Exam questions to microbiology, virology and immunology course
1. Medical microbiology and subject of its studying.
2. Major tasks of microbiology and virology at studying of pathogens responsible for
infectious diseases, improving of laboratory diagnostics methods and specific prevention and
treatment diseases.
3. Simple and complex methods of staining. Microscopy of native and stained smears.
4. Discovery of L.Pasteur and its role in development of medicine.
5. Robert Koch inventions and their influence onto microbiology development.
6. I.I.Mechnicov and his theory about resistance to infectious disease.
7. Humoral immunity theory proposed by P.Erlich and J.Bourde
8. D.I.Ivanovsky’s research as an important step to virology development.
10. Systematics and nomenclature of microorganisms. Principles of classification.
Definitions of “species”, “variant”, “biotype”, “strain”, and “clone”.
11. Morphology of bacteria. The structure of bacterial cell and its chemical composition.
12. Bacterial variety. Genotypic and phenotypic variation. Pleomorphism and its significance
in laboratory practice.
13. Protoplasts, spheroplasts and L-forms of bacteria.
14. The capsule of bacteria. Significance. The methods of examination of bacterial capsule.
Examples of causative agents which form capsule.
15. Bacterial flagella. The fimbriae of bacteria. Their types, significance. Detection of
bacterial motility.
16. Spore and sporulation in bacteria. Examples of medical important sporeforming bacteria.
Methods of examination of spores.
17. Actinomycetes. Morphology and ultrastructure. Pathogenic species.
18. Spirochetes. Morphology and ultrastructure.Morphological variants. Pathogenic species.
Methods for their revealing
19. Rickettsia. Morphology and ultrastructure. Pathogenic species.
20. Chlamidia, live cycle. Morphology and ultrastructure. Pathogenic species.
21. Canonical and non-canonical viruses. Morphology , ultrastructure and chemical
composition.
22. Classification of viruses, major principles.
23. Fungi. Morphology and ultrastructure. Classification. Pathogenic species.
24. Protozoa. Morphology and ultrastructure. Classification. Pathogenic species.
25. Methods for studying of bacterial morphology. Immersion microscopy, dark-field
microscopy. Electron microscopy.
26. Immunofluorescens (direct and indirect), usage in laboratory diagnostics.
27. Bacterial metabolism. Mechanisms of nutrition. Classification of bacteria according to
the type of nutrition: autothrophs and heterotrophs. Saprophytes and parasites.
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28. Classification of bacterial enzymes. Classification of nutrient media, requirements to
them. Growth factors.
29. Bacterial respiration. Classification of bacteria types according to the type of respiration.
Methods of anaerobic bacteria cultivation.
30. Practical use of enzymatic properties of bacteria in medicine and microbiology.
31. Bacterial growth and reproduction. Mechanisms of binary fission. The phases of growth
curve of batch culture.
32. Cultivation of medical important bacteria, requirements to culture media. Factors,
influencing on growth and multiplication.
33. The basic principles and methods of pure culture isolation of aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria.
34. Multiplication of rickettsia. Methods for their cultivation.
35. Virus cultivation. Major methods. Cytopathic effect caused by viruses. Virus indication.
36. Virus identification: hemagglutination inhibition and hemadsorption inhibition tests.
Neutralization test.
37. Microbiota of water, soil and air. Sanitary-indicative microorganisms.
38. Microbiota of human body, its significance. Disbiosis.
39. The action of physical, chemical and biological factors on microorganisms. Synergism
and antagonism of microorganisms. Practical use. Sterilization methods.
40. Asepsis and antisepsis. Classification of antiseptics. Antiseptic fabrics.
41. Bacterial genetics. The structure of bacterial genome. Genotype and phenotype.
Hereditary variation.
42. Mutations and their kinds. Mutagens: physical, chemical and biological.
43. Bacterial resistance. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development. R-plasmids.
Significance of antibiotic resistance in clinical practice.
44. Bacterial recombination: transformation, transduction, conjugation. Plasmids (F-, Col-,
Ent-).
