Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
1
Report
1st Int. Symposium on Faecal Sludge
Management (FSM) Policy
Dakar, 9 - 12 May 2006
Duebendorf (Switzerland), 16 June 2006
Co-financed by:
Version provisoire du 29 mai 2006
The World
Bank
1
Executive Summary
Faecal sludge management from on-site sanitation systems is a crucial element in public health
protection and key to achieving successful water and sanitation projects. Especially since one
vacuum truck dumping sludge indiscriminately is equivalent to the open defecation of 5 000
people ! While urban on-site sanitation programmes have been experiencing a major thrust
during the past 10-15 years, the management of the faecal sludges (FS) accumulating in these
installations has largely remained the stepchild of urban sanitation. As a consequence, the
“faecal film” continues to persist in urban areas of the majority of developing countries, with
the known health and environmental hazards and impairment of the urban space.
The 1st International Symposium-cum-Workshop on Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
Policies in developing countries was therefore held in Dakar, Senegal from 9 to 12 May 2006.
This Symposium assembled some sixty participants from 20 Sub-Saharan and European
countries (cf. comprehensive list of participants in Annex 1), such as policy-makers, funding
agencies and enterprises/NGOs active in the sanitation field. It was conducted under the
patronage of the Senegal National Sanitation Agency (ONAS), the International Water
Association (IWA) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
(Eawag-Sandec), and co-financed by UN-Habitat, the World Bank (Bank of Netherlands Water
Partnership Program (BNWP), and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
(SDC). During the four-day Symposium, the participants exchanged their experience and
identified key subjects and challenges. The work conducted in groups and the presentations by
the participants provided tools and concrete measures to improve faecal sludge management.
Faecal matter is generally regarded as a taboo subject and something dirty to be disposed of as
quickly and discreetly as possible. In the context of the Symposium, the discussions on faecal
matter ranged from toilet design to faecal sludge emptying, haulage and treatment to its reuse
as a source of organic matter and nutrients. Salient elements of the presentations made during
the 1st day of “drawing the scene” comprised:

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A new latrine design to facilitate hygienic emptying
Health risks of “flying toilets” in slum areas
Faceless emptying entrepreneurs
Complaints raised by the owner of an emptying company about the ever increasing road
toll illegally levied by the police force
High-ranking policy-makers who constantly speak of latrines, sludges, excrements, the
important roles of manual and mechanical emptiers
Low-cost faecal sludge treatment options producing hygienically safe biosolids are at
hand
Promising approaches in improved FSM currently being developed in sub-Saharan
Africa (e.g. Guinea-Conakry, Senegal, Ghana)
A pertinent short film on on-site sanitation and improvements brought about by proper
FS management produced by ONAS (broadcast also on national television)
A municipal director reporting on sustainable FS management procedures with the
private sector playing a prominent role
Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
iii
During the 2nd and 3rd day of the Symposium, six working groups deliberated upon specific
aspects of faecal sludge management following the truncation of challenges into six themes.
This led to the following results:

Planning aspects: The problems and health risks associated with poor faecal sludge
management are hardly known by the authorities. There is a long list of elements and
measures lacking in most settings to date and therefore needed to develop and take into
consideration:
Discharge standards; physical town planning (e.g. land acquisition for treatment); ensuring
inclusion of FSM in strategic planning at national and municipal level (starts with the ToR
for the consultants !); defining participatory planning approaches for urban sanitation,
inclusive of FSM; identifying and involving the relevant stakeholders inclusive of
households; defined areas and coordination of responsibility; legal framework at national
and municipal level (laws and ordinances addressing FSM); strengthening of the
professional capacities of municipal services (effective decentralization !); planning for
investment financing and sustained money fluxes (fee and premium structure)

