afternoon swimming session. Full details of dosages are
contained in a tailor-made dosing chart available from the Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager. Correct dosing will result in free chlorine residuals of between 4 ppm
reducing to no lower than 1.5 ppm during each morning or afternoon session. Where free
chlorine residuals below 1.5 ppm are found with any degree of regularity at the end of
swimming sessions, the Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager should be consulted
as the method is not working correctly and may not be suitable.
3.
The continued use of sodium dichloroisocyanurate can result in the progressive build-up of
cyanuric acid which can interfere with the efficiency of chlorination. Experience has shown
that where sodium dichloroisocyanurate has been used for an extended season partial changes
of water are normally required. For this reason it is recommended that any pool using sodium
dichloroisocyanurate or trichloroisocyanuric acid for longer than 5-6 weeks should be tested
weekly for cyanuric acid levels. The recommended level is between 50-100 ppm, and can be
reduced by increasing the amount of water change/dilution of the pool water by mains water.
4.
At open-air pools where the rapid loss of free residual chlorine is a particular problem, it is
sometimes possible to use this product in conjunction with normal sodium hypochlorite
solution dosing to gain overall benefit. Again the suitability of such a system for any
particular pool is dependent upon a number of factors, but headteachers having this problem
should seek specialist advice.
8
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section III
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
G.
USE OF TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID TABLETS
1.
This compound is used at very few County school pools, where specialist instruction will have
been given and these must always be followed. The following is, however, a resumé of the
operating instructions for a trichlorinator:(i)
Fill trichlorinator with tablets as follows:
-
open both top and bottom valves fully and allow to run to ensure a complete
change of water within the unit
close bottom valve and wait for 2 minutes
close top valve
slowly release fastener(s) on lid
release vacuum by slightly opening and then closing the top valve and remove
lid
lower the water level as required by opening the bottom valve
NB. Sufficient water should be left in the trichlorinator to cover any tablets remaining
in it, otherwise chlorine gas will form
add tablets, top up with water via the top valve (to exclude air) and replace lid
resume operation by fully opening the top valve and opening the outlet valve to
its normal position.
(ii)
Water flow through the trichlorinator should be adjusted (by using the outlet valve) to
maintain a free chlorine residual of 2.0 to 5.0 mg/1(ppm) in the pool water at all times.
(iii)
Where bathing loads are constant a predetermined valve setting may be used.
(iv)
Every 2-3 days, the trichlorinator should be checked and refilled with tablets as
necessary.
(v)
About once a month both valves should be opened fully for half a minute to flush out
any powder which may have collected in the valves and piping, especially if the
residual appears to be falling off.
(vi)
In operation the inlet valve should be fully open and the outlet valve in a slightly
restricted position to avoid the possibility of pump suction emptying the trichlorinator.
(vii)
Tablets should not be left in the trichlorinator for prolonged periods without water
flow as a potentially explosive situation could arise. Overnight shutdown, if
necessary, is permissible but it must be remembered that the tablets continue to
dissolve and that a concentrated chlorine solution will be emitted when dosing
resumes.
NB: Arrangements should be made with a specialist contractor for assistance should
a pump fail or something similar occur leaving the trichlorinator ‘loaded’ under
stagnant conditions
(viii)
If it is necessary to cease use of the feeder for any period, for example, if the pool is to
be drained or repaired or closed during the winter, the tablets should be allowed to
dissolve completely. The unit should then be flushed with clean water and left with
the lid off and the valves closed.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
9
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
(ix)
Section III
Due to possible variations in pressure, it may be advisable to isolate the unit during
filter backwashing.
2.
The ability of the operator the maintain correct free chlorine residuals will again be based on
experience, frequent poolside tests and reference to previous treatment records.
3.
The continued use of trichloroisocyanuric acid can lead to excessive amounts of cyanuric acid
being present in the pool, as in paragraph F3.
4.
Trichloroisocyanuric acid is acidic and sodium carbonate may need to be added to the pool
water to raise the pH (see paragraph 1).
H.
CONTROL OF ALGAE BY SUPER-CHLORINATION
1.
A ‘shock’ dose of chlorine and some 3 to 4 times the daily dose should be given at fortnightly,
preferably weekly, intervals to kill algal spores which may develop some degree of resistance
to normal chlorine levels. Superchlorination is carried out by the careful addition of the
appropriate chlorine compound directly into the pool water at a time when there is to be no
further swimming. The pool should not be used again until the free chlorine residual has
returned to normal.
2.
The amount of sodium hypochlorite required for superchlorination can be calculated by
multiplying the amount normally used in a day by the appropriate factor. The amount of
sodium dichloroisocyanurate necessary is shown on the dosing chart for this material.
3.
Where there is no means of continuous chlorination of the pool water at weekends, it is
recommended that superchlorination is carried out weekly.
4.
Even when superchlorination has been carried out regularly algae can still cause problems.
Given warmth and sunlight, particularly after a lapse in chlorination, algal growth can develop
very quickly. It is important, therefore, to act immediately when there are signs of algal
growth.
5.
Algae may be visibly adhering to the walls and floors of the pool. Microscopic algae may also
be suspended in the water giving the pool a characteristic green and cloudy appearance.
When there are signs of algal growth, the pool surfaces should be brushed to detach the algae
as far as possible and the free chlorine residual in the pool should be raised to 10 to 12 ppm.
As a guide, 3 ozs (85 grams) of sodium dichloroisocyanurate or 10 fl oz (½ pint or 0.28 litre)
of sodium hypochlorite solution will raise the free chlorine residual in 10,000 gallons (45,460
litres) of pool water by 1 ppm. The pool should not then be used until the free chlorine
residual has returned to pool should not then be used until the free chlorine residual has
returned to normal and the turbity has disappeared.
If this action is not successful, the pool should be treated with an approved algicide. In any
case, where there is doubt or the problem is severe, specialist advice should be sought.
NB:
Useful Imperial to Metric conversion factors:
1 pint
1 imperial gallon
1 ounce (oz)
1 pound weight (lb)
10
=
=
=
=
0.568 litre
4.546 litres
28.349 grammes (gm)
0.4536 kilogramme (kg)
1 litre
1 litre
100 grammes
1 kg
=
=
=
=
1.76 pints
0.22 gallon
3.527 ozs
2.205 lbs
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section III
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
I.
pH CONTROL
1.
The degree of acidity of alkalinity of a water is measured in terms of its pH value; pH 7 is
neutral, below 7 is acid and above 7 is alkaline. The pH of the pool water should be
maintained within the range 7.2 - 7.8 at all times (preferably 7.4 - 7.6).
This is important for several reasons:(i)
There is an increasing loss of bacterial action of chlorine when the pH value exceeds
7.8.
(ii)
As the pH falls below 7, the water becomes increasingly corrosive to ferrous and other
metals.
(iii)
As the pH rises above 8, the water has an increasing tendency to encourage
precipitation of hardness salts (chalk).
(iv)
If pH is too low or too high, irritation of the skin and eyes may be caused.
2.
When the pool has been filled, the pH value may need to be adjusted to bring it within the
correct range.
3.
Sodium hypochlorite solution is alkaline and its continuous addition to the pool is likely to
raise the pH value of the water and frequent additions of an acid (sodium bisulphate
increasingly known as sodium hydrogen sulphate) may be necessary to lower the pH. Sodium
dichloroisocyanurate granules are less likely to affect the pH value as they are almost neutral.
Occasional adjustments may be needed, however, particularly after topping-up the pool.
Trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets are acidic and are likely to lower the pH value. Frequent
additions of an alkali (sodium carbonate) may, therefore, be necessary.
4.
Where it is necessary to adjust the pH, the acid or alkali should only be added when swimming
has finished for the day. The sodium bisulphate (acid) or sodium carbonate (alkali) should be
added to a plastic bucket of warm (not hot) water at the rate of 1 lb to 1½ gals, stirred until
dissolved and poured carefully into the pool around the edges. Never pour acids or alkalis into
skimmer pots. Never add them to the pool in solid form. The amount of acid or alkali to be
added will vary from pool to pool but, as a guide, no more than 1¼ lbs (565 grammes) per
10,000 gals (45,460 litres) should normally be added in any one period of 24 hours. The pH
should always be tested the day after any pH adjustment has been carried out.
5.
Acids, alkalis and the various chlorine compounds must never be allowed to come into contact
with each other because of the possible hazard of chlorine and other gases.
6.
It is important to note that sodium hypochlorite solution deteriorates with age and that, in
consequence, lengthy storage should be avoided. A maximum storage period of three months
is recommended, one month is better and supplies should be ordered accordingly. The storage
room should be cool.
7.
‘Old’ sodium hypochlorite solution may well have a reduced chlorine content and should
preferably not be used in a pool as it could cause an excessive rise in pH. It is better to use it,
suitably diluted, for daily washing down of barefoot areas (see paragraph A.1 or Section V).
J.
TESTS FOR RESIDUAL CHLORINE, pH AND CYANURIC ACID
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section III
1.
The residual free chlorine content of swimming pool water, particularly in an outdoor pool,
fluctuates rapidly due to the action of sunlight, wind-borne contamination and bathing load; in
consequence, frequent chlorine tests are necessary to ensure safe bathing conditions and at
least three tests should be carried out during the course of each normal day’s use of a County
pool. Additional testing will be required if swimming continues after normal school hours. It
is strongly recommended that in the first few weeks of operation of a sodium hypochlorite
dosing pump or a trichlorinator the free chlorine residual is tested more frequently.
2.
pH fluctuations will normally be slower and only one pH test per day will normally be
necessary. Always test, however, the day after a pH adjustment has been made.
3.
Test Kits - There are a number of test kits available, some of which are incapable of measuring
the free chlorine or pH properly. Accurate measurement of these two factors is one of the
most important aspects of swimming pool water treatment and, therefore, it is essential that
only a good quality test kit is used.
