Exam questions to microbiology, virology and immunology course
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Medical microbiology and subject of its studying.
Simple and complex methods of staining. Microscopy of native and stained smears.
Discovery of L.Pasteur and its role in development of medicine.
I.I.Mechnicov and his theory about resistance to infectious disease.
D.I.Ivanovsky’s research as an important step to virology development.
Systematics and nomenclature of microorganisms. Principles of classification.
Definitions of “species”, “variant”, “biotype”, “strain”, and “clone”.
7. Morphology of bacteria. The structure of bacterial cell and its chemical composition.
8. Bacterial variety. Genotypic and phenotypic variation. Pleomorphism and its
significance in laboratory practice.
9. Protoplasts, spheroplasts and L-forms of bacteria.
10.The capsule of bacteria. Significance. The methods of examination of bacterial
capsule. Examples of causative agents which form capsule.
11.Bacterial flagella. The fimbriae of bacteria. Their types, significance. Detection of
bacterial motility.
12.Spore and sporulation in bacteria. Examples of medical important sporeforming
bacteria. Methods of examination of spores.
13.Actinomycetes. Morphology and ultrastructure. Pathogenic species.
14.Spirochetes. Morphology and ultrastructure.Morphological variants. Pathogenic
species. Methods for their revealing
15.Rickettsia. Morphology and ultrastructure. Pathogenic species.
16.Chlamidia, live cycle. Morphology and ultrastructure. Pathogenic species.
17.Canonical and non-canonical viruses. Morphology , ultrastructure and chemical
composition.
18.Classification of viruses, major principles.
19.Fungi. Morphology and ultrastructure. Classification. Pathogenic species.
20.Protozoa. Morphology and ultrastructure. Classification. Pathogenic species.
21.Methods for studying of bacterial morphology. Immersion microscopy, dark-field
microscopy. Electron microscopy.
22.Immunofluorescens (direct and indirect), usage in laboratory diagnostics.
23.Bacterial metabolism. Mechanisms of nutrition. Classification of bacteria according to
the type of nutrition: autothrophs and heterotrophs. Saprophytes and parasites.
24.Classification of bacterial enzymes. Classification of nutrient media, requirements to
them. Growth factors.
25.Bacterial respiration. Classification of bacteria types according to the type of
respiration. Methods of anaerobic bacteria cultivation.
26.Bacterial growth and reproduction. Mechanisms of binary fission. The phases of
growth curve of batch culture.
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27.Cultivation of medical important bacteria, requirements to culture media. Factors,
influencing on growth and multiplication.
28.The basic principles and methods of pure culture isolation of aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria.
29.Multiplication of rickettsia. Methods for their cultivation.
30.Virus cultivation. Major methods. Cytopathic effect caused by viruses. Virus
indication.
31.Virus identification: hemagglutination inhibition and hemadsorption inhibition tests.
Neutralization test.
32.Microbiota of water, soil and air. Sanitary-indicative microorganisms.
33.Microbiota of human body, its significance. Disbiosis.
34.Phytopathogenic microorganisms. Microbial contamination of drugs and medicinal
raw materials.
35.The action of physical, chemical and biological factors on microorganisms. Synergism
and antagonism of microorganisms. Practical use. Sterilization methods.
36.Asepsis and antisepsis. Classification of antiseptics. Antiseptic fabrics.
37.Bacterial genetics. The structure of bacterial genome. Genotype and phenotype.
Hereditary variation.
38.Bacterial resistance. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development. R-plasmids.
Significance of antibiotic resistance in clinical practice.
39.Bacterial recombination: transformation, transduction, conjugation. Plasmids (F-, Col, Ent-).
40.Gene engineering and practical use in medical microbiology.
41.Evolution of causative agents of infectious diseases. Commensalism, mutualism,
parasitism. Main factors of evolution.
42.Concepts of “infection”, “infectious process”. Factors influencing infectious disease
arising. Pathogenesis of infectious disease.
43.Pathogenicity and virulence of bacteria. Units of virulence: LD50, DLM.
44.Virulent factors of bacteria. Methods for virulent factors detection.
45. Classification and characteristics of bacterial toxins. Main properties and chemical
composition of toxins. Examples of medical important toxigenic bacteria.
46.Reproductive cycle of a virus in the host cell. Major stages of the viral
multiplication.Virogeny.
47.Features of virus infection. The role of viral nucleic acid and viral protein in infectious
process.
