University of Southern California
Keck School of Medicine
Master of Public Health Program
PM 583: Foundations of Early Childhood Mental Health
Fridays 9-12:30 p.m.
Instructors: Marie Kanne Poulsen, Ph.D.
USC UCEDD
3250 Wilshire Blvd
Los Angeles, CA 90010
Phone: (323) 361-3819
E-mail: mpoulsen@chla.usc.edu
Karen Moran Finello, Ph.D.
6 N. First Ave, Ste. 105
Arcadia, CA 91006
Phone: (626) 574-6904
E-mail: kfinello@usc.edu
Office Hours: 8-9 am Fridays by appointment
Course Description:
This graduate course will provide a broad overview of major infant and early childhood
mental health issues and associated public health issues. Through discussion, readings and
required course assignments, the importance of responsive and comprehensive systems,
programs, and policies that support optimal growth and resilience in very young children and
their families will be explored. Course work will include a focus on state, national, and
international policies and public health topics impacting the development of very young children,
along with legislative actions and advocacy needed to influence early childhood policy and
programming. Specific topics will include: historical perspectives, early brain development,
biological and psychosocial contexts of child mental health, developmental trajectories to mental
health problems, research and advocacy in early childhood mental health, and systems, programs
and policies that support the mental health of young children.
The importance of interdisciplinary perspectives and roles will be examined, and
enrollment from multiple graduate programs is encouraged (e.g., Public Health; Occupational
Therapy; Psychology; Social Work; Education).
Student Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Describe the status of young child mental health and mental health services in the United
States, and associated major public health issues.
2. Describe the variety of public programs and policies designed to support a range of early
childhood mental health issues.
3. Discuss state, national and international policy issues related to early childhood mental
health and development.
4. Define principles and standards that guide the development of evidence based practices in
early childhood programs.
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5. Differentiate the roles of public health specialists in developing policies, providing
advocacy, conducting epidemiological studies, and influencing direct clinical services on
behalf of young children and their families.
MPH Competencies
Students who complete this course will meet the following MPH competencies in regard to early
childhood mental health.
Public Health Core Competencies
 Identify and prioritize the key dimensions of a public health problem by critically
assessing public health literature – both quantitative and qualitative
 Articulate the relationship between health care delivery and financing, public health
systems and public policy
Child and Family Health
 Describe the normal patterns of individual and family growth and development from
an intergenerational and lifespan perspective
 Discuss key issues in pediatric health and disease and their implications for public
health, including the major domestic and international causes of mortality and
morbidity for children and adolescents.
 Critically analyze inequities in health status based on age, developmental level,
physical ability, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position and gender.
 Describe the historical development, scientific basis, and current focus of public
policies governing health care practices for children, adolescents and their families.
Evaluation Methods & Course Assignments:
Evaluations will be based on the following criteria:
1. Active class participation and discussion indicating that you have read and understand
assigned materials. Course readings are listed by session on the Course Outline. You are
expected to bring in a question or issue raised by the readings each week and be prepared
to address it during class. (15% of your grade)
2. Decide on a policy or public health topic impacting the development of very young
children. Prepare an article for Wikipedia entry about this and plan to submit it for
inclusion in the largest reference work in the world and the 5th most visited website. This
assignment will be discussed in detail in class on Oct.2. If you miss class that day, it will
be your responsibility to get the details directly from another student as this will not be
repeated privately or in another class session. MARK YOUR CALENDARS so you do
not miss this important information. Your entry will be DUE on Ocober 30, 2015. (25%
of your grade).
3. Stakeholder Policy Briefs (2): You will be required to prepare two concise policy briefs
aimed at a stakeholder group of your choice. The format and topic for the first brief, due
at the beginning of class on Sept 18 will be discussed during the Policy/Advocacy class
on Sept 4th. The final brief will be on a topic of your own choice, aimed at a logical
stakeholder group for that topic. It is due at the beginning of class on Dec 4 and will
require an oral presentation to the whole class in addition to the distribution of the written
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brief to everyone. Each written brief will be 20% of your final grade and the final oral
presentation will make up an additional 20% of your grade.