SWIMMING POOL TEST KITS - INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
(Swimming Pool Test Kits)
Always test water before treatment with pool chemicals.
Do not allow tablets to become wet until they are dropped into the test tube and do not directly
handle the tablets as this may result in false readings.
Samples should be taken at least at wrist depth. Always record all results - see specimen
logsheet in the appendices.
pH DETERMINATION
Normally only necessary once per day.
(i)
Using the Lovibond AF614 (3 tubed type-no longer available).
(1)
Remove stoppers from tubes, rinse tubes and stoppers and fill with pool water
to ½ inch below top of tube.
(2)
Return two tubes to the outer slots. In the third tube place one phenol red
tablet taking care not to touch it with the fingers. Replace stoppers, shake tube
until table has dissolved and return tube to centre slot.
(3)
Read off against permanent glass colour standards in the left hand pH column.
Do this as soon as tablet has completely dissolved. You may need to estimate
between two colours.
The pH should be maintained between 7.2 -7.8 preferably between 7.4 -7.6.
Rinse tubes thoroughly under tape or in pool when test is complete.
(ii)
Using the Lovibond disc type comparitor (2 tubes)
(1)
12
Remove stoppers from tubes. Rinse stoppers and tubes thoroughly.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section III
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
(2)
Fill one tube and place it in the LEFT HAND slot.
(3)
Fill the other tube to the 10ml level, add one pheonol red tablet, replace stopper
and shake gently until tablet has dissolved.
(4)
Place tube in RIGHT HAND slot. Looking through the viewing hole turn the
disc until the colours match for pH. An estimate between two colours may be
needed.
(5)
Rinse tubes thoroughly.
FREE CHLORINE (Cl2) DETERMINATION
To be carried out at least three times in each full days swimming.
(i)
*
Using the Lovibond AF614
(1)
Remove stoppers from tubes, rinse tubes and stoppers, fill two tubes with pool
water and place these in the outer slots. Add approximately ½ inch of pool
water to remaining tube and this add one DPD No. 1 tablet crushing if
necessary. When fully dissolved, shake gently and note the colour.
(2)
Top the tube up with water from tube in the left hand slot. Replace stopper,
shake sample and replace into the centre slot. *See note below.
(3)
Read off against permanent colour standards in the right hand chlorine column.
(4)
In pools chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite solution the free chlorine
residual should be maintained at between 1-3 ppm. At pools chlorinated with
sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules the free chlorine residual should be
maintained at between 1.5-4.0 ppm using the dosing chart for this compound.
When the centre tube is ‘topped up’ the colour should not visibly alter. If the final
colour is noticeably paler than the original ½ inch sample or the pink/red colour
completely disappeared, the presence of an excessive amount of chlorine may be
having a bleaching effect on the sample. Should this be suspected repeat the sampling
procedure using a mixture of one part pool water to one part tap or distilled water and
double the result (i.e., ppm chlorine). This is more fully explained in paragraphs 6 and
7 below.
Rinse tubes thoroughly under tap or in pool when test is complete.
(ii)
Using the Lovibond disc type comparitor.
(1)
Remove stoppers from tubes. Rinse stoppers and tubes thoroughly.
(2)
Fill one tube and place it in the LEFT HAND slot.
(3)
partly fill the other tube to the 1 or 2ml mark.
(4)
Add a DPD No 1 tablet, replace stopper and shake to dissolve. Non rapid
dissolving tablets may need to be crushed. Note the colour.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section III
(5)
Using a clean plastic vessel top up the sample to the 10ml mark. Replace
stopper, shake gently and place in RIGHT HAND slot. Read off, or estimate,
against the pre-set chlorine residual colours.
(6)
Please see 4 and * as for Lovibond AF614 above.
COMBINED CHLORINE (Cl2) DETERMINATION
This is only necessary in pools used for an extended swimming season.
Combined C12 provides a measure of the total organic pollution in pool water.
To measure it, carry out a normal test for free chlorine using a DPD No. 1 tablet. Then to the
same tube add a DPD No. 3 tablet and carefully crush with a clean crusher until dissolved,
shake and leave for 2 minutes. Place in comparator and read off. This will give you the level
of total chlorine i.e., free and combined. To obtain the combined chlorine subtract the free
chlorine (first part of test using DPD 1) from the total (after the DPD 3 was added).
The combined chlorine should be no more than 50% of the free chlorine.
e.g.,
(1)
Free Cl2 (DPD 1)
=
2.0 ppm
Total Cl2 (DPD 1 + DPD 3)
=
2.5 ppm
Combined = 2.5 ppm (Total
- 2.0 ppm (Free)
= 0.5 ppm (less than 50% of 2.0 ) ie Satisfactory.
(2)
Free Cl2
Total Cl2
Combined
=
=
1.5 ppm
=
3.0 ppm
3.0 - 1.5 = 1.5ppm - (more than 50% of 1.5) ie Unsatisfactory.
Test for combined Cl2 when you carry out the morning free Cl2 test. If unsatisfactory, test
again at midday. If consistent unsatisfactory results are obtained you may need to reduce
bathing load and/or increase the dilution of pool water.
CYANURIC ACID DETERMINATION
Only necessary in pools used for an extended season and where sodium dichloroisocyanurate
(granules), trichtoroisocyanuric acid (Tri-tabs) or cyanuric acid (water conditioner or
stabiliser) is used. A special test kit is needed for this test.
Always follow the test kit manufacturer’s instructions. Check once weekly.
Cyanurate should normally be no higher than 100ppm. Absolute maximum 150 ppm.
Reduce by dilution of pool water with mains water.
4.
14
Please note:-
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section III
5.
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
(a)
When testing the free chlorine residual or pH value of water treated with
sodium hypochlorite or trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets the sample should
normally be taken as far as possible from where freshly chlorinated water is
returning to the pool.
(b)
Do not directly touch the test kit tablets as this will invalidate the test.
(c)
Keep the test kit and tubes clean.
(d)
It is unlikely that a colour blind operator will be able to use the test kit.
(e)
Always test either pH or free chlorine residual before any dosages or
adjustments are made.
(f)
Apart from tests during the day always test the free chlorine residual at, or just
after, the end of the last swimming session.
(g)
Always ensure that replacement tubes are identical to the original.
(h)
Rapid dissolving tablets usually have green print on the foils. Slow dissolving
tablets normally have black print. The latter need to be crushed in the tube.
(i)
ALWAYS USE THE CORRECT TABLET. DPD1 and DPD3 tablets are
different (DPD1 reads free chlorine whereas DPD3 reads total chlorine).
(j)
REMEMBER THE CORRECT USE OF THE TEST KIT IS ONE OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF POOL WATER TREATMENT
(k)
Orthotolodine (OTO) test kits should never be used.
Do not keep test kit tablets for overlong periods. A twelve month shelf life is reasonable if the
tablets are foil wrapped and kept in a dry place.
If the DPD I tablets are specked with dark spots or if the phenol red tablets appear discoloured
and are difficult to dissolve or there is any other reason to doubt their quality, discard then and
replace with fresh stock.
6.
It should be borne in mind that for both chlorine and pH tests a test instrument measures only
within its calibrated ranges and that a result which, for example, appears only fractionally
above the maximum on the scale may, in fact, be very much higher than that figure; in
consequence, estimation of such a result should not be attempted. If a chlorine test should
read high in this way, it may be possible to obtain a result by diluting the water sample 1:1 or
1:3 with distilled water (possibly tap water if it contains minimal or nil chlorine) and the
‘on scale’ reading obtained multiplied accordingly. This dilution procedure cannot, however,
be used for pH tests. In any case where doubt exists, further advice should be sought.
7.
It may not be generally known that over-chlorination of a pool above about 8 parts per million
can have the effect of partially or wholly ‘bleaching out’ the colour normally produced in the
DPD test, thus giving a false low or nil reading. Knowledge of how much chlorine has been
added to a pool should indicate that such a result is incorrect and, of course, at this
concentration the smell of chlorine will be apparent. In such a case, if the level is not too high.
It may be possible to confirm that true chlorine content by diluting the sample as described
above, but again, if any doubt exists, further advice should be obtained. Over-chlorination to
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
15
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section III
this high level or beyond is not usual, but can occur if, for example, a chlorinator is incorrectly
adjusted.
8.
A pool which is over-chlorinated should not be used for bathing; if only slightly
over-chlorinated, the level will soon fall back to within the normal range, although the
presence of cyanuric acid (pool conditioner) in the water will delay this. However, it a pool
has inadvertently been grossly over-chlorinated then some additional chemical treatment will
be necessary if it is to be returned to a satisfactory condition in a reasonable length of time;
advice should be sought on the treatment required. Experience has shown that extremely high
chlorine levels can be reached if a ‘bleached out’ test result is misinterpreted and more
chlorine added in a mistaken attempt to obtain a satisfactory reading.
K.
POOL CONDITIONER (CYANURIC ACID)
1.
One effect of adding cyanuric acid to the water of an outdoor swimming pool is a certain
degree of stabilisation of the free residual chlorine thus reducing the loss of chlorine from the
water due to the action of the sunlight. The degree of stabilisation increases, generally, with
increase in the proportion of cyanuric acid.
2.
Manufacturers’ normal recommendations are to add to a pool sufficient Conditioner to give
a cyanuric acid residual of some 25 to 30 parts per million but, of course, as water is lost from
the pool by bather activity and/or backwashing of filters, so too is the cyanuric acid lost. The
level remaining cannot be known exactly unless a test is undertaken.
3.
Where cyanuric acid is present in pool water, either from the use of pool Conditioner or the
use of a chlorinated cyanurate compound (see paragraph F.1 to F.4) the level of free residual
chlorine throughout the pool at times of bathing should be between 1.5 and 4.0 parts per
million (milligrammes per litre).
L.
