LITERATURE ELECTIVES BARUCH COLLEGE - ENGLISH DEPARTMENT SPRING 2011 Survey of English Literature I English 3010 Prof. B. Gluck Tue/Thu 11:10AM12:25PM Survey of English Literature I English 3010 Prof. W. McClellan Mon/Wed 6:00-7:15 PM Survey of English Literature II English 3015 Prof. M. McGlynn Mon/Wed 12:25-1:40 PM Early English literature includes a compelling cast of characters. Join us as we read about heroes like brave Beowulf and villains like John Milton’s infernal Satan, those who are less than human (the monster Grendel) and those who want to be more than human (the brilliant but flawed Dr. Faustus). We will also focus on romantic (and adulterous) relationships in the legends of King Arthur, some of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, and the erotic love poetry of John Donne and William Shakespeare. A highlight of the course will be a close study of one of Shakespeare’s plays. We will read and discuss literary works from the early part of the English tradition, including, some Old English poems, a romance, selections from the tales of Geoffrey Chaucer and Thomas Malory, some saint’s legends, and a play of Shakespeare’s. A major focus of our reading will be to examine how these works represent and construct the human subject with special attention to the issue of sexual difference. We will analyze how sex-gender roles facilitate or limit the choices open to the individuals in the works we read, and how desire conforms to or disrupts this fundamental cultural determination. In making a survey of the last 250 years of British literature, this class will pay particular attention to the representations of work and leisure, of how wealth and deprivation are depicted. We will read texts that inspired and responded to changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, beginning with Burns, Sheridan, and Sterne, moving into the Romantic poetry of Blake, Wordsworth, and Keats, and then reading examples of the nineteenth century novel (Austen, Gaskell). Sherlock Holmes and Oscar Wilde will usher us into the twentieth century and Modernism, from which we will read selections by James Joyce and T.S. Eliot before turning to more recent works by Pat Barker, Kazuo Ishiguro, and Seamus Heaney. Throughout the term, we will explore constructions of urban and rural, of rich and poor, of artist and worker, with special focus on monsters, machines, precarious labor, domestic workers, and snobbery. Survey of American Literature I English 3020 Prof. D. Mengay Tue/Thu 6:00-7:15 PM This course will focus on three narratives that surface in early-American writing through the middle of the nineteenth century. The first has to do with land, who owns it and by what authority a person feels entitled to claim it. The issue becomes a contested one as Euro-Americans insist increasingly the land belongs to them. The second is the rise of secular discourse and the discussion of basic human rights. We will follow the shift from Puritan views to those of John Locke and other English philosophers, whose ideas influenced American writers in the mid- and late-eighteenth century. Related to this theme is the third narrative, race, which becomes a dominant subtext in American literature prior to the Civil War. Works will include: Bradford’s Pilgrim Plantation; Rowlandson’s Narrative of a Captivity; Franklin’s Autobiography; Irving’s “Rip van Winkle”; Cooper’s Last of the Mohicans; Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter; Melville’s Moby Dick; Brent’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl; and Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. Survey of American Literature II English 3025 Prof. S. Eversley Tue/Thu 9:05-10:20 AM Literature for Young Adults English 3045 Prof. E. Dimartino Tue/Thu 9:30-10:45 AM Young adult literature includes books selected by readers between the ages of 12 and 18 for intellectual stimulation, pleasure, companionship and self-discovery. In this exciting course we will be reading literature that addresses the complexities and conflicts confronting adolescents during their journey to adulthood. Students will read fiction and nonfiction selections that deal with such themes as adapting to physical changes, independence from parents and other adults, acquiring a personal identity and achieving social responsibility. There will be ample opportunity to analyze and evaluate literary selections pertinent to the lives of young adults. The Art of Film English 3260 Prof. W. Boddy Thu 2:30-5:00 PM Film and Literature: Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir English 3270 Prof. C. Taylor Mon/Wed 3;45-5:00 PM In the early 1930's, a darker, leaner prose emerged on the American landscape. It evoked an underbelly of corruption and greed. Its heroes hardly seemed heroic at all. In this course, we will examine the writing and the films of the 1930's through the 1950's that created a new American idiom and a uniquely American art form. We will be reading and discussing authors such as Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, Jim