Technical aspects: Well-formed sanitary or environmental engineers are required to devise
appropriate FS treatment alternatives and to select the option which best suits local
conditions and needs. The main selection criteria for selecting an adequate option include:
land requirements, treatment objective and treatment standards (use of biosolids ? discharge
of liquid fraction ?), requirements for treating the liquid fraction to set standards, operation
and maintenance requirements, cost, skill requirement, risk of failure and potential impact
of failure.
Manual pit emptying continues to play an important role for decades to come. Hence, there
is great need to develop technologies and collection strategies which reduce the health risks
for emptiers and allow to enhance the haulage radius for manually emptied FS (donkey or
tractor-drawn collection vehicles, transfer stations ?).
Treatment starts already with emptying of the on-site sanitation systems, which have to be
accessed and emptied. A change in latrine design, must therefore be contemplated (e.g.
sealing the lower portion of latrine pits and inserting a fixed pipe reaching to the pit bottom
hence preventing FS consolidation and easy pumping (cf. presentation of Manus Coffey)
or, alternatively, to opt for and promote pits of minor depth, which reduces sludge
consolidation and thickening.

Institutional and jurisdictional aspects: Efforts for decentralising responsibilities has, in
many countries, created a vacuum regarding the providing of sanitation infrastructure and
services, notably FSM. Responsibilities are not clearly defined, professional skills at
municipal level are widely lacking and a legal framework as well as know-how at
municipal level are often lacking. Establishment of a ministry having sanitation as one of
its major tasks could remedy this situation as this would enable reducing the splitting up of
responsibilities among different ministries and authorities; this needs to go hand in hand
with creating a regulatory basis dealing with sanitation in general and sludge in particular,
including appropriate, i.e. affordable and enforceable standards for biosolides and liquids
originating from low-cost FSTP.
Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
The following are elements required for a sound legal framework in the field of urban
sanitation / FSM:
- Licensing of FS collection entrepreneurs and FSTP operators (contractees) by the
municipality
- National legislation regarding FSM in general and setting the treatment requirements /
product quality
- Role and responsibility of each stakeholder
- Tariff system
- Regulations on pit emptying and transport and discharge of FS


A coordinating body comprising all relevant stakeholders or their representatives (the
mayor or his/her deleguee; municipal services; FS collection entrepreneurs; households,
CBOs, farmers) is tio be set up and rendered functional. Its task comprises the developing
of mutually agreed upon FSM strategies and to supervise and accompany FSM
implementation.
Financial aspects: Sludge collection, disposal and treatment require investment and
operating funds. Since responsibilities for faecal sludge management are often unclear,
funds are not allocated. Even if a sanitation tax is perceived on the sale of drinking water,
these funds are rarely re-injected for sanitation improvements at local level but channelled
to central government instead.
Emptying services provided by the private sector (often without any regulatory or financial
involvement by the municipalities), function rather well. Nevertheless, the following two
crucial questions remain unresolved: “How can mechanical emptying costs be lowered to
make them affordable for the most disadvantaged?” and “What financial and
regulatory/incentive system needs to be put in place to guarantee that the FS is brought to
the treatment site ?” The following strategies and tools were proposed to meet these
challenges:
- Freeing collection entrepreneurs from taxes on important good such as vacuum trucks,
and truck spare parts
- Entrepreneurs allowing households to pay for pit emptying by instalments
- Remunerating the FS collector upon delivery to the FSTP instead of charging him
(would 1), provide an incentive for the FS hauler and 2), allow to partially enable the
entrepreneur to lower the emptying fee charged to households (it goes without saying
that the money paid to the collector must be generated elsewhere in the cycle
- Introducing a regularly offered emptying services set up in close collaboration between
the collectors and the municipality with a possible incentive system for households
which observe the maximum emptying interval as set by the municipality or the
national regulation
in order to render FSM sustainable and equitable at the same time, subsidies or crosssubsidies are likely to be required, e.g. for investments in FS treatment provided by sources
external to the municipality (national or donor).