USE OF COAGULENTS
Some pools, particularly those that are heavily loaded, may benefit from the use of coagulents
such as Goldifloc Tablets or a polyelectrolytic clarifier such d Goldifloc Liquid as these can
aid filtration and thus clarity of the water. They are relatively expensive and should not be
used indiscriminately.
M.
ACTION TO BE TAKEN IN THE CASE OF ‘ACCIDENTS’ INVOLVING
DIARRHOEA
1.
If there is evidence of diarrhoea in a pool, bathing should stop at once. The pool operator
should then:-
16
(i)
maintain the free chlorine residual at the top of the normal recommended range
(see paragraph E, F and G above);
(ii)
run the backwashing cycle recommended for the filter;
(iii)
add alum (potassium aluminium sulphate) or other coagulent (Filter Aid) which in
emergencies may be obtained from Pool People Ltd tel 01732 850141, fax 01732
850464, or contact the Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager (see also
paragraph L) ;
(iv)
once the coagulent has been added continue filtration for six pool turnover periods;
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section III
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
(v)
backwash again;
(vi)
reopen pool when disinfectant and pH levels are within the recommended range.
2.
With smaller pools the filter should be backwashed and then the pool should be emptied,
washed down, disinfected and then refilled. This will be the preferred option with most school
pools.
3.
Where there are ‘accidents’ involving solid faecal materials, this should, as far as possible, be
removed by netting or vacuum cleaning. The pool should then be run for three turnover
periods with the free chlorine residual at the top of its normal recommended range.
4.
The filter should then be backwashed before it is brought back into use.
5.
Children under 6 months old should not use school swimming pools. Other young children in
nappies should wear special swimming trunks. Do not allow any child (or adult) to swim if
they have been ill with diarrhoea in the previous 14 days.
N.
EMPTYING AND REFILLING OF POOLS
1.
The various water companies serving Kent have differing requirements regarding the filling
and refilling of swimming pools and advice should be sought from them when consideration is
being given to the provision of a new pool
2.
With regard to existing pools the main requirement s that an air break of at least 150mm
between the highest possible level of water in a pool and the point of water supply is to be
maintained throughout the filling or refilling of pools. In NO CIRCUMSTANCES should
a hose be allowed to become submerged in the pool, because of the risk of back-siphonage and
possible contamination of the mains water supply.
3.
Water Companies should be given advance notice of the intention to fill or re-fill a swimming
pool.
4.
Backwash water, from the washing of filters, requires the consent of the local water service
company before discharge to a sewer and the consent of the Environment Agency before
discharge to a water course. Advice from the relevant company/agency should be sought as to
any specific requirements they may have.
5.
Please note that care should be taken when emptying pools as there can be the danger of
structural damage. They should never be left empty for any extended period of time.
O.
POOL CARE IN WINTER
1.
See paragraph I of Section II (Winter Care) and, for further information on the winter care of
equipment, consult the Client Services Manager (Resources Division).
2.
The presence of chlorine in pool water during the winter will deter algal growth and
‘super-chlorination’ should be carried out at intervals for this purpose. This is a useful way of
utilising any remaining stocks of sodium hypochlorite solution because, as has been stated, this
chemical deteriorates with age and should not be kept for use in the pool the following season.
However, some pH control may also be necessary. The use of an approved non-mercury based
algaecide, as stocked by the County Supplies Department, will also act as a deterrent to algae
and this could be used, in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Such an algaecide
should be used during the winter in outdoor pools where the sole chlorine donor is sodium
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
17
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section III
dichloroisocyanurate as winter algal treatment with this latter compound is wasteful. The
purpose here is to reduce the necessary cleaning task when refilling the fresh water in the
spring.
3.
Before pools are overwintered, the pH value of the water should be adjusted to about 7.4. It
should be checked periodically, say once monthly, and adjustments made when necessary. If
periodic additions of sodium hypochlorite are made there is likely to be a more frequent need
for pH adjustments in order to avoid scale deposition.
P.
EXTRAORDINARY USE OF SWIMMING POOLS (KAYAK TRAINING, ETC.)
1.
It is recognised that valuable training in kayak handling may be given in the swimming pool.
However, kayaks which have been used in rivers or lakes may introduce mud, silt or algae into
the pool. To avoid this, they should be thoroughly washed before introduction to the
swimming pool area.
2.
In relation to other unusual activities in the swimming pool (for example, “Its a Knock-out”
type competions) care should be exercised to ensure there is no adverse effect upon the pool or
its surrounds.
18
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section IV
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
SECTION IV - SAFETY IN SWIMMING POOLS
A
OPERATION - GENERAL
1.
All schools should obtain - ‘Managing Health and Safety in Swimming Pools’ - HSE/Sport
England - see Section I for details. This publication covers all health and safety aspects of the
operation of swimming pools. It makes reference to a number of legislative requirements
which may apply to swimming pools. These include:Health and Safety at Work etc., Act 1974;
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999;
Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992;
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998;
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994;
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989;
Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992;
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999;
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995:
Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992;
Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996;
Diving at Work Regulations 1997;
Employers Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969;
Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997
Fire Precautions (Workplace)(Amendment) Regulations 1999; and
Confined Spaces Regulations 1997.
The HSE/Sport England document gives specific advice on a wide range of subjects including
the need for safety policies, risk assessments and a Pool Safety Operating Procedure. The
latter consists of a Normal Operating Procedure and an Emergency Action Plan. Headteachers
are reminded that all these items need to be addressed unless they have already been attended
to.
2.
In addition to the above document all schools must have regard to the guidance contained in
the British Association of Advisers and Lecturers in Physical Education publication ‘Safe
Practice in Physical Education’. The sections it contains dealing with swimming and related
activities mainly cover physical safety and wellbeing in an educational setting. More detail is
contained in Paragraph D.
B.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The following points should be considered in addition to the advice given in the two
documents referred to in A 1 and 2 above.
1.
No pupil or other unauthorised person should be allowed to enter plant rooms or
chemical stores or to handle chemicals or equipment. Doors of plant rooms and chemical
stores should be kept locked.
2.
No mains electrical fittings should be used in the vicinity of a pool and care should be
taken to protect bathers from contact with such fittings.
3.
Precautions should be taken to prevent bathers coming into contact with surfaces of
heating appliances such as radiators which have a surface temperature high enough to cause
injury or discomfort.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
19
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section IV
4.
Such steps as are reasonably practicable should be taken, by fencing or otherwise, to
deter unauthorised and unsupervised access to the pool area by pupils and others and hence to
minimise the risk of an intruder drowning.
5.
Take care when selecting and purchasing swimming pool equipment and chemicals. It
is strongly recommended that all chemicals and test kits are ordered through the County
Supplies Department as these items have been approved by the County Environmental Health
Officer.
6.
Never use mercury filled thermometers in swimming pools.
C.
SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS
1.
Specific precautions required for particular compounds are normally printed on containers or
in manufacturers’ literature. A full COSHH assessment should be completed before any
swimming pool chemical is used. In order to assist this process a chemical safety checklist is
included as a appendix. This must not be used however as a substitute for a full COSHH
assessment. In addition a series of manufacturers chemical material safety data sheets are
included in the appendices. Staff should obtain full information, and instructions must be
carefully followed.
2.
Only competent, properly trained adults should operate pool water treatment systems or handle
chemicals. See Section II, paragraph J (Training of staff responsible for management).
Children must never be allowed to handle chemicals or enter rooms where they are stored.
3.
It must be stressed that all chemicals can cause damage or injury if wrongly stored or handled,
but they can be used with safety if the necessary precautions are taken.
4.
Chemicals must be stored safely:-
20
(i)
The storage of chemicals should be kept t a minimum. Two months’ supply will
normally be adequate.
(ii)
Store rooms should be dry, cool, well ventilated, fire resistant and headteachers should
satisfy themselves that the store is secured against unauthorised entry. Stores should
always be kept locked except when in use.
(iii)
All chemicals must be kept in their original container and must be clearly labelled.
The container must be securely closed when not in use.
(iv)
Do not store chemicals near to boilers.
(v)
Store rooms must be kept clean and tidy and must not contain combustible materials or
other chemicals, in particular, rags, paper, wood, petrol, oils, solvents, fertilisers, other
strong acids or alkalis, ammonia and its compounds and cleaning materials.
(vi)
Where two or more different swimming pool chemicals are stored in the same room
they should be properly separated by some form of bunding. Stores containing sodium
hypochlorite should always be designed so as to contain any spillages.
(vii)
Always add chemicals to the pool in the prescribed manner - NEVER MIX
CHEMICALS TOGETHER AS CHLORINE GAS CAN BE GENERATED.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section IV
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
5.
When handling swimming pool chemicals always wear goggles/visor and pvc gloves. When
handling larger quantities, overalls, rubber/pvc boots, plastic apron and, if appropriate, a dust
mask will need to be worn.
6.
Avoid splashes when handling chemical solutions. If chemicals enter the eye, wash out with
copious amounts of water using an eyewash station, and then seek medical attention. Splashes
on clothing should be washed off immediately. In the case of gross contamination of a person
or his/her clothing. that person should dive into the swimming pool.
7.
Clean plastic (not metal) jugs, buckets, watering cans, etc., should be used when handling
chemicals. Never use the same item for two different chemicals.
8.
Avoid inhaling dusts. Use a dust mask if necessary.
9.
Spilt solid chemicals should not be returned to their original container or mixed with any
chemicals. Small quantities may be safely washed away with copious amounts of water.
Larger quantities should be placed in an empty clean container which should be clearly marked
as to its contents and used as soon as possible.
10.
Never smoke when handling chemicals.
11.
Ensure that appropriate safety notices are always displayed. A chemical hazard warning
notice should be displayed outside each area where chemicals are stored and an emergency
procedure notice should be displayed in each room in which chemicals are handled.
12.
Where chlorine gas has been, or there is an immediate risk of it being generated, the following
procedure should be followed:(i)
Get all persons out of contaminated area.
(ii)
Remove any contaminated clothing and wash any contamination of skin.
