Name _____________________________________
Chapter 5
5.1 Carbon
-Other than water, most cell components are ___________-based
-They are called _______________
-Made of a ______________ backbone
-Carbon can form __________ bonds since it has 4 valence electrons.
 Important for ___________________________________
3 types of bonding: (Figure 5-1)
Biology
Organic vs. Inorganic
Organic
-Contain _______________
-One exception is ______, or carbon
Inorganic
-Do NOT contain carbon
What are some inorganic molecules?
monoxide
Hydrocarbons
=contain only carbon and hydrogen
-Many are important fuels
1.
______________
2.
______________
3.
______________
4.
Energy-storing _____________molecules
Two other atoms frequently found in organic molecules are __________ and
__________.
Functional Groups
=a group of atoms with in a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
___________ groups are hydrophilic
What does that mean?
Monomers and Polymers
Monomers= Small, similar _____________units
Polymers= Long chains of _________________
-Can be a straight chain or ________________
-Every ____________ has thousands of different polymers
-Vary from cell to cell within an organism

Name _____________________________________
Chapter 5
Life’s Large Molecules
1.
_________________
2.
_________________
3.
_________________
4.
_________________
Building Polymers
-Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a
_____________ molecule is released
-This is called a _______________ reaction
Breaking Polymers
-We also have to break down long chains in order to make the ___________ available to the cells
-This is done by adding ____________ to break the bonds
-This is called a _____________ reaction
5.2 Carbohydrates
=an organic cpd made up of _____________ molecules
-Used as an ___________ source
-Can be ___________ for later use
-Can be used within ___________
Sugars
-Contain _______, ______, and ______ in a specific ratio
-Ratio ___C:___H:___O
-Formula ______________
-Most sugar molecules in nature have a __________shape
Monosaccharides
=simple sugars containing just one sugar unit
H
C O
Examples:
1.
_____________
2.
_____________
3.
_____________
H
H
O
H
H
C
C
C
C
O
H
O
O
H
H
H
C H
2
O H
Names of sugars end in ________
D G l u c
Glucose
Exists in both ___________-chain and ________________-shaped structures o s e
Sugar Molecules
-Are the main ______________________ for cellular work
**esp _______________
-Cells break down sugar molecules and extract the stored _____________
Biology

Name _____________________________________
Chapter 5
Biology
-Cells use the carbon skeletons of ________________________ as raw materials for
other organic molecules
What if sugars aren’t used right away?
Incorporated into larger ___________________ OR used to make ________ molecules
Disaccharides
-Using a ______________ reaction, cells put together 2 monosaccharides to make one
disaccharide
Most common is _____________________
Other examples:
-__________________
-__________________
Sucrose
____________________ + _____________________
-Major carb in plant sap, so…
-Nourishes plant
-Table sugar is extracted from _____________________ or _______________________
-Can be broken down and used as soon as consumed
-Or can store as glucose
Polysaccharides
=long polymer chains made up of simple sugar __________________
Examples:
1.
_______________
2.
_______________
3.
_______________
Starch
-Found in _______________ cells
-Composed of ______________monomers
-Branch
-Humans can break down starch unto useful __________________
Examples of foods rich in starch:
Glycogen
-In ________________cells
-More highly branched than _____________
-In humans
-Stored as granules in _____________ and _____________ cells
-When body needs E, it breaks down _______________, releasing _______________

Name _____________________________________
Chapter 5
Biology
Cellulose
Functions:
1.
_____________________________________
2.
_____________________________________
3.
_____________________________________
Cellulose
-Made of ________________ monomers
-Multiple cellulose chains form __________________bonds
-Makes a cable-like fiber in the _______________
-Most animals cannot digest _____________
Why?
So…
-Passes through body unchanged
I-t is NOT a nutrient
Cows and termites can digest cellulose…
How?
Properties
-ALMOST all carbs are _________________ because of __________ groups
-Mono- and disaccharides dissolve _________________ in water
-Cellulose and some starches do not dissolve in water (even though they are hydrophilic)
Why?
Why is this good for the textile industry?