Advocacy: The working groups proposed to pass on the message to the policy-makers that
sanitation efforts improve public health, reduce poverty and create employment. This
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
message can be conveyed via the media (newspapers, TV, radio) and pressure groups (civil
groups; municipal, traditional, religious leaders).
It was proposed that selected high-level leaders / politicians should be approached and
invited to lead awareness raising and advocacy in their respective countries as well as
among their pairs or other high-level decision makers abroad. Names put forward comprise
the presidents of Senegal, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Mali, Uganda or Tanzania; Nelson
Mandela; high-ranking politicians or publicly know personalities such as mayors of
selected cities. Youssof N’Dour (a well-known musician); association of first ladies.
Following the three-day discussion, several participants to the Symposium drew up The
Dakar Declaration with a view to promote the faecal sludge management cause at high
level. The declaration, which exists both in English and French, will be widely
disseminated through the participants and their organisations (e.g. PDM, CREPA, PS-Eau),
as well as through organizations’ websites, electronic newsletters and at upcoming
international events in the field of sanitation and hygiene and urban development.
Several participants suggested continuing holding FSM symposia at regular intervals and
convening decision and policy makers. Participants from Burkina Faso proposed to
organise the next symposium in their country in 2007.

Capacity building: All participants agreed that technical capacity building alone is not
sufficient to ensure that FSM is done in a sustainable manner. There is an urgent need to
strengthen the municipal technical services and engineering consulting firms with nontechnical competence (financial, legal, institutional, socio-economic, urban planning). At
the same time, mechanical and manual emptying entrepreneurs, funding agencies and local
stakeholders require capacity building in their fields of activity and responsibility.
Universities and research institutes (e.g. EIER, national universities, CREPA,
Eawag/Sandec) are the main potential providers for imparting basic skills and offering
continued education to professionals. Target audiences or clients are the private sector
(collection entrepreneurs; FSTP operators; consulting firms); officials, technical and social
services staff at municipal level; officials, technical staff, planners, and decision makers /
politicians at central level and from donor agencies.
A technical visit to the faecal sludge treatment plant of Cambérène in Dakar on the forth day
rounded off this Symposium. The Consulting Engineers, the Construction Company and
ONAS, as Contractor and Plant Manager, were present to explain its operation and answer the
numerous questions and suggestions of the participants. The plant, which has been completed
in 2005, awaits commissioning very shortly.
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
Table of contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................ ii
Table of contents .................................................................................................... vi
1. Introduction....................................................................................... 1
2. Opening Ceremony of the Symposium ............................................ 1
3. Presentation of Programme and Participants ................................... 2
4. Synthesis of the Presentation ............................................................ 3
5. Synthesis of the Work by the Working Groups ............................... 4
6. Proposals for Concrete Steps ............................................................ 8
7. Evaluation of the Symposium .......................................................... 8
8. Dakar Declaration ........................................................................... 10
9. Annexes .......................................................................................... 10
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
1. Introduction
The 1st International Symposium-cum-Workshop on Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
Policies in developing countries was held in Dakar, Senegal from 9 to 12 May 2006. This
Symposium assembled some sixty participants (cf. comprehensive list of participants in Annex
1) from national and municipal institutions and emptying entrepreneurs from 20 Sub-Saharan
countries. It was conducted under the patronage of the Senegal National Sanitation Agency
(ONAS), the International Water Association (IWA) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic
Science and Technology (Eawag-Sandec), and co-financed by UN-Habitat, the World Bank
(Bank of Netherlands Water Partnership Program (BNWP), and the Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC).
Symposium
2. Identify key
subjects and
challenges
1. Platform for the
exchange of
experience
3. Provide
effective
tools
4. Formulate
concrete
measures
Fig. 1: The 4-step structure of the Symposium
2. Opening Ceremony of the Symposium
It was marked by presentations of the Head of the Faecal Sludge Management Programme of
Eawag/Sandec, by a video on faecal sludge management in Senegal and by a speech of the
Senegalese Minister for Prevention, Public Hygiene, Sanitation, and Urban Water
Management.
During his presentation, Mr Martin STRAUSS of Sandec expressed, on behalf of himself and
the organisers of the Symposium, his gratitude to the Senegalese authorities for having
accepted to host this event. He then greeted and thanked all the participants at the Symposium
for their interest and commitment to the faecal sludge cause: given the fact that in most urban
centres FS continues to be disposed of untreated and illicitly, leading to continued transmission
of enteric diseases, environmental degradation and impairment of the urban space. He also
mentioned that a reason for convening was to counteract the fact that FSM has remained the
stepchild of urban sanitation to date.
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
The 5-min video film presented the dramatic situation caused by people’s lack of access to
proper sanitation and by inadequate FS management in the city of Dakar: on-plot burying of FS
or indiscriminate dumping onto roads and other public areas, difficulties for vacuum trucks to
access Dakar’s central FS dumping site at Bel Air. It further addressed the health risks to
emptying entrepreneurs and to the population in general as expressed by families, one
physician, and a public health officer. It showed the striking improvements brought about by
the citywide on-site sanitation programme, which is being co-financed by the World Bank. The
film ended with presenting one of the three new FS treatment units constructed by ONAS in the
city of Dakar.
Dr Issa Mbaye SAMB, Minister of Public Health, Sanitation and Urban Drainage,
thanked the organisers for choosing Senegal. He then mentioned the involvement and steps
taken by the highest civil authorities of the country to attain the Millennium Development
Goals. He concluded by expressing his hope regarding the resolutions to be taken at the end of
the three working days of the Symposium.
3. Presentation of Programme and Participants
After the opening ceremony, the moderator of the Symposium presented the programme, its
objectives and procedure of the Symposium.
Following the words of welcome by the Head of ONAS and presentation by Mr Graham
Alabaster of UN-Habitat, every participant introduced himself/herself, stating his/her
responsibilities and affiliation. The Symposium hosted participants from Senegal, Mali,
Guinea-Conakry, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Bénin, Cameroon, DR Congo, Rwanda, Uganda,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, France, Ireland, England, and Switzerland.
Dynamics of the Symposium
The Symposium was conducted in four steps (cf. programme in Annex 3 and Fig. 1):
Step 1
Selected participants presented their experiences with faecal sludge management (FSM). The
situational descriptions and reported challenges were subdivided into the following six specific
topics:

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Step 2
Financial aspects
Institutional aspects
Planning aspects
Technical aspects
Advocacy
Capacity building
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
3
During the second step, the Working Groups, organised according to the aforementioned topics
as well as interest and experience of each participant, met to discuss and find answers to listed
challenges and propose adequate tools. Each group submitted its results as a PowerPoint
presentation to the plenary session.
Step 3
Despite the broad spectrum of experience and accumulated knowledge of the audience, some
questions still remained unanswered. We therefore focused on two key questions discussed by
the Working Groups, and requested each participant to propose answers to each question.
Step 4
Since too many meetings end without concrete decisions, a competition was initiated where
each participant had to formulate concrete steps adapted to his/her working position and limited
to his/her own field of competence. The audience validated and judged the proposals and a
prize was awarded to the five best proposals ( cf. concrete steps suggested).
4. Synthesis of the Presentation
The following thirteen presentations were held in plenary session by previously selected
participants (cf. programme Annex 4):

Situation and challenges of faecal sludge management

Faecal sludge management in the city of Kumasi –
Perspectives of the municipality

On-site sanitation and FSM in Senegal: Development
and perspectives
Mr Alioune NDIAYE
ONAS, Senegal

Small enterprises in slum areas and faecal sludge
management
Mrs Rose Nyanchongi
OSINDE, Consultant Nairobi

Faecal sludge management and the perspective of the
small enterprise
Mrs Aminata SIDIBÉ, GIE
Sema Sanyia Bamako, Mali

New approaches to latrine emptying
Mr Manus COFFEY, M. Coffey
& Associates, Dublin, Ireland

Innovative financing mechanisms in sanitation
Mr Arba Jules OUEDRAOGO,
ONEA Burkina Faso