Grading will be as follows:
A = 93 - 100
B = 84 - 92
C = 75 - 83
D = 65 - 74
Students with Disabilities
Any student requesting academic accommodations based on a disability is required to register
with Disability Services and Programs (DSP) each semester. A letter of verification for
approved accommodations can be obtained from DSP. Please be certain the letter is delivered to
us as early in the semester as possible. DSP is located on the University Park campus in STU
301 and is open from 8:30 AM – 5:00 PM, Monday through Friday. The phone number is: (213)
740-0776.
Recommended Text Book:
Zeanah, C. H. Jr (Ed). (2009). Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd Edition. New York:
Guilford Press
Course Outline:
* Starred Readings, Blogs, & Videos are required
8/28/15: Course Introduction & Requirements; Overview of Historical Perspectives and
Early Childhood Mental Health Issues
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Introduction to course and requirements
Defining early childhood mental health using an interdisciplinary lens
Mental health promotion, preventive intervention & treatment
How does early childhood mental health (ECMH) fit into public health work
Importance of addressing ECMH issues in public health—trends and future directions
Life course perspective in public health
Markers of early childhood mental health
o Social-emotional development and school readiness
Historical perspectives of child mental health in the United States
Status of child & adolescent mental health
Early childhood mental health: why now
Readings:
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National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2000). From Neurons to Neighborhoods:
The Science of Early Child Development. Committee on Integrating the Science of Early
Childhood Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 1-15.
*Life Course Model in MCH:
http://www.hrsa.gov/ourstories/mchb75th/images/rethinkingmch.pdf
*National Scientific Council on the Developing Child (2008/2012). Establishing a Level
Foundation for Life: Mental Health Begins in Early Childhood: Working Paper 6. Updated
Edition. http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
Zeanah, C. H. & Zeanah, P.D. (2009). The scope of infant mental health. In C.H. Zeanah, Jr
(Ed). Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press pp.5-21.
9/4/15: Policy & Advocacy in Early Childhood Mental Health (Finello)
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What do public health advocates do to influence policy?
Involving stakeholder groups
Community Advisory Boards and Councils: Choosing, training & engaging participants
Visiting legislators
Influencing policies on behalf of young children and their families
Designing Policy Briefs & White Papers
Readings:
*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2007). A science-based framework for
early childhood policy: Using evidence to improve outcomes in learning, behavior, and
health for vulnerable children. http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
Knitzer, J. (2001). Building Services and Systems to Support the Healthy Development of Young
Children: An Action Guide for Policymakers. New York, NY: National Center for
Children in Poverty, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health.
*Mattern, J. How to write a white paper. http://www.dirjournal.com/business-journal/howto-write-a-white-paper/
*Ounce of Prevention Early Childhood Advocacy Toolkit
http://www.theounce.org/resources/publications
Rappaport, Debbie M. (2007). Building relationships: Parallels between infant-toddler
development and the public policy process. Washington, DC: Zero to Three Policy
Center
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*Stelzner, M. (2010). How to write a white paper. Rev: 2.0.
http://coe.winthrop.edu/educ651/readings/HowTo_WhitePaper.pdf
* Zero To Three (2009). Early experiences matter: A guide to improved policies for infants and
toddlers. http://www.zerotothree.org/policyguide
* Zero to Three Public Policy Information section. http://www.zerotothree.org
Zero to Three (2013). Nurturing change: State strategies for improving infant and early
childhood mental health. http://www.zerotothree.org/public-policy/pdf/nurturingchange.pdf
9/11/15: The Biological Context of Early Childhood Mental Health (Poulsen)
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Infant Brain Development
Biological influences on early childhood mental health
o Prematurity
o Under-nutrition/iron deficient anemia
o Prenatal substance exposure
o Developmental disabilities
o Chronic illness
Programs and policies
o Medical home concept
o Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)
o Federal Food Stamp Program (FSP)
o Public Health Issues
Readings:
*Davies, D. (2011). Brain development. Child Development: A practitioner’s guide, 3rd Ed .