(iii)
Warn persons in the vicinity.
(iv)
Do not re-enter affected area.
(v)
Ensure all doors, windows and air intakes in adjacent areas are closed.
(vi)
Any person exposed to chlorine gas must be sent to hospital for examination even if
no damage is apparent.
(vii)
Inform headteacher or deputy headteacher as soon as possible.
(viii)
If the situation cannot be controlled, obtain assistance from the Fire Brigade by
dialling 999.
In any case, advice can be obtained from the Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
or, in his absence, the Public Analyst of Kent Scientific Services (8 Abbey Wood Road, Kings
Hill, West Malling, Kent ME19 4YT) - telephone (01622) 671411 extensions 4275 or 4350
respectively.
Always report such incidents to the District Schools’ Officer.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
21
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
D.
Section IV
PHYSICAL SAFETY
The British Association of Advisers and Lecturers in Physical Education (BAALPE)
publication ‘Safe Practice in Physical Education’ is essential reading for all teaching staff
involved in school swimming activities.
As its title suggests, the above book gives guidance on all aspects of safety in physical
education. The advice it contains must be followed and, in particular, Section 5.4 “Swimming
Pools”, gives general advice on the use of both public and school swimming pools and the
need for adherence to operating procedures and the emergency action plan. It also gives more
specific advice on school pools, pool comfort and sump outlet pipes/grilles. Section 18 gives a
great deal of specific advice on swimming, diving and life saving under the following
headings.
Introduction
Normal Operating Procedures
Pool Design
Arrangements for Lessons
Responsibility for Safety
Safety Qualifications
Supervision
Pupil Teacher Ratio
Pupil Contact
Pupils With Particular Needs
Clothing and Equipment
Pool Safety and Equipment
Water Temperature
Emergency Action Plan
Diving - General Safety Measures
Jumping into Water
Board Diving
Plunge (Surface) Dive
The Teaching of Life Saving.
22
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section IV
E.
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
USE OF POOLS - FURTHER ITEMS TO BE CONSIDERED
The following must again be considered in addition to the guidance Paragraphs A 1 and 2
above.
1.
The need to be able to supervise, rescue and resuscitate is paramount. Head teachers must
ensure that correct arrangements are in place whether the swimming is at a school or public
swimming pool.
2.
There is a limit to the number of bathers for whom one teacher can be expected to be
responsible, especially in a bath where the public are admitted at the same time as school
swimmers. The recommended number of pupils to be in the charge of one teacher or
responsible adult is 20. In no circumstances should there be more than 30 in a group and
a teacher must be in charge of each party. The number of pupils in the class should be
checked from time to time, and particularly at the end of the lesson. Wherever pupils are in
the water there must be a responsible person for each group supervising from the bath side.
30 is only recommended for secondary pupils in PE Safety Document.
N.B. Where disabled children are present refer also to paragraph H in this Section.
3.
Whenever the pool is in use, there should be a minimum of three people present, at least one of
whom should be an adult.
4.
It is not advisable for swimming to take place until an hour after a meal. (Schools may be able
to adjust the mealtimes when public pools have to be used.)
5.
The temperature of the water must be suited to the bather’s age and type of activity. Particular
care, for instance, must be taken when physically disabled and epileptic pupils are using a
pool.
6.
The bath surround should have a non-slip surface.
7.
Good discipline must be observed at all times and the rules must be clearly understood by all
pupils. Rules and procedures should be prominently displayed at the pool.
8.
Running along time pool side, pushing others into the water, rough play in or out of the water,
must be forbidden.
9.
The safe method of entering and leaving the water with or without steps should be taught.
10.
Signals must be clear and obeyed promptly, especially those indicating a command to stop
activity or to get out of the water. If a whistle is over used its usefulness for a command or
signal will be lost.
11.
Long poles or ropes should be placed on both sides of the pool to be used in cases of
emergency.
12.
A rope should be used to divide off the shallow water when necessary.
13.
Easy access to a telephone is essential (this is particularly important when swimming is taking
place outside school hours). Access to an alarm bell is useful. All pools must be have
a written policy for emergency procedure. This should be prominently displayed and all staff
should have a copy.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
23
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section IV
14.
A standard first aid box should be readily available and checked frequently.
15.
Swimming aids should only be used under the direction of the teacher and in a safe depth of
water. Advice on swimming aids should be sought from the PE Inspectorate.
16.
Goggles with glass lenses should be forbidden and indeed the use of goggles of any kind
should be discouraged. If wave goggles must be worn the correct method for putting them on
and taking them off should be taught. Goggles should not be worn for diving.
17.
Sweets and chewing gum should not be allowed in the pool. It is dangerous to enter the water
with these in the mouth.
18.
As far as is reasonably practical, ensure that the surface of the water is kept free of small
floating objects which can be swallowed by bathers causing choking and possible
asphyxiation. Swimming aids, particularly those made of expanded polyurethane and floating
pool covers, should be regularly inspected and should be replaced if they are disintegrating.
See also Section II, paragraph H, re floating covers.
19.
In a covered pool, ventilation needs to be adequate to prevent clouding. If, at any time, it is
not possible to see from one end of the pool to the other, swimming must stop at once.
20.
The above suggestions refer both to normal school time lessons and to out-of-school club
swimming organised by the school and supervised by teaching staff. Separate arrangements
apply where school pools are used by PTAs, etc., and information on the requirements laid
down by the Authority can be obtained from the District Schools’ Officer.
21.
Advice may always be sought from the Inspector with responsibility for swimming who will
also make arrangements for instruction in mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when required.
22.
Other useful information regarding swimming and swimming pools is contained in the
County’s Safety Measures in Physical Education Booklet obtainable from the District Schools’
Officer.
F.
DIVING (Reference should also be made to Amateur Diving Association Regulations and
the BAALPE document)
Diving is distinct from entry plunging and must only be allowed if an adequate depth of water is
available.
1.
It is forbidden to dive from the bath side into water that is less than 2.7 metres in depth.
2.
Diving drill of looking to check for clear water immediately before diving must be taught and
strictly observed.
3.
Diving should always be under the direct control of the teacher.
4.
The following are the minimum depths for diving from springboards and firmboards:From
1m springboard
3m board
5m firmboard
Firmboards between 5m and 10m
10m firmboards
24
Depth of Water
3m
3.8m
4m
4m
4.5m
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section IV
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
G.
SUB AQUA SWIMMING
1.
The British Sub Aqua Club (BSAC) lays down a strict code of safety recommendations.
2.
Equipment must conform to British Standards Institute specifications (look for BS kitemark).
3.
Instruction should only be given by teachers who hold a BSAC Instructor qualification and
with equipment conforming to BSAC requirements.
4.
The same guidance is advised for snorkelling.
H.
PHYSICALLY DISABLED SWIMMERS
1.
The Committee’s Regulations must be observed but for physically disabled pupils the teacher
and assisting adult/pupil ratio should be more favourable than for non-disabled pupils. Close
observation is essential.
2.
When involved with water sports and swimming, the pupil must be CLOSELY SUPERVISED
and a ‘buddy’ system is recommended so that there is always another person within arms reach
of him or her.
3.
There should be a responsible adult on the pool side to supervise pupils on a one-to-one basis.
4.
When using swimming aids ensure that they are correctly positioned so that they do not cause
the child any pain. They should be inspected regularly, especially the inflatable variety.
5.
A child may tire and feel the cold quickly and must not be left in the water for too long. It is
recommended that a child does not enter the water if the temperature is not sufficiently warm.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
25
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section IV
SECTION V - POOL AND BATHER HYGIENE
A.
CHANGING ACCOMMODATION, POOL SURROUNDS AND FOOTBATHS
1.
Floors and other surfaces used by bathers must be cleaned at least daily in order to help in the
control of foot infections. Such surfaces should be of impermeable material, have a suitable
slip-resistant finish and be sloped to run off surface water to a suitable form of drainage. Mats
of any sort are best avoided and wooden duck boards should not be used. Wherever possible,
hosing down with water followed by disinfection with a chlorine solution (1 egg cup full of
sodium hypochlorite or 1 teaspoonful of sodium dichlor granules to 2 gallons of water) and
then leaving the floor to dry should be carried out after each day’s bathing. Floor surfaces
used by bathers should be maintained as barefoot areas and should not be used by persons in
outdoor shoes wherever possible. For this purpose, changing rooms should have separate
entrance and exit doors.
2.
Changing rooms should be well lit, well ventilated and should never be overcrowded.
Protruding clothes pegs in unsuitable places can be a hazard.
3.
Footbaths should be provided and they should be used by all bathers. The water in the
footbath should contain either 10 mls sodium hypochlorite, or 1 teaspoonful sodium dichlor
granules, per 22 gallons (100 litres) water. The water should be changed when it becomes
visibly dirty and always at least daily. NB: Footbaths do little more than remove dirt from
bathers’ feet before entering the pool. Full body showering is preferable.
B.
PERSONAL HYGIENE
1.
Before entering the pool area, all pupils should blow their noses, visit the toilet and use the
footbath, also showers if they are available.
2.
Teachers should check pupils’ feet for infection/cleanliness before they are allowed to enter
pool. Bathers suffering from other obvious infectious conditions, (e.g., intestinal disorders,
sore throats, catarrh, septic skin lesions) should not use the swimming pool. With regard to
Plantar Warts an article from West Kent Health Authority is included among the appendices.
It is important to note the real need however for thorough and regular cleaning of pool
surrounds and changing rooms as this will help in reducing the spread of foot infections.
3.
Outdoor footwear should not be worn on the poolside.
4.
After swimming, all swimwear should be rinsed out and placed in a suitable waterproof bag.
5.
Pupils should be encouraged to wear a swimming cap.
6.
Pupils should dry themselves thoroughly and quickly ensuring that hair is dried and water
removed from ears. It is especially important to dry the feet, particularly between the toes.
7.
All clothing should be arranged tidily in the changing area, this will save time in the long run.