Thompson and John Franklin Bardin. We will also view a number of film noir classics and explore their roots in German Expressionism as well as their lasting impact on more recent films. Documentary Film English 3280 Prof. C. Rollyson Tue/Thu 6:00-7:15 PM What is the truth-value of documentaries? This is the basic question explored in this course through examining the genre’s historical development and the social and political activism of filmmakers. The filmmakers covered in this course include the Lumiere Brothers, Robert Flaherty, Dziga Vertov, Leni Riefenstahl, Frank Capra, Humphrey Jennings, Jill Craigie, Michael Moore, and other contemporary directors of documentaries. The Craft of Poetry: Form and Revision English 3645 Prof. G. Schulman Tue/Thu 6:00-7:15 PM Although this is the second of two poetry courses offered here, you may enroll in it without having had the other. Here you will be learning about form in poetry – from the line to the stanza, and beyond. You will be writing in freer forms and in set forms such as sonnets, villanelles, and haiku. You will be learning how major poets, from William Shakespeare to Elizabeth Bishop, and from Robert Frost to Gwendolyn Brooks, write in such a way as to convey their thoughts and loves and passions. If you love good books, if you enjoy reading Shakespeare or Chaucer or Dickinson, if you have ever been moved or disturbed or frightened by the sounds of the language, if you have wanted to write but can’t get started, this course is all yours. You will be practicing revision, which is at the heart of writing poetry. You will be sharing your poems with the class in a workshop, and soon you will be sharing your feelings in ways you never thought possible. You will be learning to use language in ways that will convey your wishes, fears, and dreams. Your instructor, Grace Schulman, Distinguished Professor at Baruch, is Poetry Editor of The Nation. Her latest book of poems is Days of Wonder: New and Selected Poems (Houghton Mifflin, 2002). If you have passed English 2150 or 2800/2850, you are eligible to enroll in this course. Poetry 3640 is not required. Departmental permission is not required. Advanced Essay Writing: Style and Styles in Prose English 3680 Prof. S. O’Toole Mon/Wed 7:35-8:50 PM This course focuses on developing style in non-fiction essay writing. We will read one another’s work, as well as the work of major essayists, and discuss how writers use figurative language, humor, repetition, and other stylistic devices to make their work come alive and have the desired effect on readers. Students will then have the chance to experiment with stylistic options as they develop their own distinctive writer’s voice and learn to craft more nuanced and powerful prose. With an emphasis on building a writing practice, students will compose short pieces that they revise often and develop into longer, more complete essays in consultation with a writing group and the professor. Classes will proceed by lecture on issues of style, including sentence construction, voice and tone, metaphor, humor, irony, vividness, and rhythm; discussion of passages by major essayists such as Thoreau, Emerson, Fitzgerald, Woolf, Baldwin, Didion, and Dillard; and regular workshopping of student writing. Linguistic and Language: The Study of Language English 3700 Prof. E. Block Tue/Thu 6:00-7:15 PM “We don’t know who discovered water, but we know it wasn’t a fish.” Marshall McLuhan We are not fish but most often we fail to appreciate the amazingly complex world of language that surrounds us. We take for granted the intricate system that governs language and the amazing task most humans accomplish in learning a language. In this course, you will be introduced to the core tools used in language description and analysis (the study of sounds, words, sentences, and meaning) and the related areas of language change, language acquisition, discourse analysis, language varieties, bilingualism, language in society, language and the brain, and the language of gestures and signs. This course is both theoretical and practical in scope. Students interested in anthropology, sociology, psychology, history, foreign languages, advertising and marketing, history, philosophy, computer science, education, and English will have much to learn from and much to contribute to this course. The course will include regular assignments in linguistic analysis, a midterm, a final, and a short presentation or paper. Literature and Psychology English 3730 Prof. E. Kauvar Mon/Wed 10:45-12:00 PM Have you ever wondered what makes someone so enraged that someone else ends up dead? Do you speculate about the reasons why two people are attracted to each other? Do you question why families end up the way they do? When you read a story, have you ever tried to figure out why you dislike it? Whether we read to escape, to discover, or even to fulfill requirements, we have a purpose, a motive, and more than likely some expectations. Both psychology and literature are