New York: Guilford Press, pp. 39-59.
Meyers, A. & Chawla, N. (2000). Nutrition and the social, emotional, and cognitive
development of infants and young children. Zero to Three Bulletin, 21(1), 5-14.
*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2010) Early Experiences Can Alter
Gene Expression and Affect Long-Term Development: Working Paper No.10.
http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2012). The Science of Neglect: The
Persistent Absence of Responsive Care Disrupts the Developing Brain; Working Paper
No.12. http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
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*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2005). Excessive Stress Disrupts the
Architecture of the Developing Brain, Working Paper No.3.
http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
Nix, C.M. & Ansermet, F. (2009). Prematurity, risk factors and protective factors. In C.H.
Zeanah, Jr. (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford
Press, pp 180-196.
Sheridan, M. & Nelson, C.H. (2009). Neurobiology of fetal and infant development:
Implications for infant mental health. In C.H. Zeanah, Jr (Ed). Handbook of Infant
Mental Health, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, pp 40-58.
9/18/15: The Environmental Context of Early Childhood Mental Health (Finello)
ASSIGNMENT DUE AT START OF CLASS: 3 page Stakeholder Policy Brief—Topic TBA
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Mental health risk & protective (resilience) factors in early childhood
Family as a focus of intervention
Effects of poverty on the mental health of young children
Homelessness and very young children and their families
Public health threats to mental health (lead, toxins)
Programs and policies addressing early childhood well-being
Readings:
*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2015). Supportive Relationships and
Active Skill-Building Strengthen the Foundations of Resilience: Working Paper 13.
www.developingchild.harvard.edu
*Center on the Developing Child In Brief Resilience Videos (link from the following webpage):
http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/reports_and_working_papers/working_papers/wp1
3/
Davies, D. (2011). Risk and protective factors: The child, family & community contexts. Child
Development: A practitioner’s guide, 3rd Ed. New York: Guilford, pp. 60-104.
*Jiang, Y., Ekono, M. & Skinner, C. (2015). Basic facts about low-income children: Children
under 6 years, 2013. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman
School of Public Health, Columbia Univ.
http://nccp.org/publications/index_date_2015.html
*Research to Policy Resource List on Young Children and Homelessness: (Prevalence; Impact,
Access to Early Childhood Programs; Policy Issues)
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http://www.nysteachs.org/media/ChildCareEarlyEd_Resources.pdf
*Walker, S.P., Wachs, T.D., et al. (2011). Inequality in early childhood: Risk and protective
factors for early childhood development. The Lancet, 378, 1325-1338. DOI:
10.1016/50140-6736(11)60555-7
*Website on combatting poverty: Neighborhood Centers concept http://www.neighborhoodcenters.org/
9/25/15: The Parenting Context of Early Childhood Mental Health (Poulsen)
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Parenting and early childhood mental health
Perinatal caregiver issues
o Perinatal substance abuse
o Maternal & paternal depression
o Unsupported single parenthood
o Teen parenthood
o Fathers
o Maternal mental illness
o Military Deployment
Programs and Policies
o Family Leave Legislation
o Public Health Issues
Readings:
*Poulsen, M.K. (2013). Infant/family and early childhood mental health. In M.J. Hansen & E.W
Lynch (Eds.). Understanding Families Supportive Approaches to Diversity, Disability and
Risk. Second Edition. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company, pp. 171-199.
Hans, S.L. & Thullen, M.J. (2009). The relational context of adolescent motherhood. In C. H.
Zeanah, Jr. (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford
Press, pp.153-170.