The changing area should be left clean and tidy for the next class.
For further information on bather safety, supervision etc., reference should be made to the
BAALPE document Para 5.4 Swimming Pools, Paragraph Section 18: Swimming, diving and
life saving etc.
26
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section VI
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
SECTION VI - PUBLIC USE OF SCHOOL SWIMMING POOLS
THE LETTING OF COUNTY EDUCATIONAL PREMISES - SCHOOL SWIMMING
POOLS
A.
GENERAL
It is desirable that responsible community use of school swimming pools should be
encouraged. A decision as to whether a pool is “let” will lie with the governors of the school
advised by the headteacher and the District Schools’ Officer and, in addition, the views of
those who provided the pool must be taken into account. The District Schools’ Officer and
headteacher must make satisfactory arrangements with the hirers to ensure that the school’s
interests are protected.
Normally, only swimming pools in a permanent form of construction can be recommended for
lettings for adult and recreational use, although some non-permanent pools may be suitable for
organised courses of instruction for young people or adults. Serious consideration must
always also be given to the type of filtration/disinfection system which is used. While the
system used may be suitable for a normal school swimming programme it may not be
sufficient to cope with the larger numbers of bathers (and pollution) which lettings will give
rise to.
It should be appreciated that there is always a real element of risk involved in using all
swimming pools.
B.
TYPE OF USE OUTSIDE OF SCHOOL HOURS
These will, in general, be (a) where the whole facility is let to an outside body but the school
remains directly responsible for its operation and maintenance, and (b) where an organisation
has control of the pool, including the treatment of the pool water for evening, weekend or
holiday use. Since the use of school swimming pools by outside bodies may give rise to civil
liabilities and possible criminal responsibility, it is essential that before any pool is used by an
outside body, agreement in writing should first be obtained to the observance of a set of basic
rules based on Section C paragraphs 3-12 and any other provisions/special limitations set by
the District Schools’ Officer concerning the use of the pool.
C.
PROCEDURE
The following points should be observed when dealing with the letting of any school pool.
1.
Headteachers, after discussion with the chairmen of governing bodies, should discuss with
District Schools’ Officers all requests for use by an outside organisation, including use by
Parent/Teacher Associations. Refer also to the Invicta Manual of School Management.
2.
Headteachers should also notify District Schools’ Officers of all arrangements for holiday or
other out-of-school use, whether or not it constitutes a formal letting.
3.
Because of the health risks involved in swimming pool water treatment, both in relation to the
health of bathers and to the hazards presented in the handling of swimming pool chemicals and
equipment, it is preferable for school pools to be used during holiday periods and otherwise
out-of-school hours only when acknowledgeable and experienced school staff are available to
deal with plant operation. Chemical dosing, water testing and other such matters. In cases
where this is not possible, no letting should be agreed unless the headteacher is entirely
satisfied that the person who would be taking over operational control of the pool is not only
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
27
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section VI
fully trained in all aspects of pool operation and chemical safety, see Section II, paragraph J,
but also that he/she would be able to devote sufficient time to the task throughout each day’s
operation to ensure continuing satisfactory conditions. A declaration to this effect, naming the
person concerned, should be included in the notification referred to above and no such letting
should be agreed without this declaration being made. It should be ensured that in accepting
the responsibility of operating a pool, the person concerned appreciated that the task is not one
to be undertaken lightly and that considerable knowledge and daily efforts are required if the
health and safety of the operator himself and the bathers are not put at risk; prior experience
with a family pool is not of itself sufficient qualification as there can be considerable variation
in the chemicals used, tests applied and standards required.
4.
The notification should include reference to the arrangements to be made for testing and
maintaining the chlorination and filtration systems and the general hygiene, including the
footbath. If treatment of the water, thrice daily (or more) testing of the water and then
necessary cleaning up and washing down procedures are not carrying out correctly at a pool,
there can be risk to the health of bathers. Further, the mishandling of some swimming pool
chemicals can present a considerable hazard, for example, some are corrosive and in the
extreme the accidental mixing of chlorine compound (e.g., sodium hypochloride solution) with
another chemical, particularly an acid or alkali compound, may cause the release of lethal
quantities of chlorine gas. To ensure that satisfactory conditions are being maintained during
the period a pool is so let, some overall supervision and check testing should be exercised by
appropriate school staff. To allow use of a pool without such supervision would mean that an
unsatisfactory condition, if one occurred, might continue unrecognised for a long period and
this would be a serious matter if it involved health risks.
5.
Reference should be made to changing and toilet arrangements.
6.
All arrangements must include a roster of persons who will be responsible for each swimming
session. Those included on the roster must be acceptable to the headteacher and District
Schools’ Officer. Either the person in charge of the session or another person present must
have a life saving award and while anyone is in the water a named responsible person should
be present on the side of the pool, i.e., not in the water, who is capable of dealing with any
situation likely to be met within the particular pool. Where there is a learner pool of depth no
greater than 1 metre, a person with knowledge of resuscitation methods will meet the
requirements of a life saver.
7.
The notification should also refer to any special limitations necessary to avoid accidents; the
avoidance of damage to the pool and measures taken to safeguard other school property.
8.
There must be a strict adherence to the ratio of 20 persons in the pool under the supervision of
an adult at any one time.
9.
The person responsible for the use of the pool must be aware of the safety equipment that is
available and its location.
10.
The equipment should include a rescue pole, i.e., a long bamboo pole or other suitable aid,
such as ropes, and this must always be kept readily accessible.
11.
The supervisor must have access to a telephone (and where it is necessary for the school to be
opened so that a telephone is available the hirer would have to meet any cost incurred in doing
so) and also be aware of the name, address and telephone number of the nearest doctor and
hospital accident department.
28
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section VI
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
12.
Three people must be nominated whenever the pool is in use so that if one person gets into
difficulties someone will be able to stay with that person while another seeks help. One of the
three nominated people must be an adult.
13.
Before agreeing to the letting of a pool the headteacher should be satisfied that the pool and
pool fittings and the water treatment and other equipment are in good order and that the
arrangements for the storage and handling of chemicals comply with the appropriate
recommendations and are secure, safe and satisfactory in all respects.
D.
LEGAL AND ASSOCIATED MATTERS
1.
Indemnity
An indemnity should be obtained from outside bodies against all claims arising from the use of
the pool against the County Council, its officers or servants (a sample of indemnity is
enclosed).
2.
Insurance
The County Council has public liability insurance covering the legal liability of the Council,
its staff and volunteers for any claims arising out of negligence, e.g., faulty equipment or lack
of supervision. The County Council’s normal insurance cover would extend to authorised use
by an outside body, where it can be established that those using the pool are “invitees” and that
arrangements in accordance with paragraph Section VI paragraph C3 have been made.
For convenience the section on Lettings from the “Invicta School:
Management”, first issued November 1998, is reproduced here:
Guidance on School
Lettings
Should a school wish to hire out their premises the hirer must arrange their own insurance and
provide evidence that they have obtained a public liability policy with a minimum indemnity limit of
£5 million.
In the case of non-commercial hirers who have no cover the Council can provide this under its
Hirers’ Liability (Lettings) policy. The school will be required to charge a nominal fee for use of the
premises and a premium of 1.8% of the hire charge, in addition to the hire charge, for the policy to
engage. If users are unable to provide insurance cover which meets the Council’s requirements,
cover must be arranged through the Council’s policy.
The policy will provide the hirer with public liability cover up to a limit of indemnity of £5 million.
In addition, cover will apply in the event of accidental damage caused to the building by the
negligence of the hirer. There is an excess of £50 payable by the hirer in respect of damage to
property.
The “Lettings Procedure Guidelines for Schools” booklet should be closely adhered to when
agreements are drawn up.
The booklet provides guidelines concerning Council requirements for letting educational premises,
instructions when arranging the hire and appropriate agreement forms for this purpose. The result
should be effective and accurate recording of all lettings agreements to include insurance premium
income.
3.
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and associated legislation
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
29
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section VI
Where lettings are being considered, all those concerned must be fully aware of their
responsibilities and duties of care. Satisfactory arrangements and procedures must be in place
before any letting is made.
30
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Section VI
E.
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
FINANCIAL
District Schools’ Officers/LM school headteachers should decide on the appropriate charge in
each case on the understanding that the charge for the letting must be sufficient to cover the
cost of the outgoings, such as maintenance and cleaning; the County Council should not
normally subsidise these lettings.
F.
INTERPRETATION
If there are any problems about the interpretation or implementation of these regulations, an
Education Authority Inspector with responsibility for swimming should be consulted.
G.
INDEMNITY
(See next page)
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
31
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Section VI
INDEMNITY
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL AND USE OF SCHOOL SWIMMING POOLS
Arrangements having been made between Kent County Council and (outside body) for members of
(outside body) from time to time to use the swimming pool at (name of school), the (outside body)
hereby agrees to indemnify Kent County Council and its officers and servants from and against all
actions and claims for damages to person or property arising out of the foregoing arrangements
brought against or suffered by Kent County Council and from and against all costs, liabilities and
expenses incurred or suffered by Kent County Council in connection therewith, except where the
same is solely attributable to the negligence or default of any officer, servant or agent of
Kent County Council or to such proportion of any damage or injury as may be directly attributable to
the contributory negligence of such officer, servant or agent.
32
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
APPENDIX I
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
SPECIMEN ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS
Please note - Detailed advice is contained in Managing Health and Safety in Swimming Pools.
Schools have a responsibility to gather information on materials/equipment etc in order to carry out
their own assessment. The following specimen assessments are intended as a guide only.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
33
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 1
Product/Chemical
:
Sodium Hypochlorite (Aqueous Solution)
Also known as
:
“Bleach”
Manufacturers
:
Various
Application
:
Germicide
Colour/Appearance
:
Greenish-yellow liquid with perceptible odour
Composition
:
Sodium Hypochlorite
Procedures for use
:
Hypochlorite is added to the pool via a dosing pump which draws the
solution directly from the container:
Health Hazards
:
Harmful by eye and skin contact, ingestion, and inhalation (of direct
fumes, or of Chlorine gas if accidentally mixed with acidic products).