45. Primary and acquired resistance of bacteria to antibacterial compounds. Possible ways to
overcome bacterial resistance.
46. Significance of mutation, recombination at atypical and antibiotic-resistant bacteria
arising.
47. Gene engineering and practical use in medical microbiology.
48. Evolution of causative agents of infectious diseases. Commensalism, mutualism,
parasitism. Main factors of evolution.
49. Concepts of “infection”, “infectious process”. Factors influencing infectious disease
arising. Pathogenesis of infectious disease.
50. Pathogenicity and virulence of bacteria. Units of virulence: LD50, DLM.
51. Virulent factors of bacteria. Methods for virulent factors detection.
52. Classification and characteristics of bacterial toxins. Main properties and chemical
composition of toxins. Examples of medical important toxigenic bacteria.
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53. Reproductive cycle of a virus in the host cell. Major stages of the viral
multiplication.Virogeny.
54. Features of virus infection. The role of viral nucleic acid and viral protein in infectious
process.
55. Significance of host, environment and social factors in development of infectious disease.
56. Primary location of a pathogen in the host, its practical significance in laboratory
diagnostics of infectious disease.
57. Routes of pathogen and its toxin spreading around the host. Bacteremia, septicemia,
toxemia, viremia.
58. Infectious disease development and their periods. Bacteria carrying and its revealing.
59. Types of infection: acute, chronic, latent, persistent, residual, reinfection, superinfection.
60. Immunity, types of immunity, forms of immunity.
61. Specific and nonspecific immunity, general characteristics.
62. Immune system, its organs. Immune competitive cells. Surface markers and receptors of
these cells.
63. Types of immune response, their characteristics. Phases of humoral immune response.
Immunological memory. Immunological tolerance.
64. Cellular and tissue defense mechanisms. Anatomic barriers (skin, mucous membranes),
lymph nodes. Inflammation.
65. Phagocytosis, its stages and types (complete and incomplete). The reasons of incomplete
phagocytosis.
66. Humoral factors of the non-specific defense: complement, lysozyme, β-lysins, leukins,
properdine.
67. Antigens as inducers of immune response. The structure of antigen. Complete antigens
and haptens, their characteristics.
68. Antigenic structure of bacterial cells. Protective antigens.
69.Antigenic structure of a virus.
70. Specifity of antigens, their kinds: microbial, histocompatibility antigens, blood group
antigens, embryospecific, tumoral antigens, autoantigens.
71. Immunoglobulin (antibody), phisico-chemical properties. Classes of immunoglobulin,
their protective function. Complete and incomplete antibody, autoantibody.
72. Humoral immune response. Differences between primary and secondary immune
response.
73. Interference relationship among viruses and bacteria. Protective role of human normal
microflora.
74. Interferon, main properties. Mechanism of its production, Inducers of interferone
production. Use of interferon preparation in medicine.
75. Antivirus immunity. Mechanisms and features of antiviral immunity.
76. Transplantation immunity, ways for its inhibition. Immune suppressors.
77. Antitumoral immunity, its features.
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78. Antitoxins, using of antitoxic sera in medicine.
79. Agglutination test, its modifications. Usage in the laboratory diagnostics. Indirect
hemagglutination test.
80. Precipitation test, its modification. Usage in the laboratory diagnostics and medical
practice. Precipitation test in gel, immunoelectrophoresis.
81. Lysins and their physical and chemical features. Complement, its titration, biological
action. Bacteriolysis and hemolysis tests.
82. Complement fixation test, usage and characteristic of the necessary components. Use in
laboratory practice.
83. Opsonines, their role in immunity. Phagocytosis.
84. Reactions of immune serum at virus infections (neutralization, complement fixation test).
85. Tests with labeled antibody or antigens. Immunofluorescence, ELISA and radio-immune
assay. Practical use.
86. Hypersensitivity of immediate and delayed types, differences. Practical use of allergy
probes at diagnostics of infectious diseases.
87. Vaccines. Their classification, ways of administration. Side effect of vaccination.
88. Live vaccines, creation, advantages and disadvantages. Practical use and efficacy
estimation.