windows into human behavior. English 3730 examines the similarities and differences between literary and psychological treatments of various major human motivations and conditions. Which method--psychology or literature--is the most accurate way to explain human behavior? A major objective of this course is to analyze and interpret literature in the light of psychological theories of personality and human development. Our goals will to be to gain a deeper understanding of psychological theories of personality and development and to discover how these theories provide the reader insight into literary works. Our reading will range from Freud’s case histories and other more contemporary psychologic theorists to contemporary writers like the Japanese writer Murakami. The Structure and History of English English 3750 Prof. Dalgish Mon/Wed 12:25-1:40 PM What is misleading about advertising like "Campbell soup has one-third less salt"? How about "This car is engineered like no other car in the world"? What are characteristics of female speech that distinguish it from those typical of men's speech? How do we form new words in English, and where do they come from? How does a word get in the dictionary? Are the "p" sounds in the words "pot," "spot" and "sop" really the same? Why can we say "whiten," "blacken," "redden," but not "*bluen?" Why does "New Yorker" (= a person from New York) sound correct, while "*Denverer" (= a person from Denver) does not? How many verb tenses are there in English: 3, 12, more, fewer? Which should we say: "between you and I" or "between you and me"? How about: "She dated the man whom you ditched," or "She dated the man who you ditched"? Is there a rule in English not to end a sentence with a preposition? Or is that a rule up with which we should not put? English spelling seems different from Spanish, French, Italian, Russian, Swahili, etc. For instance, in those languages, "a" is almost always pronounced the same way. Yet in English "a" is pronounced differently in each of these words: lame, pad, father, tall, many, above. Why are those languages so regular and English irregular? English once borrowed thousands of words from French. Did English therefore become a Romance language? There are many different dialects in English, some describable in terms of geography, some in terms of social class, some in terms of gender. Which dialects are "better"? Why do we say "That shelf is five feet tall," and not "*That shelf is five feet short"? Which linguistic features help to make poetry effective? What does it mean when a person says "I know English"? This course introduces students to these and other questions about English, its structure and its history. We examine sounds, word structures, new coinages, slang, sentences and meaning patterns, how Old and Middle English evolved into Modern English, and how varieties of English (from regional and social dialects to the emergence of World Englishes) developed. Hands-on computer software illustrates many of these concepts. There will also be reference to applications of these analyses and insights to the learning and teaching of English for speakers of other languages. Students will learn about unconscious rules, patterns, presuppositions and assumptions that permeate conversations, advertising, and writing. The course is aimed at helping students understand how spoken and written standard English functions, and how it evolved. Contemporary Drama: The New Theatre English 3780 Prof. H. Brent Mon/Wed 9:05-10:20 AM This course traces contemporary drama’s remarkable history of experiments with new and powerful techniques of dramatizing and analyzing human behavior. The emphasis is on groundbreaking works from provocative contemporary playwrights such as Harold Pinter, Samuel Beckett, Edward Albee, Eugene Ionesco, Bertolt Brecht, Tom Stoppard, Joe Orton, and Sam Shepard. Topics in Literature: The Rhetoric of Terror: America since 9/11 English 3950 Prof. C. Mead Tue/Thu 11:10AM12:25 PM This course will employ a combination of literature, nonfiction, and film to examine the language of the “war on terror,” and the way that rhetoric has been used to justify the global counter-terrorism offensive as a response to 9/11. We will discuss, in particular, how language has been used to manipulate public anxiety about terrorist threats to gain support for military action. Along the way we will visit such issues as: the rise of Al Qaeda; violence as a means of political change; and American foreign policy in Afghanistan, Iraq, and beyond. The goal is to develop a shared understanding of our nearly decade-long war against terrorism and its impact on American society. Among the authors we will read are Lawrence Wright, George Orwell, Jane Mayer, Dexter Filkins, Joseph Conrad, Susan Sontag, Marc Sageman, and Gilles Kepel. Topics in Literature: Language in Action English 3950 Prof. G. Dalgish Mon/Wed 2:05-3:20PM This course will examine language used in propaganda and politics, language in advertising, language in social/cultural