Handling Instruction/Protective Equipment:
:
Ensure area of handling is well ventilated and that mains water or eyewash bottle is
available in case of splashing during use.
:
In addition:(1)
Dosing the pool: Operators to wear full face visor, PVC gloves and apron
when handling 5 L containers.
:
(2)
Operators to wear overalls in place of the apron and, in addition, rubber
or PVC boots when handling 25 L containers. Ensure area of use is well
ventilated. Do not mix with other chemicals.
Servicing the chemical dosing pump, injectors and pipework: Operators to
wear that required for handling 25 L containers above (1).
Assessment for (1) above.
:
The liquid is slightly volatile liberating chlorine - medium hazard.
The containment of the liquid is high with little likelihood of significant
release of liquid.
The exposure potential is medium.
As a corrosive substance there is high damage potential.
The risk of damage is such that operation protection is required. That
specified above is adequate.
34
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Assessment for (2) above.
The liquid is slightly volatile, liberating chlorine - medium hazard.
The quantity of substance being assembled is likely to be in the range of 10g - 1kg.
The containment of the liquid is medium where there is likely to be a limited release of
hazardous substance.
The exposure potential is medium.
As a corrosive substance there is a high damage potential.
The risk of damage is such that operator protection is required. That specified above is
adequate.
First Aid Treatment:
Eye contact
-
Irrigate with copious amount of water for 10 to 15 minutes and obtain
medical attention immediately.
Skin contact
-
Wash thoroughly with water immediately. Obtain medical attention if
necessary. Where contamination of body/clothing is severe - dive into
pool.
Ingestion
-
If swallowed, drink large amount of water and obtain medical attention
immediately. DO NOT induce vomiting.
Inhalation
-
If chlorine gas (greenish in colour) is accidentally evolved as a result of
mixing with acidic products, hold breath and get at once into fresh air.
Seek medical advice is any of the gas has been inhaled.
Emergency Action
:
In the event of a fire or accidental generation of chlorine gas, clear area
and call the fire brigade.
Storage
:
Store carefully in upright position in a cool, dark place, in tightly closed
polythene or glass containers (not metal), not near to acidic substances.
Building to be well ventilated; fire resistant, cool, dry containers should
be kept out of direct sunlight and checked weekly and vented to release
any build up of pressure.
Disposal
:
If spilled, dilute immediately with water. Small quantities may be
discharged to sewer with running water to dilute. If spillage is large,
absorb in sand or earth and remove to a safe place. Do not try to
neutralise with acidic materials.
Further Assistance
:
Contact Fire Brigade if rescue is necessary, and if large quantity is
spilled.
Other Information
:
Product is non-flammable, but acts as an oxidising agent, and will give
off fumes if involved in a fire.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager, April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
35
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 2
Product/Chemical
:
Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate
Also known as
:
Sodium Bisulphate
Manufacturer
:
Various
Application
:
pH adjuster
Colour/Appearance
:
White crystalline powder, flakes or microspheres
Composition
:
Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate
Health Hazards
:
Highly corrosive when wet. Irritating to skin, eyes and inhalation
Procedure for Use
:
Up to 0.6 kg is added to lukewarm tap water contained in a 2 gallon
bucket
The maximum concentration being 0.6 kg/9 litres. The solution is then
poured into the pool after swimming has finished for the day
Handling Instructions/Protective Equipment:
Dosing the pool :
Operators wear PVC gloves, apron and full face visor. Ensure area of
use is well ventilated. Do not mix with other chemicals.
Assessment
1(a)
The material is a coarse solid and can generate dust - a medium hazard.
The amount of dust generated is likely to be less than 10g.
The nature of the operation is such that significant release of the material is small.
The exposure potential is low.
The damage potential of the dust is high (10 mg/m3 8hr TLV).
Although the damage potential is high there is a low exposure potential, therefore face
masks are not required, although as the material has some irritant properties hand and
eye protection should be worn. The operator protection specified above is adequate.
1(b)
When the solid has been added to the water the result is a sulphuric acid solution of
low concentration failing to meet the CHIP criteria. It has low hazard.
Its quantity is above 1 kg.
There is little likelihood of any significant release of material.
36
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
The exposure potential and damage potential are low and no specific control measures
are required. Bearing in mind the acidic nature of the liquid, eye and clothing
protection should be worn. The operator protection specified above is adequate.
First Aid Treatment:
Eye Contact
-
Irrigate thoroughly with water. Obtain medical attention.
Skin Contact
-
Wash thoroughly with water.
Ingestion
-
Treat as for Sulphuric Acid, if chemical has been confined to mouth,
give large quantities of water as mouth wash, but ensure that it is not
swallowed. If chemical has been swallowed, give about 250 ml of water
to dilute it in stomach. DO NOT induce vomiting. Arrange transport to
hospital. Provide details to hospital of chemical swallowed (plus
appropriate amount and strength of chemical) and time lapsed since
emergency occurred.
Inhalation
-
Treat as for Sulphuric Acid. Remove patient from danger area, after first
ensuring your own safety. Loosen clothing. If casualty is unconscious,
place in recovery position and monitor breathing, if breathing has
stopped, apply mouth to mouth resuscitation. If emergency warrants it,
remove patient to hospital and provide information on the gas
responsible and treatment given. Administer oxygen if available and if
casualty’s condition is serious.
Emergency Action
:
No special procedures beyond those set out under “First Aid Treatment”.
Storage
:
Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, out of
direct sunlight.
Disposal
:
Small spillages may be washed away with water, but larger amounts
should direct be neutralised, using Sodium Carbonate (soda ash), before
hosing down.
Further Assistance
:
Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
:
Product is non-combustible.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
37
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 3
Product/Chemical
:
Sodium Dichloroisocyanuric Dihyrate.
Also known as
:
Sodium Dichloro-1.3.5-trazinetroiore Dihydrate; Fi-Chlor granules.
Manufacturer
:
CPC Hydra Chem Ltd.
Application
:
Swimming pool treatment.
Colour/Appearance
:
Off-white powder or granules.
Composition
:
Sodium Dichloroisocyanuric Dihydrate.
Health Hazards
:
Harmful by inhalation, skin and eye contact, and ingestion. Liberates
chlorine gas when mixed with water and may react explosively when
mixed with nitrogenous substances.
Procedure for use
:
In a well ventilated area granules are measured by volume, usually up to
0.2 kg but in some pools up to 3 kg. The solid granules are then added
around the pool edge ensuring that the wind direction is from the back of
the operator. Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling the material.
Handling instructions/Protective equipment.
1)
Dosing the pool :
Operators wear full face visor and gloves, refraining from breathing dust
or fumes, in a well ventilated area.
The amount of dust generated is likely to be less than 10g.
The nature of the operation is such that significant release of the material
is small.
The exposure potential is low.
The damage potential of the material - as being harmful - is medium.
The medium damage potential and low exposure potential suggest that
face masks are not required. But as the material is classified as harmful,
hand and eye protection should be worn and the instructions for use
correctly state that operations are carried out in a well ventilated area.
The operator protection specified above is adequate.
Handling Precautions
38
:
Ensure area of use is well ventilated. Wear gloves, PVC apron and face
shield while using. Do not eat, drink or smoke while using.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
First Aid Treatment
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
:
Inhalation
- Treat as for acute Chlorine poisoning.
Get at once into fresh air, keep at rest and seek medical advice.
Skin contact
- Wash thoroughly with water immediately.
Eye Contact
- Irrigate with copious amount of water for 15 minutes and obtain medical
attention.
Ingestion
- If swallowed, give casualty large amount of water to drink and transfer to
hospital immediately, taking information on product. DO NOT induce
vomiting.
Emergency Action
: If spilt, warn others of vapour hazard. In an emergency situation clear the
area and call the Fire Brigade.
Storage
: Keep container tightly closed in a well ventilated, cool, dry place, away
from other types of chemicals.
Disposal
: Transfer spilled material to waste ground, spread thinly and cover with
a thin layer of earth, keep people, animals and vehicles away. Avoid
breathing any fumes if product is damp. Wash away any residue from spill
with large quantity of water.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health & Safety
Manager.
Other Information
: Product is essentially non-combustible, but will give off toxic fumes when
heated. Breathing apparatus must be worn when fighting fires. Contain
fire fighting water if possible: inform local water or river authority of any
discharges to sewer or water courses.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
39
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 4
Product/Chemical
: Sodium Carbonate.
Also known as
:
Manufacturer
: Various
Application
: pH adjuster
Colour/Appearance
: White odourless powder or granules.
Composition
: Sodium Carbonate.
Health Hazards
: An Irritant.
Procedure for use
: Up to 0.6 kg is added to lukewarm tap or pool water contained in a 2 gallon
bucket.
The solution is poured into the pool after swimming has finished for the
day.
Handling instructions/Protective equipment.
1)
Dosing the pool. Operators wear PVC gloves, apron and full face visor.
Handling Precautions
: Ensure area of use is well ventilated. Do not breathe dust. Wear rubber
gloves and face shield while using. Ensure that mains water or an eye
wash bottle is available.
First Aid Treatment:
Eye contact
- Irrigate with water for 10 minutes and obtain medical attention.
Skin contact
- Wash with plenty of water.
Inhalation
- Get into fresh air and obtain medical attention.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
: Store in cool, dry location, with containers tightly closed and away from
other chemical products.
Disposal
: Sweep up spillage and wash area with plenty of water.
Assessment
1(a)
40
The material is a coarse solid and can generate dust - a medium hazard.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
The amount of dust generated is likely to be less than 10g.
The exposure potential is low.
The damage potential of the dust is high (10 mg/m3 8 hr TLV).