Management of money flows at municipal level: The
«Vacutug» example in Senegal

Challenges in FSM training and capacity building

Challenges of data collection in the field of FSM
Mr Martin STRAUSS, Sandec
Mr Tony MENSAH, KMA
Kumasi, Ghana
Mrs Iole ISSAIAS, UNHabitat, Nairobi
and Malick GAYE, Coord.
ENDA RUP, Dakar, Senegal
Mr Cheikh TOURE, EDE
Dakar, Senegal
Mr Bruno VALFREY
Hydro-Conseil, France
Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006

Conclusion of the day along with the World Bank’s
perspective

Faecal sludge treatment options
4
Mr Ousseynou E. DIOP
WSP-World Bank, Dakar,
Senegal
Mr Doulaye KONÉ, Sandec
5. Synthesis of the Work by the Working Groups
The outcomes of the Working Group debates are contained in Annex 5, and the main
conclusions presented in the Executive Summary.
The sphere of influence was proposed by the moderator of the Symposium to render the work
more concrete, realistic and applicable. During discussion of a complex situation or action plan,
it is advisable to determine from the very start if the circumstances can be influenced in any
way. Project managers very often complain about a negative situation, and realise only after
further analysis that it is beyond their power to influence or change the situation. The sphere of
influence certainly depends on the influence of the person or service. However, it is useless to
complain about factors which cannot be altered.
Our field of activity: it depends entirely on us and on our decisions to introduce changes.
Our working environment: here other stakeholders and decision-makers also play an
important role. We can express ideas, negotiate, exert influences and thereby contribute to
sustainable changes.
The context: here we grasp the actual situation and way in which the context acts on our
working environment. It is useless to complain about a difficult context, as it is a constraint we
have to deal with in the best possible manner.
Model of spheres of influence
Work
environment
Own field of
activity
1. decide
 introduce
changes
Examples: own
enterprise,
personal business
Context and
constraints
 Give own
opinion
 Exert an
influence
Examples: members
of a community,
shareholder, feedback
5.1 Working Group 1: Technical aspects
 Take note
 Accept what is
given
Examples: laws,
geographic
conditions, climate
Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
 Objectives
Identify the key technical aspects (pit emptying, haulage and treatment) of faecal sludge
management and propose tools to overcome obstacles.
 Organisation of the group
Moderators: Mrs Iole Issaias, Kenya and Mr Sambou, Senegal
Rapporteurs: Messrs M. Gueye and S. Niang, Senegal
 Points tackled
The Group dealt with each link of the faecal sludge management chain: concept of the on-site
sanitation systems, latrine emptying and sludge haulage, interdependencies between the on-site
sanitation options and pit emptying, as well as sludge treatment/reuse. The main challenges
were identified at each link and draft solutions proposed by the group (cf. Annex 5 and
Executive Summary).

Open questions
- What is the best emptying system for the “sludge/liquid” mixture?
- What structures should be used to deal with technical and scientific monitoring of the
systems, and with the financing of research/activities in faecal sludge management?
- What are the major selection criteria for faecal sludge treatment systems?
5.2 Working Group 2: Financial aspects
 Objectives
Identify potential financing options of FSM and assess their effectiveness and applicability.
 Organisation of the group
Moderator: Mr M. Diouf, Senegal
Rapporteur: Mr D. Dakouré, Burkina Faso
Interpreter: Mr H. Koanda, Burkina Faso
 Points tackled
The current financing mechanisms known to the group members were reviewed. The main
financing sources are: households, government or local entities, as well as technical and
financial partners. At each link of the chain, the group proposed that equipment (latrines and
septic tanks) and maintenance costs of the systems (pit emptying) be borne by the users, and
investments in treatment systems be covered by the communities and government authorities
(cf. Annex 5 and Executive Summary).

Open questions
- How can the emptying fees be made affordable to low-income households?
- How can emptying enterprises be prevented from charging the additional cost caused by
treating the FS on the emptying fees?
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
5.3 Working Group 3: Institutional aspects
 Objectives
Propose and describe adequate institutional setups for sustainable faecal sludge management
attributing a prominent role to the private sector.
-
What are the institutional arrangements between the public and private sector, the
regulations for on-site services, including the standards and regulations?
How can collaborative contexts with all the stakeholders be established, including
governance in the sector, the role of professional organisations, status of the
entrepreneurs?
 Organisation of the group
Moderator: Mrs R. Osindé, Kenya
Rapporteur: Mr F. Adégnika, Benin
 Points tackled
The group focused on the current context: current decentralisation in several countries of the
subregion, existence of local dynamics and active entrepreneurship, involvement of the
populations to improve the living conditions. It subsequently defined the points allowing to
clarify the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders at local and national level (cf. Annex 5
and Executive Summary).