interactions, language in gender studies, and computational applications in language study. Through readings and the use of software, students will explore these areas, comment on contrasting viewpoints about them, and conduct their own research. The course will include some basic concepts in Linguistics: sounds and sound symbolism, how words are formed, how sentences are structured, and a look at semantics and meaning. Students will apply this knowledge to a study of language in propaganda, specifically in Orwell’s 1984. They will examine how Orwell’s “Newspeak” is structured, create their own “Newspeak,” and explore whether we have currently begun to approach a 1984 scenario in sloganeering, texting, computer-speak, and the like. Students will then examine current political propaganda to examine how sound bites, slogans, and other political messages are created, how they are constructed (sound symbolism, new word formations, “shorthand” descriptions, hidden presuppositions) and what makes them effective and/or misleading. This turns naturally to the next topic, language in advertising, where students will read and critique articles discussing the issues of effectiveness and truth in advertising, and will analyze written and visual advertising to determine how sound symbolism, word formation, sentence structure, and semantics would be utilized in the creation of commercials or print ads. A debate on whether advertising is by its nature deceptive and misleading is a possible class activity for oral presentations. Students will then examine the role of culture and society in certain social interactions. Starting with conversational analysis, students will explore how different cultures determine how conversations should proceed, whether and how interruptions are tolerated, how gender roles interact with the patterns of conversation, and how unconscious “rules of conversation” (Is truth-telling expected? How much of an answer is enough? How does irony function?) are embedded in even apparently simple conversations. Students will examine readings about conversational structures in English and in other cultures, and will be asked to perform their own analysis of conversations in their own first language (if other than English) or in some other suitable context, and to compare their responses to the primary readings. Students will explore and utilize software to help them become aware of the structures of sounds, word formation, sentence structure, and semantics, and will learn how to use computers as an aid in textual analysis. Topics in Literature: The Harlem Renaissance English 3950 Prof. T. Allan Mon/Wed 6:00-7:15 PM The Harlem Renaissance has been described as “the first black American literary movement” and for good reason. The writers broke new ground in style and subject matter; expanded and revitalized earlier themes on sexuality, race, and gender; and embraced the freedoms of the modern world. The literary works produced in this era range from novels, plays, poetry, short stories, and essays to anthologies, biographies, folklore, journalism, and cultural criticism. With the emphasis on the novelists of the Harlem Renaissance in this course, we will highlight a topic of great significance to understanding the historical, social, and intellectual contexts that prompted the growth in black writing during the period. We will pay special attention to the ‘modernist’ elements of the novels – the way these writers captured the changing face and consciousness of the modern black character Alain Locke called “the new negro,” how they invoked and challenged received traditions, the various collaborations across race and culture, the local and international perspectives of the texts. We will read, discuss, and write about the following works: Cane (Jean Toomer), Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (James Weldon Johnson), Passing (Nella Larsen), Not Without Laughter (Langston Hughes), Their Eyes Were Watching God (Zora Neale Hurston), and Home to Harlem (Claude McKay). Films and guest speakers will add to the excitement of this class. Topics in Literature: Media, Spectacle, Literature English 3950 Prof. S. Cucu Tue/Thu 7:35-8:50 PM Since the publication in the 1960s of Marshal McLuhan’s groundbreaking work, media technologies have been considered as the “extension of man.” This conception still holds true today, if we consider human interaction from the perspective of Internet-based communication and social networking. The goal of this class is to explore the forgotten story of the technologies that organize our social and economic lives. We will read literary texts that look at the birth of modern media and its later development in the Internet age. As we remember the days when the telegraph and the gramophone were seen as spectacular inventions, we will also learn about the history of writing and publishing, and about American writers’ fascination with cinema and Television. Some of the questions that will emerge in class conversations will constitute