48.Significance of host, environment and social factors in development of infectious
disease.
49.Primary location of a pathogen in the host, its practical significance in laboratory
diagnostics of infectious disease.
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50.Routes of pathogen and its toxin spreading around the host. Bacteremia, septicemia,
toxemia, viremia.
51.Infectious disease development and their periods. Bacteria carrying and its revealing.
52.Types of infection: acute, chronic, latent, persistent, residual, reinfection,
superinfection.
53.Immunity, types of immunity, forms of immunity.
54.Specific and nonspecific immunity, general characteristics.
55.Immune system, its organs.
56.Types of immune response, their characteristics. Phases of humoral immune response.
Immunological memory. Immunological tolerance.
57.Cellular and tissue defense mechanisms. Anatomic barriers (skin, mucous
membranes), lymph nodes. Inflammation.
58.Phagocytosis, its stages and types (complete and incomplete). The reasons of
incomplete phagocytosis.
59.Humoral factors of the non-specific defense: complement, lysozyme, β-lysins,
leukins, properdine.
60.Antigens as inducers of immune response. The structure of antigen. Complete antigens
and haptens, their characteristics.
61.Antigenic structure of bacterial cells. Protective antigens. Antigenic structure of a
virus.
62.Specifity of antigens, their kinds: microbial, histocompatibility antigens, blood group
antigens, embryospecific, tumoral antigens, autoantigens.
63.Immunoglobulin (antibody), phisico-chemical properties. Classes of immunoglobulin,
their protective function. Complete and incomplete antibody, autoantibody.
64.Humoral immune response. Differences between primary and secondary immune
response.
65.Interference relationship among viruses and bacteria. Protective role of human normal
microflora.
66.Interferon, main properties. Mechanism of its production, Inducers of interferone
production. Use of interferon preparation in medicine.
67.Antivirus immunity. Mechanisms and features of antiviral immunity.
68.Transplantation immunity, ways for its inhibition. Immune suppressors.
69.Antitumoral immunity, its features.
70.Agglutination test, its modifications. Usage in the laboratory diagnostics. Indirect
hemagglutination test.
71.Precipitation test, its modification. Usage in the laboratory diagnostics and medical
practice. Precipitation test in gel, immunoelectrophoresis.
72.Complement fixation test, usage and characteristic of the necessary components. Use
in laboratory practice.
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73.Tests with labeled antibody or antigens. Immunofluorescence, ELISA and radioimmune assay. Practical use.
74.Hypersensitivity of immediate and delayed types, differences. Practical use of allergy
probes at diagnostics of infectious diseases.
75.Vaccines. Their classification, ways of administration. Side effect of vaccination.
76.Live vaccines, creation, advantages and disadvantages. Practical use and efficacy
estimation.
77.Inactivated vaccines, principles of creation, advantages and disadvantages. Practical
use and efficacy estimation.
78.Chemical vaccines, methods of creation. Practical use and efficacy estimation.
79.Toxoides, creation. Practical use and efficacy estimation.
80.Vaccine therapy, indication and contraindication. Types of curative vaccines,
principles of creation. Autovaccine.
81.Serotherapy and seroprophylaxis of infectious diseases. Antitoxic and antibacterial
sera and immunoglobulins, preparation, ways of introduction.
82.Immunoglobulins, homogenous and heterogenous, their creation and use.
83.Antibiotics. Mechanism of their biological action on the bacterial cell. Natural and
acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The main principles of the rational
antibioticotherapy.
84.Antibiotics. Classification of antibiotics according to their origin and chemical
structure. Units for measurement of antimicrobial activity.
85.The determination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics . Definition of bacteriostatic
and bactericidal activity, its measurement.
86.Chemotherapeutic agents. The main groups of drugs according to the action and
spectrum of susceptible microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic index.
87.Staphylococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Medical important species. Immunity.
Laboratory diagnostics of the staphylococcal infections.
88.Streptococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Medical important species. Immunity.
Laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the streptococcal infections.
89.Streptococcus pneumoniae. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Immunity. Laboratory
diagnostics.
90.Meningococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Immunity. Laboratory diagnostics and
prevention of the meningitis.
91.Gonococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Immunity. Laboratory diagnostics and
prevention of the gonorrhoea and ophthalmia [blennorrhea] of newborns.
92.Opportunistic enterobacteria. Main species, their significance at purulent and hospital
infections arising. Prevention of hospital infections.