*Lynch, L.W. (2013). Families in the 21st Century. In M.J. Hansen & E.W Lynch (Eds.).
Understanding Families Supportive Approaches to Diversity, Disability and Risk. Second
Edition. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company, pp. 1-22.
*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2006) Early Exposure to Toxic
Substances Damages Brain Architecture; Working Paper No.4.
http://www.developingchild.harvard,edu
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*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2009) Maternal Depression Can
Undermine the Development of Young Children; Working Paper No.8.
http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu .
Los Angeles County Perinatal Mental Health Task Force. Maternal Mental Health Now.
http://www.maternalmentalhealthla.org
*Bringing Light to Motherhood: A System Change Proposal for Preventing and Treating
Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Los Angeles County
http://publichealth.lacounty.gov
*Zero To Three, Military Family Projects, Supporting Young Children. Deployment: Keeping
Relationships Strong & Homecoming: Reconnecting After Separations
www.zerotothree.org
10/2/15: Research & Evaluation in Early Childhood; Wikipedia as a Resource & Research
Tool (Finello)
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Epidemiological studies
Program Evaluation
Community Based Participatory Research
Community engagement
Wikipedia Overview
Why use Wikipedia?
Global reach and impact
Constructing knowledge in a digital world
Developing Wikipedia entries
Topics and brainstorming ideas re ECMH and public health
Readings:
*Cashman, J., Linehan, P., Purcell, L., Rosser, M., Schultz, S., & Skalski, S. (2014). Leading by
convening: A blueprint for authentic engagement. (Section on Ensuring Relevant
Participation Tools. pp 21-28). Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directors
of Special Education. http://www.ideapartnership.org/building-connections/thepartnership-way.html
*Early Childhood Program Evaluations: A Decision-Maker’s Guide
http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/tools_and_guides/decision_makers_guide/
Frank, John (2007). A beginner’s guide to judge research studies: Quick tips to sort the wheat
from the chaff. Editorial in Medical Post.
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O’Connor, T.G. & Parfitt, D.B. (2009). Applying research findings on early experience to infant
mental health. In C.H. Zeanah, Jr. (Ed.) Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd edition.
New York, NY: Guilford Press, pp. 120-131.
*Go to Wikipedia website on writing articles for wikipedia and register; review
information and explore the instructional videos. Link is:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Your_first_article
10/9/15: Building an Integrated Continuum of Mental Health Services within Early
Childhood Programs (Finello)
Prevention, Early Intervention & Treatment as the Framework
Building system of care approaches
o ECCS
o Project LAUNCH
o Early Intervention: State Systemic Improvement Plans in IDEA Part C
o Child Maltreatment Prevention
 Challenges and opportunities in mental health systems
 Evidence-based programs & practices in early childhood
 Evaluating the impact of early childhood programs
 Understanding and reducing “Toxic Stress”
 Stigma Reduction in Services
 Marketing Strategies
 State, Federal and International Programs and Policies
Readings:
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*Finello, K.M. & Poulsen, M.K. (2012) Unique system of care issues and challenges in serving
children under age 3 and their families. Special Issue of American Journal of Community
Psychology, 49(3), 417-429.
Finello, K.M., Hampton, P. & Poulsen, MK (2011). Challenges in the implementation of
evidence-based mental health practices for birth-to-five year olds and their families:
Issue brief based on national think tank on evidence based practices in early childhood.