the foundation for the students’ final projects: Is the wireless reading device the new super-book? What is the future of literary writing? What is relation of literary text to image and sound? Is the TV series modeled on the design plot of the classic novel? In the first half of the class we will discuss why literary texts about media devices have a predilection for envisioning a bizarre, uncanny, or absurd spectacle. Texts will include: Bram Stoker, Dracula; Henry James, “In the Cage”; Herman Melville, “Bartleby”; Franz Kafka, “In the Penal Colony.” In the second half of the class, we will read experimental texts and graphic novels, which explore the Hypertext and multi-media art. Topics in Literature: Desire & Identity in Contemporary American Poetry English 3950 Prof. E. Shipley Mon/Wed 7:35-8:50 PM Desire has always preoccupied poets. While poems about desire traditionally address a god, lover, or love itself, ultimately it is the poet him/herself who’s revealed. In this course, we will actively read desire as a move toward a sense of self, or, at least, self-understanding. What does this mean for contemporary American poets, who represent such a diverse landscape of sexual, racial, class-based and familial experiences? What tensions can we draw out of poems if our sensitivities are attuned to issues of alienation and difference? How might our identities and political affinities affect our capacity for experience, empathy, and understanding? How do poems themselves incite desire? Some texts for this course will include: Juliana Spahr’s Fuck You-Aloha-I Love You, Jillian Weis’ The Amputee’s Guide to Sex, D.A. Powell’s Tea and Cocktails, Brenda Shaughnessy’s Interior with Sudden Joy, Carl Phillips’ Riding Westward, Anne Carson’s Autobiography of Red, Gloria Andalzua’s Borderlands/La Frontera, Li-Young Lee’s The City in Which I Love You, Ronaldo V. Wilson’s Poems of the Black Object and Richard Siken’s Crush, among others. Assignments for this course may include creative and critical writing responses, several short papers, a presentation and a poetry project. Topics in Literature: The Body in Renaissance Literature: Sex, Violence and Subjectivity English 3950 Prof. A. Deutermann Tue/Thu 2:30-3:45 PM This course examines how the body is imagined in sixteenthand seventeenth-century theater. In plays by Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and others, bodies perform sexual acts; undergo torture, rape, and other forms of violence; experience selfhood; and suffer through the humiliations of old age. Reading these plays alongside current work by philosophers, legal experts, and anthropologists, we’ll ask how literature shapes the ways in which we think about our physical selves and the society in which we live. For instance, what does King Lear tell us about the bodily theme of aging, both in Shakespeare’s time and our own? Key topics to be investigated include the creation of sexual and gendered identities, the production of embodied political subjects, and the cultivation of urbanity. Works we will read include Marlowe’s Tamburlaine I, Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus, and John Ford’s ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore, as well as excerpts from Thomas Laqueur’s Making Sex and Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Approaches to Modern Criticism English 4020 Prof. Nematollahy Mon/Wed 4:10-5:25 PM This course is a historical survey of literary theory from its beginnings in Antiquity to the present. We will begin with selections from Plato and Aristotle’s Poetics and Rhetoric. We will then move to the medieval and Renaissance critics, and explore the emergence of classicism in France in the seventeenth century. We will continue with Classicism and the pre-Romantics in the eighteenth century, Longinus’ treatise on the sublime, Burke’s A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful, and Lessing’s Laocoön. We will examine the theories of the English and German Romantics, and the late Romantic ideas of the French poets Baudelaire and Théophile Gautier that prefigure the symbolist aesthetic of the fin de siècle, as well as Poe’s theory of poetry. We will also study the social and materialist theories of Marx and Marxists and other socialist groups of the nineteenth century, and follow through their heirs in the twentieth century, namely Lukacs and the critics of the Frankfurt school. We will continue with the Russian Formalist school, early structuralism and conclude with the post-structuralists, namely Roland Barthes’ “The Death of the Author,” Michel Foucault’s “What is an author,” and Paul de Man’s Resistance to Theory. Feit Interdisciplinary Humanities Seminar “When I Ruled the World” or Viva la Empire: English 4050H Prof. K. Frank Tue/Thu 4:10-5:25 PM Senator J. William Fulbright once warned, “The price of empire is America's soul, and that price is too high.” Is the price of empire too high, and for whom? Are the current U.S. crises (economic, cultural, and so on) parts of that price? Drawing