Open questions
- How can professional training and structuring of the stakeholders involved be ensured?
- How can the issue of FSM and recommendations of the Symposium become priorities
on the agenda of policy-makers?
5.4 Working Group 4: Advocacy aspects
 Objectives
Identify the most important decision-makers and propose adequate measures for effective
advocacy.
 Organisation of the group
Moderator: Mr Darren Saywell, England
Rapporteur: Mr Segla Lihoussou, Benin
 Points tackled
The group identified three levels of decision-makers on which to focus the advocacy for faecal
sludge management: Level 1 (President of the Republic and Ministers), Level 2 (Technical
Directors), Level 3 (territorial administration and decentralised communities). Adequate
measures have been proposed for each level (cf. Annex 5 and Executive Summary).

Open questions
- What African minister or president could act as an advocate among his equals?
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
-
How can the media be involved in promoting and facilitating a synergetic effect on the
subregional organisations and cooperation partners?
5.5 Working Group 5: Planning aspects
 Objectives
What are the roles of the stakeholders and how can collaboration between them be ensured to
develop a sustainable faecal sludge management strategy?
 Organisation of the group
Moderator: Mr A. Baba-Moussa, Benin
Rapporteur: Mr P.P. Bayili, Burkina Faso
 Points discussed
Based on the experience of each member, the group proceeded to establish a state-of-the-art of
the problems and constraints of FSM at local and national level. The group proposed a strategic
planning approach for sustainable faecal sludge management in urban areas (cf. Annex 5 and
Executive Summary).

Open questions
- How can government and local entities be made responsible for planning and
coordination of FSM activities?
- How can integrated sanitation planning be promoted?
5.6 Working Group 6: Capacity building aspects
 Objectives
How can competence be transferred to the private and public sector?
 Organisation of the group
Moderator: Mr I. Seck, Senegal
Rapporteur: Mr J. Wéthé, Burkina Faso
 Points discussed
The group discussed the following aspects: identification of the professional fields involved in
FSM, the focus groups (private sector, technical services (municipal and governmental),
research and training institutions) and activities to be conducted (professional qualification
degrees, continuing education and research). The latter were among the points proposed.