Sacramento: WestEd Center for Prevention & Early Intervention. Available on resource
page of California Center for Infant Family & Early Childhood Mental Health website
(www.cacenter-ecmh.org)
*Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W.T., & McEwen, B.S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and
the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion
and disease prevention. JAMA, 301(21), 2252-2259. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.754
* Tackling toxic stress:
http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/stories_from_the_field/tackling_toxic_stress
/pushing_toward_breakthroughs/
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*http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/stories_from_the_field/tackling_toxic_stress/pedia
tricians_take_on_toxic_stress/
*Video on Toxic Stress:
http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/multimedia/videos/three_core_concepts/toxic
_stress/
10/16/15: Mental Health of Children in Kinship, Foster Care & Adoption (Poulsen)
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Foster Care
Kinship Care
Mental health needs of children in out-of-home placement
o Consequences of trauma
o Consequences of emotional neglect
o Consequences of separation and loss
Policies that support behavioral health needs of children and families involved in the
child welfare system
o Family Preservation programs
o Katie A Lawsuit
o CAPTA
o Public Health Issues
Readings:
Making Meaningful Connections: 2015 Prevention Resource Guide
https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/guide.pdf
*Dozier, M et al. (2011) Intervening with Foster Parents to Enhance Biobehavioral Outcomes
among Infants and Toddlers. Zero To Three, 31(3),17 -22.
Jones Harden, Brenda (2007). Foster Care of Infants. Infants in the Child Welfare System.
Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press.
*McCarthy, J., Marshall, A., Collins, J., et al. (2005). A Family’s Guide to the Child Welfare
System. Washington DC: Georgetown University Center for Child and Human
Development. http://gucchd.georgetown.edu
*Smyke, A.T. & Breidenstine, A.S. (2009). Foster care in early childhood. In Zeanah, C.H. Jr
(Ed), Handbook of Infant Mental Health 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, pp.
500-515.
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10/23/15: Field Experience (Poulsen)
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Los Angeles County Perinatal Mental Health Task Force Meeting (October 23: 9:3011:30)
Autism Interdisciplinary Diagnostic Clinic (Monday morning)
Interdisciplinary Scenario-Based Discussion (Wednesday morning)
Other with approval
Readings: (different readings dependent on chosen Field Experience)
10/30/15: Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting as an Approach to Reducing Toxic
Stress & Improving Public Health (Finello)
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History of home visiting in the U.S.
International approaches to home visiting
Home visiting as a strategy for reducing toxic stress
Models of home visiting: Evidence-based and Promising practices
Funding sources for home visiting programs
Efficacy of home visiting; Findings from California
Readings:
*Avellar, S. A., & Supplee, L. H. (2013). Effectiveness of home visiting in improving child
health and reducing child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 132:S2, S80-S89. DOI:
10.1542/peds.2-13-1021G
* Doggett, L. (2013). New research strengthens home visiting field. Zero to Three, 33(3), 5-9.
http://zerotothree.org/zttjournal/new-research-strengthens-home-visiting.pdf
*Garner, A. (2013). Home visiting and the biology of toxic stress: Opportunities to address early
childhood adversity. Pediatrics, 132(S2), S65-S73. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1021D
*Paulsell, D. (2012). Replicating and scaling up evidence-based home visiting programs: the
role of implementation research. In R.E. Tremblay, M. Boivin, & R.D. Peters (Eds),
Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of
Excellence for Early Childhood Development and Strategic Knowledge Cluster on Early
Child Development; 2012:1-7. Available at: http://www.childencyclopedia.com/documents/PaulsellANGxp1.pdf
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11/6/15: The Impact of Chronic Discord, Trauma and Violence on Early Childhood
Mental Health (Poulsen)
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Effects of chronic discord, trauma, and violence on young child mental health
o Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Study
o Traumatic Stress
o Chronic Stress
o Domestic discord and violence
o Community discord and violence
o Birth Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
o Medical Trauma
Programs addressing exposure to discord, trauma & violence
12 Core Principles of Trauma Informed Care
Public Health Issues
Readings:
*Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2010). Persistent Fear and Anxiety
Can Affect Young Children’s Learning & Development; Working Paper No.9
http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
*Schechter, D.S. & Willheim, E. (2009). The effects of violent experiences on infants and
young children. In Zeanah, C.H. Jr. (Ed), Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd Edition.
New York: Guilford Press, pp. 197-213.