on a variety of sources, including texts from popular culture (Coldplay’s “Viva la Vida,” for instance) and narratives of quest (for example, the story of Perseus, the Gorgon/Medusa slayer), among others, this course examines the price paid in the rise and fall of empires from ancient to modern times. Chaucer ON THE ROAD WITH THE CHIVALROUS, THE PIOUS AND THE ‘NOT-SO-PIOUS’ English 4120 Prof. C. Christoforatou Mon/Wed 2:05-3:20 PM Knights, merchants, rogues, and self-proclaimed saints share fascinating stories of their travels and misfortunes in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Written at the end of the 14th century, Chaucer’s masterpiece contains a series of stories, ranging from the serious and pious to the unabashedly earthy and outrageously funny. The tales are told by a cast of memorable pilgrims that includes among others a dashing knight, a drunken miller, a bookish young scholar, a conniving pardoner, and the infamous Wife of Bath. In piecing together Chaucer’s portrait of late medieval society, we will discover how the poet illuminates and distorts social realities, rendering a colorful portrait of life that is strangely familiar to modern readers six hundred years later. Our study of the pilgrims’ quests in their various manifestations—amorous, heroic, religious, and political—will allow us to understand medieval individual’s relationship to God, society, and the foreign. As a class, we will have an opportunity to appreciate the cultural influences that allowed medieval civilizations to evolve through the study of various artifacts—illuminated manuscripts, relics, tapestries, mosaics, and ivories—in a visit to The Cloisters or the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Shakespeare Love and Power English 4140 Prof. T. Hayes Mon/Wed 6:00-7:15 PM We will explore manifestations of evil in Richard III, The Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and The Tempest and try to answer such question as: What is the nature of evil in Shakespeare’s plays still fascinate us? Why do some of Shakespeares’s characters deliberately choose to do evil? Does evil serve a useful purpose in Shakespeare’s plays? If so, what is that purpose? Romantic Revolt English 4300 Prof. C. Jordan Mon/Wed 3:45-5:00 PM This course will examine the nuances of Romanticism. In addition to exploring the Romantic obsession with ecstasy and the voluptuous surrender to beauty and imagination so evident in the Romantic writers, we will examine the darker, more sinister side of Romantic literature. The Satanic Hero and the Fatal Woman motifs will be looked at from different perspectives (including the feminist perspective), and works dealing with sexual and psychological vampirism will be explored. The semester’s readings will cover a variety of literary forms by Romantic writers, as well as by Victorian writers imbued with the Romantic spirit. Readings will include Emily Bronte’s novel of ferocious, obsessive love— Wuthering Heights, and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles about the brutal rape of an innocent girl which ends with the murder of the rapist. The novel’s spectacular ending takes place amidst the pagan monuments of Stonehenge! We will luxuriate in the exquisite poetry of John Keats where bewitching enchantresses, sensuous flowers and magical bedchambers lure the reader into a world of tantalizing beauty, and be drawn into the exotic, forbidden landscapes of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Lord Byron. These are just a few of the exciting writers we will be discussing next semester Contemporary America: Protest in American Culture and History English 4500 Prof. M. Staub Mon/Wed 2:05-3:20 PM What is the place of protest in American culture? When and how have Americans chosen to resist authority? This course will examine the theme of protest in U.S. history from the revolutionary era to the present, with a strong emphasis on the last fifty years. We will explore protest across the political spectrum and analyze topics such as: radical thought in revolutionary America; abolitionist and anti-lynching campaigns; the Ku Klux Klan and antiimmigrant sentiments; African American militancy and Black Power; free speech and anti-war protests; feminism and gay liberation; environmental activism; prisoner rights advocacy; and the Tea Party movement. Since this is an interdisciplinary course, we will work to integrate an examination of historical and cultural sources, including manifestos, fiction, drama, journalism, and film. Works to be considered include: Jessica Blank and Eric Jensen, The Exonerated; Rachel Carson, Silent Spring; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique; D. W. Griffith, Birth of a Nation; Ron Kovic, Born on the Fourth of July; Stanley Kubrick, Dr. Strangelove; Tony Kushner, Angels in America; Malcolm X, “The Ballot or the Bullet”; Thomas Paine, Common Sense; and Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five. Note: This course is also cross-listed with HIS 4900 and AMS 4900.