89. Inactivated vaccines, principles of creation, advantages and disadvantages. Practical use
and efficacy estimation.
90. Chemical vaccines, methods of creation. Practical use and efficacy estimation.
91. Toxoides, creation. Practical use and efficacy estimation.
92. Vaccine therapy, indication and contraindication. Types of curative vaccines, principles
of creation. Autovaccine.
93. Serotherapy and seroprophylaxis of infectious diseases. Antitoxic and antibacterial sera
and immunoglobulins, preparation, ways of introduction.
94. Immunoglobulins, homogenous and heterogenous, their creation and use.
95. Antibiotics. Mechanism of their biological action on the bacterial cell. Natural and
acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The main principles of the rational
antibioticotherapy.
96. Antibiotics. Classification of antibiotics according to their origin and chemical structure.
Units for measurement of antimicrobial activity.
97. The determination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics . Definition of bacteriostatic
and bactericidal activity, its measurement.
98. Chemotherapeutic agents. The main groups of drugs according to the action and
spectrum of susceptible microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic index.
99. Staphylococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Medical important species. Immunity.
Laboratory diagnostics of the staphylococcal infections.
100. Significance of staphylococci at hospital infection development. Virulent factors of
them. Prevention of staphylococcal infections.
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101. Streptococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Medical important species. Immunity.
Laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the streptococcal infections.
102. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Immunity. Laboratory
diagnostics.
103. Meningococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Immunity. Laboratory diagnostics and
prevention of the meningitis.
104. Gonococci. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Immunity. Laboratory diagnostics and
prevention of the gonorrhoea and ophthalmia [blennorrhea] of newborns.
105. Opportunistic enterobacteria. Main species, their significance at purulent and hospital
infections arising. Prevention of hospital infections.
106. Escherichia. Morphology, classification. Pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity and
laboratory diagnostics of the escherichiosis.
107. Salmonella, causing thyphoid fever and parathyphoids. Morphology. Pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the enteric fever.
108. Salmonella, causing food poisoning infections. Main species. Pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the gastroenteritis caused
by salmonella.
109. Shigella. Morphology, classification. Medical important species. Pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the bacterial dysentery.
110. Klebsiella. Main species. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the diseases caused by klebsiella.
111. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Morphology. Pathogenicity. Its role in the hospital infections
and suppurative lesions arising. Laboratory diagnostics and prevention of the pseudomonas
infections.
112. Campylobacter. Helicobacter. Morphology. Medical important species. Laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of the diseases caused by helicobacteria and campylobacteria.
113. Vibrio cholerae. Biotypes. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of cholera.
114. Yersinia pestis. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics and prophylaxis of a plague.
115. Medical important enteric yersinia: Y.pseudotuberculosis and Y.enterocolitica.
Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis
of the yersiniosis.
116. Francisella tularensis. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics and prophylaxis of a tularemia.
117. Brucella. Medical important species. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis,
immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prophylaxis of brucellosis.
118. Bacillus anthracis. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics and prophylaxis of anthrax.
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119. Clostridium tetani. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics and specific prophylaxis of tetanus.
120. Clostridium botulinum. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of botulism.
121. Causative agents of the gas gangrene. Main species, their morphology, and virulent
factors. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics and prevention of wound infection.
122. Corynebacterium diphtheria. Biotypes. Morphology, pathogenicity. Pathogenesis,
immunity, laboratory diagnostics, specific prevention and therapy of diphtheria.
123. Bordetella. Biological properties of B.pertussis and B.parapertussis. Pathogenesis,
immunity, laboratory diagnostics and specific prophylaxis of whooping cough and
parapertussis.
124. Mycobacteria. Causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, their biological properties.
Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics, specific prevention of tuberculosis.
125. Causative agent of syphilis. Morphology. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis , immunity and
laboratory diagnostics of syphilis.
126. Causative agent of leptospirosis. Morphology. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis , immunity
and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of leptospirosis.
127. Causative agents of relapsing fever. Morphology. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis ,
immunity and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of disease.
