Biology I
Mid-Term Study Guide
(Classification, Evolution, Cells, and Biochemistry)
 Biology is the study of ___

life__________________________.
Name 4 characteristics of life.
made of cells_____________________________________
__reproduce______________________________________
__respond to their environment
require energy for life processes__________
What do all living things have in common? ___Require DNA
and RNA to pass on information and
share the characteristics of life_
1. __
2.
3.
4.

Classification


Taxonomy
__
___________ is the study of classifying,
identifying, and naming organisms.
Each organism is assigned a scientific name. Scientific names consist of a
Genus_______ and _____species______. The
____Genus_____ of an organism is ALWAYS capitalized.
__

The scientific name of an organism will always be the same regardless of
the native language being spoken.

__
_ is a two naming
system used to name a species.
There are 3 domains of life; Archae, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Binomial nomenclature


eukaryotic
Organisms in the Eukarya domain have __
___ cells.
Which domain of life has unicellular organisms the live in extreme
environments?
Archae________________________________________
There are ___6_____ kingdoms of life. The kingdoms are
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
__


Which two kingdoms of life have prokaryotic cells?
Archaebacteria &
Eubacteria__________________________________
Why do taxonomists classify organisms? __organisms are
very diverse and numerous & to
allow communication between
scientists______________________
__


Viruses are not living because they cannot reproduce independently.

A virus is surrounded by a __
___ coat and has an inner
core of DNA or RNA.
DNA and RNA are examples of which carbon – based molecule?

protein
nucleic acids__________________________

There are three viral shapes; tobacco mosaic, influenza, and
bacteriophage____________________________________
__
___________
bacteriophage


A_
_______ infects only bacteria.
Viruses can be prevented with

___
____________________.
Can you treat a viral infection with antibiotics?
vaccinations
no___________________
_

Both viruses and bacteria are pathogens because they cause

_____
______________________________________________
Draw and label the three shapes of bacteria.
disease
spirilla
cocci
bacilla
Evolution

The first organisms on Earth were most likely
bacteria_______.
_Evolution__________ is a change in species over time.
___




This change occurs at a slow, constant rate known as gradualism.
Species
_
____________ are a group of genetically similar
organisms that can interbreed and reproduce.
Explain Charles Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.
individuals that have inherited
beneficial adaptations produce
more offspring on average than do
other individuals______________________
__

On what island did Darwin conduct most of his research?

___
__________
Darwin studied the variation of the beaks among different species of
finches. The beaks varied due to the finches’ habitat and food source.
Galapogos Islands


Convergent
__
_________________ evolution is the
evolution of similar characteristics in unrelated species. For example;
the tail fins of dolphins and shark.
Convergent evolution results from natural selection and
common___________ ancestry.
_

Structures that are similar in structure but not in function are

____
________.
Structures that have a similar function but are not evident of a
homologous structures
common ancestor are ___
analogous structures_.
Vestigial___ structures no longer serve an important

_
organism.

___
_______ evolution is closely related species
evolving in different directions. For example; the Kit fox and Red fox.

_
___________ is two or more species evolving
in response to changes in each other.
Traces of organisms from the past are known as

Divergent
Coevolution

fossils_____________.
__Endosymbiosis/Mutualism________ is a

relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another,
and both benefit from the relationship.
The Theory of Endosymbiosis suggests that early mitochondria and
____
chloroplasts__________________ were once simple
____
prokaryotes.
Cells
life


Cells are the basic unit of ______
________________________________.
Cells that do not have nuclei or defined cell organelles are considered

__
___________________________________________
_______________.
Cells that do have nuclei and defined cell organelles are considered
prokaryotic
eukaryotic_____________________________________________
__
_____________.
 What are cell organelles? _structures that perform
distinct functions within a cell


Identify each cell organelle:
1) Contain genetic information and controls all cell functions.
_
nucleus___________

2) Packages, processes, and secretes proteins. ___
Golgi
Body_______________________

3) Intracellular highway. _
Endoplasmic
Reticulum__________________________________________

4) Site for protein synthesis.

_
________________________________________
5) The PowerHouse!!! Site for cellular respiration.

_
6) Site for photosynthesis.

_
7) Storage
ribosome
Mitochondria_____________________
Chloroplast_________________________________________
organelle.___
____

Vacuole________________________________________
8) Intracellular highway with ribosomes. __
rough
ER____________________________

Use the following word bank to label the cell below. (nucleus, mitochondria,
smooth Er, rough Er, cell membrane, golgi body)
Smooth ER
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cell
Membrane
Rough ER
Golgi Body

Plant cells have
cell walls, chloroplasts, and larger
vacuoles.
Compare a plant cell to an animal cell. _

Cells maintaining a constant, stable internal environment is referred to as
homeostasis
__
___________________________________________
____________________.

Diffusion

__
______________ is the movement of a substance from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and DOES NOT
require energy.
The diffusion of water across the cell membrane is


__
___________________.
Identify each as hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic.
1) Water moving into a cell causing the cell to swell.
osmosis
hypotonic____________________

2) Water flowing evenly across the cell membrane.

_
____________________
3) Water moving out of a cell causing the cell to shrink.
isotonic
hypertonic_________________

Active transport requires __________________________________________.
Biochemistry

The four carbon-based (macromolecules) needed for life are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids________________________.


Identify each macromolecule being described.
1) Building blocks are amino acids.

proteins______________________________
2) DNA and RNA. _nucleic
acids_____________________________________________

3) Stores energy and provides insulation.

___
________________________
4) Provides energy.
_
lipids
carbohydrates_______________________________________
__
_____

Enzymes are biological catalysts. Explain this. _
catalysts
speed up chemical
reactions_________________________________

How do enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions?
reducing/lowering the activation
energy_needed_______________________________________
__

All organic compounds contain
carbon__________________________________.
_Atoms_______________ are the basic unit of matter.
__


Two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond are
compounds_______________.
Ionic______________ bonds are bonds formed from the gain or lose of
_

an electron (opposite charges).

Covalent
_
____________ bonds are formed when two atoms share a
pair of electrons.