Open questions
- Who will finance capacity building?
- Who will coordinate capacity building at the African level?
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
6. Proposals for Concrete Steps
The concrete steps proposed by the participants are recorded in Annex 7. After their
presentation, the participants proceeded to select the best ideas by affixing two red points to the
idea of their choice. The five best proposals, which were awarded a prize, are described
hereafter.
Projects voted by the participants by merit
Manager of a
sanitation enterprise
Organise a national symposium on sanitation in general and FSM in
particular under the high patronage of the President of the Republic.
Engineer, Head of
Research
Conduct tests in the city of Ouahigouya (Burkina Faso) of combined
solid waste and faecal sludge collection and reuse through composting.
Chief Technical
Advisor
Use the influence of my office to have at least five ministers commit
themselves to the cause of FMS in their programmes and work towards
implementing them.
Specialist in
Community
Development
Register the manual entrepreneurs to integrate them into NGOs/SME in
order to train them in faecal sludge management.
Director
Reproduce this Dakar workshop in the capital of my country together
with the various ministries responsible for Water, Hygiene and
Sanitation, as well as develop and implement concrete and urgent
actions for FSM improvement. This two-day workshop will be financed
by funds of the Hygiene Department and group all the emptier
associations.
7. Evaluation of the Symposium
Prior to closing the workshop, the participants proceeded to evaluate the Symposium. The
participant himself/herself awarded “stars” to the outstanding features of the workshop.
7.1 Positive points
Methodology
Conducting the workshop *****
Methodology of asking and working out questions for the group work
Logistics
Welcoming and logistics group **
Documentation of comprehensive quality *
Martin Strauss for his commitment
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
Participants
Choice of participants favouring the exchange between the participants committed to the same
cause
Exchange of experience among the participants
Contributions by the participants **
Very high discussion level
Good working atmosphere
Spoken language
The language barrier was overcome
Good interpreting assistance
Results
The participants submitted concrete proposals
Elaboration of a declaration
7.2 Suggestions for improvements
Methodology
Organise a field visit during the Symposium *
Visit an illicit sludge disposal site
Attend a Vacutung emptying tour
Provide a proven example reproducible elsewhere
Organise appropriately the competition of the concrete proposals, regroup the proposals by
countries and/or have them evaluated by teams of two
Conduct the presentation on sludge treatment techniques during the day
Plan a follow-up of the proposals made at the end of the Symposium
Logistics
Choose a larger room
Choose a meeting place large enough to accommodate all the participants and for discussions
during in-between meetings
Foresee an alternative venue *
Avoid colliding dates with other events
Participants
Invite more local authorities (mayors)
Invite representatives of municipal “grassroots” organisations
Also invite legal experts to assist with the elaboration of rules and regulations
Information / Observations
The Dakar Declaration ought to be presented at the Conference of African Ministers for the
Environment (AMSEN) in Brazzaville on 23 May 2006
Foresee a contribution on faecal sludge management for the AMSEN Meeting in 2007
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8. The Dakar Declaration
At the end of the three working days, a group of participants elaborated a declaration termed
“The Dakar Declaration” to allow intensified advocacy of the faecal sludge management cause
in Sub-Saharan Africa (cf. Annex 6).
9. Annexes
Annex
1.
Opening and closing speech by the Minister and CEO of ONAS
2.
List of participants
3.
Programme of Symposium
4.
Communications
5.
Synthesis of work conducted in working groups
6.
Dakar Declaration (preliminary version)
7.
Concrete measures proposed by the participants
Link
Attached files
Attached files
Attached files
On CD-ROM
Attached files
Attached files
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
Annex 7: Concrete Measures Proposed by the Participants
Position
Proposal
1. Technical Aspects
Head Wastewater
Treatment Laboratory
Conduct treatment tests on the sludge liquids after thickening for reuse in
urban agriculture.
Head of Hygiene,
Sanitation and
Environmental
Protection
Develop a project of planted filters (constructed wetland) for faecal sludge
treatment.
Research Assistant
Draw up a detailed state-of-the-art of all the sludge systems used. Make an
inventory of all the methods applied by the institutions throughout the
country. Identify potential partners. List the potential partnership fields.
Director Operational
Services (municipality)
Select the farmer in charge of the Porto Novo faecal sludge treatment
plant.
2. Planning Aspects
Engineer/Head of
Operation
Identify three intermediate disposal sites.
Set up the intermediate disposal sites (impermeability).
Contribute to structural improvements.
Environmental Engineer
Set up an Internet database on faecal sludge entrepreneurs in Africa:
typology of the stakeholders, experiences and good practice.
Manager of an R&D
Office on Water and Soil
Contribute to the dissemination of the Ecosan latrine types with reuse of
the “hygienised” urine and faeces as agricultural fertilisers in villages of