128. Pathogenic mycoplasma. Morphology. Patogenicity. Significance in human pathology.
Laboratory diagnostics of mycoplasmic infections.
129. Rickettsia. Causative agents of epidemic typhus. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis ,
immunity and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of disease. Brill disease.
130. Rickettsia. Causative agents of endemic (murine) typhus. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis ,
immunity and laboratory diagnostics and prevention of disease.
131. Rickettsia. Causative agents of Q-fever. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis , immunity and
laboratory diagnostics and prevention of disease.
132. Chlamidia, pathogenic species. Patogenicity. Pathogenesis , immunity and laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of diseases caused by chlamidia.
133. Orthomyxoviruses: general characteristics. Iinfluenza viruses, types, antigen structure
and variety. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, and prevention of the flu.
134. Paramyxoviruses: general characteristics . Parainfluenza virus, types, morphology, and
antigen structure. Pathogenesis, immunity, methods for laboratory diagnostics of
parainfluenza.
135. Paramyxoviruses: general characteristics . Respiratory-syncitial virus, Pathogenesis,
methods for laboratory diagnostics of RS-infection.
136. Paramyxoviruses: general characteristics . Measles virus. Pathogenesis, immunity,
methods for laboratory diagnostics and prevention of measles.
137. Paramyxoviruses: general characteristics . Mumps virus. Pathogenesis, immunity,
methods for laboratory diagnostics and prevention of mumps.
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138. Togaviruses: general characteristics . Rubella virus. Pathogenesis, immunity, methods
for laboratory diagnostics and prevention of German measles (rubella).
139. Picornaviruses: general characteristics . Polioviruses. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics, and specific prevention of polyo-infection.
140. Picornaviruses: general characteristics . Coxsackie and echoviruses, classification.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics of infections.
141. Picornaviruses: general characteristics . Rhinoviruses. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics, and prevention of rhinovirus infections.
142. Flaviviruses: general characteristics . Viruses causing Russian spring-summer
encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, and
prevention of diseases.
143. Rabdoviruses: general characterictics. Rabies virus. Features of the wild and fixed
viruses. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, and prevention of rabies.
144. Oncogenic viruses, their classification: Ofie(+) and one (-) viruses. Viral oncogenesis.
145. Retroviruses: general characterictics. HIV. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics and
prevention of HIV-infection. Antiretroviral therapy.
146. Causative agents of human virus hepatitis. Classification, general characterictics.
Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics, and prevention of human hepatitis.
147. Herpes viruses: general characterictics. Herpes simplex viruses, types and their
biological properties. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of herpes.
148. Herpes viruses: general characterictics. Varicella/zoster virus. Pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of chicken pox and zoster infection.
149. Adenoviruses : general characterictics. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics,
and prevention of the adenovirus infection.
150. Reoviruses: general characterictics. Rotaviruses. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory
diagnostics, and prevention of rotavirus infection.
151. Coronaviruses: general characterictics. Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnostics,
and prevention of coronavirus infection.
152. Bacteriophages: general characterictics. Usage o f the phages in medicine. Phagotyping,
its significance in the detection of the source of infection at outbreaks.
153. Bacteriophages: general characterictics. Lysogeny. Phage conversion. Usage of
temperate bacteriophages.
154. Causative agents of candidiasis: general characterictics. Pathogenesis, immunity,
laboratory diagnostics of candidiasis.
155. Pathogenic dermatomycetes: general characterictics. Dermatophytes. Pathogenecity for
human. Laboratory diagnostics of dermatophytosis.
156. Actinomycetes: general characterictics. Pathogenecity for human. Laboratory
diagnostics and prevention of actynomycoses.
157. Causative agent of leishmaniasis, biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnostics of disease.
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158. Giardia intestinalis, biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics of
disease.
159. Trichomonas vaginalis, biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics
of disease.
160. Toxoplasma gondii , biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics of
disease.
161. Entamoeba histolitica, biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics of
disease.
162. Plasmodia causing human malaria. Pathogenesis, immunity and laboratory diagnostics
of malaria.
163. Balantidium coli, biological characteristics. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics of
disease.
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