Although the damage potential is high, there is a low exposure potential. Face masks
are not required. As the material has some irritant properties hand and eye protection
should be worn. The operator protection specified above is adequate.
1(b)
When the solid has been added to the water, there is a resulting alkaline solution of
low concentration failing to meet the CHIP criteria. The minimum protective
equipment required when handling this solution will be eye protection. The operator
protection specified above is adequate.
Further Assistance :
Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health & Safety
Manager.
Other Information :
Product is non-combustible.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
41
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 5
Product/Chemical :
Trichchloroidocyanuric Acid.
Also known as
:
Trichloro-1.3.5-triazinetrione; Fi-Chlor Tri-Tabs.
Manufacturer
:
Chlor-Chem Ltd.
Application
:
Swimming pool treatment.
Composition
:
Trichloroisocyanuric Acid.
Procedure for use
:
A trichlorinator is used whereby a proportion of pool water is passed through
a container in which are one or more trichlorisocyanuric acid tablets. The
packaging container and the tablet rapidly dropped into the trichlorinator and
the trichlorinator reassembled. The operation is normally carried out each
2 or 3 days carefully following manufacturers instructions.
When used in the form of chippings a special type of chlorinating device,
known as a Fi-guard 90 unit should be used. The method of loading is
slightly different to above. Again the manufacturer’s instructions must be
carefully followed.
Health Hazards
:
Harmful by inhalation, skin and eye contact and ingestion.
Handling instruction/Protective equipment:
-
Charging the trichlorinator. Operators wear full face shield, PVC gloves and
a plastic apron. Where there is poor ventilation a dust mask is worn.
First Aid Treatment:
Inhalation
-
Treat as for acute Chlorine poisoning. Get at once into fresh air, keep at rest,
and seek medical advice.
Skin contact -
Wash thoroughly with water immediately.
Eye Contact -
Irrigate with copious amount of water for 15 minutes and obtain medical
attention.
Ingestion
-
If swallowed, give casualty large amount of water to drink and transfer to
hospital immediately, taking information on product. DO NOT induce
vomiting.
Emergency Action :
Contact with combustible materials may cause fire and with nitrogen
compounds many cause explosion.
In an emergency clear the area and call the fire brigade.
42
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Storage
:
Keep container tightly closed in a well ventilated , fire resistant, cool, dry
place, away from other types of chemicals.
Disposal
:
Do not return spilled tablets to container.
Transfer spilled tablets to waste ground, spread thinly and cover with a thin
layer of earth. Keep people, animals and vehicles away. Avoid breathing
fumes if tablets are damp. Wash away any residue from spill with large
quantity of water.
Assessment
:
The material is a compressed tablet which generates some dust and chlorine.
A medium hazard.
The amount handled is a 250g tablet giving rise to less than 10g of dust.
Due to the nature of the material and an observation by the Education &
Libraries Health & Safety Manager, there is likely to be a limited release of
a hazardous substance - dust and chlorine.
The exposure potential is low to medium.
The damage potential of the product is medium.
Hand and eye protection should be worn when handling this material.
The operator protection outlined above is adequate.
However, due to the noting of chlorine vapour in using this material, air tests
should be carried out to ensure that the 10 minute reference period TLV of
1.0 ppm for chlorine is not exceeded. This can be carried out by the
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager by arrangement.
Further Assistance :
Contact manufacturer, supplier of Education & Libraries Health & Safety
Manager.
Other Information :
Product is essentially non-combustible, but will give off toxic fumes when
heated. Breathing apparatus must be worn when fighting fires. Contain fire
fighting water if possible; inform local water or rive authority of any
discharges to sewer or water courses.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
43
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 6
Product/Chemical
: Lovibond DPD No.1 Tablets.
Also known as
:
Manufacturer
: Tintometer Limited.
Application
: Water testing.
Colour/Appearance
: White tablets.
Composition
: <1% diethyl-p-phenylene Diamine Sulphate in formation with buffers,
boric acid, borates, stabilisers and tableting aids.
Health Hazards
: Minimal during normal handling and use.
Handling Precautions
: No special precautions.
First Aid Treatment
:
Skin/Eye contact
- Wash with plenty of water.
Ingestion
- Give plenty of water to drink. Obtain medical attention.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
Storage
: Store in original containers. Keep dry.
Disposal
: Spills can be swept up and washed to drain with water.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
: Tablets are non-combustible.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
44
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 7
Product/Chemical
: Cyanuric Acid.
Also known as
: Isocyanuric Acid.
Manufacturer
: CPC Hydra Chem Limited.
Application
: Pool water stabiliser.
Colour/Appearance
: White, odourless crystals.
Composition
: Isocyanuric Acid.
Health Hazards
: Slightly harmful by eye and skin contact, inhalation and ingestion.
Handling Precautions
: Wear rubber gloves and face shield while handling.
First Aid Treatment
:
Eye contact
- Irrigate with water for 15 minutes.
irritation persists.
Obtain medical attention if
Skin contact
- Wash thoroughly with soap and water. Obtain medical attention is
irritation persists.
Inhalation
- Remove to fresh air. Obtain medical attention if necessary.
Ingestion
- Rinse mouth with water and obtain medical attention.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
Storage
: No special precautions.
Disposal
: Dilute with water and flush to sewer.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
:
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
45
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 8
Product/Chemical
: Water clarifier.
Also known as
: Polydimethyldiallyl Ammonium Chloride.
Manufacturer
: CPC Hydra Chem Ltd.
Application
: Pool water clarifier.
Colour/Appearance
: Liquid.
Composition
: Polydimethyldiallyl Ammonium Chloride.
Health Hazards
: Slightly harmful by eye contact.
Handling Precautions
: Wear face shield and rubber gloves while using.
Wash skin after use.
First Aid Treatment
:
Eye contact
- Irrigate with copious amount of water for 15 minutes and obtain
medical attention.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
Storage
: No special precautions.
Disposal
: Flush to sewer with plenty of water.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
: Product is non-flammable.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
46
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 9
Product/Chemical
: Iron-free Aluminium Sulphate.
Also known as
: Goldifloc Filter Aid Tablets.
Manufacturer
: Robert R Bartlet & Sons Ltd.
Application
: To aid pool water clarity.
Colour/Appearance
: 60 gram tablets.
Composition
: Iron-free Aluminium Sulphate.
Health Hazards
: Ground material may cause a dust problem and be irritant to eyes, skin
and by inhalation. Harmful if ingested..
Handling Precautions
: Wear face shield while handling and avoid contact with skin.
First Aid Treatment
:
Eye contact
- Irrigate with copious amount of water for 10-15 minutes and seek
medical attention.
Skin contact
- Wash thoroughly with water. Seek medical attention if necessary.
Inhalation
- Obtain medical attention immediately.
Ingestion
- Obtain medical attention immediately, giving details of material
swallowed.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
Storage
: Store in steel, rubber-lined mild steel, glass or plastic vessels, in a cool
dry place. Keep containers upright, tightly closed and away from other
chemicals and foodstuffs.
Disposal
: Wash small quantities away with copious amount of water. Sweep
larger quantities together before dissolving in water and neutralising
with diluted caustic soda. The resulting slurry, containing insoluble
Aluminium Hydroxide, can be flushed with large quantity of water to
sewer.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
: Product is non-combustible, but do not allow it to mix with other
chemicals, or become contaminated with organic or combustible
materials.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
47
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 10
Product/Chemical
: Golden Algicide.
Also known as
:
Manufacturer
: CPC Hydra Chem Ltd.
Application
: Algicide.
Colour/Appearance
: Clear, amber liquid.
Composition
: Quaternary Ammonium Halide; Isopropanol; Water.
Health Hazards
: Slightly harmful by skin and eye contact and ingestion.
Handling Precautions
: Wear rubber gloves and face shield while using.
First Aid Treatment
:
Skin contact
- Wash well with soap and water.
Eye contact
- Irrigate with water for 10-15 minutes.
Ingestion
- Drink plenty of water and seek medical advice.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
Storage
: No special precautions.
Disposal
: Rinse small spillages away with water. Absorb larger quantities with
such as sawdust and incinerate. Toxic to fish; do not allow to
contaminate surface watercourses.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
: Flash point 55oC. Use foam or dry powder extinguishers.
COSHH Assessment for Iron-free Aluminium Sulphate.
Product is non-combustible, but do not allow it to mix with other
chemicals, or become contaminated with organic or combustible
materials.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
48
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix I
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 11
Product/Chemical
: Diatomaeous Earth.
Also known as
: Celite 501, 503, 535, 545, 545AW, 555, 560, Hyflo Supercel,
Aqua-cell.
Manufacturer
: CPC Hydra Chem Ltd.
Application
: Filter medium.
Colour/Appearance
: Fine white powder. No odour.
Composition
: Contains up to 63% crystalline silica.
Health Hazards
: Harmful by eye contact and inhalation.
Handling Precautions
: Repair broken bags immediately. Ensure adequate ventilation to keep
dust level below occupational exposure limit.
First Aid Treatment
:
Eye contact
- Irrigate with copious amount of water for 10-15 minutes.
medical attention if necessary.
Obtain
Inhalation
- Get into fresh air, drink water to clear throat, and blow nose to
evacuate dust.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
Storage
: Store in dry place.
Hydrofluoric Acid.
Disposal
: Sweep up spills and dispose of with normal refuse.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
: Product is non-combustible.
Do not allow to come into contact with
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
49
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix I
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) REGULATIONS 1999
ASSESSMENT RECORDS FOR SWIMMING POOL CHEMICALS - ASSESSMENT 12
Product/Chemical
: Lovibond Phenol Red Tablets.
Also known as
:
Manufacturer
: Tintometer Limited.
Application
: Water testing.
Colour/Appearance
: Orange tablets.
Composition
: < 1% Phenol Red indicator in formulation with stabilisers, fillers and
tableting aids.
Health Hazards
: Minimal during normal handling and use.
Handling Precautions
: No special precautions.