*The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Curriculum. 12 Core Principles of Trauma
Informed Care. http://www.nctsn.org
11/13/15: Controversies impacting early childhood mental health and development
(Finello)
Individuals or teams of two will lead discussions on topics they have selected (or may engage
in a live debate on that topic).
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Psychotropic drugs in early childhood
Immunization Debates: Parental Rights vs Societal Good?
Feeding Practices & their impact on development
Controversies Changing the federal poverty line
Multiethnic placement of young children (Multiethnic Placement Act 1994)
International Adoptions
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Sample Readings: (Readings to be selected by teams who will lead the discussion around that
issue)
Burtless, G. Political consequences of an improved poverty measure.
http://www.irp.wisc.edu/research/method/burtlessall.pdf
Gleason, M.M. (2009). Psychopharmacology in early childhood: Does it have a role? In
Zeanah, C.H Jr. (Ed), Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3rd Edition. New York:
Guilford Press, pp. 516-530.
Herring, D. The Multiethnic Placement Act: Threat to foster child safety and wellbeing.
http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=pittlwps&seiredir=1#search=%22multi%20ethnic%20placement%22
Indian Child Welfare Act. www.nicwa.org/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act/history/
(see also FAQ section). Current Controversy on 2013 Supreme Court Decision in Adoptive
Couple v. Baby Girl described in press and statement on Child Welfare League of
America website
Jenkins-Monroe, V. (2005). Developing reunification and adoption recommendations for
substance-exposed infants and toddlers in foster care. In K. M. Finello (Ed.). Handbook
of Training and Practice in Infant and Preschool Mental Health. San Francisco: Jossey
Bass.
Jones Harden, Brenda (2007). Infants in the Child Welfare System (Chapter 5: Creating
Permanency for Infants.) Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press.
Poverty in the United States-Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/poverty_in_the_United_States
West Africa force feeding to free time for fields
http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85625
11/20/15: Diagnosing Mental Health and Developmental Disorders in Infancy and Early
Childhood (Poulsen)
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Developmental psychopathology
Screening
Act Early Initiative
Best Practices in Assessment: Cultural & Linguistic Factors
The stigma of disorder
Developmental trajectories to disorder
Diagnosis of mental health in young children
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Diagnostic classification systems
 DSM V
 DC:0-3
 ICD 10 codes
Medical necessity
Public Health Issues
Readings:
*Learn the Signs. Act Early. www.cdc.gov/ActEarly
Egger, H.L. & Angold, A. (2009). Classification of psychopathology in early childhood. In
Zeanah, C.H. Jr. (Ed), Handbook of Infant Mental Health 3rd Edition. New York:
Guilford Press, pp. 285-300.
*Poulsen, M.K., (2005). Diagnosis of mental health in young children. In K.M. Finello (Ed.),
The Handbook of Training and Practice in Infant and Preschool Mental Health. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Zero to Three. (2005). Diagnostic Classification:0-3 R. Diagnostic Classification of Mental
Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (Excerpts).
Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
11/27/15:
Thanksgiving Holiday
12/04/15:
Class Presentations of Selected Stakeholder Policy Briefs Focused on Early
Childhood Mental Health
**Written copies of the Briefs are due at beginning of class—you will lose credit if you turn
this in after 9:30 am
o Individual Presentations
o Course Wrap Up
Useful Web Sites:
Center on Infant Mental Health & Development
http://depts.washington.edu/chdd/ucedd/ucedd_infantmentalhealth.html
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National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP)
http://www.nccp.org
Zero to Three: Infant Mental Health Resource Center
http://www.zerotothree.org/imh/
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/childmenu.cfm
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
http://www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/topics/explore/children
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
http://www.brightfutures.aap.org
Child Welfare League of America
http://www.cwla.org
World Health Association (WHO)
http://who.int
United Nations Children’s Fund
http://unicef.org
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
http://www.nctsn.org
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