the Niayes area in the Rufisque province (Senegal).
Deputy Engineer
During elaboration of the new land reform, include a specific section
regarding the setting up of determined areas for faecal sludge storage and
treatment. An analysis of the water pollution load will be conducted as
support measure in the micro catchment areas.
Consulting Engineer in
Water, Sanitation and
Environment
Propose the setting up of FSM infrastructures in the planning subprogrammes of the current Water and Sanitation of the Millennium
Programme, particularly in the Local Water and Sanitation Programmes.
3. Institutional Aspects
Planning Engineers
Organise and formalise the private entrepreneurs in FSM.
Deputy National
Director
Record the mechanical emptiers in the urban and periurbain centres in
collaboration with the regional offices throughout the national territory.
Deputy Manager of the
Urban Technical
Services
Organise a meeting with the stakeholders to make an inventory of the
state-of-the-art and formulate the terms of reference for the feasibility
study.
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
Departmental Attaché,
Councillor Ministry of
Health
Inform the Minister about the faecal sludge management results of the
Dakar Symposium and conduct information briefings for the various FSM
stakeholders on the recommendations of the Symposium.
Head of Department
Decide at ministerial planning level (CNAEA Management) the creation
of an entity in charge of FSM coordination to be included in the budget.
Head of Service
Reflect on and propose to the General Manager legal tools (decrees,
resolutions …) to regulate faecal sludge management.
Technical Consultant
Create and define the operating mechanisms of a collaborative and
intermediary framework between public authorities, local communities,
entrepreneurs and financial partners.
Sanitary Engineer
Institutional and organisational study of FSM in the city of Novoboue.
Head of Programme
Organise a collaboration between stakeholders working in faecal sludge
management to develop an action plan with due regard to the problems
concerning all levels of society.
Ministry of Public
Health
Invite the mayor of the municipal district to convene a town meeting to
examine the resolution proceedings regarding the faecal sludge
regulations.
4. Financial Aspects
Director
Organise a collaborative meeting with the emptying enterprises to
determine a faecal sludge disposal fee.
Technician
Secure sufficient finances and adequate technologies.
Consultant in Waste
Management
Structure the sector and raise it to the public utility level to become
eligible for the respective tax reductions, to reach affordability and a
structural price stability, and establish a monitoring/control network for
the populations, entrepreneurs and authorities.
Programme Coordinator
Provide financial support to an integrated management project –
municipal waste and faecal sludge in Ouahigouya.
5. Advocacy
Consultant
Inform the entrepreneurs, beneficiaries and PAQPUD’s emptiers of the
Symposium results. Form a focus group to optimise Camberène’s
treatment plant. Facilitate the founding of five private companies
regrouping the PAQPUD. Develop a TV commercial on the
environmental impact of FSM and the plant.
Director of CREPA
network
Monitor implementation of the concrete steps throughout the countries as
established by the participants.
Secret. National
Association of the
Municipalities
Draw up a synthesis of the Dakar declaration to be sent to all the mayors
of the country.
National Programme
Coordinator
Promote/establish one month of solidarity for water and sanitation to raise
money for a solidarity fund in the field of sanitation.
Researcher
Conduct vaccination campaigns for emptiers in collaboration with the
media and the public health services for effective advocacy.
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Report on the 1st Int. Symposium on FSM Policy, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006
Head of Support
Programmes to Local
Entities
Place the recommendations of the Symposium on the website of my
organisation and disseminate them to all our partners through our
networks and mailings.
Head of information in
an NGO promoting
adequate water and
sanitation practices
Write an article in an information bulletin on the conclusions of the
Symposium and the challenges of FSM, and disseminate it among 8,000
stakeholders in the sector, 5,000 of which in Africa.
6. Capacity Building
Engineer
Organise a “feedback” session with colleague engineers to raise their
awareness for FSM during project implementation.
Sanitary Engineer
The experience and lessons learned from commissioning and operating the
first three FSM plants will be shared regularly with all the elements of the
network.
Engineer
Raise the awareness of consultants for these FSM questions. The said
consultants are currently responsible for developing a document on
integrated water resource management.
Sanitary Engineer
Inform about the health problems caused by poor faecal sludge
management.
Submit a request for tenders to conduct feasibility studies of FSM
systems.
Head of Project
SANDEC
Secure funds for a student and assist him/her during his/her thesis
(Master) in the field of faecal sludge management.
President of the Dakar
Regional Youth Council
Organise a regional workshop to raise the awareness of the “grassroots”
stakeholders for an improved FSM.
Coordinating Engineer
PAQPUD
Set up an African network for the promotion of on-site, small bore
sanitation systems.
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