Chapter 10, 11-4: Cell Reproduction
Study Guide
Cell growth
1. What limits cell size? –have to be big enough to fit organelles and small enough for efficient transport, if
not experience DNA information overload. VOlume increases faster than surface area- cells can’t
transport materials fast enough
2. What increases faster- surface area or volume? volume
Mitosis – Body Cell Reproduction
3.Explain the difference between the cell cycle and cell division? Cell cycle includes interphase; cell div
does not = mitosis + cytokinesis
4.What two processes make up cell division? What is dividing in each? mitosis- nucleus (DNA);
cytokinesis- cytoplasm
5.What is the purpose of interphase? Grow, double organelles and DNA in order to prepare to divide
6.Name the parts of Interphase. What happens in each of those stages?
G1- cell grows in size, double organelles - growth
S= more DNA- copied
G2- Continue and finish all growth, prepare for mitosis
7.What does the DNA/chromosomes look like during interphase? Thin and stringy What is the term used for
the DNA during this phase? Chromatin
8. Explain the difference between chromatin, chromosomes, and sister chromatids?
Chromatin- thin uncoiled DNA (interphase)
Chromosomes-condensed DNA- sometimes doubled (look like X) or single copy
Sister Chromatid- single copy when still attached to the other copy
9. What does PMAT represent? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
10. List the phases of the cell cycle? IPMAT-C
11. List the phases of Mitosis? PMAT
12. Explain what happens during PROPHASE? – DNA coils, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles start
moving and spindles appear.
- PRO means….. first
- What is happening to the chromosomes? DNA coils up, starts becoming visible
- What purpose do the spindle fibers serve during mitosis? To move the chromosomes to opposite sides
- What does the nuclear membrane begin to do during this stage? Disappear Why does this happen? So
the chromosomes can move
13. Explain what happens during METAPHASE? Chromosomes move to the middle
- Where are the chromosomes located during this stage? In the middle of the cell
- What is the part of the chromosome at which the spindle fibers connect? centromere
- META means … middle
14. What is happening during ANAPHASE? Sister Chromatids separate and start moving to opposite poles
- ANA means…… separate
- What role do the spindle fibers play during Anaphase? Help separate the sister chromosomes
- While the spindle fibers are shortening and the centrioles are moving further apart, what happens to the
sister chromatids? separate
15. What is happening during TELOPHASE? Nuclear membrane reforms, DNA uncoils, cell starts pinching
at center
- TELO means…..end
- During this phase, what is happening to the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane? CM- pinching;
NM-reforming
- What is the purpose of the nuclear membrane reforming? To form the nucleus in order protect the DNA
16. What happens in CYTOKINESIS? Cytoplasm divided
- How many cells form from the original cell when cytokinesis has been completed? 2
- How is cytokinesis different in plants cells and animal cells? Animals= cell membrane pinches;
plants= cell plate forms, then cell wall
17. What is the purpose of mitosis? Growth and repair
18. Do all cells go through interphase and mitosis at the same rate? No
19. What is the relationship between the number of chromosomes a cell starts with, and the number of
chromosomes it ends with? The same
MEIOSIS – Sex Cell Reproduction
20. Make a T chart comparing the differences between mitosis and meiosis? See T chart in notes
21. What is the purpose of meiosis? To produce gametes with ½ the number of chromosomes
22. When meiosis is complete, there are ½ the original chromosomes in the male sex cells and the female sex
cells. What is the male sex cell? sperm What is the female sex cell?
Egg What is a gamete? A
haploid cell
23. Where are sperm produced? Testes Where are eggs produced? ovaries
24. What process produces sperm? Spermatogenesis
25. What process produces eggs? Oogenesis
26. How do you calculate the number of chromosomes in gametes if given the number of body cell
chromosomes?
# of chromosomes in the sex cell = ½ the # in body cells
27. If an organism has 20 chromosomes in its body cell, how many chromosomes are in the gametes
produced? 10
28. If an organism has 40 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in each cell at the end of meiosis?
At the end of mitosis?
20
40
29. How do you calculate the number of body cell chromosomes when given the number of gamete
chromosomes?
Body cell chromosomes = 2 X gamete chromosomes
30. If an organism has 5 chromosomes in its gametes, how many chromosomes are in the body cell of that
organism? 10
31. Why do each of the sex cells have only ½ of the chromosomes?
So that when the two cells unite (fertilization) the original species number is restored
32. What happens to the number of chromosomes when the egg cell is fertilized by the sperm cell?
Doubled
33. When the zygote is formed, what is the cell process the zygote now undergoes?
Mitosis
34. Why are there 4 sperm cells from the original male cell and only 1 egg cell from the original female cell?
Females- only one egg- three polar bodies die= due to uneven division of cytoplasm
35. What happens to the 3 polar bodies at the end of meiosis of a female cell? -- die
36. When compared to the original cell at the start of meiosis, how many chromosomes will be in each of the
newly developed sex cells at the end of meiosis? ½
37. During what phase do the homologous chromosomes form tetrads? Prophase I
38. During what phase do the sister chromatids separate in meiosis? Anaphase II
39. During what phase do the homologous chromosomes line up in the equator of the cell?
Metaphase 1
40. Define crossing over.
Homologous chromosomes exchanges parts- increases genetic variation
RATE CHANGES OF MITOSIS - AGING AND CANCER
41. What is the difference between the rate that mitosis occurs in aging and the rate that mitosis occurs
during cancer? aging= slower; cancer= faster
42. What happens to the rate of mitosis as cancer cells reproduce? faster
43. What is the cluster of cancerous cells called? Tumor
44. What do the following words mean?
- benign = will not spread- harmless
- malignant= will spread
- metastasize= cells break off to invade other parts of the body
45.
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