First Aid Treatment
:
Skin/Eye contact
- Wash with plenty of water.
Ingestion
- Give plenty of water to drink. Obtain medical attention.
Emergency Action
: No special procedures.
Storage
: Store in original containers. Keep dry.
Disposal
: Spills can be swept up and washed to drain with water.
Further Assistance
: Contact manufacturer, supplier or Education & Libraries Health &
Safety Manager.
Other Information
:
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
50
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix II
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
APPENDIX II
CHEMICAL SAFETY CHECKLIST FOR SCHOOL SWIMMING POOLS
Please note the following checklist is intended as a guide only and is not to be used as a substitute for
a full COSHH assessment.
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
51
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix II
CHEMICAL SAFETY CHECKLIST FOR SCHOOL SWIMMING POOLS
School:
Headteacher :
Person(s) responsible for
pool water treatment:
TRAINING
Have at least two persons been formally trained in the hygienic management of swimming pools
within the last 3 years?
Name:
Course:
Date:
Delete where marked* as necessary
Pool indoor/outdoor?*
Pool capacity ………………………..gals/m3
Heated/unheated?*
Size (LxWxD) …………………………..(ft/m*)
Turnover rate (if known) ……………………………………gals/hr
Period of school use:
from ……….………….. (hrs)
from ………….……….. (mth)
to ………..……………………. (hrs)
to …………..…………………. (mths)
Period of other use:
from……………….…... (hrs)
from …………………... (mth)
to ……………..………………. (hrs)
to ………………..……………. (mth)
52
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix II
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
CHEMICALS STORED AND USED: (please list)
Is storage:
Secure
Fire Resistant
Y/N
Y/N
Weathertight
Neat and Tidy
Provided with good separation of chemicals to
avoid accidental mixing
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Ventilated
Y/N
Provided with warning
notices
Y/N
Bunded for liquid chlorine or acid
compounds
Are day tanks (and feed lines where chlorine and
pH adjusters are pumped in) labelled as to their contents?
Y/N
Y/N
IS THE FOLLOWING SAFETY EQUIPMENT PROVIDED:
PVC gloves?…………………………….. Y/N
Full length PVC apron?
Y/N
Dust mask?
Full face visor and face shield?
Y/N
Double eyewash bottle holder and full eyewash
bottles?
Y/N
Y/N
PVC gauntlets and PVC rubber boots - where sodium or
calcium hypochlorite* or trichloroisocyanuric acid is used?
Y/N
Is an Accidental Chlorine Generation Emergency notice displayed?
Y/N
ARE THE FOLLOWING TASKS BEING CARRIED OUT AND THE STANDARDS MET:
Daily
Free chlorine tested at least 3 times daily
Y/N
Free chlorine residual during swimming maintained at:
for sodium/calcium* hypochlorite dosed pools 1-3 ppm (mg/1)
for sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules dosed pools 1.5 - 4.0 ppm (mg/1)
for trichlorisocyanurate dosed pools 2.0 - 5.0- ppm (mg/1)
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
53
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix II
Combined chlorine only necessary at extended use pools
Tested at least once daily
Maintained at no more than 50% of free chlorine
Y/N
Y/N
pH tested at least once daily
Y/N
Water charity checked?
Filter pressure gauge checked?
Footbath kept clean?
Skimmer baskets emptied?
Pool surround/changing rooms etc., washed down/cleaned?
Record sheet kept up-to-date and retained?
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Weekly
Backwashing at least once weekly or more according to
Pressure gauge/combined Chlorine/cyanurate levels?
Pump strainer pot cleaned:
Pool kept clean by vacuum cleaner/sweeping?
Superchlorination wherever possible/necessary?
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
At extended season pools where a cyanurate based produce is used, is
the cyanurate level being checked and the level kept below 100 ppm
(150 ppm for larger pools with a small bathing load?)
Y/N
Annually
Is pool emptied, cleaned and refilled before beginning of season
(not necessary for pools used all year round)?
Y/N
Where any of the above questions answers “no”, is any corrective action necessary, and if so what, by
whom and when?
Signed:
Date:
Headteacher
*Calcium hypochlorite is only used at one KCC school where special circumstances exist.
54
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix III
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
APPENDIX III
RECORD KEEPING AND SWIMMING POOLS
It is essential that accurate records of treatments to swimming pools are kept.
Attached is a pro forma log sheet which you are invited to use. Please ensure that an adequate supply
of sheets are always available.
They should be stored safely and it is recommended that they are kept for five years.
Education & Libraries Health & Safety Manager
April 2001
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
55
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix III
WEEKLY SWIMMING POOL RECORD SHEET - WEEK ENDING ……………………………………………………………..
Date/Time
Free
Chlorine
residual.
At least 3x
daily
Chlorinator
Setting/
Chlor.
added
Combined
Chlorine
1 x daily*
See below
pH
value
At least
1x
daily
Acid/
Alkali
added
Comments/Remarks,
e.g., backwashed pool
cloudy etc
Temp oC
Changing
Rooms Pool
surround
washed daily
Foot bath
water changed
daily at least
Skimmer
pot emptied
daily
INITIALS
Cyanuric acid residual (1 x weekly) ……………….. ppm
NB. Only to be carried out at pools using sodium dichloroisocyanurate or trichloroisocyanuric acid and where the pool used beyond the end of July.
 NB: Combined Chlorine only to be carried out at pools which are used beyond the end of July.

THIS RECORD SHEET TO BE RETAINED FOR 5 YEARS
56
KCC Education and Young Persons, April 2003
Appendix IV
Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
APPENDIX IV
PLANTAR WARTS AND SWIMMING POOLS
Inoculation by the virus causing plantar warts or verrucae is most common at sites of minor injury. While
some people accept that swimming pools may be involved in the spread of the virus and cause verrucae,
others are not convinced.
Whether children should or should not swim if they have plantar warts, depends on whether or not it is
believed that warts matter. A number of studies from several years back, have produced evidence that
plantar wart infection is greater amongst children using heated covered pools than other groups who do
not use heated pools but no proof that this is the case is barefoot gymnastic and dancing activities.1
How plantar warts or verrucae are spread is complicated by the knowledge that some people are
susceptible to wart infections and therefore will become infected under many conditions and others have
excellent immunity and won’t become infected. Also people who have warts are more likely to develop
more warts.
Advice about plantar warts varies from doing nothing, through covering the wart with waterproof plaster
to wearing special socks. Some people even advise all swimmers to wear protective socks.
Warts may last for several months and treatments are fairly ineffective. Aggressive methods of removal
are not recommended, unless there is an important reason for so doing, as painful scars may remain and
despite treatment warts may reoccur.
The problem of plantar warts or verrucae seems to be a small one and as the evidence for prevention is
rather non-conclusive, learning to swim, exercise and contact with others in a sporting activity is more
important than the potential of acquiring a plantar wart.2
If children are harassed or embarrassed then the wart could be covered with a water proof dressing. In
fact one of the treatments suggested is to cover wart with water proof plaster. 3
1
Editorial Plantar Warts BMJ 1972; Number 5816; 725-726.
Allen WH. Dickinson VA. The problem of verrucae. Med Offr 1968; 119:261
3
Bunney MH Viral Warts: Their biology and treatment. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 1982
2
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix VI
APPENDIX V
ADVICE ON RISK WITH OUTLET PIPES AND GRILLES IN
SWIMMING POOLS
MEMORANDUM
To:
For:
Your Ref:
Minicom:
Date:
CAPITAL PROJECTS
Nick Tricker
(01622) 605720 (for deaf people)
28 April 1999
From:
My Ref:
Ext:
Ask For:
Policy Section
LETT990168
4501
Jennifer Wren
Please find attached your copy of:
Subject:
Advice on Risks Associated with Outlet Pipes in Swimming Pools
for your information/action as required.
Please note that the lead officer indicated below will collate comments and be responsible for
preparing any response, committee reports, etc. If you have been nominated as lead officer and feel
the designation is inappropriate, please contact Joanna Wainwright on extension 6595.
Please circulate more widely if necessary.
Jennifer Wren
Lead Officer: Doug Chenery
Circulation:
Doug Chenery
Nick Tricker
Additional comments (if any):
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DfEE Letter from Richard Painter
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Appendix VI
Letter from HSE
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
The Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Appendix VI
Grilles should not have holes or gaps greater
than 8mm in size.
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Ltr: Local Government Association
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KCC Education and Young Persons, April
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Ltr: HSE from Caroline Wake
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Ltr: HSE
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Management of Hygiene and Related Safety at Educational Establishment Swimming Pools
Kent County Council Education and libraries
EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
ACCIDENTAL GENERATION OF CHLORINE GAS
1.
GET OUT OF CONTAMINATED AREA
2.
REMOVE ANY CONTAMINATED CLOTHING
3.
WARN PERSONS IN THE VICINITY
4.
DO NOT RE-ENTER AFFECTED AREA
5.
ENSURE DOORS, WINDOWS AND
ADJACENT AREAS ARE CLOSED
6.
ANY PERSON EXPOSED TO CHLORINE GAS MUST BE SENT
TO HOSPITAL FOR EXAMINATION EVEN IF NO DAMMAGE
IS APPARENT
7.
INFORM HEADTEACHER AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
AIR
INTAKES
IN
IF SITUATION CANNOT BE CONTROLLED, OBTAIN ASSISTANCE
FROM THE FIRE BRIGADE BY DIALLING 999
INFORM YOUR DISTRICT SCHOOLS OFFICER OR THE EDUCATION
AND LIBRARIES HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGER (TEL 01622
694144).
IN ORDER TO PREVENT
GENERATION OF CHLORINE GAS
DO NOT MIX CHEMICALS
TOGETHER
H:\H&S\S04040D1.DC/S1/C2
G:/CheneD01/Ed&Libs Dir/Swimming Pools/ Swim Pool Policy to T Monk Apr 03.
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67