93.Escherichia. Morphology, classification. Pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity and
laboratory diagnostics of the escherichiosis.
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94.Salmonella, causing thyphoid fever and parathyphoids. Morphology. Pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the enteric fever.
95.Salmonella, causing food poisoning infections. Main species. Pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the gastroenteritis
caused by salmonella.
96.Shigella. Morphology, classification. Medical important species. Pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the bacterial
dysentery.
97.Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Its role in the hospital
infections and suppurative lesions arising. Laboratory diagnostics and prevention of
the pseudomonas infections.
98.Campylobacter. Helicobacter. Morphology. Medical important species. Laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of the diseases caused by helicobacteria and
campylobacteria.
99.Vibrio cholerae. Biotypes. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of cholera.
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Yersinia pestis. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics and prophylaxis of a plague.
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Francisella tularensis. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of a tularemia.
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Brucella. Medical important species. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis,
immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of brucellosis.
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Bacillus anthracis. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of anthrax.
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Clostridium tetani. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics and specific prophylaxis of tetanus.
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Clostridium botulinum. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics and prevention of botulism.
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Causative agents of the gas gangrene. Main species, their morphology, and
virulent factors. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of
wound infection.
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Corynebacterium diphtheria. Biotypes. Morphology, pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, specific prevention and therapy of
diphtheria.
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Bordetella. Biological properties of B.pertussis and B.parapertussis.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and specific prophylaxis of whooping
cough and parapertussis.
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Mycobacteria. Causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, their biological
properties. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics, specific prevention of tuberculosis.
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110.
Causative agent of syphilis. Morphology. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis ,
immunity and laboratory diagnostics of syphilis.
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Causative agent of leptospirosis. Morphology. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis ,
immunity and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of leptospirosis.
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Causative agents of relapsing fever. Morphology. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis ,
immunity and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of disease.
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Rickettsia. Causative agents of epidemic typhus. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis ,
immunity and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of disease. Brill disease.
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Rickettsia. Causative agents of endemic (murine) typhus. Patogenicity.
Pathogenesis , immunity and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of disease.
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Chlamidia, pathogenic species. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis , immunity and
laboratory diagnostics and prevention of diseases caused by chlamidia.
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Orthomyxoviruses: general characteristics. Iinfluenza viruses, types, antigen
structure and variety. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, and prevention
of the flu.
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Paramyxoviruses: general characteristics . Measles virus. Pathogenesis,
immunity, methods for laboratory diagnostics and prevention of measles.
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Togaviruses: general characteristics . Rubella virus. Pathogenesis, immunity,
methods for laboratory diagnostics and prevention of German measles (rubella).
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Picornaviruses: general characteristics . Polioviruses. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics, and specific prevention of polyo-infection.
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Flaviviruses: general characteristics . Viruses causing Russian spring-summer
encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics, and prevention of diseases.
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Rabdoviruses: general characterictics. Rabies virus. Features of the wild and
fixed viruses. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, and prevention of rabies.
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Oncogenic viruses, their classification: Ofie(+) and one (-) viruses. Viral
oncogenesis.
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Retroviruses: general characterictics. HIV. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics
and prevention of HIV-infection. Antiretroviral therapy.
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Causative agents of human virus hepatitis. Classification, general characterictics.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, and prevention of human hepatitis.
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Herpes viruses: general characterictics. Herpes simplex viruses, types and their
biological properties. Varicella/zoster virus. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics,
prevention, and therapy of herpes.
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Bacteriophages: general characterictics. Lysogeny. Phage conversion. Usage o f
the phages in medicine. Phagotyping, its significance in the detection of the source of
infection at outbreaks.
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Causative agents of candidiasis: general characterictics. Pathogenesis,
immunity, laboratory diagnostics of candidiasis.
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Pathogenic dermatomycetes: general characterictics. Dermatophytes.
Pathogenecity for human. Laboratory diagnostics of dermatophytosis.
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Actinomycetes: general characterictics. Pathogenecity for human. Laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of actynomycoses.
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Causative agent of leishmaniasis, biological characteristics. Pathogenesis,
laboratory diagnostics of disease.
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Trichomonas vaginalis, biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnostics of disease.
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Toxoplasma gondii , biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnostics of disease.
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Plasmodia causing human malaria. Pathogenesis, immunity and laboratory
diagnostics of malaria.
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